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HSN 2MARKS PDF
HSN 2MARKS PDF
HSN 2MARKS PDF
What is jitter?
The packets between a given source and destination may vary in
length, may take different routes, may be subject to varying delays in the
switches they encounter, the overall packet delay can vary substantially. This
phenomenon, called JITTER may not be desirable for some application; for
example in real-time applications including telephone voice and real-time
video
7.
What is VPI?
The Virtual path identifier constitutes a routing field for the network.
It is 8 bits at the user-network interface and 12 bits at the network-network
interface. The latter allows support for an expanded number of VPCs internal
to the network, to include those supporting subscribers and those required for
network management
8. What is CLP?
The cell loss priority bit is used to provide guidance to the network in
the event of congestion. A value of 0 indicates a cell of relatively higher
priority, which should not be discarded unless no other alternative is available.
A value of 1 indicates that this cell is subject to discard within the network
9. What are the services of ATM?
The ATM services are:
i.
Real time services:
i. Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
ii. Real Time Variable Bit Rate (rt-VBR)
ii.
Non Real time services:
i. Non Real Time Variable Bit Rate (nrt-VBR)
ii. Available Bit Rate (ABR)
iii. Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)
iv. Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR)
10. What is Frame Relay network?
A form of packet switching based on the variable length link layer frames.
There is no network layer. Many of the basic functions have been streamlined and
eliminated to provide great throughput
11. What is the message types needed for Frame relay call control?
The message types needed for Frame Relay Call Control is:
i.
SETUP
ii.
CONNECT
iii.
RELEASE
iv.
RELEASE COMPLETE
12. What are the AAL services?
The Services offered by the ATM Adaptation Layer is:
i.
Handling of transmission errors
ii.
Segmentation and reassembly, to enable larger blocks of data to be
carried in the information field of ATM cells
iii.
Handling of lost and misplaced cell conditions
iv.
Flow control and timing control
Layer2Switch
i. Frame handling in hardware
ii. Multiple data paths & can
multiple frames at a time
iii. Can do cut through
Frame-relay network
Ene-to end flow and error control
Multiplexing and switching operation are
carried out in layer 2
Common channel signaling
Data rate -2mbps
ATM
Fixed cell size
10-100 Mbps speed
Compared to Frame relay,
ATM is more efficient
35. What is the difference between class A and class B service offered by ATM?
(AU:may/june 2009)
Class A
Class B
Constant bit rate.
Variable bit rate
ATM adaptation layer.
ATM adaptation layer protocol
used in AAL2
SFD
Destinatio
n address
Source
address
PDU
Data
& CRC
padding
42. What do you mean by common channel signaling and in channel signaling?
Common channel signaling: The dates and control signals of a user are
transmitted on separate channel. The control signals of all the users are passed
through a signal common channel.
In channel signaling: The data and control signals of a user are transmitted on
same channel. There are two types
Inband signaling.
Out of band signaling.
43. Compare inband signaling and out of band signaling.
Inband signaling: if data and control signals traveling in same channel have
same frequency then it is inband signaling.
Out of band signaling:If data and control signals traveling in same channel
with different frequencies then it is called out-of band signaling.
6
UNIT II
CONGESTION AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
1. Difference between multiserver queue and multiple single server.
Multiserver queues
1.It has less waiting time
2.It has infinite populations and infinite
queue size
Items waiting
Waiting time
Items queued
Residence time
8. What is the objective of congestion control?
The objective of congestion control is to maintain the number of packets
within the network below the level at which performance falls off dramatically.
9. Differentiate between implicit congestion and explicit congestion.
Implicit congestion
1.It deals with discard and delay
2.Mainly used for connectionless or
datagram configurations such as IP based
internet
Explicit congestion
1.It deals with binary rate and credit
2.It takes place in two direction forward
and backward
22. Compare multi server and multiple single server queues. (AU:Nov/Dec 2007)
Multiple single server queue
Congestion statistics for this model are in
two cases
M/MI
M/DI
Probability can be
Zero
Ratio less than I
Ratio close to I
Ratio greater than I
Multiserver queue
Congestion statistics for this model is in
case of M/M/N
This is the maximum number of bits in a predefined period of time that the
network is committed to transfer without discarding any frames.
30. Define: Committed information rate(CIR)
CIR is a rate in bps that a network agrees to support for a particular frame
mode connection. Any data transmitted in excess of CIR is vulnerable to discard in
event of congestion. CIR is less than access rate.
If user does not respond to congestion notices, then frame relay network has to
discard frames. This method is called traffic control management.
39. List the mechanisms used for congestion control in packet switching network.
Mechanisms used are:
Congestion node sends a control packet called choke packet to source nodes.
As a result, it will limit the transmission.
Depending on routing algorithm, routing decision may influence the rate at
which new packets are produced.
Timestamp is added in header of packet and it measures the delay between
two particular points.
Congestion notification information is added to packet, to inform about
congestion to source and destination.
UNIT-III
TCP & ATM Congestion Control
1. List the various retransmission strategies in the implementation of TCP.
The various retransmission strategies are as follows:
i. First-only
ii. Batch
iii. Individual
slotted nature of ATM, the physical layer overhead, and ATM layer function
such as cell multiplexing.
14. Define: Cell loss ratio.
The cell loss ratio is simply the ratio of lost cells to total transmitted
cells on a connection.
15. Define: Traffic policing
The GCRA algorithm is referred to as a form of traffic policing.
Traffic policing occurs when a flow of data is regulated so that cells( or frames
or packets) that exceed a certain performance level are discarded or tagged.
16. Define: Traffic shaping
Traffic shaping is used to smooth out a traffic flow and reduce cell
clumping. This can result in a fairer allocation of resources and a reduced
average delay time.
17. What is meant by open loop control?
Open loop control is an approach where there is no feedback to the
source concerning to the congestion once the connection is established, UPC
may discard or tag as lower priority any cell that exceeds parameters of the
traffic contract.
18. What is meant by closed loop control?
The way that allow a number of sources to share the capacity not used
by CBR and VBR but to provide feedback to sources to adjust the load
dynamically and thus avoid cell loss and share the capacity fairly. This is
referred to as closed-loop control because of its use of feedback.
19. List the parameters for the rate of transmission of cells.
The rate of transmission of cells from a source on an ABR connection
is characterized by four parameters:
i. Allowed cell rate(ACR)
ii. Minimum cell rate(MCR)
iii. Peak cell rate(PCR)
iv. Initial cell rate(ICR)
20. Define: Fair share.
Fair share can be defined as follows:
Fair share = Target rate
Number of connection
21. State the conditions that must be met for a cell to conform. (AU: Nov/Dec
2007)
In case of ATM, the information flow on each logical connection is organized
into fixed size packets called cells.
22. What are the retransmit policies used in TCP traffic control? (AU: Nov/Dec
2007)
The retransmit policies used in TCP traffic control are:
First only.
Batch
Individual.
23. Why congestion control is difficult to implement in TCP? (AU: April/may
2008)
The end system is expected to exercise flow control upon the source and
system at a higher layer. Thus it is difficult to implement in TCP.
24. Define sustainable cell rate. What is the use of SCR? (AU: April/may 2008)
The SCR is the average cell rate over a long time interval. the actual cell rate
may be lower or higher than this value, but the average should be equal to or less than
SCR.
25. What is protocol? Give two examples. (AU: May/June2009)
a set of rules used to govern the data transfer.
Example: UDP (User datagram protocol, TCP(Transmission control protocol).
26. Give the significance of timer management in networking. (AU:
May/June2009)
The value retransmission time out (RTO) have a initial effect on TCPs
reaction to congestion. Hence by calculating RTO effectively, congestion can be
avoided. to calculate RTO effectively, the timer management is essential.
27. What are the mechanisms used in ATM traffic control to avoid congestion
condition?
Resource management
Connection admission control
Usage parameter control
Traffic shaping.
28. How is RTO useful to control congestion in TCP?
The value of RTO (Retransmission time out) has a critical effect on TCPs
reaction to congestion. Hence by calculating RTO effectively, congestion can be
controlled.
29. Define Reactive Congestion control.
Whenever a packet discard occur due to severe condition, some control
mechanism is needed to recover from network collapse. this mechanism is known as
reactive congestion control.
30. What is the use of Preventive congestion control?
This preventive congestion control mechanism is used to avoid congestion
before it occurs.
31. What is the difference between flow control and congestion control?
Flow control: The transmitter should not overwhelm the receiver so flow
control is performed.
Congestion control: Its aim is to limit the total amount of data entering the
network; to amount of data that network can carry.
UNIT IV
INTEGRATED AND DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
1. What are the requirements for inelastic traffic?
The requirements for inelastic traffic may include the following and they are
i. Throughput.
ii. Delay.
iii. Jitter.
iv. Packet loss.
2. What are the functions that are provided by ISA to manage congestion and
QoS transport?
The functions that are provided by ISA to manage congestion and QoS
transport are
i. Admission control.
ii. Routing algorithm.
iii. Queuing discipline.
iv. Discard policy.
3. What are the principal background functions of ISA?
The principal background functions of ISA are
i. Reservation protocol.
ii. Admission control.
iii. Management agent.
iv. Routing protocol.
4. What are the services provided by ISA?
Three categories of services are provided by ISA and they are
i. Guaranteed.
ii. Controlled load.
iii. Best effort.
5. What are the different queuing techniques?
The different queuing techniques are:
Fair Queuing (FQ).
Processor Sharing (PS).
Bit-Round Fair Queuing (BRFQ).
Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS).
Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ).
6. Define: RED
RED is an approach to congestion management in internets is proactive packet
discard. In this technique , a router discards one or more incoming packets before the
output buffer is completely full, in order to improve the performance of the network.
DSCP
7
unused
If small packet is queued behind long packet, then small packet experience
long delay.
24. What is an inelastic traffic? What are the requirements for inelastic traffic?
(AU:April/May2008)
It does not easily adapt, if at all, to changes in delay and throughput across the
internet. Example: Real time traffic, its requirements are, throughput, delay, jitter and
packet loss.
25 What is meant by rate control? Give examples. (AU:May/June2009)
The rate of transmission of cells from a source to a network connection can be
controlled by a feedback mechanism is known as rate control.
Example: Available bit rate(ABR)
26. What is label stacking? (AU:May/June2009)
Label stacking allows aggregation of more number of label switching paths
into single label switching path.
27. Define delay jitter.
The delay jitter is the maximum variation in delay experienced by packets in a
single session.
28. What is meant by best effort service?
Flows that are not reserving resources are provided with best effort service.
The network will put best effort to deliver the packet, but if congestion occurs
severely it will discard the packet.
29. What is meant by guaranteed service?
Flows that are reserving resources are provided with guaranteed service. The
service provides assured capacity levels.
30. Define global synchronization.
Due to packet discard during congestion, many TCP connections entered slow
start at the same time. As a result,the network is unnecessarily under utilized for some
time. The TCP connections which entered into slow start will come out of slow start
at about same time causing congestion again. This phenomenon is called global
synchronization.
UNIT-V
PROTOCOLS FOR QoS SUPPORT
1. What is soft state?
A soft state is simply a set of state information at a router that expires
unless regularly refreshed from the entity that requested the state.
2. Define: Channel-changing capability.
Enabling the receiver to select one source from among multiple
sources transmitting to a multicast group is known as channel-changing
capability.
3. What are the characteristics of RSVP?
The various characteristics of RSVP are
Unicast and multicast
Simplex
Receiver-initiated reservation
Maintaining soft state in the internet
Providing different reservation styles
Transparent operation through non-RSVP routers
Support for IPv4 and IPv6.
4. Define: A session.
A session is a data flow identified by its destination; it reflects the soft
state nature of RSVP operation. A session is defined by destination IP address,
IP protocol identifier, destination port.
5. Define: Flow descriptor.
A reservation request issued by a destination end system is called a
flow descriptor and consists of a flowspec and a filter spec.
6. What is reservation attribute?
A receiver may specify a resource reservation that is to be shared
among a number of senders (shared) or may specify a resource reservation that
is to be allocated to each sender (distinct).
7. What is sender selection?
A receiver may either provide a list of source (explicit) or implicitly
select all sources by providing no filter spec (wild card).
8. Define: Wild-card-filter style
The wild-card-filter (WF) style specifies a single resource reservation
to be shared by all senders to this address. Symbolically, this style is
represented in the form WF(*{Q}), where the asterisk represents wild-card
sender selection and Q is the flowspec.
20
Label Value
Exp
Time to live
Exp = experimental
S = bottom of stack bit