Professional Documents
Culture Documents
None 2
None 2
Introduction
Most of us appreciate the difficulties of people who
suffer back pain because up to 80% of us will
experience it at sometime in our life. In any group of
people the point prevalence is estimated to be
between 15% and 30% (CSAG, 1994). Although
most episodes of back pain get better naturally, it is
not uncommon for people to experience another
episode within a year (Croft et al., 1998). Back pain is
one of the commonest reasons for people consulting
their GP and taking time off work. For others,
attending an Accident & Emergency department
when they are distressed with back pain might be
their first encounter with a health care professional
for the problem. Misconceptions surrounding back
pain and activity or exercise, often inadvertently
reinforced by clinicians, are a major contributory
factor for the increasing prevalence of back pain
related disability in industrialised countries.
Throughout the world, published guidelines based
on research evidence demonstrate a genuine consensus over management (Waddell and Burton, 2000;
Koes et al., 2001; Chou et al., 2007; NICE, 2009).
Clinicians who work in primary care and occupational health should now be aware of these guidelines.
Orthopaedic, Musculoskeletal, Sports & Exercise Physician,
The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,
Birmingham, UK.
Address for correspondence: Dr Grahame Brown,
Orthopaedic, Musculoskeletal, Sports & Exercise Physician,
The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,
Birmingham, B31 2AP, UK.
E-mail: grahamebrown50@hotmail.com
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How is it diagnosed?
The triage system has been developed in most
industrialised countries to help identify those who
have features (mostly in the history) that might predict
possible serious pathology (the red flags) (Box 1).
Management of non-specific
back pain
There has been an exponential growth over the last
50 years in certified back pain disability, occurring
despite huge improvements in working environments. There is clear epidemiological evidence that
cultural changes have led to a greater awareness of
more minor back symptoms and willingness to
report them (Croft, 2000; Palmer et al., 2000). In the
same period, the number of treatments available
and the number of treatment sessions delivered have
also risen exponentially and are indicative of the
failure of the attempt to fit the symptom of back
pain into the model of disease and pathology
(CSAG, 1994; Waddell, 1998).
What is said to the patient and how it is said will
have far more impact on the clinical outcome than
what is done to the patient (Burton et al., 1999;
Roland et al., 2002). People experiencing back pain
without an identifiable medical problem need to
receive clear, accurate and realistic information that
promotes recovery. Additionally, those at risk of
developing a chronic problem must be identified
and monitored closely. It is very easy for busy
clinicians and therapists to be (or perceived as)
dismissive of peoples problems. Recent onset of
back pain must be acknowledged as being very
painful, debilitating and worrying, but people need
to be reassured their condition is very unlikely to
indicate a serious underlying disorder or lead to
long-term disability. Advice and management
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than unsupervised general exercise, but any exercise/physical activity is far better than none.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic triage (non-specific back pain, nerve root
pain, specific pathology)
History taking and physical examination to exclude red
flags and neurological screening
Consider psychosocial factors if there is no improvement
X-rays are not useful for non-specific back pain
Treatment
Reassure patients (favourable prognosis)
Advise patients to stay active
Prescribe medication if necessary, preferably at fixed
intervals
Discourage bed rest
Consider spinal manipulation for pain relief
Do not advise back-specific exercises
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Recent developments
Little and colleagues (2008) designed and implemented a randomised control trial of Alexander
lessons and technique for patients with chronic and
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Conclusion
The causes of non-specific back pain are multifactorial and consequently management must be
multi-modal. Over recent years, there has been a
paradigm shift in the assessment and management
of these problems away from a purely medical
model towards a bio-psycho-social model. Key
messages to give to patients with non specific back
pain is summarised in Box 6. Box 7 provides a guide
to some important messages for clinicians working
with patients who present with these problems.
Neurophysiological advances are helping us to
understand how pain can persist in the absence of
tissue injury and under the influence of belief,
emotional, social and cultural factors. It is much
more important to know what sort of a patient has a
disease than what sort of a disease a patient has
quoted Sir William Osler (18491919); in the light of
emerging evidence for the management of low back
pain clinicians would be wise to remember this.
Declaration of interest
Dr Brown works within a multidisciplinary, secondary care, clinical team. He offers interventions
to selected patients with persistent non-specific back
pain, which include deep dry needling (medical
acupuncture), osteopathic manual treatment, tricyclic antidepressant medication, physical, postural
(Alexander) and relaxation (Yoga) exercises and
graded physical aerobic exercise and prolotherapy.
He integrates brief psychological and behavioural
treatment strategies into consultations and treatment sessions. He runs educational workshops open
to all health care professionals on psychological
approaches to pain management and has published
a book (2009) called How to liberate yourself from
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Summary
References
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.