Q 1. WHAT IS DETAILED SPECIFICATION? EXPLAIN.

Ans. Detailed specification of the various items of work laying down the quantities
and qualities of materials their properties , the method of preparation workmanship
and execution of work.

In this type of estimate the building area is calculated and then multiplied by
predefined unit cost.
The exact cost of the project is calculated.
It includes the contingency charges, supervision charges etc.
Includes all the overhead charges of construction.
It tells us about the total cost of the project.
Contractors profit is added on the total cost.
Prepared to finalize the construction cost of the project.

Q 2. DETAILED SPECIFICATION OF D.P.C (1:1/2:3 )

Ans Damp proof course shall be 40mm/25mm thick (as specified in the schedule of
quantities) artificial store 1:1/2:3 (1 part cement ; parts sand and 3 parts stone
chips of 6mm grades down approved waterproofing compound of properties as
specified by manufacturer should be mixed with the concrete during mixing, as per
manufacturers specification.
Before laying concrete on the wall , the top surface shall be thoroughly cleaned by
dirt , loose particles make mortar dropping an laitance, if any kind of scrubbing with
coir or steel wire bush or by hacking if necessary. The concrete should be laid in
every case over the full width of the structure walls.The top surface shall be finished
with double chequered marks for adhesion of mortar for brick work.proper curing
should be done before starting the brick work over the D.P.C. if any particular
materials or any other treatments be specified in the schedule of quantities for
damp proof course such as particular materials or specification shall be followed.
CEMENT CONCRETE (1:2:4)
The materials are:

WATER: shall be clear and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable
for drinking purpose.
CEMENT : shall be fresh Portland cement of standard ISI specification and
shall have the required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
AGGREGATE: shall be of inert material and clean, dense, hard, sound,
durable and non-absorbent and capable of developing good bend with
mortar.
SAND: shall be clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matter.
For concrete of 1:2:4 proportions first two boxes of sand and one bag of
cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly and then this dry mix of cement and

sand shall be placed over a stack of 4 boxes of stone aggregate and the
whole mixed dry turning atleast 3 times to have uniform mix.

Water shall the slowly be added and gradually with a water-can while being
mixed to the required quantity 25 to 30 l/ bag of cement , to give a plastic
mix of the required workability and water cement ratio.

First 4 stone ballast , then 2 boxes sand and then 1 bay of cement shall be
put in the c.c mixer , the machine shall be revolved to mix materials dry and
then water shall be added gradually to the required quantity , 25-30 l / bag of
cement to have the required water cement ratio.

The mixing should be re.quired - 2 min rotation for thorough mixing.

LAYING:
Concrete work shall be laid gently not exceeding 15cm and shall be
mechanically vibrated.
Hand compaction shall be so placed that the bottom layer does not
finally sit before the top layer is placed.
Compaction shall be completed before initial setting starts.
CURING:
Freshly laid concrete shall be protected from rain.
After 24 hrs of laying , surface shall be flooded with water of 25 mm
depth.
Shall be done for minimum 14 day.

TERRAZO FLOORING:

Composition: The floor consists of an under layers of cement concrete in ratio

of 1:2:4. Its thickness depends on size of marble chips used.
Upper Layer: cement concrete mixture should be used for under layer.The
panel should be of uniform size. In exposed situations length of any side of
the panel should not be more than 1.25m.
Marble chips: the chips should be white or pink makrana , blank bhainshala,
chittor black etc. they are hard , solid, dense and uniform in texture and have
hard / coarse granular particles.
LAYING: floors and panels are created by exposing marble chips and other
fine aggregates on the surface of finished concrete. Terrazzo layers require 3
layers of materials . first 3-4 inches base concrete and 1 inch layer of cement
concrete.

Q 3. WHAT IS RATE ANALYSIS? GIVE EXAMPLES

Ans In order to determine the rate of a particular item , the factors affecting the rate
of that item are studied carefully and then finally rate is decided for that item. This
process of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates.

It depends on the following :

Specification of work and materials about their quality . proportions and

constructional operation method.
Quality of materials and their costs.
Cost of labour and their wages.
Location of site and conveyance charges.
Profit
Overhead an estimation.

PURPOSE OF RATE ANALYSIS:

To work out the actual cost of per unit of items.

To work out the economical use of materials and process in completing the
particular items.
To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contrast
bond, but are to be done as per the direction of the department.
To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of the materials
and labour due to change in techniques.

Q4. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ESTIMATION? USES AND ADVANTAGES.

Ans The types are :

GENERAL ESTIMATION / PRELIMINARY

In this type of estimation , the building area is calculated and then
multiplied by the pre defined unit cost such as the cost of materials , cost
of labour etc.
This type of estimate is usually prepared before the construction starts.
This estimate also helps the owner to set the budget of the project.
All the values included in the estimate are lumpsum values and include
rough estimate.
After the rough estimate the owner easily check his budget and thus also
makes the changes as per requirements.
The general estimation is basically a rough estimate of the project.
It tells us about the major costs of construction.
DETAILED ESTIMATION
In this type of estimate the building area is calculated and then multiplied
by the predefined unit cost.
The exact cost of the project is calculated .
Includes all the overhead charges of construction.
Tells us about the total cost of the project.
In this estimate the contractor is profit is added on the total cost of the
building.
Prepared to finalise the cost of construction of the project.

UNIT BASED ESTIMATE

Estimate is calculated by calculating building area and multiplying it
with predefined unit cost.
It is then adjusted by considering building length, width, height etc.
It requires several documents before its commencement.
Building plan is also required.
This type of estimate helps the owner to check the budget of the
project.

CONTRACTORS BID ESTIMATE

The contractors that compete for project fill different bids and provide
estimate.
They state the amount of money which they require for
commencement of work.
The contractors also include their profit on total building cost.
This estimate includes detail of every item and every material.
The contractors are granted the project on the basis of this estimate.

Q5. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY SCHEDULE OF RATES?

Ans A schedule of rates in its lesser form is a standard contract that can be a list of
staff, types of labours and hire rates upon which a contractor has listed hourly rates
for the purpose of pricing work carried out under cost reimbursable instructed day
work.
ADVANTAGES :
Variations are easy to estimate and normally cheaper than or fixed
price traditional contracts.
Fully detailed design not required the client can obtain tenders at the
early stage of a project.
DISADVANTAGES :
Client does not have a fixed price when committing to starting work.
Q6. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIME COST AND CAPITAL COST.
Ans The direct cost of a commodity in terms of the materials and labour involved in
its production,
excluding fixed costs.
CAPITAL COST
Capital costs are fixed, one time expenses incurred on the purchase of land,
buildings, constructions and equipment used in the production of goods or in the
rendering of services.
Q7. SHORT NOTES ON :

CONTIGENCY CHARGES: Contigency charges are downrisk estimates

generally applied to cost planning and timescales. Contengencies are often
expressed in terms of percentage. The percentage contengencies are applied
at their greatest in the early stage of project where there are various number
of possible risks, but can then be reduced as better particulars about the
project become available and some risks are passed or overcome.

DAYWORK: It is construction is referred to the specific work done in a day. It

is usually done for a specific time period. It is generally done for 8 hours of
the day. It is generally a method by which the contractor or the labor is paid
for specially assigned work. In daywork the contractor or the labor is paid on
the basis of cost of labor or cost of materials.it is generally for 9am to 5pm in
a day.

BILL OF QUANTITIES: It is a document prepared by the cost consultant that

provides project specific measured quantities of the items of work identified
by the drawing and the specification in the tender documentation. The
quantities may be measured in number, length, area, volume, weight or time.
Preparing a bill of quantities required that a design is complete and a
specification has been prepared. It is issued to tenders for them to prepare
a price for carrying out the works. It also provides a fair and accurate system
for tendering.

EXTERNAL SERVICES: Includes trenches, pipes and cables for incoming

water mains, gas, electricity, telephone, etc. Backfilling protection as
necessary.

Q8. FIRST CLASS BRICK WORK

Ans. MATERIAL: According to the specifications accompanying to the estimate.
MORTAR:

specified in detailed in specification no 2.1 2.6

SOAKING:

Brick shall be toughly soaked in clean water immediately before use for 1 hour.
For mud mortar , bricks need not to be soaked.

BOND AND LAYING:

bricks shall be laid in English bond.

Half on cut bricks shall not be used.
Joints should be completely filled with mortar.
Tapping with the handle of the bowel.

JOINTS :

Horizontal joints must be parallel.

Vertical joints must be directly over one another.

FIXTURES:All fixtures are required to build in brick work shall be embedded in the
surrounded brickwork in their correct position of brick work contraction in cement
sand mortar(1:4)
SPECIAL ITEMS TO BE MEASURED SEPARATELY:

Square , rectangular or circular pillar

Profile walls
Brick work curved on plan to be an internal diameter not exceeding 15 feet (4.5
m)
Honey comb brick walling. This shall be measured in sq. m , stating thicknessand
pattern to honey combing.

RATE:

The rate for brick work in superstructure includes all work from the level
specified above to a height of 13 feet above the level , or upto the top of first
structural roof, whichever is less and includes the cost of scaffolding.

Q9. GENERAL SPECIFICATION

Ans General specification of II class building:
FLOORING floor shall be 2.5cm(1) cement concrete over 7.5 cm (3) L.C
verandah floor shall be of brick tile or flag stone over lime concrete, finished
cement printed.

General specification of D.P.C. in II class building.

Damp proof course- D.P.C. shall be of 2cm thick cement or other standard water
proofing materials.

General specification of I class brick work in super structure

o Made of good earth which is from saline deposits and are sand molded.
o Burnt thoroughly without being vitrified and have deep red, cherry and
copper colour.
o Regular and uniform in shape and size with sharp and square edges and
parallel faces.
o Must be homogeneous in texture and exist a clear ringing sound on being
stuck together.
o Free from cracks, flaws, chips, stones and lime.

o
o
o

Should not absorb water more than 20% on its own dry weight after 24
hours immersion in cold water.
Have a minimum crushing strength of 105 kg per sq.cm when tested
according to the test.
Should not show appreciable sign of effluences either in dry state or
subsequent to soaking in water.

General specification of II class break in super structures

o They shall be well burnt or slightly over burnt.
o They must give clear ringing sound when struck.
o They may have slightly irregularities in size, slope and colour.
o They might have slight chips, flaws or surface cracks but must be free
from time.
o The minimum crushing strength of II class brick should be 70 kg/ sq.cm
First class building specification

DOORS AND WINDOWS Chaukhats shall be seasoned teak wood. Shuttering shall
be teak wood 4.3cm ( 1 ) thick paneled and partly as required with additional
wire gauge shuttering. All fitting shall be of brass. Doors and windows shall be
varnished or painted two coats with high class enamel paint. Windows shall be
provided with iron grills.
Q10. WRITE IN BRIEF:

EARTHWORK- Carryout excavation and earthwork in such a manner as to

prevent erosion or slips. Limit working faces to safe slopes and height. Do not
stockpile material where it might cause a landslide.
Provide and maintain access road and temporary drainage and divert and
reinstate permanent drainage systems.
Material handling and storage areas shall be levelled and well drained. Do not
use rock crushing plant on the site unless specifically permitted to do so
under the contact.
Remove top soil when required before starting excavation or filling and unless
otherwise specified, deposit on site in temporary heaps for reuse. Ensure the
soil is kept free from contamination and undue compaction.
Keep excavation free from water, and neatly trim the face of excavation.
Backfill and compact strictly in accordance with the GS an at no extra cost
over extracted areas where the contractors proposed method of excavation
involves excavation in excess of that specified in certain area. Take necessary
precautions to prevent damage to tops of piles during excavation.

SUBWORK When a very large project is divided into smaller work then
each of the smaller work is called sub work.

DAMP PROOF COURSE Damp proof course or DPC refers to the layer of
coating which is spread over th plinth line for protection of the building
against the basement or other parts of the bulding.

CURING- Curing refers to the method forming water in materials to increase

their strength and stability.
In this process concrete is protected from loss of moisture by kepping it in a
reasonable temperature. Curing leads to increase stability of concrete. Curing
is done for a specified numer of days. Eg- curing of cement in cement
flooring.

SCAFFOLDING- It is also called staging. It is the basis of most construction

projects. It is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and
materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings,
bridges and all other man made structures.