Math 6338 : Real Analysis II

Final Exam
Due: Friday May 4 2012 at 5:00pm
Instructions: Answer all of the problems. You may use course notes, but other sources are
not permitted.
1. Let H be a complex separable Hilbert space. A linear operator T : H H is completely
continuous if any weakly convergent sequence {xn } is mapped to a strongly convergent
sequence {T xn }.
(a) Show that T is completely continuous if and only if T is compact.
(b) Suppose that T T is completely continuous. Show that T is completely continuous.

Solution: Part (a): If T is compact, then weakly convergent sequences are mapped to
strongly convergent sequences, as was proved in class. This gives that T is completely
continuous.
Suppose now that T is completely continuous. Since H is separable, the unit ball of
H is weakly compact. Let {xn } be any sequence in the unit ball of H, then there is a
x H and a subsequence {xnk } such that xnk x weakly. But since T is completely
continuous we have that
kT xnk T xkH 0.
This implies that the image of the unit ball of H is sequentially compact, and so T is a
compact operator.
Part (b): Let {xn } be a weakly convergent sequence in H. Since it is weakly convergent,
it is in fact bounded and so kxn kH C for all n. Because T T is completely continuous
we have that {T T xn } is strongly convergent. We now claim that {T xn } is a Cauchy
sequence. Indeed, since
kT xn T xm k2H =
=

hT (xn xm ), T (xn xm )iH

hT T (xn xm ), xn xm iH
kT T (xn xm )kH kxn xm kH .
2C kT T xn T T xm kH .

This last expression can be made small if n, m are large enough, and so we have that
{T xn } is Cauchy in H, and hence converges.
2. Let 1 < p < and p1 + 1q = 1. Suppose that K(x, y) : Rn Rn R is measurable and
K(x, y) is non-negative almost everywhere. If
Z
Z
sup
K(x, y) dy A and
sup
K(x, y) dx B
xRn

Rn

yRn

Rn

show that T f (x) =

R
Rn

K(x, y)f (y) dy is a bounded operator on Lp (Rn ) and

1

kT f kLp (Rn ) A q B p kf kLp (Rn ) .

Solution: Note that we have

p
Z Z


p

kT f kLp (Rn ) =
K(x, y)f (y)dy  dx

n
n
p
ZR Z R Z

K(x, y) |f (y)| dy dx
Rn Rn
Rn
p
Z Z Z
1
1
q
p
=
K(x, y) K(x, y) |f (y)| dy dx
Rn

Rn

Rn

 pq Z

Z

K(x, y) |f (y)|

K(x, y)dy
Rn

Rn
p
q


dx

Rn

K(x, y) |f (y)|p dydx

n
n

Z
ZR R
p
p
K(x, y)dx dy
= Aq
|f (y)|

Rn

Rn
p
q

A B

kf kpLp (Rn )

Taking the p-th root gives the result.

3. Suppose that L is a linear functional on C[0, 1] such that
kLk = L(1) = 1.
Let f C[0, 1] with 0 f 1. Then show that 0 Lf 1.

Solution: Let f C[0, 1] with 0 f 1. Set Lf = + i. We want to show that

= 0 and 0 1. For all t R we have that


1
1
L f + it = + i( + t).
2
2


We have that f 12 21 , we have that


2

 
2
2



1
1
1



+ ( + t) = L f + it  f
+ t2 .

2
2 4
2

Rearrangement gives that

2 + 2 + 2t 0 t R.
So = 0, and hence 2 , or rephrasing, 0 1 or 0 Lf 1.

4. Let X and Y be Banach spaces and let B(, ) be separately continuous bilinear mapping
X Y to C. Namely, for fixed x, the mapping y B(x, y) is a bounded linear transformation, and with a similar statement holding for fixed y. Show that B(, ) is jointly continuous.
Namely xn 0 and yn 0, then B(xn , yn ) 0.

Solution: Set Tn (y) = B(xn , y). Since for fixed xn the mapping B(xn , ) is continuous,
each Tn : Y C is bounded. Because xn 0 and B(, y) is bounded, we have that
for all y Y that {kTn (y)k} is bounded for each fixed y. By the Uniform Boundedness
Principle, there is a constant C such that
kTn (y)k C kyk

n.

Then we have that

|B(xn , yy )| = kTn (yn )k C kyn k 0.
5. Let f S(R).


(a) Show that kf k2L2 (R) 4 kxf kL2 (R) f

L2 (R)

.
2

(b) Show that equality holds in this inequality if and only if f (x) = Ceax where a > 0
and C C.
Solution: Part (a): Note that by integration by parts and direct computation we have
Z

Z
Z
d
2
2
2
|f (x)| dx = x |f (x)| dx = 2Re
f (x)f 0 (x)dx .
kf kL2 (R) =
R dx
R
R
Then, applying Cauchy-Schwarz, we have
Z
2
kf kL2 (R) 2 |x| |f (x)| |f 0 (x)| dx
R

2 kxf kL2 (R) kf 0 kL2 (R) .

Now apply Plancherels Theorem to conclude that




kf 0 kL2 (R) = f0
= 2 f
2
L (R)

L2 (R)

where for the last equality we have used that f0 () = 2i f().

Part (b): In the application of Cauchy-Schwarz we have an equality if and only if
2axf (x) = f 0 (x).
2

Solving we have f (x) = Ceax for some C C and a R. The choice of a > 0 is
required for f L2 (R).