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Ijri Cce 01 012
Ijri Cce 01 012
Abstract
The use of self-compacting concrete (scc) in general building and civil engineering constructions is becoming popular
over the years ever since it was invented and guide-lines have been formulated by the efnarc (european federation of
national association representing concrete) in 2005. Although in india, we do not have any specific codal provisions for
scc similar to normal concrete, considerable research has been done in both development of scc and its applications with
various admixtures and fibers to enhance the properties of scc in hardened state. As scc is very sensitive to variations
in moisture content and gradation of aggregates, construction sites face difficulties in free flow of scc.
In order to overcome this, viscosity modifying admixtures (vmas) have been introduced by the researchers apart from
efnarc releasing guide-lines for vma for concrete in september-2006, as extensive studies have become imperative on
the role of vma in scc.
The primary aim of this study is to explore the influence of vma on fresh and hardened properties of scc with varying
dosage of mineral admixture namely fly ash and chemical admixture i.E. Super plasticizer for standard grade scc mixes
of m30 grade. It is proposed to design m30 grade scc concrete mix and study in detail the fresh and hardened properties like 3-day, 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths for the mixes with the above variables. The test results of the
specimens shall be compared for compressive strength of different mixes of scc and control mix and arrive at specific
conclusions on the role of vma in the presence of admixtures.
*Corresponding Author:
Shraddha ,
Research Scholar, Department Of Civil Engineering,
Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Hyderabad India.
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Present-day self-compacting concrete (scc) can be
classified as an advanced construction material. As
the name suggests, it does not require to be vibrated
to achieve full compaction. This offers many benefits and advantages over conventional concrete.
These include an improved quality of concrete and
reduction of on-site repairs, faster construction
times, lower overall costs, facilitation of introduction of automation into concrete construction. An
important improvement of health and safety is also
achieved through elimination of handling of vibrators and a substantial reduction of environmental
noise loading on and around a site. The composition of scc mixes includes substantial proportions
of coarse and fine-grained inorganic materials and
this gives possibilities for utilization of mineral admixtures, which are currently waste products with
no practical applications.
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
GENERAL
Despite its advantages and versatile nature, SCC
has not gained much popularity in India, though
it has been widely promoted in the Middle East for
the last two decades. Awareness of SCC has spread
across the world, prompted by concerns with poor
consolidation and durability in case of conventionally vibrated normal concrete.
All the researchers have developed SCC taking the
CA/FA ratio and also considered the limited content
of coarse aggregate and more content of fines. But,
there are very limited investigations reported considering the size effect of coarse aggregate content
in the development of SCC. Keeping this in view,
the present experimental investigation is taken up
to study the effect of size of coarse aggregate in the
development of M70 grade of Self Compacting Concrete. Powder content is the main aspect of a SCC
mix design. In the present work, flyash is maximized
in the SCC mixes as a filler material.
Keeping in view the idea explained above, a detailed
and a systematic experimental program is laid down
as explained in the next paragraphs. The main objective of the present investigation is:
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To study the effect of the viscosity modifying admixtures on fresh and hardened properties of M30
grade self compacting concrete with different dosage of fly ash by using Nansu mix design and rational mix design procedure.
With the above objectives in mind the experimental
program is categorized as detailed below.
Casting of cubes 3 for each type of mix say control
mix, 20% replacement of fly ash,30% replacement
of fly ash and with different dosage of VMA.
In this study, M30grade of SCC with different fly
ash dosage and VMA dosage were designed based on
Nan Su method and rational method, to determine
the effect of VMA on SCC.The grade of concrete and
age of curing were the parameters in the study.
A detailed experimental program was planned to
achieve the objective of the study is explained in
Chapter 4.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SELF
COMPACTING CONCRETE
GENERAL
In this chapter,wide spread applications of scc have
been restricted due to lack of standard mix design
procedure and testing methods. It is pertinent to
mention that only features of scc have been included in indian standard code of practice for plain and
reinforced concrete (fourth revision), [2000]. Slump
flow test, l-box test, v-funnel test, u-box test, orimet
test & gtm screen test are recommended by efnarc
[european federation of producers and applicators
of specialist products for structures, may 2005] for
determining the properties of scc in fresh state.
MATERIALS
Cement
Coarse Aggregate
Fine Aggregate
Fly Ash
Super Plasticizer
Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA)
Water
PHASE I: DEVELOPMENT OF PLAIN SCC AND INVESTIGATIONS ON ITS FRESH AND HARDENED
PROPERTIES
In this phase of investigations, M30 grade SCC mix
is developed using mineral and chemical admixtures to study its fresh and hardened properties.
For developing SCC of M30 grade, the mix proportions were designed based on the method suggested
by Nan-Su et al (2001) and SV Rao et al(2010) using fly ash as mineral admixture and chemical admixtures like Super Plasticizers (SP) and Viscosity
Modifying Agents (VMA). Finally, SCC mixes which
have given required compressive strength with satisfactory fresh properties were taken for the next
phase of investigations. This is explained in detail
as given below.
Procedure:
Take about 14 litres of self-compacting concrete
for performing this test.
Place the apparatus on a level ground and ensure
free opening and closing of sliding shutter. Moisten
the inside surface of the
L box apparatus.
Fill the vertical section of the apparatus with the
scc sample.
Lift the sliding gate and allow the scc to flow out
into the horizontal section.
Start the stopwatch simultaneously, and the time
taken for the scc to reach the 200mm and 400mm
marks are to be recorded.
The heights h1 and h2 are measured, when the
scc stops flowing. Calculate the ratio h2/h1, which
is the blocking ratio.
The complete test is to be performed within a time
of 5 minutes.
Interpretation of results:
If the concrete flows freely without any resistance,
H2/H1 will be unity. Therefore the nearer the blocking ratio to unity, the better the flow of the SCC.
The European Guidelines [84] suggests a minimum
value of 0.8.
Acceptance criteria for SCC
S.No
Method
Unit
Minimum
Maximum
Slump flow by
Abrams cone
mm
650
800
T 50 Slump flow
sec
J-ring
mm
10
V-Funnel
sec
12
V-Funnel @ T
5min
sec
+3
L-box
(h2/h1)
0.8
U-box
(h2/h1)
mm
30
Fill box
90
100
GTM Screen
stability test
15
10
Orimet
sec
125
S.No
Properties
Test results
Normal consistency
32%
Specific gravity
3.10
50 min
166 min
Compressive
strength
40 N/mm
7 days
28 days
58 N/mm
Compression test
After the required curing period, the scc cubes were
taken out of the curing tanks and the moisture was
wiped off to make the surface dry. They were placed
in the compression testing machine (ctm) in such
a way that the face perpendicular to the direction
of pouring of scc mix was on the bearing surfaces
and the load was applied centrally at a uniform rate
of 140 kg./Sq.Cm./Minute until the failure of the
specimens, in accordance with is 5161959. The
testing was done on a 3000 kn capacity compression testing machine.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
The properties of materials used for developing SCC
are shown in tables.
IS Seive
size
Weight
retained
in gm
Cumulative weight
retained in
gm
Cumulative %
weight
retained
Cumulative %
passing
Grading
limits IS
383-1970
zone II(%)
10 mm
100
100
4.75 mm
0.9
99.1
90-100
2.36 mm
25
34
3.4
96.6
75-100
1.18 mm
163
167
19.7
80.3
55-90
600
microns
408
605
60.5
39.5
35-59
300
microns
210
815
81.5
18.5
8-30
150
microns
165
980
98.0
2.0
0-10
<150
microns
20
--
--
--
--
total
1000
264
Fineness Modulus = Cumulative Percentage weight
retained / 100
= 264/100= 2.64
Fine aggregate belongs to Zone II
Sieve analysis of Coarse Aggregate
s.no
IS Seive
size
20 mm
12.5
mm
400
400
Properties of Aggregate
Requirements as
per IS:12269-1987
Weight
retained
in gm
Cumulative weight
retained in
gm
Cumulative %
weight
retained
Cumulative %
passing
Grading
limits
12.5 mm
graded aggregate IS
383-1970
zone II(%)
100
100
92
90-100
10 mm
2200
2600
52
48
40-85
4.75
mm
2100
4700
94
06
0-10
2.36
mm
300
5000
100
--
--
Total
5000
126
S.No
Property
Fine
aggregate
Coarse
aggregate
Specific gravity
2.6
2.6
S.NO
Parameter
Results
Loose density
1650 kg/m3
1440 kg/m3
Form or state
Liquid
Rodded density
1775 kg/m3
1695 kg/m3
colour
Colorless
Specific gravity
Chloride content
Nil
pH
8+1
dosage
properties
Specific gravity
2.05
Surface area
410 m/kg
Fresh propertiesof self compacting concrete
mixes and control concrete
Characteristics
Test
conducted
Required
Percentage as
per IS:38122003 (reaffirmed 2007)
Silicon
dioxide(Sio2)+aluminum
oxide(Al2o3)+iron
oxide(Fe2o3),percent
(minimum)
94.74
Silicon
dioxide(Sio2),percent
(minimum)
63.38
35%
Magnesium oxide(MgO),
percent(maximum)
1.08
5.0%
0.11
3.0%
0.10
70%
Fresh properties
S.No
Parameter
Specifications(as per
IS:9103)
Results
Physical state
Reddish
brown
liquid
Chemical
name of active ingredient
1.080(+/- 0.02)
1.081
pH
Minimum6
6.88
Maximum 0.2
0.0056
Dosage
0.5 to
1.5 litres
per 100
kg of cement
Slump
flow(mm)
T50(sec)
V-Funnel
(sec)
Control mix + SP
695
3.28
4.15
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.1%
691
3.33
4.84
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.2%
684
3.39
5.26
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.3%
675
3.42
5.95
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.4%
663
4.27
6.82
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.5%
654
4.87
7.53
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.6%
649
5.01
9.86
20% FA+SP
665
3.35
6.69
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.1%
662
3.49
7.02
10
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.2%
660
3.74
7.45
11
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.3%
658
3.86
7.63
12
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.4%
640
4.96
8.55
13
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.5%
632
5.82
9.34
14
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.6%
627
6.60
10.36
5.0%
SCC Mix
15
30% FA+SP
657
4.76
7.13
16
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.1%
653
4.82
7.43
17
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.2%
650
5.05
8.25
18
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.3%
648
5.10
8.53
19
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.4%
595
6.88
10.88
20
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.5%
553
7.76
12.33
21
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.6%
498
8.01
14.42
127
S.No
SCC Mix
Graph showing Variation of 28 days Cube Compressive Strength for 20% Replacement of Fly
ash
Hardened properties
(compressive strength N/mm)
3 days
7 days
28 days
Control mix + SP
37.17
43.28
45.21
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.1%
37.53
44.18
46.22
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.2%
38.46
46.10
48.38
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.3%
35.26
42.86
50.96
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.4%
35.08
40.33
46.30
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.5%
32.01
37.43
42.96
Control
mix+SP+VMA0.6%
30.36
33.89
39.42
20% FA+SP
33.19
36.34
40.73
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.1%
33.98
37.88
42.50
10
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.2%
35.62
39.46
43.62
11
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.3%
36.37
39.93
46.24
12
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.4%
30.13
34.17
39.75
13
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.5%
29.56
32.80
38.22
14
20%
FA+SP+VMA0.6%
27.13
31.99
37.12
15
30% FA+SP
31.94
35.37
35.84
16
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.1%
32.17
35.85
36.87
17
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.2%
33.55
36.22
37.22
18
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.3%
33.90
36.98
38.23
19
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.4%
27.11
33.75
37.32
20
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.5%
25.68
29.22
36.52
21
30%
FA+SP+VMA0.6%
23.76
27.35
35.39
Graph showing Variation of 28 days Cube Compressive Strength for Control Mix
Graph showing Variation of 28 days Cube Compressive Strength for 30% Replacement of Fly
ash
128
HARDENED PROPERTIES:
1.The target mean strength has been attained in almost all the mixes.
2.With the increase in VMA content the compressive
strength is varying i.e.,
the strength increased from 0.1 to 0.3% of VMA dosage and then decrease from 0.3 to 0.6%. hence the
dosage of 0.3% VMA gives maximum strength.
APPENDIX SCC MIX DESIGN
GENERAL GUIDE LINES FOR DESIGN OF SCC
MIXES
Scc mixes contain large quantity of powder (material whose particle size is smaller than 0.125Mm) to
maintain plastic yield of the properties of fresh concrete. Further, it also requires super plasticizer to
ensure sufficient fluidity for sufficient time without
undergoing large slump loss. Viscosity modifying
agents and other admixtures are also added to ensure fully cohesive and stable mixes. To achieve fluidity, cohesiveness and homogeneity, three different
aspects were identified by okamura. They are :
Reduction in coarse aggregate fraction in order to
reduce the frequency of collision of friction between
the particles to increase the fluidity of concrete.
Increase in the paste content for further improvement in fluidity.
Managing the viscosity of the scc to reduce the
risk of blocking of concrete when it flows through
congested reinforcement. The typical ranges of proportions and quantities are given by efnarc(2005) in
order to obtain self-compactability which are givenbelow. Further modifications of trial mixes are necessary in the laboratory to meet strength and other
performance requirements of the actual mixes.
Water/powder ratio (by volume) : 0.80 To 1.10 Of
total powder content
Water :160 to 240 litres per cubic meter.
Coarse aggregate content should be normally in
the range of 28 to 35 per cent by volume of the scc
mix.
Generally, the mix has to be designed to ensure
that the concrete is capable of maintaining its required fresh properties inspite of variations in the
quality of raw materials. Viscosity-modifying admixtures are used for compensating the variations
due to any fluctuations in the grading of fa and the
moisture content in the aggregates.
gettu et al
3. Sedran et al method
4. Rational mix design proposed by svrao et.Al.
5. Nan-su et al method
6. Method proposed by jagadishvengala
7. The japanese method
MIX DESIGN AND TRIAL MIX PROPORTIONS OF
SELFCOMPACTING CONCRETE
SCC mix with a compressive strength of 30 MPa
with 85% control factor was aimed at. The initial
design mix proportion is obtained by using Nan-Su
et al(2001) method andrational mix design proposed
by SV Rao et. al(2010). This mix proportion was
fine-tuned by incorporating various guidelines and
laboratory trials to obtain SCC mix which satisfies
the fresh and hardened properties.
MIX DESIGN
1.Target strength
Target mean strength= fck+t*s
=30+1.65*5 =38.25Mpa
Calculation of Fine and Coarse Aggregate Contents Fine and coarse aggregate quantities are
calculated considering unit volumes of loose saturated surface dry fa and ca, packing factor (pf) and
volume ratio of fine and total aggregate.
Wca =pfx wcal (1-s/a)
Wfa = pf x wfal (s/a)
S/a = volume ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate. It is generally taken between 50% to 57%
Loose density ofca: 1455 kg/m3
Loose density of fa: 1635 kg/m3
Rodded density of ca: 1670 kg/m3
Rodded density of fa: 1710 kg/m3
The term packing factor (pf) is defined as the ratio
of mass of aggregate of tight packed state to that of
loose packed state(lower pf value is preferred )
Pf (for coarse aggregate): 1670/1455 = 1.147~1.15
Pf (for fine aggregate): 1710/1635 = 1.0458~1.05
W cal -unit volume mass of loose saturated surface
dry ca: 1455 (kg/m)
W fal -unit volume mass of loose saturated surface
dry fa: 1635 (kg/m)
WCA = Content of CA in SCC, kg/m3
WCA =PFX Wcal (1-S/a)
54
= 1.15 X 1455 (1-0.54) = 769.695g/m3
WFA = Content of FA in SCC, kg/m3
WFA = PF X Wfal X (S/a)
= 1.05 X 1635 x 0.54 = 927.045kg/m3
Even though there are no established scc mix design procedures by bis, certain methods were suggested for arriving at these quantities by different
organizations and researchers. Various methods
available for obtaining the trial mixes are:
1. European practice and specifications
2. Mix design method proposed by gomes, ravindra-
129
AUTHOR
Shraddha,
Research Scholar,
Department Of Civil Engineering,
Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Hyderabad India.
M.V.Seshagiri rao,
Professor,
Department Of Civil Engineering,
JNTU Hyderabad,
Hyderabad, India
REFERENCES
1.Hajime Okamura and Masahiro Ouchi ; Invited Paper on Self
Compacting Concrete-Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol.1, No.1, pp5-15, April 2003 Japan Concrete Institute. 32.
2.Nan Su, Kung-Chung Hsu, His-Wen Chai A Simple Mix Design
Method for Self-Compacting Concrete Journal of Cement and
Concrete Research 31(2001) pp 1799-1807.
K. Mythili
Associate professor ,
Department Of Civil Engineering,
Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Hyderabad India.
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