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Wavelet Estimation For A Multidimensional Acoustic or Elastic Earth - A. B. Weglein
Wavelet Estimation For A Multidimensional Acoustic or Elastic Earth - A. B. Weglein
ABSTRACT
A new and general wave theoretical wavelet estimation method is derived. Knowing the seismic wavelet
is important both for processing seismic data and for
modeling the seismic response. To obtain the wavelet,
both statistical (e.g., Wiener-Levinson) and deterministic (matching surface seismic to well-log data) methods are generally used. In the marine case, a far-field
signature is often obtained with a deep-towed hydrophone. The statistical methods do not allow obtaining
the phase of the wavelet, whereas the deterministic
method obviously requires data from a well. The
deep-towed hydrophone requires that the water be
deep enough for the hydrophone to be in the far field
and in addition that the reflections from the water
bottom and structure do not corrupt the measured
wavelet. None of the methods address the source
array pattern, which is important for amplitude-versus-offset (AVO) studies.
This paper presents a method of calculating the total
INTRODUCTION
.
I
. .
In seismic exploration a man-made source ot energy
produces a wave which propagatesinto the subsurface. The
reflection data recorded on the surface depend on (1) the
properties of the earths structure (2) the energy source and
recording system.
The purpose of seismic exploration is to extract information about the subsurface from these data. Consequently, it
is important to attempt to identify and remove the effects of
the source characteristics from this reflected energy. We
suggestthat a wavelet estimation method be applied which is
theoretically consistent with the processto be applied to the
reflection data. That is, for acoustic processing(e.g., acous-
903
Wavelet Estimation
paper, Sonneland et al. (1986) use the 1-D acoustic wave
equation with two independent vertical measurementsof the
pressure to perform a combined designature-dereverberation. Hargreaves (1984) has presenteda wave-field extrapolation method for source signature identification. Although
his method produced favorable results in some cases, e.g.,
deep water, he states a problem resulting from corruption
due to the scatteredfield. The method in this paper directly
addressesthis problem, automatically filtering the scattered
field from the wavelet calculation.
Our purposeis to present a new general method of source
signature identification which also requires two separate
field measurements.It is applicablefor an arbitrary inhomogeneousmultidimensional acousticor elastic earth. Furthermore, no information about the propertiesof the subsurface
is required. Each shot record producesan effective acoustic
or elastic wavelet for that particular shot record. The effective wavelet can vary from one shot record to the next. The
wavelet obtained is the source wavelet or driving function
being imparted to the medium. In the second section, we
present the general wavelet estimation procedure and show
that the method relies only on the incident wave, effectively
filtering the scatteredenergy from the integral. We illustrate
this procedure with an analytic example. The marine exploration environment is treated next. We show an application
to a distributed source and the source array pattern, followed by an application of the method for a multidimensional elastic problem. Finally, we give numerical examples
which addressthe issuesof time and spatial sampling, finite
aperture, approximations to the field derivative, and finding
the source array pattern.
The procedure (for either the acoustic or elastic model)
derives and from a comparison of the Lippmann-Schwinger
equation and Greens theorem. The former originates in
scatteringtheory and the latter in boundary-value problems.
These two equationswere compared,for a different purpose,
in Weglein and Silvia (1981) and Silvia and Weglein (1981).
w2
( )
V2 + 2
P = 2
(2)
lo* _ _
P=GoTaP+AGo
co
or, equivalently,
P(r, rs9 01 = AblG~(r,
rs, 4
co=
G&, r, w) _r a(r)P(r,
rs, O) dr,
(3)
CO
where
G&,
r, w) = S(r - r)
(AVB - BVA)
d3r =
I
. n ds,
[h-,
rs, w)V*Go(r,
r, W)
- Go(r, r, w)Vt2p(r,
(y&g)
09 + A(w)s(r - r,).
rs, w)] dr
[f%,
rs, w)VGo(r,
r, w)
iJJ2 _
( >
V2 + c(r)
- Go(r, r, o)VP(r,
In this context the wavelet estimation problem is to determine A(w). Characterize the velocity configuration c(r) in
terms of a reference value cn and a variation in the index of
refraction (Y:
1
c(rj
I
= - [I - ff(r)].
ci
(4)
(1)
where
904
V P
(rl,
Lo2
r,5 ,
0) =
P(r,
-1
I
r,s, 0)
(0
+ 1 a(r)P(r,
co
r,,
, 0) + A(w)S(r
*I
- r,)
[I%-,
and
- COW.
2
Vf2Go(r,
r, w) = -q
Go(r,
r, w) + S(r - r)
co
P(r,
rs, 0) =
Go(r,
r,
co)
co
[%-, rs,
- G(r,
r,, , o) dr
a(r)B(r,
r, 01
o)VGo(r,
r, w)VP(r,
rr,
o)] * n ds.
(5)
w)
[f%Go
a(r)&,
r, w)
r, w)Vp(r,
r,,
Go(r, r,
r,, w)VGo(r.
- GoVP]
- n ds
rs, O) dr
c;
w2
Go(r,
r,
co) 1 a(r)P(r,
C6
r,, , w) dr.
- Go(r,
r, o)V&,
r,r, w)]
. n ds
or
EARTH
AIR
WATER
905
Wavelet Estimation
_!-
Cci
Gj
I
=
[l - h6(x -X0)],
c(r)
co
- GuVP,]
- n ds
/ s
[pVGO - GOVP]
W2
Go 7 a(r)P
= p, I
dr = p,, - P, = 0,
- n ds.
CiJ
I
Go
One-dimensional example-Localized
11
eikix
2ik
and satisfies
d2Go
dx2 + k2Go = 6(x -x),
WAVELET ESTIMATION
We now demonstrate the method with the analytic example of a point scatterer. Numerical examples of the method
will be given later.
inhomogeneity
2ik
OFFSET
(FT)
(8)
906
d2P
---Q
(9)
--
A A(w)P
iklx- roieikl.ro
-xti
(I lb)
ikX
I+7
or
2ik
(~k~.ika(x)P(x.
p-----
x,~, w) dx.
d"P
d'G,,
dx2
Go
dx2
dx
g),
(12)
where a < x,) < h. Using the differential equations (8) and (9)
in the left-hand side of equation (12) leads to
(1 la)
Ih
[P(x,
x,, , w)S(x - x)
or
_
I(
b
2ik
&I,
x, co)
dGo
di,
pdx-G,dx
x,s, w) =
ikh
l+y
Wavelet Estimation
k=
Go(x, x, w)a(x)li(x,
xs, w) dx
907
Go(x,
x,
w)k=a(x)P(x,
o) dx
x,,
a
^a
=
dGo(x,
&,
II
x, >0)
x,
o)k*a(x)P(x,
x,~. w) dx,
and for x within the interval (a, b), it follows from equations
(lla) and (13) that
dx'
- Go(x, x, 01
Go(x,
s --53
x, 0)
dP(x, x, > 01
dx'
dGo(x,
P(x,
WI
x,,
xs,
CO) = k=
- Go(x,
G,,(x,
x,
w)a(x)P(x,
I,
co)
dx
x, , w)
d&,
b
p(x,
x,
w)
xs, w) dx
dx
and
b
Ii
&,
dGo(x,
x,
1 0)
x,
$0)
w)
dx
- Gotx, x, w)
drj(x,
dGo
P(x,
x,,
w) dx
(13)
- Go(x,
/gklx
2ik
OFFSET (FT)
x, j
x,
w)
x5, w)
dx
(14)
908
Removing
This is obviously the 1-D reduction for our wavelet detcrmination scheme, equation (6); i.e.,
@Go
< x
< b,
u i x0 < b, andx,
- GoVf) * n ds
I
k(o)
2ik
Cl,
&V mxi
~
dx
SGN
WAVELET
ESTIMATION
IN A SPATIALLY
VARIANT REFERENCE MEDIUM
(x -x).
SGN
(x -x,)
Special case-Marine
ik SGN
wavelet estimation
The marine exploration configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The background medium for this application will
consist of two homogeneous half-spaces illustrated in Figure
3.
(x -x,,)
- Go(x, x,
k(w)
d& , x.7,
dGo(x, x, ~1
&, xs WI
dx
p+
w)
~1
dx
--x., j
2ik
eikb --xs
~--
2ik
eiklY -rii~elk~il
--x5
eikl\ -x/
~
SGN (x -x)
2ik
-~
~
2ik
SGN
(x -x,~)
- ;
ik SGN
iti
l+2
(x -x0)
II
.
909
Wavelet Estimation
where P satisfies the differential equation
VP(r,
I-~,
w) +
[l - a(r)]P(r,
r,T, w)
Cl)
=,4(w) i
6(r -
r.5j)
;=I
I_:
J&h,
r, ~1
an
ii&
- GA-,,
r, 0)
ds,
an
06)
i=l,...m.
co
k(o,
I --(c
ZZ fib,
Is
Si( J(;)2-k;(z+z,y))
x (-id(,)I-k:)}
SOURCE
%(r,r,co)
-G~(r,r,w)
an
r, o)VP(r,
r, w)
(17)
&-,r,,w)
r, co)dr
r,, w)VG&,
- G,,(r,
dk,,
DISTRIBUTED
r)G,,(r,
@r, r,, ~1
an
ds
?
(15)
ELASTIC
WAVELET
ESTIMATION
METHOD
Below WC outline the generalization of the wavelet estimation method for elastic waves. As in the acoustic case, a
comparison of the Lippmann-Schwinger
equation and
Greens theorem is used to determine the wavelet.
To derive the Greens theorem for the elastic case, a rank
two Greens displacement tensor so is_ defined and in
addition a rank three Greens stress tensor $ is defined. In an
analogous manner to the scalar case, a Greens identity is
obtained relating the displacement u(x, t) to a volume
integral involving a body force and an integral over the
enclosing surface which involves the displacement and its
derivatives through the traction t. This Greens theorem
result [e.g., Pao and Varatharajulu (1976), equation (19)] for
elastic waves is given by
910
pf(x)
* i&(x,
x)
dx
{t(x)
* &(x,
x) - u(x)
* [n - $(x1x)]} cf.5
zz
44
XEV
x @
v,
FIG.
OFFSET
0 0 000
(FT)
-2700
llllllllllllllllllllllIllllll,PilIIllIllllllllllllllllllIIlll
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0 - 500
0.600
FIG. 8. Shot gather: point source, partial plane reflector.
+2700
911
Wavelet Estimation
* u) - (V * (&)(u * n)} ds
&-, r, , 0)
dG~(r', r, ~1
an
- PCS {& - (n
/ s
u)
(V
Go)
(n
u)}
ds
n
by G,,.
NUMERICAL
EXAMPLES
aP
- Gob, r, w) ;
(r, rs, 0)
ds
Go@, rs, ~1
OFFSET (FT)
-2700
0 m000
0.
+2700
Illllllllllllllllllllllllllll19llllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
I00
0.200
0.300
F
0.400
0.500
0.600
FIG. 10. Shot gather: distributed source, plane reflector.
Wavelet Estimation
source distribution. For the latter, no information about the
nature of the source was required.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank BP Exploration
for permission
REFERENCES
Hargreaves, N. D., 1984, Far-field signatures by wavefield extrapelation: Presented at 46th annual EAEG meeting, London.
Loewenthal, D., Lee, S. S., and Gardner, G. H. F., 1985, Deter-
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