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The 7 Liberal Arts - Trivium, Quadrivium and Logical Fallacies

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In medieval universities the Trivium combined with the Quadrivium comprised

the seven liberal arts. This teaching method is based on a curriculum outlined
by Plato. One of the key intentions behind applying the Trivium and the
Quadrivium is to distinguish between reality and fiction. By training the mind
how to think - instead of what to think - this method provides a teaching of
the art and the science of the mind as well as the art of the science of matter.

Tools of Knowing

The Trivium and the Quadrivium

are often presented in a Pythagorean triagle which represents the human way
of knowing :

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Any observation enters our mind through the 5 senses. Then we use our mind
and apply the Trivium and the Quadrivium in order to process the
observation. This process consists of several steps which enable us to
understand how the observation relates to what we already know, how we
can explain this new piece of information to others and how we can store it in
a methodical way.

The Trivium method of thought

The Trivium is the first half of the 7 Liberal Arts. It consists of 3 elements :
General grammar, formal logic and classical rhetoric. Sacred texts often refer
to these 3 elements as knowledge, understanding and wisdom. The
overarching topic of the Trivium is communication and language.

General grammar : The systematic method of gathering raw data and

ordering the facts of reality into a consistent body of knowledge.
Formal logic : Bringing full and intimate understanding to this body of
knowledge by systematically eliminating all contradictions within it.
Rhetoric : Communicating this comprehensive knowledge and understanding
to others in order to utilize the gained insights in the real world.
Within the process of seeing, conceptualizing and speaking it is important to
be aware that the created concept about how we think reality is, does not
equate reality as it really is. In other words : The map is not the territory.

00134iAristotle who is considered to be one of the originators of the ideas

behind the Trivium stated that an educated man should be capable of
considering and investigating any idea or concept thoroughly without
necessarily embracing or dismissing it. If during any discussion it becomes
obvious that the other person is emotionally involved regarding a particular
subject matter, then it is impossible to have a rational discussion based on
the Trivium with them. Any emotional attachment to a particular belief blocks
any kind of rational or logical argumentation.

This rather general concept of the Trivium has been removed from the
curriculum of public education over the last 100 years. It can be assumed
that this happened because people who lack truly critical thinking skills are a
lot easier to govern. Especially through mass media it is now possible for the
government to spin almost every event, invent false realities and then sell
them to their population. But this only works as long as people are not able to
think for themselves and see through the manipulation. Especially the
principle of the "Hegelian dialectic" where an artificial problem is created in
order to cause a reaction within the population so that a prepared solution
can be introduced would not work anymore if people were able to see the
patterns by which their government is "guiding" them.

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method is a common procedure used in science. It consist of 4

actions :

Observe reality : Making any kind of measurements about a particular

behavior or effect within reality
Generate hypotheses : Coming up with several different theories about why
this behavior is observed. For this the scientist looks for similarities between
known phenomena and this newly observed effect.
Extrapolate : The most likely hypothesis is selected, refined and a blue print
for an experiment is designed which can be used to verify predictions on
what kind of behavior is to be expected under a particular set of initial
conditions
Verify theory in a repeatable experiment : In order to verify the hypothesis an
experiment is performed in order to check if the expected reaction to certain
inputs fits with calculated output of the theory. It is important that these
experiments are repeatable.

Logical Fallacies

This is a list of logical fallacies which are commonly used in arguments, this is
part of the aspect of logic within the Trivium. You will probably find this to be
a really useful part of this article because once you become aware of these
tactics, you will be able to see them whenever anybody uses them on
yourself.

Ad Hominem : Responding to a statement by a personal attack. It is the

attempt to discredit the other persons character so you can avoid responding
to their arguments in a logical way
Appeal to Authority : Sometimes we have to look for answers from an expert.
If someone refers to the opinion of an expert it is important to check if a) the
person is really an expert and b) if the person is biased e.g. due to financial
ties they have regarding the subject. It should always be checked if an appeal
to authority can be avoided and if the argument can be resolved on different
level of argument
Appeal to Belief : Arguing that something is true because the majority of the
population believes it to be true
Appeal to Common Practice : Arguing that a particular action or behavior is
good - e.g. morally correct - just because everybody behaves this way
Appeal to Emotion : Attempt to gain support through emotions rather than
the objective substance of the argument.
Appeal to Fear : By painting a picture of dire consequences a particular
decision might have, any logical argument in favor of this decision can thus
be seen as irrelevant
Appeal to Flattery : Person A is flattered by person B. Person B makes a claim,
since person A likes person B he accepts this claim without critical
examination
Appeal to Novelty : What is newer must be better
Appeal to Popularity : Since most people approve something, it must be true
Appeal to Ridicule : Since a particular topic is ridiculed and laughed at by
other people it must be false or unimportant

Appeal to Spite : If a person can not have or achieve a particular goal he

simply looks down on this goal as not being worth achieving anyway
Appeal to Tradition : Since a particular behavior or conclusion has been
correct for a long time and has become a tradition, it must also be correct
now as well
Bandwagon : A claim is accepted simply because it is considered popular
within the addressed group not because it is true
Begging the Question : Assuming as true, what in fact needs to be proven
first. This is an issue of circular logic. It is commonly used in religion : How
can we know, God really exists ? Well because we can read about him in the
Bible and the Bible is the unquestionable word of God.
Biased Sample : For a poll which presumably covers the entire variety of the
population actually only people are considered which have a predisposition
about the subject
Composition : Since a component consists of A, B and C and A, B and C have
a particular trait, also the component must have that same trait
Division : Since a component has a particular trait and it consists of A, B and
C it can be concluded that A, B and C must have the same trait as the
component itself
False causal relationship : Arguing that a particular event was caused by
previous event just because this previous event happened before the actual
event. In reality both events might be totally unrelated and the timing
sequence was a pure coincidence.
False Dilemma : Presenting only two options as a solution a problem, while
not mentioning other possible options
Genetic Fallacy : The dubious origin of a claim discredits the claim itself
Guilt By Association : By establishing an artificial association between a claim
and e.g. a group that is anti-social the claim itself is portrayed as
unacceptable
Middle Ground : If there are two opposing position on a topic this does not
necessarily imply that the "correct" position is in the middle of both extremes
Pointing at others : Injecting another party into the argument - another
authority higher up in the chain which is outside of your field of influence. By
blaming this higher authority it is no longer necessary to reply with a logical
argument

Repeating statements to make them appear true : By repeating a particular

statements multiple times within a short period of time, the listener might
accept them as true. This is particularly valid for the mass media and news
on television
Smoke Screen : When coming up to a difficult argument, people simply start
throwing a long list of other issues into the discussion hoping that the difficult
argument is forgotten in the process
Spotlight : The fact that a particular subject is repeatedly focused upon by
many people does not imply that it really is of any importance
Straw Man : Taking the position or claim of another person, exaggerating and
distorting it and then attacking this distorted claim because it is easier to
debunk

The Quadrivium

The Quadrivium is the second half of the 7 Liberal Arts. It consists of 4

elements : Arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. The overarching topic
of the Quadrivium is the study of number and its relation to space and time.

Arithmetic : Number - as such number is a pure abstraction outside of time

and space. This aspect of the Quadrivium deals with the different
characteristics of each number
Geometry : Number in space - specific shapes can have a deeper meaning.
This aspect relates symbolism and it is frequently used in architecture.
Music : Number in time - covers music in general and particularly the topic of
natural harmonics
Astronomy : Number in time and space - covers the movement of planets in

space and the natural harmonics between the planets when looking at the
aspect of time (harmony of the spheres). This is the first time aspects of time
and space meet with the abstraction of number thus it builds the foundation
for science.