Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Organizations (SAARC, SCO, UNO, ECO)
Organizations (SAARC, SCO, UNO, ECO)
Organizations (SAARC, SCO, UNO, ECO)
O)
Introduction:
Shanghai Cooperation Organization or S.C.O is an inter-governmental
mutual security organization which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the
leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
S.C.O is the continuation of the Shanghai Five founded in 1996. After
Uzbekistan inclusion it was named as S.C.O.
Permanent Members:
China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
Observer States:
Pakistan, India, Iran and Magnolia.
Arms and S.C.O:
The main task of S.C.O is to strengthen and safeguard regional security
and to promote the common development of the member states.
Achievements:
1. S.C.O member states strengthened and deepen political trust and
pragmatic cooperation in various fields and greatly contribute to
regional stability and common development.
2. Joint military security work in border areas was signed that helped
in solving many disputes, avoided border clashes and transformed
the 1000 miles long borders into bonds of friendship.
3. Along with the changing regional and international situations, the
security cooperation among the block has deepened. S.C.O set up
the Regional Anti-Terrorists Organization (RATS), with its head
quarters in Uzbekistan, to combat the Three Evils, namely
terrorism, separatism and extremism. This is the dominant feature
of S.C.O.
4. The group has firmly shown the commitment to boast up mutual
political trust, effective cooperation, mutual respect and mutual
benefits. Such strengths have paved the way for its member states
to enhance cooperation and jointly deal with economic crisis and
other challenges.
5. With three-fifths of the land area and a quarter of the world
population, the S.C.O member states can share rich natural, market
and human resources to realize the great potential in economic
cooperation.
S.C.O and Pakistan
1.
Introduction:
Consist of 57 countries.
OIC is considered to be among regional organizations. The most
distinguishing aspect of OIC is that it represents a religious ideological bond
as it was envisaged to translate the vision of Ummah identity into a reality. It
has been criticized on account of its failure to resolve the basic problems
confronted by Muslim Ummah. These issues are ranging from Islam phobia to
the issues of poverty and backwardness. Since Makkah Summit, the debate
to introduce reforms in OIC has gained momentum.
Many efforts have been made to make it a vibrant organization. Now,
the OIC has come to the realization of change.
Objectives
1. Promotion of Islamic Solidarity.
2. Enhanced co-operation among Muslim countries on
economical, cultural and scientific grounds/walks/fields.
social,
Failures of OIC
1. 70 % of the world oil resources in the Muslim world along the
important sea lane and trade routes. Mediterranean Sea, Arabian
Sea, Indian Ocean and the like that are located in the Muslim
territory possess vast sources of mineral, oil and gas. 60 % plus of
the Mediterranean is surrounded by Muslim countries. Red Sea and
Persian Gulf are exclusively located in the Muslim regions. The
Muslim world ranges from Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean and from
Mediterranean to Indian Ocean. The Muslim countries posses
internationally important trade routes like Gibraltar, Biospheres,
Hurmuz, Malaka. Muslim countries produce 2/3 of world oil, 67 % of
species, 2/3 of Palm oil, 50 % plus of Tin and Phosphorus and
a vast treasury of gas. But there is only 12-13 % intra trade
between OIC countries. The HDI (Human Development Index) is
pathetic, the total GDP of the Muslim world is about 5 % or less than
that. The Human Development Index (HDI) report 2005 shows that
40 Muslim countries have low value of HDI than the world average.
The total GNP of the Muslim world is less than Germany, France.
There is no Muslim country among the top 30 HDI countries. And in
the group of low HDI, half are Muslim countries.
2. Low level of Intra OIC trade.
3. No major initiative towards regional cooperation. No custom unions,
no facilitation in visa, no preferential trade as is there in European
countries.
4. No Regional connectivity, no roads and railway lines to connect the
Muslim countries as is there in Europe.
5. Failed to take any step to resolve conflicts among Muslim countries.
6. No rapid developmental force, no collective mechanism, no peace
keepers etc.
12.
Suggestions:
1. Dire need of improving civil societies. For this middle class is
needed to given a vibrant role.
Conclusion:
OIC represents lofty ideals of Ummahs identity. But there is a long way
for OIC to travel for the realization of these objectives in true sense. Once,
firm and wholestic steps are taken by OIC, then progress would itself come in
the Muslim world. And OIC would an honored and powerful organization to
which the international community would not only listen but would also
respect its decision. And OIC would be at par with other international
organizations.
2.
3.
C. Existences:
It came into being in Nov, 1973 after Maastricht Treaty. Its total
members are 28. Its original members were 6, Germany, Belgium,
Italy, Netherland and Limburg.
1. Mechanism:
i.
Treaty of Rome (1958).
Through this treaty it was decided that there would be a freedom of
movement of goods, persons, services and capital among these 6 EU
countries.
ii.
i.
ii.
iii.
D. Institutions of EU:
1. Council of Ministers:
i.
ii.
iii.
2. European Union:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
3. European Parliament:
It consists of 1000 members who are elected through direct vote. Its
functions and powers are;
It can veto the budgets and limited authority to amend legislations.
4. European Court of Justice:
It consists of 15 Judges with advocate generals. Its function is to
interpret treats with the outside world and to interpret secondary EU
legislation when dispute arise.
i.
Its rules are binding for courts of member states. Since the
Maastricht Treaty in vogue. This court can also impose fines on
member states if they do not comply with its ruling.
ii.
Euro:
On Jan 1st 1999, eleven countries formed economic and
monetary union. The purpose of this union was to opt a new
currency of EU. Euros introduction was the most important step in
the unification of Europe since 1950s.
iii.
iv.
2.
3.
4.
Its most important function and power is to determine the value of the national
currencies of Europe in relation to Euro. On Jan 1 st 2002, notes and coins of
Euro were made
available and national currencies like Franc and other European
currencies were gradually withdrawn from circulation.
F. There is a strict criterion for the countries to become a part of EMU. Such a
country must have low inflation, low interest rates, and should not have a
nation debt more than 69 % of the total value of its economy. Final ratification
of a country is made by European Parliament.
G. Lisbon Treaty in 2009:
1. President of the EU is made more powerful.
2. Advisor in foreign policy would represent EU in the international
community. Moreover, the foreign policy of EU is made more integrated.
3. The election criteria of EU have changed. First, the big countries had more
representation in EU. It has changed now. First, Germany had 17 % of
representation. Now, she has only 9 %.
4. EU is becoming a more supra-nationalistic body. 34 more articles are given
to EU. There would be free trade of EU countries among themselves.
Natural Resources.
ii.
Human Resources.
iii.
Easy Transportation.
ii.
iii.
SAARC 16th (last) Summit in Thimhu, Bhutan. On 28, 29 th April 2010. 25 years
completed of its coming into existence.
J. Emphasis:
1. Emphasis was given to democratic and participatory traditions among
member states.
2. Upholding people centric development with due emphasis on sociocultural progress and economic development of the people of South Asia.
3. Poverty alleviation.
2010-2020.
The
Decade
9. Promotion of tourism.
10.Condemned terrorism.
11.Cooperation in the field of science and technology.
of
Intra-Regional