Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Wiki) Continuation War
(Wiki) Continuation War
(Wiki) Continuation War
1
1.1
Background
Winter War
BACKGROUND
2 Path to war
2.1 FinnishGerman agreement
On 20 May 1941 the Germans invited some Finnish ofcers to Germany to discuss the coordination of Operation Barbarossa. The participants met on 2528 May
in Salzburg and Berlin, and continued their meeting in
Helsinki from 3 to 6 June. They agreed upon the arrival
of German troops, Finnish mobilization, and general division of operations.[43] They also agreed that the Finnish
Army would start mobilization on 15 June, but the Germans did not reveal the nal date for the assault. The
German Joachim von Ribbentrop bidding farewell to Soviet
Finnish decisions were made by a small group of politiVyacheslav Molotov in Berlin on 14 November 1940.
cal and military leaders, and the rest of the government
was largely kept in the dark. The government was not
informed until 9 June that the country would start mobilization of reservists due to tensions between Germany
spheres of inuence.[37]
and the Soviet Union.[41]
Due to the changed situation, Molotov made a visit to
Berlin on 1213 November.[38] He wanted Germany
to withdraw its troops from Finland and stop enabling 2.2 Deployments and pre-assaults
Finnish anti-Soviet sentiments. He also reminded the
Germans of the 1939 SovietGerman non-aggression
pact. Hitler asked how the Soviet Union planned to settle
the Finnish question. Molotov answered that it would
happen in the same manner as in Bessarabia and the Baltic
states. Hitler rejected this.[39] The following December,
the Soviet Union, Germany, and the United Kingdom all
voiced opinions concerning suitable Finnish presidential
candidates. Risto Ryti was the only candidate none of
these three powers objected to. He was elected on 19
December.[40]
In January 1941, the Soviet Union demanded to take control of the Petsamo mining area. Finland rejected this, as
it by then had a rebuilt defense force and was encouraged
by Germany to reject the Soviet demand.[40] On 18 December 1940, Hitler had ocially approved Operation
Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.[41]
He expected both Finland and Romania to join the German campaign.[42] Two days earlier, Finnish Major General Paavo Talvela had met German Colonel General
Franz Halder and, a couple days later, Reichsmarschall
Hermann Gring, in Berlin. This was the rst time the
Germans advised the Finns, in carefully couched diplomatic terms, that they were preparing for a war with the
Soviet Union. Outlines of the actual plan were revealed in
January 1941 and regular contacts between Finnish and
German military leaders started from February.[42]
In late spring 1941, the Soviet Union made a number
of goodwill gestures in order to prevent Finland from
completely falling under German inuence. Soviet ambassador Ivan Zotov was replaced with the more exible Pavel Orlov. Furthermore, the Soviet government announced that it no longer opposed a rapprochement between Finland and Sweden. However, these conciliatory
measures did not have any eect on Finnish policy.[43]
Finnish, German, and Soviet troops at the start of the Continuation War in June/July 1941. The Germans began their assault
on 29 June from Petsamo area, and the Finns attacked on 1 July
from Suomussalmi and Kuusamo area.
boasting 475,000 men. The artillery, too, was relatively 3 Soviet air attack
strong. However, there was only one tank battalion and a
lack of motorized transportation.[44]
On the morning of 25 June, the Soviet Union launched
At the beginning of the war, the Soviet Union had eigh- an air oensive of 460 ghters and bombers targeting 19
teen divisions in the region, against fteen Finnish and airelds in Finland; however, inaccurate intelligence and
four German divisions. The Finns enjoyed air supremacy. poor bombing accuracy caused several raids to hit Finnish
[51]
There was considerable deFurthermore, the Soviet Union needed its best units and cities or municipalities.
[45]
struction in the cities. Twenty-three Soviet bombers were
most up-to-date materiel on its western front.
lost,[51] while the Finns lost no aircraft.[52]
The German troops assaulted the Soviet Union on 22
June elsewhere but not from Finland. However, German The Soviet Union stated that the air attack was directed
[53]
minelayers hiding in the Archipelago Sea laid two large against German targets, especially airelds, in Finland.
mineelds across the Gulf of Finland in the late hours of At the same time, Soviet artillery stationed at the Hanko
21 June.[46][47] Later the same night, German bombers base began to shell Finnish targets, and a minor Soviet
ew along the Gulf of Finland to Leningrad and mined infantry attack was launched over the Finnish side of the
the harbour and the river Neva. On the return trip, these border in Parikkala.
bombers landed for refueling on an aireld in Utti. In the The bombings oered the Finnish government a ground
early hours of 22 June, Finnish forces launched Operation for claiming that the country had become the target of a
Kilpapurjehdus, which aimed to man the demilitarized new assault, and the Finnish parliament approved the deland Islands. An international treaty on the status of fensive war as a fait accompli.[54] According to historian
the islands called for Finland to defend them in case of David Kirby, the message was intended more for public
the threat of an attack.[48] However, the operation was opinion in Finland than abroad, where it was seen that the
coordinated with the Nazi invasion, and the Soviet con- country was in the German camp.[55]
sulate there was arrested. According to Finnish historian
Mauno Jokipii, Finland knew that it had violated international norms.[49]
4.3
was only to regain what had been wrongly taken in the the northwestern coast of the lake, from where the SoWinter War.[56]
viet divisions were evacuated across the lake. On 22
The Soviet Union struggled to contain the German inva- August the Finnish IV AK Corps started its oensive
Finland and
sion, and soon the Soviet High Command had to call all from the 1940 border between the Gulf of
[62]
the
II
AK,
and
advanced
towards
Viborg.
By 23 Auavailable units stationed along the Finnish border to the
gust,
the
Finnish
II
Corps
had
reached
the
Vuoksi
water[57]
rapidly deteriorating front line.
According to Finnish
way
from
the
east
and
continued
to
surround
the
Soviet
historian Ohto Manninen, because of this, the initial air
[62]
The
Soviet
withdrawal
orforces
defending
Viborg.
oensive against Finland could not be followed by a supder came too late, and the Soviet divisions lost much of
[58]
porting land oensive as allegedly planned.
Moreover, 237th Infantry Division and, excluding the 198th their equipment, although a sizable portion of their manpower was later evacuated via the Koivisto islands. The
Motorized Division, the Soviet 10th Mechanized Corps
were withdrawn from Ladoga Karelia, thus stripping most badly mauled defending Soviet army was unable to halt
the Finnish oensive, and by 2 September the Finns had
of the reserves from the remaining defending Soviet
reached the 1939 border along its whole length. On 31
[59]
units.
August, Finnish headquarters ordered the 2nd and 4th
Army Corps, which had advanced the furthest, to halt
their oensive after reaching a line just past the former
4.1 Reconquest of Ladoga Karelia
border that ran from the mouth of the River Sestra via ReMain article: Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia tukyl, Aleksandrovka, and the eastern edge of the village
of S. Beloostrov (Russian: ) to Ohta
(1941)
and form for defense.[64][65]
The Finnish plans for the oensive in Ladoga Karelia were completed on 28 June.[60] The oensive was
launched on 10 July,[15][60][61] and already by 16 July the
Finns reached the shore of Lake Ladoga and cut the defending Soviet army in two, hindering the Soviets defense of the area.[60] Finnish headquarters halted the offensive in Ladoga Karelia on 25 July after reconquering
the area of Ladoga Karelia lost to the Soviet Union in
1940 and after advancing as far as Vitele. The Finnish
oensive then moved on to other sections of the front.
4.2
The Finnish II Corps (II AK) started its oensive in the Main article: Finnish conquest of East Karelia (1941)
region of the Karelian Isthmus on 31 July.[62][63] Finnish
troops reached the shores of Lake Ladoga on 9 August, The Finnish oensive in East Karelia started in early July
surrounding most of three defending Soviet divisions on in the northern section of the front. In early Septem-
4.4
4.5
Naval campaign
Germanys main forces advanced rapidly deep into Soviet territory during the rst weeks of the Operation
Barbarossa campaign. The Finns believed the Germans
would defeat the Soviet Union quickly. President Ryti
7
envisioned Greater Finland, where the country and other
Finnic people would live inside a natural defence borderline by incorporating the Kola Peninsula, East Karelia,
and perhaps even northern Ingria. In public the proposed
frontier was introduced by the slogan A short border
a long peace.[79] Some members of the Finnish parliament, such as the Social Democrats and the Swedish
Peoples Party, opposed the idea, arguing that maintaining the 1939 frontier would be enough.[79] On July 10,
Finnish Commander-in-Chief C. G. E. Mannerheim gave
an order of the day, the Sword Scabbard Declaration, in
which he pledged to liberate Karelia. The Finnish government assured the Americans that it was unaware of
the order.[80]
4.7
Finland worked to maintain good relations with the Western powers. The Finnish government stressed that Finland was ghting as a co-belligerent with Germany against
the Soviet Union only to protect itself.[81] Furthermore,
Finland stressed that it was still the same democratic
country as it had been in the Winter War. However, on
12 July 1941, the United Kingdom had signed an agreement of joint action with the Soviet Union. Furthermore,
under German pressure, Finland had to close the British
legation in Helsinki. As a result, diplomatic relations between Finland and the United Kingdom were broken on 1
August.[83] On 28 November, Britain presented Finland
an ultimatum, in which it demanded that Finland cease
military operations by 3 December.[84] Unocially, Finland informed the Western powers that troops would halt
their advance in the next few days. The reply did not
satisfy the United Kingdom, which declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941. The Commonwealth member states of Canada, Australia, India, and New Zealand
followed.[85][Note 7]
5.2
the Wehrmacht and the Red Army would wear each other
down enough for negotiations to begin, or to at least get
them out of the way of Finlands independent decisions.
Nationalist elements, including the IKL, may also have
continued to hope for an eventual victory by Germany.
Finlands participation in the war brought major benets
to Germany. The Soviet eet was blockaded in the Gulf
of Finland, so that the Baltic was freed for the training
of German submarine crews as well as for German shipping, especially for the transport of vital iron ore from
northern Sweden and nickel and rare metals (needed in
steel processing) from the Petsamo area. The Finnish
front secured the northern ank of the German Army
Group North in the Baltic states. The sixteen Finnish divisions tied down numerous Soviet troops, put pressure on
Leningrad (although Mannerheim refused to attack it directly), and threatened the Murmansk railway. Additionally, Sweden was further isolated and was increasingly
pressured to comply with German and Finnish wishes,
though with limited success.
Diplomatic manoeuvers
5.4
these countries and Finland, but Finnish sailors were interned overseas. In the United States, Finland was denounced for naval attacks made on American Lend-Lease
shipments, but received approval for continuing to make
payments on its World War I debt throughout the interwar period.
Because Finland joined the Anti-Comintern Pact and
signed other agreements with Germany, Italy, and Japan,
the Allies characterized Finland as one of the Axis Powers, although the term used in Finland is "co-belligerence
with Germany, emphasizing the lack of a formal military
alliance.
5.3
9
quested members of the Kinship Battalion to be handed
over. Some managed to escape before or during transport, but most of them were either sent to the labor camps
or executed.
Finnish sources state that partisan activity in East Karelia focused mainly on Finnish military supply and communication targets, but almost two thirds of the attacks
on the Finnish side of the border targeted civilians,[97]
killing 200 and injuring 50, including children and the
10
elderly.[98][99][100]
5.6
Jews in Finland
5.7
The Continuation War represents the only case of a genuinely democratic state participating in World War II on
the side of the Axis powers, albeit without being a signatory of the Tripartite Pact. The United Kingdom declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941 (Finnish Independence Day), with Canada and New Zealand declaring war on Finland on 7 December and Australia and
South Africa declaring war the next day. U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull congratulated the Finnish en-
6.2
11
The front line on 4 September 1944, during the last days of the
war
6.2
On 9 June 1944, the Soviet Union opened a major offensive against Finnish positions on the Karelian Isthmus
and in the area of Lake Ladoga (it was timed to accompany D-Day[117] ). On the 21.7 km (13.5 mi)-wide breakthrough segment the Red Army had concentrated 3,000
guns and mortars. In some places, the concentration of
artillery pieces exceeded 200 guns for every kilometer of
the front (one every 5 m (5.5 yd)). On that day, Soviet
artillery red over 80,000 rounds along the front on the
Karelian Isthmus. On the second day of the oensive, the
12
6.2.2
With the front being stable so far, it was a good time for
Finland to seek a way out of the war.[127][128][129] At the
beginning of August President Ryti resigned to allow Finland to sue for peace again, which the new government did
in late August.[119][128][130] The Soviet peace terms were
harsh, but the $600,000,000 reparations demanded in the
spring were reduced to $300,000,000,[116] most likely due
to pressure from the United States and Britain.[131] However, after the ceasere the Soviets insisted that the payments should be based on 1938 prices, which doubled the
amount.[131] This sum constituted half of Finlands annual gross domestic product in 1939.
7
7.1
Prisoners of war
Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
7.2
Memorial at Lappeenranta to the dead of the Winter and Continuation Wars. The wall in the background carries the names
of Finnish dead buried inside Karelia. The gures are cleaners
carrying out a daily cleaning and tidying of the memorial in May
2000.
13
sions and air attacks against Finlands capital, Helsinki, 9 Analysis
and other strategic targets in Finland, and would have severed Finnish access to the sea. The initial German reac9.1 Finnish reasons for entering the war
tion to Finlands announcement of ambitions for a sepaand nature of FinnishGerman relarate peace was limited to only verbal opposition. Howtions
ever, the Germans then arrested hundreds of sailors on
Finnish merchant ships in Germany, Denmark, and NorFinland re-entered World War II mainly because of the
way.
Soviet invasion of Finland during the Winter War, which
Previously, in return for critically needed food and de- had taken place after Finnish intentions of relying on the
fense materiel from the Germans, President Ryti had per- League of Nations and Nordic neutrality to avoid consonally committed, in writing, that no separate peace with icts had failed from lack of outside support.[137] Durthe Soviets would be attempted. Accordingly, it became ing the Continuation War, Finland primarily aimed to reclear that he must resign, paving the way for a separate verse its territorial losses under the March 1940 Moscow
peace. Finlands military leader Mannerheim was ap- Peace Treaty and, depending on the success of the Gerpointed president in an extraordinary procedure by the man invasion of the Soviet Union, to possibly expand,
Finnish parliament. In agreeing to take oce, he ac- especially into East Karelia (Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socepted responsibility for ending the war.
cialist Republic).[138] Some right-wing groups also supOn 4 September 1944, the cease-re ended military ac- ported a Greater Finland ideology. Henrik Lunde notes
tions on the Finnish side. The Soviet Union ended hos- that, unlike many of Germanys allies, Finland survived
tilities exactly 24 hours after the Finns. An armistice World War II without losing its independence,[139] albetween the Soviet Union and Finland was signed in though the price for war was high in war casualties, repaMoscow on 19 September. Finland had to make many ration payments, territorial loss, a bruised international
concessions: the Soviet Union regained the borders reputation according to Olli Vehvilinen, and according
of 1940, with the addition of the Petsamo area (now to some, subsequent Soviet inuence on Finlands forPechengsky District, Russia); the Porkkala peninsula (ad- eign policy during the Cold War. According to Tuulikki
jacent to Helsinki) was leased to the USSR as a naval base Vuonokari, the FinnishGerman alliance was dierent
for fty years; and transit rights were granted. Finlands from most of the other Axis relationships, an example
army was to be demobilized with haste, but Finland was of which was the participation of Finnish Jews in the
rst required to expel all German troops from its terri- ght against the Soviet Union.[140] The Finnish governtory within 14 days. As the Germans did not leave Fin- ment did not take any anti-Jewish measures, despite reland by the given deadline, the Finns fought their former peated requests from Nazi Germany.[141] One remarkable
co-belligerents in the Lapland War. Finland was also re- aspect of the FinnishGerman relationship was that Finquired to clear the mineelds in Karelia (including East land never signed the Tripartite Pact, which was signed by
Karelia) and in the Gulf of Finland. Retreating Ger- all de jure Axis countries. The Finns, and Mannerheim in
man forces had also mined northern Finland heavily. The particular, clearly stated they would ght against the Sodemining was a long operation, especially in the sea areas, viets only to the extent necessary to redress the balance of
lasting until 1952. One-hundred Finnish army personnel the 1940 treaty (which would ultimately have dire consewere killed and over 200 wounded during this process, quences for Germany, when Finland refused to advance
beyond its 1939 borders to complete the German encirmost of them in Lapland.
clement of Leningrad.) However, for Hitler the matter
As sizable numbers of civilians who had been relocated
was irrelevant; and he saw Finland as an ally.[101]
into Finland from Karelia in 1939-40 had moved back
into Karelia during the war, they had to be evacuated Finland adopted the concept of a parallel war whereby
again; of the 260,000 civilians who had moved back into it sought to pursue its own objectives in concert with, but
the Karelia, only 19 chose to remain and become Soviet separate from, Nazi Germany, as co-belligerents.
citizens.[136]
Nevertheless, in contrast to the rest of the Eastern front
countries, where the war was fought to the end, a Soviet
occupation of Finland did not occur and the country retained sovereignty. Neither did the Communists rise to
power as they had in the Eastern Bloc countries. A policy called the PaasikiviKekkonen line formed the basis
of Finnish foreign policy towards the Soviet Union until
the Soviet Unions dissolution in 1991.
14
11 NOTES
against Finland (9 June15 July 1944).[90]
unconditional surrender.[150] Peter Provis (1999) concludes his essay on point, By following [self-censorship
The subsequent Soviet and Allied advances towards and limited appeasement] policies and fullling the SoGermany drew away the interest in military opera- viet Unions demands [for great reparations]...Finland
tions from Northern Europe, hastening the end of avoided the same fate as other nations that were 'liberated'
the Continuation War.
by the Red Army...Finland had once again defended her
independence in a global conict that engulfed and destroyed many other nations...The Finns had once again
demonstrated their determination to avoid defeat by the
9.3 Soviet buer zones across Europe
Soviet Union and maintained their independence.[151]
Soviet sources maintain that Soviet policies up to the Russian historian Nikolai Baryshnikov disputes the view
Continuation War were best explained as defensive mea- that the Soviet Union wanted to deprive Finland of its
sures by oensive means: The Soviet division of occu- independence, and that Finnish defensive victories prepied Poland with Germany, the Soviet occupations of vented this. He argues that there is no documentary eviLithuania, Latvia and Estonia, and the Soviet invasion of dence for such claims and that the Soviet government was
Finland in the Winter War are described as elements in always open for negotiations. Baryshnikov cites the forthe Soviets construction of a security zone or buer re- mer head of the Oce of Information of the Finnish Gengion between the perceived threat from the capitalist pow- eral Sta, Kalle Lehmus, and other Finnish sources to
ers of Western Europe and the Communist Soviet Union. show that the Finnish leaders already knew of the limited
These Soviet sources see the post-war establishment of Soviet plans for Finland in the rst half of July 1944, afSoviet satellite states in the Warsaw Pact countries and ter intelligence indicated that some Soviet divisions were
the Finnish-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Coopera- to be transferred to reserve in Leningrad.[152][153]
tion, and Mutual Assistance as the conclusion of this Soviet defense plan.[142][143][144] Western historians such as
Norman Davies and John Lukacs dispute this view and
10 See also
describe the pre-war Soviet policy as an attempt to stay
out of the war and regaining land lost after the fall of the
List of Finnish corps in the Continuation War
Russian Empire.[145]
List of Finnish divisions in the Continuation War
9.4
Several Western historians, while noting the Soviets assertion of their alleged need for a Soviet security buer,
contend the Soviet designs on Finland were no dierent from their designs on other Baltic countries. American Dan Reiter (1990) notes, [Finland recognized] that
the Soviet Union was unlikely to be satised with territorial concessions as a means to increase its security.
[T]he Soviets viewed the control of small buer states
as critical to their security...This was the motivation,
he asserts, behind the de facto 1940 Soviet annexation of the Baltic States, and Moscow saw the control of
Finland also as ultimately being necessary. Reiter and
British historian Victor Rothwell quote Soviet Foreign
Minister Molotov as telling his Lithuanian counterpart
at the time Lithuania was eectively absorbed into the
USSR, [S]mall states will disappear...Baltic states, including Finland, will be included within the honourable
family of Soviet peoples.[146][147] However, contends Reiter, "[T]he fear of rising costs of ghting pushed Stalin
to accept a limited war outcome with Finland, rather than
pursue absolute victory,[148] although a contemporary
Soviet document... called for the brutal military occupation of Finland at wars end.[149] The Finnish victory [at
Ilomantsi] ended the Soviet oensive in Finland and persuaded the Soviets to give up their demand for Finlands
11 Notes
[1] Most of the Finns served during the Finnish oensive
in 1941 (approx. 500,000 men) and the Soviet oensive in August 1944 (528,000 men). Army strength varied from 260,000 to 360,000, Air Force 8,00022,000,
12.1
Citations
Navy 14,00040,000 and directly under the HQ command 15,00036,000. In addition some people were
obliged by law to provide supporting tasks, like 19,000
in labour groups and 25,000 men in air-raid defence (re
brigades, air-raid shelter maintenance, etc.), and 43,000
women volunteers in various non-military tasks (clercks,
radio-operators, air-observers, supply).
[2] Germans were located in Finnish Lapland executing the
Operation Silver Fox.
[3] Finnish detailed death casualties: Dead, buried 33,565;
Wounded, died of wounds 12,820; Dead, not buried later
declared as dead 4,251; Missing, declared as dead 3,552;
Died as prisoners of war 473; Other reasons (diseases, accidents, suicides) 7,932; Unknown 611
[4] The ocial Soviet number was 2,377 POWs. Finnish researchers have estimated 3,500 POWs.
[5] Italian participation was limited to four motor torpedo
boats and their crews which were used alongside already
obsolete Finnish motor torpedo boat Sisu and four German minelaying KM-boats to form international Naval
Detachment K which operated on Lake Ladoga during the
summer and autumn of 1942.
[6] Although the United Kingdom formally declared war on
Finland on 6 December 1941, there was only one British
attack on Finnish soil a carrier strike on Petsamo[10]
carried out on 31 July 1941 four months before the declaration of war. Additional British participation in the Continuation War was limited to supply aid, aerial support for
its Arctic operations and a British airwing (No. 151 Wing
RAF) under Soviet command, which supported Soviet air
raids in the Murmansk area and trained Soviet crews for
roughly a month in the autumn of 1941 a couple of
months before the declaration of war against Finland by
the United Kingdom.
[7] See also the Statute of Westminster 1931.
15
12
References
12.1
Citations
[1] Mouritzen, Hans (1997). External Danger and Democracy: Old Nordic Lessons and New European Challenges.
Dartmouth. p. 35. ISBN 1-85521-885-2.
[2] Nordstrom, Byron (2000). Scandinavia Since 1500. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 316. ISBN
978-0-8166-2098-2.
16
12
REFERENCES
[59] Raunio, Ari; Kilin, Juri (2007). Jatkosodan hykkystaisteluja 1941. Keuruu: Otavan Kirjapaino Oy. pp. 34, 62.
ISBN 978-951-593-069-9.
[61]
(1970). (in Russian).
. p. 19.
[64] Raunio, Ari; Kilin, Juri (2007). Jatkosodan hykkystaisteluja 1941. Keuruu: Otavan Kirjapaino Oy. pp. 151
155. ISBN 978-951-593-069-9.
[65] Jatkosodan historia. 2, Hykkys It-Karjalaan ja Karjalan kannakselle [History of the Continuation War, part
2: Oensive to East Karelia and to Karelian Isthmus].
Sotatieteen laitoksen julkaisuja (in Finnish). Written by
Department of Military History of the Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu. Porvoo, Finland: WSOY. 1989. p. 261. ISBN
951-0-15328-1.
[66] Werth 1999, p. 294
[67] Luknitsky 1988, p. 58
[68] Nazarenko, Kirill (14 April 2005). : (1928-1995
.)[The Northern Shield of Leningrad: The Karelian
Fortied Region (1928-1995)] (in Russian).
(KaUR Karelian Fortied
Region). Retrieved 24 February 2013.
[69] Os.2/12.DE, sotapivkirja, 4.9.41 18.1.42 [War diary of 12th Divisions headquarters, section 2]. War diary
collection (in Finnish). National Archives Services of Finland. pp. 34. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
[70] 18.D:n Op.kskyt ajalla 28.7.41 6.9.41 [Operational
orders of 18th Division between 28.7.41 6.9.41]. War
diary collection (in Finnish). National Archives Services
of Finland. pp. 184185. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
[71] Hkkinen, Edvin, Ilmari (1986). Kannaksen kahlaajat JR 6 Jatkosodassa [Waders of the Isthmus - 6th Infantry
Regiment in the Continuation War] (in Finnish). Turku:
Koteva Oy. pp. 176179, 182183. ISBN 951-99787-98.
[72] E/JR6 Taistelukertomus v. 1941 [War Diary of the
headquarters of the 6th Infantry Regiment for 1941]. War
diary collection (in Finnish). National Archives Services
of Finland. pp. 206, 209, 324. Retrieved 25 February
2013.
[73] Os.2/12.DE, sotapivkirja, 4.9.41 18.1.42 [War diary of 12th Divisions headquarters, section 2]. War diary
collection (in Finnish). National Archives Services of Finland. p. 8. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
[74] Luknitsky 1988, p. 72
[75] Salisbury 2003, p. 246
12.1
Citations
17
[77] Raunio, Ari; Kilin, Juri (2008). Jatkosodan torjuntatais- [103] Finland (PDF). Yad Vashem. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
teluja 194244 [Defensive battles of Continuation War
194244] (in Finnish). Keuruu: Otavan Kirjapaino Oy. [104] (Finnish) Rautkallio, Hannu, Suomen juutalaisten aseveljeys (Finnish Jews as German Brothers in Arms), Tammi,
pp. 1011. ISBN 978-951-593-070-5.
1989
[78] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 95
[105] Tuulikki Vuonokari (2003), Jews in Finland During the
[79] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 92
Second World War, Finnish Institutions Student Paper:
FAST Area Studies Program Department of Translation
[80] Kirby 2006, p. 224
Studies, University of Tampere, Autumn 2003 . Retrieved
2009-02-06.
[81] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 96
[82] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 101
[83] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 97
[84] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 99
[85] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 100
[86] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 98
[119]
[97] (Finnish) Eino Viherivaara, Partisaanien jljet 1941
1944. Oulun Kirjateollisuus Oy, 1982. ISBN 951-99396- [120]
6-0
[121]
[98] Erkkil, Veikko, Vaiettu sota (The Silenced War). Ara[122]
tor Oy. ISBN 952-9619-18-9
Gebhardt 1989, p. 2
Glantz 1998, p. 202
500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe ... Google Books
Finland at War 193945 Google Books
[99] Lauri Hannikainen, (1992). Implementing Humanitarian [123] Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O Google Books
Law Applicable in Armed Conicts: The Case of Finland,
Martinuss Nijo Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN 0-7923- [124] Lunde 2011, p. 299
1611-8.
[125] Ilomantsin mottitaistelut 26.7.13.8.1944 (The mottibattle in Ilomantsi). Ilomantsi sodassa (Ilomantsi at war).
[100] (Finnish) Tyyne Martikainen, (2002). Partisaanisodan
In Finnish: Nykyisen Ilomantsin itosissa kytiin kesll
siviiliuhrit, PS-Paino Vrisuora Oy. ISBN 952-91-43271944 yli viikon mittainen kiivas torjuntataistelu, jossa kaksi
3.
viivyttmll kulutettua neuvostodivisioonaa pysytettiin,
[101] Vehvilinen 2002, p. 102
paloiteltiin motteihin ja lytiin lhes tydellisesti. Tm
18
12
REFERENCES
against the USSR, German armed forces will use the territory of the Baltic states and Finland as staging areas for
invasionby either conquering or coercing these countries. None of the states of the Baltic region, excluding
Poland, had sucient military power to resist a German
invasion.
[137]
[140] Vuonokari, Tuulikki (2003-11-21). Jews in Finland [151] Provis, Peter (1999). Nordic Notes: Finnish achievement in the Continuation War and after JSSN 1442During the Second World War. University of Tampere.
5165. Celsius Centre for Scandinavian Studies.
Archived from the original on 2008-01-10. Retrieved
2010-10-29.
[152] Baryshnikov (2002), pp. 222-223 (Section heading
" , paragraph #48 et seq., after
[141] Letter to the New York Times by Mark Cohen, Executive
cit. 409)
Director of Holocaust Publications in New York, 28 April,
1987
[142] (Russian)The problem of ensuring the security of
Leningrad from the north in light of Soviet war planning
of 19321941 by V. N. Baryshnikov: The actual war
with Finland began rst of all due to unresolved issues in
Leningrads security from the north and Moscows concerns
for the perspective of Finlands politics. At the same time,
a desire to claim better strategic positions in case of a war
with Germany had surfaced within the Soviet leadership.
[143] (Russian) . " "
(The Finnish war. A look from the 'other side'") by A. I.
Kozlov: After the rise of National Socialism to power
in Germany, the geopolitical importance of the former
'buer states had drastically changed. Both the Soviet
Union and Germany vied for the inclusion of these states
into their spheres of inuence. Soviet politicians and military considered it likely, that in case of an aggression
12.2 Bibliography
Baryshnikov, Nikolai I. (2002). 19411944[Finland and the
Siege of Leningrad, 19411944] (in Russian). St.
Petersburg: Johan Beckman Institute. ISBN 9525412-10-5.
Baryshnikov, Nikolai I. (2006). :
' '[The Phenomenon of
Lies: 'The Victory in the Confrontation']. St. Petersburg and the Countries of Northern Europe (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
19
Erickson, John (1993). The Road to Berlin: Stalins
War with Germany. New Haven: Yale University
Press. ISBN 0-300-07813-7.
Glantz, David; House, Jonathan (1998). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler.
Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780-7006-0899-7.
Grier, Howard (2007). Hitler, Dnitz, and the Baltic
Sea: the Third Reichs last hope, 19441945. Annapolis: US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-159114-345-1.
Jokipii, Mauno (1999).
[The Launching of the Continuation War] (in
Russian). Petrozavodsk: Karelia. ISBN 5-75450735-6.
Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko (1988). A History
of Finland. Dorset Press. ISBN 0-88029-260-1.
13 Further reading
Finnish
20
14
EXTERNAL LINKS
Sana, Elina (1994). Luovutetut/ The Extradited: Finlands Extraditions to the Gestapo. WSOY. ISBN
951-0-27975-7.
Seppinen, Ilkka (1983). Suomen Ulkomaankaupan
ehdot 19391944. ISBN 951-9254-48-X.
13.2
Russian
14
External links
(Russian) Stavka directive of 24 June 1941 on measures to foil a possible enemy strike from the territory of Finland against Leningrad, authorising the
Soviet air oensive of 25 June 1941 (page 1, page
2)
21
22
15
15
15.1
15.2
Images
15.2
Images
23
BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv)
as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative
and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Continuation_War_1942_and_Soviet_assaults_English.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/
Continuation_War_1942_and_Soviet_assaults_English.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peltimikko
File:Continuation_War_December_1941_English.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Continuation_
War_December_1941_English.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peltimikko
File:Continuation_War_July_1941_English.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Continuation_War_
July_1941_English.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peltimikko
File:Continuation_War_September_1944_English.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/
Continuation_War_September_1944_English.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peltimikko
File:DeadFinnishcivilians1942.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/DeadFinnishcivilians1942.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Picture Archive of the Finnish Defence Forces. Published in 2006 in Helsingin Sanomat see [1]
and [2] Original artist: credited to 'PUOLUSTUSVOIMAT'
File:Estonian_volunteers_in_finland_in_the_continuation_war.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/
Estonian_volunteers_in_finland_in_the_continuation_war.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Jari Leskinen, Antti Juutilainen (ed.)
Jatkosodan pikkujttilinen, Helsinki : WSOY, 2005, ISBN 951-0-28690-7, p. 305 Original artist: SA-kuva/O. Hedenstrm (Finnish Army
Pictures)
File:Finland_Administrative_map_1942_1944.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Finland_
Administrative_map_1942_1944.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors:
Statistical map of Finland in 1947: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Suomi,_tilastokartta_1947.jpg Original artist: Andrein
File:Finn_ski_troops.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Finn_ski_troops.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: This is photograph HU 55566 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums. Original artist: Ocial Finnish photograph
File:Finnish_SS_volunteers_in_Gross_Born.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Finnish_SS_
volunteers_in_Gross_Born.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Finnish_areas_ceded_in_
1944.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jniemenmaa
File:Finnish_flag_at_half-mast_interim_pece_helsinki_1940.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/
Finnish_flag_at_half-mast_interim_pece_helsinki_1940.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Talvisodan pikkujttilinen (1999) p.
847 Original artist: SA-kuva (Finnish Army Pictures)
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(19351945).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_German_
Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax
File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%
29.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: http://www.regiamarina.net/ref/flags/flags_it.htm Original artist: F l a n k e r
File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1923-1955).svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Flag_of_the_
Soviet_Union_%281923-1955%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: created by rotemliss from Image:Flag of
the Soviet Union.svg.
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Published in Suomen Kuvalehti 1942, republished 2006.
http://www.suomenkuvalehti.fi/?id=7048&pollaction=results&qid=710 Original artist: Unknown
File:Lapp1.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Lapp1.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Drilnoth using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was
BScar23625 at en.wikipedia
File:Mannerheim_studying_a_map.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Mannerheim_studying_a_
map.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Mannerheimkruis_der_Eerste_en_Tweede_Klasse.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/
Mannerheimkruis_der_Eerste_en_Tweede_Klasse.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawing by Robert Prummel on the basis of
Finnish decree 550/1944 Original artist: No information, this image drawn by Robert Prummel
File:Paraati_viipurissa.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Paraati_viipurissa.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Suomi 75 Itsenisen suomewn historia 3 Original artist: SA-kuva
File:StuG_III_Ausf._G.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/StuG_III_Ausf._G.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.tincrossmilitaria.com/Finnish%20Tank.jpg Original artist: Unknown
File:Tali-Ihantala.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Tali-Ihantala.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown
File:Unbalanced_scales.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
24
15
15.3
Content license