Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meat Inspector
Meat Inspector
Practical
Meat
Inspection,
DR.
FISCHOEDER,
f
'
A, T, PETERS, D, V, M.
INVESTIGATOR OF ANIMAL DISEASES, UNITED STATES
EXPERIMENT STATION OF THB UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, INCLUDING THE
U. S.
MEAT INSPECTION
ILLUSTRATED WITH
I^AWS.
FIGURES AND
46
CHICAGO
.
EGER.
1900.
14
PLATES.
by
ALEXANDER EGER,
iu the office of
ing-ton.
CO., CHICAGO.
PREFACE.
In the preparation of this text the translator has endeavored
to produce a work which shall so far as possible convey the
idea of Dr. Fischoeder, who wrote the book, as a practical
No
claim
is
made
on the contrary,
that this
is
technicalities
The German laws have been omitted since they differ so radically from our own. As a substitute, the United States meat
inspection regulations and instructions to inspectors as to
various points in carrying these into operation have been inserted. For the use of these I wish to acknowledge my thanks
to Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the
Bureau
who
of
Animal Industry,
ways
tion,
plates 1-5
the
Ames
A. T. P.
91389
ERRATA.
Page
Page
30, line 2
33, line 2
Line 4 from
GENERAL INDEX.
OBJECT OF MEAT INSPECTION AND MEAT
SPECTORS
I.
II.
2.
Animal
Bones
3.
Muscles
1.
4.
5.
6.
tissue
The Body
The Skin
ii
12
12
13
15
Cavities
16
18
7.
Digestion
Respiration
22
8.
Circulation
22
9.
Lymph
25
10.
Excretion
27
11.
Reproduction
27
III.
IV.
IN-
19
29
1.
Sex
29
2.
Age
30
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Blood
The Skin
The Heart, Lungs and Liver
The Lung
(a)
The Pericardium
(b)
The Heart
(c)
The Mediastinum
(d)
The Liver
(e)
The Pancreas
(f)
The Head
Mouth and Throat Cavities
(a)
The Tongue
(b)
The Nasal Cavities
(c)
The Cranial Cavity
(d)
The Remaining Viscera
31
31
32
33
33
36
36
37
37
38
38
38
39
39
39
41
vi
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
6.
56
General
Examination
Examination
84
of
of
84
Cattle
(b)
Calves
91
(c)
Swine
91
92
100
(d)
U.
S.
Meat Inspection
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES
Anthrax
(a)
102
103
105
105
105
109
109
The Disposal
of
Rabies
92
100
Examination of Pork
^--Microscopical
Inspection of Vessels and of Animals for Export
Southern Cattle Inspection
Inspection of Imported Animals
Inspection of Horses and Horse Products
2.
71
84
87
88
(a)
1.
57
64
68
1.
IX.
52
2.
VIII.
48
(c)
4.
48
54
Microscopic
3.
47
54
For Export
VII.
45
45
(b)
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE INSPECTION OF LIVE STOCK AND THEIR PRODUCTS
VI.
44
The Muscles
The Fat
(a)
V.
41
43
114
116
Glanders
4.
5.
Pleiiro-Pneumonia
6.
7.
117
9.
10.
123
Horses and
in
124
Scab (Mange)
Scab in Horses and Mules
(a)
(b)
Sheep Scab
125
126
126
Rinderpest
Texas Fever
127
128
Explanation of Plates.
Cattle Tick)
X.
119
122
Sheep Pox
Equine Syphilis and Coital Exanthema
Cattle
8.
v ii
(Stages
in
Development
of
130
Swine Plague
2.
Infectious
3.
Hog
131
131
Pneumonia
132
Cholera
Black Leg
133
4.
5.
135
6.
7.
134
Malignant Oedema
Malignant Catarrhal Fever of Cattle
136
136
XI.
SITES.
1.
(Infectious Diseases)
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis in Cattle
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.
3.
4.
137
137
140
Tuberculosis in Swine
Tuberculosis in Other Animals
142
143
144
146-147-148
...
Pyaemia
(a)
Pyaemic
148
151
152
Arthritis in
Young
Calves
154
(b)
Puerperal Fever
155
(c)
Bone
155
(d)
(e)
Sepsis
Pyaemic Inflammation
Pyaemic Inflammation
neum
(f)
(g)
of the
Lungs
of the Pleura
155
and Perito156
viii
5.
Septicaemia
156
(j)
(k)
(1)
158
158
Udder
159
159
160
(o)
(p)
Septic
(q)
Foreign Bodies
Wounds
161
in the First
of Cattle
162
XII.
2.
3.
Other Bladder
4.
Tape Worms
177
5.
Ascarides
178
1.
164
164
169
Worms
173
7.
Other Parasites
Warble or Gad
8.
Lung Worms
9.
Liver Fluke
179
180
Pentastome
183
6.
160
10.
XIII.
in the Digestive
Organs
178
Flies
179
185
185
3.
Emaciation
General Dropsy
4.
Leukaemia
186
Jaundice
Bloody Urine
187
188
POISONING
190
1.
2.
5.
6.
XIV.
185
XV.
1.
Discolorations
191
2.
Injuries
191
3.
Hyperaemia
192
4.
Inflammation
192
5.
Pathological growths
194
XVI.
INGS
i.
Imperfect Bleeding
195
i
195
2.
3.
4.
5.
196
197
Unborn Animals
Advanced Age
198
197
6.
Emaciation
198
7.
Gestation
198
8.
Coloration of Fat
198
199
9.
10.
199
XVII.
1.
Putrid Meat
200
2.
Overheated Meat
201
3.
Blown Up Meat
201
XVIII.
(A)
The Structure
of the Muscles
2.
3-
4.
5.
.202
Muscle Fibres
202
Connective Tissue
Fat
204
203
205
205
The Microscope
1.
The Structure of the Microscope
The Mechanical Part
(a)
(b) The Optical Part
2.
The Working of the Microscope
The Use of the Microscope
3.
The Usual Constituent Elements and
4.
the Mount
(a)
(b)
(c)
Air Bubbles
Fat Globules
Cloth Fibres
(D)
1.
2.
3.
202
uent Parts
1.
(B)
ix
205
206
206
206
207
210
Impurities of
212
213
213
213
214
of Trichina
214
218
222
222
225
227
(E)
1.
2.
Psorosperms
Muscle Actinomyces
3.
Some
4.
Distoma
5.
232
Muscles
(a)
230
232
229
235
in
Samples
235
235
(b)
Lung Worms
236
(c)
Mites
236
I.
IN-
SPECTORS.
The term "Meat Inspection" implies the examination of animals before and after being slaughtered.
The purposes of meat inspection are
i. Protection of human health against harm and destruction.
Meat dangerous to health and unfit for human food is set aside
:
This
is
inspection.
2. Control of meat inspection.
By examining
3. Prevention of spread of infectious diseases.
the animal both before and after slaughtering, the infectious
diseases are easily discovered,
legal
dis-
officials
for the inspection of meat. At present the opinion and conviction of not only the public, but also of those in authority,
way whereby the veterinarians are the professionals appointed for this work.
Veterinarians are persons
who, upon the ground of their science and experience, are in
a position to satisfy the demands placed upon them by meat
inspection. Therefore the practice of meat inspection rests in
the hands of the veterinarians.
12
On
is
insofar as he,
upon
his
eased a veterinarian
in positively
to diseased meat.
an important responsibility that the stock inspector asperformance of his duties the health and life of
man as well as his property, are at stake. Therefore the tasks
of a meat inspector can only be performed by one who has
It is
sumes
in the
gained the trust placed upon him through the greatest accuracy in the proper exercise of his duty and who has gained
the necessary recognition. To be fitted for this position, the
meat inspector must have a desire and love for the business, as
well as zeal and perseverance. Otherwise he will always be a
bungler and a blunderer, even though he has passed the examination and has been employed.
II.
ANIMAL
TISSUE.
The
cells are
13
like, and thus form bones, cartilage, fatty tisothers assume definite shapes and properties and form
the peculiar elements of the organs.
For example, muscle
sue, etc
cells,
nerve
(liver,
By
they have to perform for the welfare of the whole body. Just
as in an organized state or government each officer must per-
form a
definite
work which
is
body perform
their defin-
work.
2.
BONES.
The bones
joined to
of
and spheroid
cavities).
cavities
At the margins
14
lary, intermaxillary
embedded
After the
teeth) have
They
and
NOTE. The figures enclosed in parentheses indicate the more common exceptions.
*The lateral ones are short and thin. **Besides two dew-claws. ***L<acking in the
mare.
(b)
The
vertebral
column composed
of separate vertebrae,
The vertebrae are
Each vertebra
is
15
Between the separate vertebrae the inter-vertefrom the canal and serve for the admission of
nerves and blood vessels. Each vertebra has a spinous process
above, articular processes before and behind, and transverse
to the bones.
processes at the sides. The vertebrae are differentiated according to the size and functions of these processes. The cervical vertebrae
The
have
are
on the transverse
The lumbar vertebrae
long
transverse
grown together
The
The
and tendons.
The
means of the
The
skeleton
is
THE MUSCLES.
16
forming muscle bundles. (See also page 12.) By means of connective tissues the muscle bundles are joined to still larger
bundles, and in this way form the large muscle masses which
common
The muscles
taper into longer or shorter connective tissue strands (tendons) or tendonous membranes by which they are fastened.
Besides producing motion the muscles are capable of spreading themselves out flatwise and fastening to different parts
widely removed from one another. They also surround various
body
cavities.
THE BODY
its
peculiar form.
CAVITIES.
and the
cavities
cavities
different
The
muscle, which with two thick portions (diaphragm pillars) begins at the lumbar vertebrae, extends forward and downward to the sternum and joins laterally to the
phragm, a
flat
false ribs.
gullet pass
The
17
itself.
The abdominal
cavity
is
Thus
it is
The abdominal
cavity
and lymph
is
vessels
and nerves.
membrane
(peritoneum), which completely covers all the organs excepting the kidneys and the ovaries. The covering, however, is
not so symmetrical and regular as in the thoracic cavity, but in
certain places
which hang
it is
free in the
the intestines.
glands of the intestines. Between these folds as well as between the abdominal wall and the peritoneum is deposited more
or less fat (mesentery fat, kidney fat), according to the condition of the animal.
(c)
The
surrounded by the
18
vertebra. In this cavity lie the rectum, the vagina (in female
animals) and the urinary bladder.
(d) The nasal cavity is separated into two lateral halves by
a cartilagenous septum.
These halves are sub-divided by
means
The
cavity.
(e)
for the
by the
palate,
and
is
the
5.
THE
SKIN.
tanned.
upon
the
19
a loose connection between the skin and the body, and contains
more or less fat (lard in swine), according to the condition of
the animal.
is
(in the upper third of the last ribs), foreflank (behind the
shoulder blade), foreshoulder (in front of the shoulder joint),
and breast (on the front part of the breast).
The
skin.
hair,
They
DIGESTION.
For the maintenance of the animal body and for the exedemands placed upon it, it requires nourishment
which is contained in food. In order to extract the nourishment and assimilate it, the animal must take in food. Food
contains albumen, fat, sugar and starchy material (carbohydrates), salt and water.
The process by which the animal takes in the food, consumes it, extracts the nourishment and assimilates it for its
cution of the
The
its
ried into the body. However, these glands in the mucous coat
do not suffice for supplying the requisite fluid, and so the ali-
mentary canal
is
20
is
is
saliva.
It
The
glands
(intestinal
and the
juice),
the
gland
pancreatic
(pancreatic
juice),
liver (gall).
largest distension.
UNIVERSITY
1.
Anterior
Vena
Ca^-a.
2.
Posterior
Vena
Cava.
3.
Right
4.
Right
CIRCULATION
OF THE BLOOD.
5.
Pulmonary
(Born and
6.
Pulmonary
7.
Pulmonary
8.
Left
9.
Left
FIG.
Auricle.
I.
Vetricle.
Artery.
Capillaries
Moller.)
The
Veins.
arteries
The
Auricle.
Ventricle.
arrows
10.
Aorta.
11.
Anterior
Aorta.
12.
Capillaries
of the
blood.
The
valves
Anterior
Body
Portion.
13.
Posterior
Aorta.
14.
Hepatic
15.
Mesenteric
16.
Mesenteric
17.
Mesenteric
18.
Hepatic
19.
Hepatic
vessels of the
anterior body
20.
Arteries
of the
Posterior
in
cles.
Nos.
4-8:
Arterj-.
Minor Circula-
Arteries.
tion.
Nos. 15-19:
Portal C i r cu-
Capillaries
Vein.
lation.
Above at No.
Capillaries
Veins.
portion.
Body
Below
at
Portion.
No.
blood
vessels of the
21 are the
21
Capillaries
of the
Posterior
posterior body
Body
portion.
Portion.
21
22
RESPIRATION.
7.
There
is
is
bronchial tubes.
Each
still
When
the muscles of respiration stretch the diaphragm (inthrough the nasal cavity, the larynx
and the trachea into the lung vesicles. Here occurs the interchange between the exterior air which supplies the oxygen,
and the body air laden with carbonic acid. When the respiratory muscles contract (expiration), the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the air, containing little oxygen but rich in carbonic acid, rushes from the lungs in the same manner. This
process of respiration
is
intervals.
8.
The blood
is
CIRCULATION.
composed
of
serum (water
of the blood)
and
The red blood corpuscles imThe blood does not flow freely
do as shown when a part of the
body
body, as
is
it
appears to
is confined in tubes called blood vessels.
wounded, but
circulates
in these
by means
23
blood vessels,
of the action of
tricle.
i.)
posterior vena cava) which empty into the right auricle. Likewise from the right ventricle a main branch (pulmonary artery)
leads to the lungs and here divides in a similar manner into
Thus there
(pulmonary)
is
circulation.
flows through the arteries into the body, and thence through
the veins back to the right auricle (systemic circulation). From
the right auricle the blood flows through the pulmonary arteries into the
back to the
left
auricle
(pulmonary
circulation).
(Fig.
i.)
The
When the
tract
is
ventricles.
By
the con-
contraction of the auricles ceases, the ventricles conarteries into the body.
24
Meanwhile the auricles have again filled from the veins. Now
begins the same occurrence anew, which is constantly repeated, and in succession. At the openings leading from the
auricles into the ventricles, and from the ventricles into the
arteries, are valves which prevent the blood from returning.
The action of the valves causes the heart-sounds which can be
heard by placing the ear upon the left side of the
breast just above the elbow. The action of the heart may be
tested by placing the finger upon an artery lying superficially
to the bones, for example, the external maxillary artery or the
distinctly
femoral artery.
It will
is
fills
to be laid
account of this structure the practice of meat inspection is important, because diseases due to the introduction of injurious
material into the blood system, affect the spleen first, as they
are directly in contact with its contents.
2.
The veins coming from the gastro-enteric canal, in order
pour their blood into the right auricle, do not pass into still
larger veins, but go first into the liver, where they are once
more resolved into capillaries, and then meet as larger veins
to
The
go imme-
diately into the general circulation, but passes first to the liver
and here unloads the food material, which is not to be used at
The
liver is therefore to be compared with a storewhich the food after digestion is stored up for future
use as necessity demands. On account of this connection by
means of vessels between the alimentary canal and the liver,
diseases of the alimentary canal can easily be transmitted to the
once.
house
liver.
in
Hence
25
may
not as yet
LYMPH.
the lungs, and the food material
taken into the blood from the alimentary canal are carried by
the blood to the various parts of the body, and continually ooze
now
The
cells
mammary
glands the
etc.
entire
body
if
these sub-
stances could pass into the blood through the lymph vessels
without further ceremony and poison the whole system. To
prevent
this,
26
the blood.
The
larger and darker colored lymph glands than young, fat animals. In the lymph glands of cattle the darker color predominates (dark-gray, grayish-blue to grayish-black).
and
In swine
other until finally the poison gets into the blood circulation
and sets up a general blood poisoning. For example, if a
wound on the finger is infected by a poisonous substance, the
finger swells and the small lymph glands of the wrist become
diseased.
Soon the glands of the elbow likewise swell, then
the shoulder glands, and finally a general blood poisoning reEach organ and each member of the body possesses
sults.
lymph
vessels in
of larger or smaller
lymph
glands.
When
the organ or
mem-
ber becomes diseased the lymph glands also become diseased. This sensibility of the lymph glands is so delicate that
often those diseases, which produce only such slight changes
in the organ itself that they can be detected with much diffiall, will in each case show easily recognizable
lymph glands belonging thereto, which fact is
important to the meat inspector.
culty or not at
changes in the
especially
To detect the condition of an
27
lymph glands.
tified in
On
healthy.
If
if
the
Hence,
spector to
it
know
quite necessary for the practical meat inthe exact position of the various lymph glands,
is
and from what members the lymph vessels go that lead to the
separate lymph glands, and in each examination to direct his
attention to the
IO.
EXCRETION.
is
The kidneys
They
collect this
is
II.
thrown
off
REPRODUCTION.
28
erative fluids
The semen
scrotal sack.
is
By
prepared in the
testicles
which
lie
in the
womb
ovum.
The ovum
latter
weeks;
restless
diseases
that
(i.
e.,
they become
quiet
vagina.
During
this
time the
mammitis and parturient apoplexy. The circumference of the abdomen becomes larger, the round form
tro-enteritis,
29
teats, the
falls in,
was embedded
in the
days.
tail.
young
womb
the
is
mucous mem*
is
days.
finally glassy in
III.
Among
moved.
SEX.
testicles
The following
(castrated),
are to be noted
In cattle:
from one year to four years old), ox (castrated male over four
years of age), and heifer (female that has not yet given birth.)
In horses:
Stallion (male), mare (female), gelding (castrated male), foal (either sex, until weaned), colt (male, until
four years old),
filley
in
which one
testicle
has not de
one year
Bi-lly
old).
(male),
nanny
(female),
and kid
(either sex,
30
The male animals are strongly built and have a highly developed musculature, especially at the neck and shoulders.
In the boar, the skin on the shoulder is cartilaginous in ap-
2.
The teeth
The incisors
AGE.
side.
The milk
teeth are
The age of cattle over four and one-half years old may be
approximately determined from the fact that the tooth roots
grow out farther and the spaces between the teeth become
At the age of twelve to fifteen years most of the teeth
In cows the age may also be determined by the
horns, as a ring is formed on the horn during each period of
larger.
drop out.
31
Unequal
distance between the rings shows plainly that the animal has
not calved at regular intervals.
With
at first indicated
is
Four or
by the condition
The
finally
navel
is
of
at first
becomes
black.
five
drops off,
is shed at four weeks.
of the
IV.
earlier.
THE BLOOD.
32
is
human
used.
Sheep blood
stomach
flowing from the severed gullet, are mixed with the blood,
which soon
spoils.
blocky form.
other half
more
throat.
blood
easily
in the breast
than in the
slaughtered.
When the animal
time after
this,
is
is
is
short
completely bled, death occurs.
is seen in different parts.
These are
twitching
down" unhealthy
ones.
2.
THE
SKIN.
on the coronet
is
(in cattle
33
With swine the entire skin is left on the flesh and afterwards scalded and the hair removed. The skin of swine, even
on black ones, is made pure white by scraping, washing and
It is only gray colored swine that are not rendered
white by this process. In swine which are placed in the heat
of the sun or in damp cold, or those which are scalded before
scouring.
they are entirely dead, the skin shows bright red points (see
page 132). The cartilaginous, thickened skin on the shoulder
of the boar
is
The
LUNG
(a)
likewise
as
its
mem-
brane.
diastinum,
left
midway between
(posterior mediastinal gland), farther above, the anterior mediastinal gland, and between the aorta and the bifurcation of
The following
(See Figure
2).
34
The lung
of the horse
same
is
slightly lobed
left
lobes
as those of cattle.
its
swine and sheep. The lungs of calves are soft to the touch,
and the apices are more rounded. The lungs of swine and
wethers are firmer to the touch and the apices are rather sharp.
The lung of sheep is more of a bright red, and firm the goat
iiing is more of a bright red, and soft, and hair generally
;
clings thereto.
of a few important
changes oc-
because
them
2.
It is often
contain
air.
tracted, firm,
cut.
or
if
deepest lying part of the lungs, which parts are moist, dark
red in color, and uniformly filled with blood.
4.
However
if,
in stabbing the
is
severed
so that the blood cannot escape from the lungs, then the lungs
are likewise colored red, but not so uniformly, some lobules
being discolored while others lying between remain normal
always
color.
35
Incision in the
Bronchial
glands.
Incision for
liver
flukes.
Pancreas.
G a' 1 bladder.
FIG.
2,
36
heavy,
feels
froth.
example
like jelly
If
the water
is
forced in just
to the touch
lung is very
and appears uniformly
may be
forced into the lungs, causing him to vomit the stuff either
through the nasal chambers or through the severed trachea
gullet direct into the trachea and lungs. Such lungs usually appear dirty at the point of bifurcation of the trachea, and
even the lungs may themselves appear so. Exact surety as
and
to
how
far the
in,
is
ob-
Conclusions:
doubts.
removed
chioles.
its
passed.
flesh.
The
PERICARDIUM
like a sac.
It is
inner surface
cardium
is
liquid.
(c)
The
HEART
is
On
the inside
37
dium which
it is
lined
pression.
At the point where the aorta starts from the left ventricle are
two bones in cattle, which in other animals are cartilagenous,
although
The
the
in old
swine they
right ventricle
left.
is
may
ossify.
right ventricle
The
arteries are
clotted
blood.
(d)
The
MEDIASTINUM
of the pleura
is
a fold
The diaphragm,
and
liver,
is
The
LIVER
is
liver
38
sheep and swine, the color is yellowishbrown, which changes to reddish-brown under the influence
of
young
cattle,
Reddish-brown
air.
livers are
more
firm,
and
their edges
are sharper than the yellow-brown ones, which are soft and
have rounded edges. Shortly after digestion, either the entire liver
page
24).
more
dense.
no
is
in-
distinctly divided into two lobes, four cornered, and has a mirIn swine besides the two main lobes there
ror-like surface.
two
lobes.
The
Upon
The
calf liver is
is
liver.
most valuable.
The
is
is
The swine
liver is
used for
PANCREAS
is grayish-yellow or grayish-red in
firm and has the structure of a cluster of grapes. In
cutting up cattle for beef, part of it adheres to the liver, part to
the paunch and part to the duodenum.
(f)
color,
is
4.
(a)
THE HEAD.
CAVITIES.
The mucous
membrane
of the lips,
39
stomach contents.
trachea and gullet
The
folds.
of the larynx,
white, that of the latter being laid in
tonsils are located between the soft palate and
is
thyroid gland
trachea.
It has a
brown
and a middle
parts
The
(b)
tered,
is
color.
The
long and
firm.
is
color,
firm,
upon the
and has two lateral
part.
TONGUE
comes more
more rose-red
soft
immediately atter the animal is slaughafter a short time it contracts and be-
Upon
feeling
through
it
no hardened spots
are found.
(c)
The
NASAL CAVITY
is
The
CRANIAL CAVITY,
It is lined
in
making an examina-
lie
Fig. 3) and take up the lymph from the lower cranium (nose,
cheeks, lips and tongue).
2. The posterior pharyngeal glands lie in the rear wall of the
throat cavity (See Fig. 3). They are easiest found by drawing the tongue down with the left hand, and making a cross
40
Incision for
meat worm.
Incision into the
soft palate.
Tonsilla.
Submaxillary glands.
Pharj-ngeal glands.
Salivary glands.
Tongue.
FIG.
3.
The following characters distinguish the tongues of the various animals: The
tongue of the ox has a firm, somewhat enlarged posteriori}' and is provided with
sharp, horny spines. The tongue of the sheep and goat likewise has this enlarged,
but the spines are lacking. The ruminants have upon each side of the tongue 13-16
pappilli, while the other animals have onl3' two. In swine the anterior end of the
tongue is more pointed and has a sharp edge; in calves it is more rounded. In
sheep and goats there is a furrow along the median line.
41
up the lymph from the other glands of the head and hence exan influence over the character of the entire head, excepting the nose and mouth, whose characters are influenced by
ert
cepting in
cattle.
3.
lie
inward from
The
is
gray,
stomach
folds.
The
sizes.
lum.
is
In
grown animals
the
rumen
is
aboma-
sum
next.
the reticulum
abomasum
is
hood-shaped, the
elongated.
The omasum
omasum
is
nearly
the
rumen
42
Trachea.
Muscles of larynx.
Larvnx.
Muscles of
Tong-ue.
FIG.
4.
tontrue.
so,
in the
feel
abomasum
43
feels
colon
origin).
44
with granules.
has been taken.
The
It
See Tuberculosis.
berculosis,
They
Their color
is reddish-gray to blackish-gray.
In the different species of animals the spleen has different
shape and color. In the horse it is flat, scythe shaped, steel-
is
red-
dish-brown in young fat animals, and more blue, later grayishblue in those not fat.
In fat animals the border is not so
In
many
cattle
red.
In sheep and goats it is almost circular, some spleens havflat surface, others arched.
The color is reddish-brown,
ing a
later
becoming more
red.
(c)The
is
Ac-
cording to the nourished condition of the animal they contain more or less fat, which is uniformly distributed in the
mesentery
net.
in the
Besides the
omentum on
fat
On
Hence
mesentery
is
45
filled
with
closely striped
with red.
(d)
in the
other organs.
(e)
The female
sexual
organs are very important in meat inspection, because diseases resulting from parturition injuriously affect the condition
of the meat.
The
horns.
extends into the horns which are suspended by the broad ligaments. In animals that have not been pregnant, the womb
is
it is
may
This confusion
will
show
one end
that
is
of the uterus.
body
and hence has a smooth, shining anterior
the peritoneum
face.
mucous membrane
is
sur-
The
The
a stringy
46
join with the villi of the chorion, a sac in which the young
lies.
In the horse these villi form on the entire chorion, in
dons
may
These cotyle-
villi being
from the glove. Those remaining on
the chorion are more red, while those adhering to the uterine
drawn out
mucous membrane
are colored
of the uterine
more
yellowish.
its villi
comes
At the time
out, while the
attached, de-
At
this
mains larger than before pregnancy, and the mucous membrane lies in folds.
The ovaries lie at the end of the horns of the uterus in the
folds of the broad ligaments, in which are found also the fallothe folds of broad ligaments, in which are found also the fallopian tubes. The ovaries have a round or bean-shaped form and
in swine, almost like a cluster of
the surface as well as within are found small
grapes.
Upon
filled
lies
the
47
which
is
page
URINARY ORGANS.
more or
The kidneys
lie
last dorsal
neum.
glands
52).
and
first
beneath the
of the peritocoat,
which
is
highly developed according to the nourished condition of the animal. In general they have a longitudinal oval
or bean shaped, flat form, are smooth, shining, and covered
less
later
become
reddish-brown.
of the kidneys
lie at
The
tachment, between the uterus and the blood vessels.
the
kida
cut
between
found
are
by making
very easily
glands
leads
from
renal
the
the
where
and
the
aorta
at
artery
point
ney
the latter. They are colored a rather dark red. (See figure 5.;
The cut surface of the kidney is uniformly smooth and
shining,
cortical layer
The
is
red, the
The
entire kidney
mem-
branous sac (the pelvis) into which the urine drops and flows
thence through the ureter to the bladder.
following characters serve to distinguish the kidneys
In the horse the kidneys are bean shaped
kidney) and heart shaped (right kidney) in cattle, oval
The
of different animals
(left
48
domen
which the separate milk glands (dugs) extend along the whole
surface of the abdomen as far as the sternum, five or six on
each side. The udder consists of two halves, in cattle four
quarters, of which each has a teat. It feels firm to the touch.
When
severed, milk flows out. The cut surface is reddish-yelif the milk has curdled, yellowish-white flakes are
low, and
seen,
culosis.
lie
They
hung
udder.
denda
up, by
that are
making
lie in
PLEURA AND
gans.
They
The
rough and
49
SIDE.)
Lymph
glands of
udder.
Internal
iliac
glands.
Lumbar
glands.
Kidney.
Tracheal
glands.
FIG.
50
The
pleura
has
blood
been forced into the thoracic cavity as a result of an improper stab, thus coloring the pleura red. In calves suffering
from peritonitis the peritoneum is also secretly removed.
The following
and abdominal
walls.
lie
in the chest
6 and
7).
(See Figures 5,
of the upper thoracic walls
1.
lie
be-
tween the ribs near the spinal column. Besides taking the
lymph from the pleura they also take lymph from the muscles
and bones located in that vicinity.
2. The lymphatic glands of the lower thoracic wall lie between the ribs in close proximity to the sternum. They take
the lymph from the bones and muscles surrounding them.
3. The lumbal glands lie near the lumbar vertebrae, in similar
sels.
5.
The
internaliliacae glands
lie
laterally
what above
The
lie
1
.
ymph
not
only from the abdominal cavity, but also from the other parts
surrounding them.
5,
The
6 and
7).
axillary glands
lie
of the shoulder
FIG.
6.
SIDE.
51
52
blade.
it
is
The
They
joint.
making
a deep cut in
obtain the
3.
They
The
forelimbs.
In swine
it
is
question, but
more
on the
suitable to
make
inside.
of the udder.
5.
lie
in front of the
sternum
at
The
popliteal glands
is
found a
joint.
6.
the
word
joint.
In swine there
By
lie in
still
(See Figure
7).
THE FLESH.
"flesh," in the
is
Incision into
the glands of
the hock.
53
SIDE.
Glands of
groin.
Incision into
the glands of
the thigh.
Pelvis.
Ham
muscle.
Lumbar
muscles.
Pillar of
Diaphrag-m.
Inferior
tracheal
glands.
Muscles of
Pole.
Incision into
the cervical
glands.
Parotid gland.
Sub-maxillary glands.
FIG.
7,
54
becoming
character,
condition
is
place
comes
th* flesh.
(The
more tender
flesh ripens).
The
flesh.
(b)
calves
The
FAT
up
becomes white and granular. Very young calves and
also most old animals have yellowish salty fat.
Horses and
later
55
cause
diseases.
many
Fat meat
the
In
fat
is
filled
tight with
fat,
omentum and
abdominal wall. Rather heavy masses of fat lie in the subcutaneous tissue and between the muscles, as well as along the
back and on the sides. The muscles appear fuller and the entire
body
is
more rounded.
sides.
It
is
almost no
fat
is
The kidneys
and loose. The omentum and mesentery are transparent membranes. The muscles contain no fat. The animal
appears "boney." The skin is hard and cannot be pushed
is
sac-like
ribs.
A fold
when
up
in the fingers
56
AND
bones
there is distinguished red, white, and even yellow marrow.
Newly born animals have red marrow, which later is transformed to white or yellow, but which remains red in all flat
bones, vertebrae, ribs, pelvis and sternum.
The bone marrow of the sternum and of the ribs is yellow
in different places in the middle, and is harder than the other
marrow. However, .the yellow masses must not be confused
with the caseous and calcinated tuberculous masses. In emaciated animals the bone marrow is soft but never liquid.
The cartilages have a smooth surface, are bluish or yellowish-
sheaths,
same
7.
fluid the
as the joints.
The stock
The
internal organs are distinguished according to the charon pages 33 to 49. Separate parts of the flesh
acters described
dog
The
difficult
Bulls
is
The
not
in-
Rams have
57
In heifers the
odor.
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE INSPECTION OF LIVE STOCK AND THEIR PRODUCTS.
U.
The following
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
WASHINGTON, D. C, MARCH 15, 1899.
S.
rules
for the inspection of live cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, and their
carcasses by virtue of the authority conferred upon the Secre-
2,
make
foreign
58
an
The
official
number by which
thereafter be
known, and
all
its
number
this
shall
be used both by
The Secretary
an inspector
numbered, and will detail to such inspector, assistant inspectors, or other employes as may be necessary properly to
carry on the work of inspection at said establishment. The incially
spector and all employes under his direction shall have full and
free access to all parts of the building or buildings used in the
slaughter of animals and the conversion of their carcasses into
food products.
(a)
all
animals
The managers
in inspection
59
draft (without
of this receipt
at the expiration of
An
mals arriving
abattoirs at
when
which
this
if
60
condemned and
the
Swine plague.
Charbon, or anthrax.
(2)
(3)
(4) Rabies.
(7)
(8)
Advanced stages
(9)
(5)
(6)
of actinomycosis, or
lumpy jaw.
intestines,
or the perito-
neum.
(10)
Texas
fever.
make
Any organ
human
food.
is
badly bruised or
af-
fected
by tuberculosis, actinomycosis, cancer, abscess, suppurating sore, or tapeworm cysts must be condemned.
(14) Animals too young and immature to produce wholesome meat.
(15) Animals too emaciated and anaemic to produce wholesome meat.
(16) Distemper, glanders and farcy, and other malignant disorders, acute inflammatory lameness, and extensive fistula.
7.
The
The
head,
tail,
animal, and
all
omentum
of the
61
it
same
All
tag.
vide a suitable
room
in
is
condemned portions
before the killing for the day is completed or place the condemned portions in the offal tank at the close of the day, or
;
when
killing
which steam
is
shall
62
(a) Carcasses may be taken to the cooling rooms after marking with the yellow condemnation tag, in cases where only a
portion of the carcass is condemned, and when such portion
can not be removed without damage to the carcass until it is
(b)
consent to the foregoing disposition of them, then the inspectors are directed to attach to carcasses or parts a condemned
tag by means of a wire and lead
seal.
casses,
sold,
showing
to
The
if
so, in
by
this
Department,
what way.
inspectors shall,
when authorized by
the Secretary of
63
Agriculture, give notice by publication to the express companies and common carriers at the place of condemnation of
the fact of condemnation, giving the name of the owner of
such carcasses or parts, the time and place of slaughter, the
reason for rejection, and a description of the carcasses or
parts,
State.
or brands so attached to
them.
is
not be sealed.
Managers
of abattoirs
or his assistant of
shall
all
No meat
64
Each
full
article of
firkins, kits,
copy of said
label
must be
filed at
the Department of
March
to be shipped
FOR EXPORT.
number
(a)
Official
(b)
Number
of establishment.
of pieces or pounds.
Shipping marks.
*
Inspected according to act of Congress
In case said package is for transportation to some other
State or Territory, or to the District of Columbia, in place of
the words "For export" the words "Interstate trade" shall be
(c)
(d)
substituted.
(r)
The
letters
and figures
in the
above print
shall
be of the
"
"
*In the blank space following- the word
Congress the date of the act under
which the inspection is made shall be inserted.
65
may be
shall
used.
The
be black and
letters
legible,
serial
numbers.
In order that the stamps may be protected, and to insure uniformity in affixing, inspectors will require of the proprietors of abattoirs and packing establishments the adoption
12.
affixed in a
grooved space
let
into the
plug tobacco.
(b) Stamps may be placed on either end of the package,
provided that the sides are made to project at least one-eighth
of an inch to afford the necessary protection from abrasion.
13. The stamp having been affixed it must be immediately
canceled.
For
this
will use a
rubber
At the top
of said
five parallel
waved
lines.
stamp having
rubber stamp shall be the name of the inspector and at the
bottom the abattoir number. The imprinting from this rubber
stamp must be with durable ink over and across the stamp
and in such a manner as not to make the reading matter of the
stamp illegible. The stamp having been affixed and canceled
it must be immediately covered with a coating of transparent
Orders for inspection
varnish or other similar substance.
rubber
for
and
canceling stamps must be made by the
stamps
of
the Bureau of Animal Industry,
inspector or the Chief
66
14.
No
etc.,
will
be issued by the
in-
all
No
about the
a report
made
Certificates of inspection
Wash-
ington.
15.
of
inspection stamp shall have been opened and its contents removed for sale, the stamp on said package must be obliterated.
parts
must be de-
stroyed.
1 6. Reports of work of inspection carried on in every establishment shall be daily forwarded to the Department by the
inspector in charge on such blank forms and in such manner
as will be specified
dustry.
67
same.
During
said suspension he will retain only such employes as are actually necessary to supervise the shipments of inspected pro-
The
inspector in charge of the slaughtering or other establishment will issue a certificate of inspection for all car18.
name of the shipper, the date upon which the stamps were
affixed to packages, or tags to cars, the name of the consignee,
and destination. Packages should not be stamped until they
are ready for shipment. Said certificate will also contain the
numbers of the stamps or tags attached to the articles to be
exported, and the shipping marks, and will be issued in serial
numbers and
in triplicate form.
One
certificate
only will be
custom
authorities,
The
writing of any description made upon the certificate of inspection must be copied on the stub of the book of certificates and
be preserved and
for-
68
19. All
etc.,
stamps and
Special
flesh.
MICROSCOPIC.
20.
amination.
No
for'
paragraph (a), section 12, and covered with tin. Stamps upon
barrels need not be placed in grooved spaces, providing tins
having raised centers, one-eighth of an inch high, the size of
stamps, are used. The tins placed over stamps must be sufficiently large to
All stamps upon other packages shall be arranged as provided by section 12.
21.
The microscopic
69
conducted as
follows
When
the slaughtered
hog
is
the pillar of the diaphragm, one from the psoas muscle, and
the other from the inner aspect of the shoulder, and also from
when
numbered tag
will
that
organ
is
be placed in small
tin
boxes, and
will
and
to be made,
bers of
all
The samples
ified as
num-
follows
of
shall
be class-
Class B.
Samples
in
Samples
in
Department
of Agriculture,
and
shall
be disposed of in accord-
70
7,
or they
may
be rendered
ture
is
cook the
Carcasses belonging to Class B shall be rejected for shipto countries requiring microscopic inspection. All meat
ment
must be provided in which microscopically inspected meat must be cured and stored, and no other
meats are to be allowed therein. These cellars must be so arranged that they can be securely locked, and the key must
23. Separate cellars
remain
ment,
who must
casses
all
meats going
Before the cutting up of microscopically inspected caris commenced, all carcasses which have been either con-
demned or
must be disposed
The
is
begun.
greatest diligence
71
in
separate
Department.
market.
"
fcf'vKsnh^
VI.
i.
who
JAMES WILSON
>
Secretary of Agriculture.
are not in
the Bureau of
No names
Inclose
all letters
any capacity are to be written or stamped on the envelopes containing such official correspondence, but the word "communication" shall be written or stamped (if not already printed)
of the envelope.
72
(a)
No
semiofficial or private
Bureau
is
correspondence in regard to
to be conducted
by any
officer of
name upon
the back of
the portion containing the printed letter head two inches from
the top or edge. Underneath name write, respectively, place,
Department. In order that there may not be unnecessary expenditure in the transmission of telegrams, you are directed
to register your name and official address with the telegraph
company or companies of your city. After doing so you will
immediately notify this office, for hereafter only your surname
and city will be included in your address. When forwarding
messages to this office you will direct "Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.," affixing your surname only. No superfluous
words or figures shall be used in composing telegrams, and
so far as practicable figures should be spelled.
(d) Always immediately notify this office whenever there are
any changes in the firm names of the establishments under
your charge.
2.
Each
clerk or other
left-hand corner
all
reports
employe
unless the
upper
same
73
same
(c)
made
I.
duplicate issue must be that of the original and must be reported on a separate M. I. 18 of like date, stating that it was
issued in lieu of certificate No.
issue.
The
lists
abattoir companies
on these forms.
M. I. 12 and
M. I. 13 slips must clearly show the number passed and number condemned. Animals found dead must be reported as
item 10 only, and not be included in any other item. The number of these should be given on the M. I. 12, but not included
as part of the number condemned before slaughter, which
refers only to inspections of live animals.
Postmortems on
animals rejected in the stock yards and slaughtered at an official abattoir, must not be included with the number of postmortems on the abattoir report the report of the disposition
must be given
may be done
accurately, the
74
an
official abattoir,
the
number
of such abattoir
must be given
postmortem.
of such pieces.
When
3.
The
receipt of all supplies must be promptly acknowlto this office upon cards prepared for that purpose. In
edged
come
Whenever the rubber stamps used for marking meat beworn as to make an imperfect brand, this office must
so
be immediately
notified,
You must
When
become
dull
It is
not intended
this office of
such shipment.
cellars
must
Neglect of
and locks
in a
number
of instances.
breaking of keys
75
When
placed upon
any reason it is desired by
the shipper to place the shipping mark upon some other part
of the box, he may be allowed to do so, but it must also appear
with the stamp upon the same end of the box as stated above.
(e) Silicate of soda must not be used in affixing purple
(d)
the
same ends
of the boxes.
If for
stamps.
(f)
Boxes having
at destination in
cleats
much
make
The
future
arrive in a
76
for
named
for export to
examined.
(a)
Reliable information having been received that the GovItaly no longer requires that pork products im-
ernment of
upon simple
vise
(b)
Whenever microscopic
is
certificates are
same may
You
shipment
(c}
croscopic inspection.
6. Pieces shall be cut from each carcass for examination as
follows
One from
four.
77
when the tongue is retained the second shall be made from it,
and third and fourth from the psoas and shoulder, respectively.
Each preparation shall be made and examined separately
when the preparation has been made, the meat must not be
placed back into the box containing the other pieces, but must
be placed in another box the other pieces must be handled in
the same manner.
Separate glasses and frames must be used for each prepara-
tion, in
7.
The samples
of
classified as follows
may be
shall be
Class B.
Samples in which there are disintegrated trichinae
or trichinae cysts, calcified trichinae or trichinae cysts, or
bodies having any resemblance thereto.
Class C.
Samples
in
An
index figure
(i, 2, 3) shall
first,
The
following
shall
be
made:
Examination of
first
preparation.
found
shall
tion.
(c)
is
recognizable shall be
to a third examination.
78
nor
All samples
is
(/)
demned.
(n) All
nor Class
demned.
By
is
marked
79-
shall
it
be
as indicated above.
will
hours and
all
avoided.
A reduction of i will be made in the monthly rating for deportment tor each violation of this section.
(b)
Each
assistant microscopist
and
its
is
accessories.
made
in the
monthly
Each
compressor frames and eight compressor glasses. The preparation and examination of each specimen shall be made as
follows
80
plement, but instead must be cut into thin slices with the
scissors and pressed between the glasses.
(e) Water may be used in preparing the specimen, if desired,
but as fresh meat can be prepared without water, and as the
work is much cleaner when it is not employed, its use is not
recommended.
Failure to use care in
making
in
work.
the
first,
all
and glasses
the
made from
will
be fur-
to
moving
be maintained.
rating for
work
When
Class
is
must be immediately
of specimens to be
examined by any
is
When
Class
is
81
determined by him to
be such, further examination of the sample shall not be made.
Such samples shall be taken up and retained by the micro-
must be immediately
called, and,
if it is
scopist.
name
A
work
of the re-examiner.
reduction of 10 will be
made
in the
monthly average
for
C and
made
(k) Five per cent of the specimens examined by each assistant shall be re-examined by the microscopist in charge, but
when it is impossible for him to do so he may detail an ex-
perienced assistant to that work. Such detail shall not be continuous, but changes must be made from time to time.
(/)
C and B must
be verified by the
microscopist.
82
M.
I.
17
slip.
All other tags must be retained upon spindles by the assistant microscopists for comparison with the M. I. 16 and M. I.
17
slips.
cause a reduction of
in rating for
work.
(o) On the M. I. 33 report, in the column for remarks, the
microscopist will note the number of the section of these rules
the violation of which has caused a reduction in rating.
9. Any dishonesty in connection with the examination of
specimens or in making out reports will be sufficient cause for
removal.
10.
As soon
the employe
whose duty
The
assistant
by
certificates
will
being
sufficient.
and white
in borax
13.
Meat
83
be microscopically inspected be retained until after that examination, unless the meat from the heads is to be used for
shipment to countries requiring such inspection. In all cases,
Cows not
and
no other conditions or
dis-
demnation.
1
6.
Whenever shipments
same
point,
form.
shall
of
Southern
cattle are
made
of the cities
where
this
When
this office
shipped to points at
which
to
any
of the
at that
M.
I. 21
upon
Department has
the
this
no representative, you
cattle.
17.
When
you
will
not require
of abattoirs to
84
and
instructions,
to this office
work
will
immediately notify
The
The
upon
their forces.
SALMON,
D. E.
Chief of Bureau.
Washington, D. C, March
VII.
16, 1899.
GENERAL.
The meat
Section
i.
Section
2.
to be a general inspection, in
The
is
free
inspector
from
is
fever.
to inform
him-
If indications
85
body temperature.
Section
it is
bone
splinters.
The
mucous membrane
as to
visible
whether
it is
color (pneumonia).
3.
tail
are to be
The very
offensive
the following
(a)
symptoms
special importance
In cattle:
left
flank
An
of the
(foot
and
86
mouth
swellings on the tongue and jaw (actinomycosis) discharge from the nose with ulcers, watering of the eye
(malignant catarrhal fever).
disease)
ease).
(b)
In calves:
(joint disease).
2.
tail
(c)
In swine
disease).
87
2.
Uneven
fleece, a
body (pox).
3. Lameness
always an indication that a closer examinaand mucous membrane of the mouth should
be made (foot and mouth disease).
Section 5. If the animal is free from fever and shows none
of the above symptoms then the meat is considered free from
is
rested.
7.
mediately. The killing of such animals before the sanitary police or the authorized veterinarian has seen them is prohibited.
Section
as
soon
88
Section 10.
manner
The examination
is
(a) Cattle:
1. The pleura is examined for tubercular adhesions and
growths. The lung is palpated to ascertain whether there are
nodules (tubercular, pus cavities, inflammation of the lungs,
posterior lobes, and air vesicles under the pleura and between
the lobes (blown-up lung).
Finally the lung is to be cut
into lengthwise
tubes).
2.
The pericardium
certain whether
it
is
is
examined
for taenia.
The
must be examined
liver
;
liver is to
and
89
made at the posterior surface of the liver into the left half and
the Spigelian lobe. By pressure upon the gall ducts examination is made for the presence of the liver fluke. The lymphatic
glands of the liver are to be cut into (to distinguish between
decalcified bladder worms and tuberculosis).
4. The spleen must be examined for swellings (rounding of
the borders) dark red coloring, softening (anthrax and blood
poisoning) the spleen must be thoroughly palpated (tubercu;
lar nodules,
cavities, or
pus
of tubercular nodules
is
detected
of
redness of the
mucous membrane
and mouth
of the
tongue (foot
the jaw and also the tongue are to be felt (actinomycosis).
The muscles of the jaw are to be cut into (taenia) likewise
the lymphatic glands of the pharynx and lower jaw (tuberdisease, rinderpest).
culosis, actinomycosis).
6. The external and internal surfaces of the gastro-enteric
canal are especially examined.
(a) On the outer surface, grape-like or membranous nodules
are to be looked for, clusters of which may be very numerous
(tuberculosis
and
peritonitis)
enteritis)
ul-
cers).
(b)
folds,
ulcers,
membranous
discharge
gelatinous
lum
90
the intestines.
examined and
its
and
disten-
tion noted (pregnancy, or the accumulation of purulent matThe uterus and the vagina are to be cut into for the exter).
now examined
;
and then
as to
its
con-
be cut
10.
into.
On
the udder
may be
ulcers (foot and mouth disease, cow pox). The four quarters
are to be felt separately for the detection of nodules (tubercu-
purulent discharges).
der are to be cut into.
losis,
of the ud-
The
The
it is
not necessary, as a
rule,
91
pelvis,
parturition
trouble)
mem-
abdomen caused by
the operation for tympanitis). In the exit is necessary to lift up the diaphragm.
to be examined on the inner and outer
The
skin
is
hemorrhages,
bleeding)
bruises)
on the upper
purulent
surface,
(anthrax,
(ac-
tinomycosis).
In other animals the post-mortem examination is to be
conducted in the same manner, but there are some important
points to be noticed in connection therewith.
(V)
Calves:
The
The
worms)
culosis).
2. The muscles of the heart,
abdomen (after the removal of
92
4.
(worm
disease, jaundice).
know
numerous
(A)
even
93
cases,
if
ANTE-MORTEM EXAMINATION. It is
among experts, that an ante-mortem
often believed,
inspection of
not necessary except in the rarest cases. This idea
is entirely erroneous.
For a correct decision as to the condition
of the meat it is always of great importance not only to make
the animal
is
the
life
of the animal
is
threatened.
(e. g.,
characteristic
by aid of the
and others (e.
g.,
harm
to
human
different animals
health.
94
rise in the
ture
is
body temperature.
The
rise of the
symptom
body tempera-
in the diagnosis
of fever.
is
as fol-
lows:
Horses
Cattle
99.5-ioi.3
ioo.4-iO2.4
Sheep
Swine
I02.2-I05
ioo.4-iO4
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
.Fahrenheit
protected parts (beneath the neck, mane, tail, etc.) are warm,
as are also the limbs and rump.
Accurate determination of
the
ter,
body temperature is obtained only by use of the thermomewhich in animals is applied per rectum and allowed to
remain there
The
heart action
is
Horse
33~4O
Cattle
Sheep
Swine
4050
6070
7080
Dog
70-120
In the normal, healthy condition, the pulse as a rule is regular, i. e., the pulse-beats follow one another regularly, with
95
During fever the pulse is perceptibly accelerated, irregular, weak and often of unequal volume.
The normal
(6) The respiration as a rule is accelerated.
number of respirations per minute is as follows:
page
(see
23).
"
Horse
10
12
Cattle
12
15 (30)
Sheep
Swine
Goat
12
20
12
20
20
(8)
12
Under normal conditions the breathing is quiet, without expage 22). The determination of the number of
ertion (see
respirations is ordinarily not easy, as the animals do not standstill and are generally excited during the examination.
Therefore the number of respirations in animals to be slaughtered
is
of
little
difficult
breathing or not.
strong movements
anus.
(c)
props
Consciousness
it
is
gone.
little
roundings,
the head or
look in the
eye.
or
Urination
is
The
cooling.
urine voided
coat, or there is
is
mostly dark,
96
(g)
quickly.
mouth, rectum, vagina and nose) are of a darker, sometimes yellowish color. The tongue and mucous membrane of
the mouth are dry and warm, as is true of the nose of cattle.
(of eye,
sick animals
of attention
make
it is
of im-
the hair will crack and the fold remains for a longer time. By
the so-called handling no fat is detected. The temperament
of the animal is also to be noticed.
Lively animals have a
very fiery look, take in the surroundings, are very active and
are willing to work and partake of their food. Lazy animals
and
85.
ertion they
show
accelerated breathing,
with an increased
if
the animal
is
97
In cattle:
diseases
full
In
In horses:
for glanders
and scab.
In calves:
Healthy pigs are lively and, as a rule, have a curl in the tail,
grunt when disturbed and root in the ground looking for feed,
Sick pigs hide themselves in the straw, are very drowsy, do
not notice the surroundings, and let the tail hang straight.
In swine it is important to notice foot and mouth disease,
swine plague, swine pneumonia, hog cholera and gastro enteritis.
Of the diseased or suspected animals one must take a
minute description (signalement) in order to know the animals
later.
It is
done as follows
By noting the species, the sex, the color, the points, the age,
and the breed. For example, a cow, black, with a white abdomen, on the left shoulder a white spot (star) about the size of a
hand, the right horn
is
The
98
The
history of the
is
of
little
emboweled part
condemned
with boiling water or held over a fire before they are used
The meat inspector should cleanse his hands thoragain.
oughly and
meat.
If
disinfect the
same
after
to
When
ties,
to ascertain the pathological condition of these abnormiowners endeavor to remove affected parts as in
for often
tuberculosis,
pus
cavities,
tape-worm
cysts,
worms, pleura.
99
Organs
that are to be
If
organs should be
all
removed are to be
left
is
left in
hanging
to-
meat is wholesome. The greatest task is the examination of internal organs. Every organ is, therefore, to be caretuiiy examined to determine its pathological condition. Upon examination of the organs
the form (nodules,
not at
all,
(fuller
diseases are
the meat inspector finds tuberculosis in any of the organs, then he has to deal with it
1.
In
cattle.
on page
and mouth
as
144.
Tuberculosis.
Besides,
If
we must examine
gastro enteritis, peritonitis, pericarditis, as well as those diseases which are caused by purulent discharges of pus into the
blood.
cattle tape
worms, the
liver fluke
chea, lungs,
must
also,
100
be especially looked
for.
the lungs and stomach), tape worms and the like. The meat
is often
watery and yellow as a result of these. The meat of
billy
5.
is
of the greatest
VIII. U.
S.
This
is
Cattle, 1,178,212
sheep,
were 27,491
These differences
jected in stock yards was 27,247 greater.
show the careful work of the officials in detecting disease
previous to the slaughter of the animals.
The
work show
4,433,181 in-
U. S.
101
ages of beef products, 5,163 packages of mutton, arid 10,145,048 packages of hog products, of which 374,131 contained microscopically-examined pork.
The number
which had received the ordinary inspection these covered exports comprising 1,256,716 quarters, 67,120 pieces, and 735,814 packages of beef, weighing 339,650,091 pounds; 5,163
packages of mutton, weighing 324,996 pounds; 39,212 hog
carcasses and 653,564 packages of pork, weighing 244,956,482
;
pounds.
The
cost of this
work was
makes an
ante-mortem
$409,138.09, which
1893, 1^4 cents in 1894, i.i cents in 1895, 0.95 cent in 1896,
in 1897.
The number
is
shown
102
The
means of comparison.
Animals inspected before slaughter
and
i-f
''Decrease
The examination
The samples
tion
were
of
pork submitted
classified as follows
found, but in which the body of the parasite is not recognizable; Class C, samples in which recognizable bodies living or
dead, of trichinae are found. All hogs belonging to the latter
class
to section
U. S.
The number
103
amined pork was 20,158, covering shipments aggregating 373,366 packages, weighing 120,271,659 pounds. Of this quantity, 698 packages, weighing 161,303 pounds, were exported
to countries not exacting a certificate of microscopic inspection.
The
cost of microscopic
The
amount
The number
of samples
over
last year,
104
The number
of
was
for 1897.
1897 was
The number
of
head
oi
against 907 head, or 0.23 per cent for this year. The number
of sheep lost in transit in 1897 was 2,676, or 1.39 per cent, as
against 1,618, or 0.89 per cent, for this year.
The cost of the inspection of export animals, the supervision of Southern cattle transportation, and the inspection
of animals imported from Mexico was $101,210.55.
It is estimated that half of this expense is on account of the export inspection, and, with this as a basis, the cost of inspecting the
548,419 domestic cattle and sheep exported was $50,605.28, or
9.2 cents per head.
The number
of inspections
made
of these
animals
in this
533,283,
making
1898,
and 1898.
U. S.
105
number
of
In the non-infected area in Texas 225,096 cattle were inspected for identification of brands, prior to removal to other
States for grazing.
The number
of animals imported
772
106
demand abroad for our horses, especially in Engwhere the question of inspection of American horses has
already been discussed to some extent.
(Year book of the
stimulate the
land,
2.
Head:
dis-
eases).
(a)
(b)
and mouth
(c)
disease)
(d)
and mouth
made
for cysts
stomatitis, foot
incision
(e)
disease, rinderpest)
Tongue, (actinomycosis,
etc. (tuberculosis,
laryngeal, sub-
actinomycosis).
Liver:
Appearance,
soft or
Heart:
Inspection after incision into the pericardium, incision
into left and right ventricles after the usual custom of
post-mortem
(degeneration,
hemorrhage,
endocarditis,
Lungs:
Palpation, incision cross-wise, incision into mediastinal
and bronchial lymphatic glands (tuberculosis, echinococcus, small thread worms, foreign substances, such as blood
and food material).
U. S.
6.
107
Spleen:
Palpation, incision into
it
(swell-
Kidney:
Cut into halves, incision into renal lymphatic glands,
incisions are usually made after kidneys have been removed from the fatty capsule (degeneration, inflammation
of the pelvis, parasites, tuberculosis).
8.
Stomach
examined (inflammation,
Intestines
10.
Mesentery:
Incision into the mesenteric lymphatic glands (hemor-
Omentum:
(Hemorrhage, tuberculosis).
12. Testicles,
uterus
Incision into
13.
them (inflammation,
tuberculosis).
Bladder:
contents
Make an
108
surface, peritoneum and pleura (hemorrhagic spots, inflammation, tumors, tuberculosis); the
diaphragm should be examined carefully, often important,
(b) Internal
The
vertebrae, pelvis
osteomyelitis,
tuberculosis).
and breast-bone
The
(fractures,
should always
brain
be examined when animals are suspected of diseases affecting the nervous system or the extremities, hoofs, ankles, etc.
For calves
is
with the exception that the spinal column is not examined. The following are important parts to examine
tle
The stomach
(Peptic ulcers).
2.
The
3.
4.
The
small intestines
(Hemorrhagic
enteritis).
navel
(Omphalophlebitis).
For sheep:
In the post-mortem it is important to examine the
spleen for anthrax; the brain for tape worm cysts, coenurus cerebral is the lungs, stomach and oesophagus and
muscles for tape worms.
;
For swine
The
i.
worm
cysts).
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
2.
109
Lungs:
Incision
made
into
them cross-wise
(tuberculosis,
hog
The
skin:
(Red
spots,
hemorrhagic
4.
5.
The
6.
Visible muscles
infraction).
(actinomycosis).
feet
IX.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
I.
Anthrax
human
is
ANTHRAX.
beings
may
and
contract anthrax.
cattle,
It is
seldom
in horses
thrax bacillus.
life are varied.
Sheep and cattle gensuddenly without showing any marked symptoms;
Symptoms during
erally die
wavs show
characteristic changes.
110
*Anthrax
exposed
air; rarely
fluid
bacilli
to the free
if
fluids of the
body. When, however, anthrax blood escapes from the animal and dries as a crusi, either upon the ground or upon the
hide of the animal, the bacilli in such blood will have favorable
opportunities to spore.
If the bacilli of anthrax or their spores are carried over
the surface of wet meadows which become periodically in-
FIG,
8-ANTHRAX.
Koch
meadow
medium
78.
Station.
for
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
Ill
over land
is
and
may
much
longer
tions (swellings)
is
*Bulletin
44,
Second
Series,
112
Sometimes stupefaction
patient bellows,
obstacle, etc.
highly stained with the coloring matter of the blood (hemoBlood stained liquids may be emitted from the
globinuria).
is
Upon
freely.
The
liver
was
On
The
the
intestines
anthrax
bacilli."
Station.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
113
ened pulse, small and imperceptible (80 to 100 beats per minute)
are the symptoms. The fever is accompanied by chills and convulsive contractions of the muscles.
External temperature
thirty hours.
Recovery
is
rare.
parishes).
"In sheep.
in
sheep.
They
they stagger,
Apoplectiform charbon
fall,
is
gait, etc.
in other cases
by con-
gestion of the lungs, quickened respirations and pulse, discoloration of the mucous membranes, bloody or bloody colored
urine,
some
orifices,
etc.
In
intense fever,
are
the
114
When
*"The theory
fecting grazing
cleared
in a piece
soil
by an
artificial
substance con-
Two
magnificent flocks of sheep were decimated by anthrax after the use of that manure in the one case
the soil was natural meadow, in the other the soil which was
taining blood.
alfalfa.
A very
many
may be
44,
Second
Series, Louisiana
Experiment
made
to
excrement from
Station.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
115
The most
burning
e,
as
it
can
effectually
is
a sufficient
the carcass.
operation
is
bolic acid, or
tion for
good
etc., is
applica-
lime wash
One
mended,
is fish-oil
When
emulsion.
It
flies
may
soap, half a
be made as follows:
pound;
fish-oil,
two
gal-
must be condemned.
116
(The carcass and all organs and all parts of the animal should
be burned to ensure the destruction of all spores of anthrax).
2.
RABIES.
The
is transmissable to man.
matter
The
infectious
unknown.
contagious agent
genyet
erally enters the wound made by the bite of a rabid animal, by
means of the saliva. The period of incubation varies in dogs
from three to six weeks cattle and horses from four to eight
weeks pigs from two to three weeks sheep from three to four
weeks. It may be a few days and again it may be several
months. The symptoms are most pronounced in dogs. The
Rabies affects
all
animals and
is
Preliminary symptoms. The dog acts unnatural, shows inflammation at the seat of infection, eats and bites at all sorts
of objects, such as grass, stones, rags, wood, etc.
In the violent form the dog runs away, has spasms, bites and
all objects, attacks its master and also animals (dogs,
snaps at
especially in the
Cattle
first
show symptoms
of uneasiness
foam
at the
mouth and
bel-
low
Constipation
present and there is
and
on
excrement
sometimes an inthe
a constant pressure
The animal becomes emaciated;
creased sexual instinct.
in
an unnatural tone.
is
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
117
shows symptoms
days.
in three or four
days.
ness.
in
the female
is
similar to that
more
certain
there
bitten, or ex-
The post-mortem lesions are very meager. The most pronounced are the intense inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and pharynx the presence of undigested
foreign bodies in the stomach inflammation and swelling of
the mucous membrane of the stomach and the thick liquid,
;
demned.
(Rabies of food producing animals is more important than
dog to the meat inspector, and could be given more
prominence with advantage. A. T. P).
of the
Glanders
is
common
3.
GLANDERS.
to
all
but
it
118
life
In
1.
NASAL GLANDERS
there
is
a greenish yellow,
As a rule the discharge is on one side. The inter-maxlymphatic glands are swollen, hard and knotty, and firmadherent by connective tissue to the skin and maxilla, hence
trils.
illary
ly
of the nose
is
somewhat
FARCY
2.
(cutaneous glanders).
In farcy there
found on the
crusts.
may
be
back and
men,
To
life
become
of the animal,
swollen.
one must
mucous membrane
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
119
and larynx, injuries, pathological growths, paraon the mucous membrane of the nose, inflammation of
of the nose
sites
positive
diagnosis of glanders can only be made by prolonged observation or by post-mortem. (Microscopic examination and malleine test are
described
now
accepted as
symptoms
reliable.
A. T.
P.).
The above
pected case.
may
may be found
in
sometimes
above described abscesses, which may
extend under the skin and between the muscles. The lymphatic glands of the affected parts are always swollen and conas large as a child's head.
in size,
tain a
number
is
in addition to the
is
unwholesome
4.
(cattle,
children,
may
120
The
virus
varies from five to eight days, very often only twenty-four hours
(especially in transported animals). The disease first makes its
the
the lips and gums, especially on the borders and tip of the
tongue and on the cheeks are found eruptions, varying from
one-half to one inch in diameter, which have a yellowish gray
color.
fluid,
on the
teats,
They
at
feet,
also
first
show symptoms
The
eruptions occur
and on the
heels.
the toes.
fluid
of lameness.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
Fresh
Bursted vesicle.
FIG.
9.
vesicle.
122
The
off.
The mouth
seldom
is
above
"the tarsus,
is
affected, as well
vesicle.
Differentiation.
caused lameness and there are anomalies of the teeth and jaws
which might be mistaken for foot and mouth disease. Foot
in sheep must be distinguished from malignant diseases of the hoof, in which case the soles of the feet are
inflamed and very sensitive. Lastly all animals that are trans-
ported suffer injuries of the coronet and heels which make them
lame; but foot and mouth disease is indicated by an eruption
the outward
lips,
snout and
tongue, after being scalded, can be peeled off, and the characteristic red spots found in foot and mouth disease can be re-
moved.
Abattoir inspection.
affected with foot and
tion (in Germany), excepting the parts affected with erupsuch as the mouth and feet, which are condemned.
tions,
5.
PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.
some
America
stamped out by Dr. D. E.
in cattle
and
is
native in
since 1892,
when
it
wr
effectually
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
123
make
and
will
the lobes
thus giving the lung a mottled appearance. The diseased portion may be encapsuled. The pleura has a soft, movable, skinlike covering.
It
must be borne
in
mind
culosis
ble to
man.
always condemned.
6.
Pox
is
fection
is
SHEEP POX.
considered an epidemic in sheep. The germ of innot known. The period of incubation varies from
four to seven days. The symptoms and the course of the disease are, as a rule, of a regular type. Fever is noticed. On
124
dented
of
which
is
at
first
clear but
gradually becomes turbid. During this time the general condition of the animal is very much impaired (fever, inflamma-
tion
may
set in
when
which terminate
general pyaemia.
odor.
several
pox
Malignant pox
is
and
OTHER
Pox
is found in
ANIMALS, but has nothing idenwith sheep pox. The disease is local and does not affect
the general condition of the animal.
In cattle the eruptions
are found on the teats and udder; in horses on the pastern
in swine on the entire surface of the skin.
joints
(This dis-
tical
ease in swine
some
is
writers.
Abattoir inspection.
The
flesh
man by
A. T. P.)
and organs
of sheep
consumption
(in
Europe).
It is
cattle
man
beings,
must be
free
"/.
AND CATTLE.
and is transmitted
unknown.
The
by
yet
period of incubation varies from eight days to two months.
Symptoms In stallions the penis, testicles and scrotum become swollen and are covered with dark red spots, pimples and
i.
Equine
coition.
The
:
virus
is
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
125
In mares the vulva, vagina and urethra are similarly afThe corresponding glands are swollen and sensitive.
Individual ulcers heal and leave a scar and new ones form
ulcers.
fected.
The animal
sexual instinct.
Round, sharply
unpigmented patches appear on the body, these being about the size of a dollar. They
are especially found on the flanks, neck, shoulder, breast and
abdomen. The disease generally ends in death.
2.
Coital
exanthema
outlined,
is
nodules
Abattoir inspection. These two diseases are not transmisman, so the flesh is passed for consumption. If pusproducing ulcers appear on the sexual organs with a general
sible to
is
injurious to health.
8.
SCAB. (Mange).
by continued
ease
is
irritation
cause
it
to
become
inflamed.
The
dis-
126
another.
distinct
(a)
It is
when rubbed
it
champers
falls out,
its jaws.
or sticks
and
DERMATOCOPTES OR SUCKING
MITE.
Scab
the thighs.
side of
The
The
SHEEP SCAB.
Sheep scab affects only parts thickly covered with wool, while
It
the unprotected parts (head, limbs) remain unmolested.
usually makes its appearance upon the back or rump and then
spreads over the entire body.
a strong
The
fleece is
surface.
tufts project
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
127
ing about.
They
affects
(c)
long.
(a)
which
(b)
in.
This form
Demodex
folliculorum, var.
ovis.
This form
is
very
is
all
demned when
RINDERPEST.
of incubation varies
of the
acute gastro-enteritis.
The animals
is
128
suspended, and they are very thirsty. In the early stages conThe visible
stipation exists, which is followed by dysentery.
ulcers.
The glands
Abattoir inspection.
The meat
10.
*The
may
disease
known
be recognized
is
(This disease
as
condemned
is
unknown
and the
to avoid the
in
America.
TEXAS FEVER.
"Texas Fever" or "Southern Fever"
animal which has been driven
in the living
will
made
animal
is
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
ible
129
prudent
acquired, for animals sick with Texas fever are more excitable
and vicious than healthy cattle. The presence of ticks (see
plates I-V)
examiner will find the spleen greatly enlarged, its capsule easily
torn, and the substance of the gland quite black and very soft,
sometimes partly liquid, so that considerable of the spleen mass
will gravitate to either end of the capsule if it be suspended by
the other end. The liver is much enlarged, and changed from
a brownish to a mahogany color, also somewhat mottled on
cut surface due to being irregularly stained with coloring matter from the blood. The gall bladder is distended with a very
dark, tarry, viscid bile, in which is suspended a quantity of yellow flakes, which will deposit upon standing. The urine contained, in the bladder has a dark red to port wine color, and the
kidneys will be congested. Other visceral organs present no
In some carcasses the tissues have a
characteristic lesions.
yellowish tinge and the fat a bright lemon-yellow shade. In
other carcasses the color of the flesh
lous structure of the bones
is
is
may not be
may be of a
Or
the case
130
is
sufficiently
developed to render
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Stages in Development of Cattle Tick (Texas Fever).
Plates by
H. A. Morgan.
Plate
I.
Fig.
i.
Fig.
2.
Eggs
Fig.
3.
Egg
Fig. 4.
Egg
slightly enlarged.
five
larged).
immediately before
hatching
(greatly
en-
larged).
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
II.
Fig.
Bunch
of seed ticks
upon the
upon the
glass cylinder of
distal portion of a
leaf.
Plate III.
i.
Fig.
(greatly enlarged).
Distal portion of fore leg of seed tick (greatly enFig. 2.
larged).
Fig.
3.
larged).
Figs. 2
tick as
Plate IV.
Fig.
spots
:;:
at?
i.
(H. A.
M.
PLATE
TCP
1.
PLATE
2.
FIG.
1.
FIG.
2.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
Fig.
2.
131
second molt
(greatly enlarged).
Fig.
3.
Second stage
(greatly enlarged).
Fig. 4.
Second stage of
second molt
(greatly enlarged).
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
engorged female
Fig-
3-
Ventral view
o.f
male,
full
grown
(adult)
(greatly
nat-
en-
larged).
Fig. 4.
full
grown
(greatly en-
larged).
Fig.
5.
X.
2.
SWINE PLAGUE.
is
is
genital organs,
often the entire
neck and
132
First, as
a result of
Abattoir inspection.
should be condemned.
2.
INFECTIOUS PNEUMONIA.
toms
swollen joints.
PLATE
YZ?
3.
PLATE
4.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
133
wall of the thorax and pericardium, or are partly grown together; the pleura is devoid of its gloss and smooth consistency, but on the contrary is covered with numerous little yelthe mucous membrane of the inteslow red abscesses.
On
tines are
found
flat
gastro enteritis.
pathological changes generally remain the same and the lungs
and pericardium adhere to the chest wall, and in the lungs will
be found caseous degeneration. The lymphatic glands rarely
become caseous.
be caseous degen-
may
eration of the bones and joints (see page 156). The mucous
membrane of the intestines is thickened and calcified and the
pancreas hardened.
Abattoir inspection.
this
disease
3.
HOG CHOLERA.
As a rule,
The cause
of
incubation
is
it
affects
from
its
in
young animals up
hog cholera
is
appearance in Ger-
America
to four
a small bacillus.
since 1877.
months
old.
The period
of
five to
twenty days.
Symptoms: Great weakness, drowsiness, constipation, followed by diarrhoea, finally paralysis, ending in death within
two to five days. Rosy spots are seen on the nose, ears, anus,
and on the inside of the thighs. Animals that survive ema-
ciate
changes
the
most
important
of the
large and small intestines is red and swollen and dotted with
dirty yellow and black ulcers which are so deep that they may
134
penetrate the walls of the intestines (see plate 6). The pancreas
is swollen and somewhat caseous.
Ulcers are found on the
make
It
In
some
cases
difficult
is
for
the
lungs
are
like-
the meat
very
inspector
a positive diagnosis of the three different swine dis-
eases which I have just described, but they can very easily be
distinguished when one bears in mind that in swine plague
pneumonia and hog cholera are distinguished from tuberby the fact that the diphtheritic patches in the intestines
do not calcify, but become caseated on the edges, dry and
tious
culosis
Abattoir inspection.
The flesh of animals affected with
either of the three before described diseases may be used for
food
if
human
food.
A. T. P.)
4.
Blackleg
is
chiefly
BLACKLEG.
found in
cattle,
PLATE
>~t
5.
PLATE 6.-C^CUM OF
$y
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
135
The post-mortem
when rubbed
FIG.
10
is
BLACK-LEG.
Abattoir inspection. Meat affected with blackleg is not considered injurious, but because the disease is contagious and
resembles anthrax the sanitary police condemn all such meat.
(In America the meat inspector seldom finds a case. A. T. P.)
5.
The animals chiefly affected with this disease are stags, oxen
and wild boars, but it can also be transmitted to horses and
swine.
It was first observed in Bavaria, Cassle and Posen.
The cause of this disease is a small bacteria which enters the
body through the lungs, intestines, or through an abrasion.
Symptoms Large, inflamed, very sensitive and firm swellings appear on the neck and head, accompanied with fever and
:
136
Abattoir inspection. Meat of animals affected with this disis not injurious to health, but the disease is considered a
ease
This disease
is
is
treated likewise.
MALIGNANT OEDEMA.
It
ered by a briny yellow, or reddish substance. The small intestine is very often inflamed, but other organs are not
changed.
Death follows
in
hours.
Abattoir inspection.
If marked pathological changes are
noticed in the various organs the meat is unfit for use, but it
may
if
absent.
agent of infection
is
is
seen exclusively in
not known.
The period
cattle.
The
of incubation
is
The
are high fever and physispasms and delirium (cerebral hyperaemia). The cornea becomes turbid, the urine very often
contains blood, and the other symptoms closely resemble those
Symptoms
cal depression
of rinderpest.
first
symptoms
later on,
The course
is
fatal.
EXTERNAL
PLATE
8.
137
The
Abattoir inspection.
man.
If it is of
flesh is not
TUBERCULOSIS.
meat inspector.
very often in horses, dogs, cats and sheep, but very seldom in
In the public abattoirs 26 per cent of all slaughtered
goats.
cattle and iy2 to 2 per cent of pigs are found tuberculous.
In
tuberculosis is chiefly found in cows (about 50 per cent).
Old animals are oftener diseased than young ones. It is estimated that of old dairy cows about 75 per cent are affected
cattle,
with tuberculosis, but it is not so prevalent in younger animals and is very seldom found in calves (3 to 8 per cent). In
sheep there is found almost the same per cent as in calves.
The cause
of tuberculosis
is
is
138
incised.
Tu-
the blood.
1.
Propagation by the lymph. The lymphatic glands which
belong to affected parts are always tuberculous and become
caseous, calcified or degenerated. This condition is very important to meat inspectors. It is a waste of time to examine
each organ in which the tubercles are sometimes difficult to find
or absent,
when by
is
lymphatic glands
free
convincing.
is
If
the
same and
From
testines.
it
does not
spread to the organ proper, but vice versa, from the organ to
the serous covering.
Infection of the peritoneum may also
originate from the intestines in which case the tubercle bacilli
of the mucous membrane penetrate the muscles, or pass from
is
either directly
pectoration.
3.
It is
caused by tuber-
the blood
is
it
139
and by
The large
parts of the body.
terminate directly into the veins may
carried to
all
all
By
new
showing signs of hemorrhage, inflammation and swellSometimes invasion is so limited that only a few nodules
are found in some organs, while at other times they may be
very numerous. It is very important for the meat inspector
to know through which part of the circulation the invasion
parts
ing.
took place.
If the invasion took place through the blood vesbetween the intestines and liver (the portal vein),
the tuberculous matter will not reach the heart and cannot
be taken up by the arteries and scattered through the body,
sels lying
but congregate in the liver (see page 24), while the remaining circulation and the entire system is spared. This is also
the case if the invasion has taken place through the small
be deposited
invasion occurs
will
berculosis.
for use
Even
if
If
140
taken place through the large blood vessels, but through the
small or portal vessels by dissemination direct or by the lymphatic system, the meat is not considered infectious or un-
wholesome.
(a)
Tuberculosis in
cattle.
In the
life
are
apparently healthy.
of the lungs there will be signs of difficult respiration, coughing or solidification of the affected parts. Later on the animal
becomes more and more emaciated, the skin becomes thick
staring.
symptoms may
marked symptoms
wil be observed
in the
Some
of these
Frequently more
udder there will be
is
found.
The
tuberculin
test is
Post-mortem examination of old cases will reveal the sepand their lymphatic glands studded with single
or grouped nodules as above described. The kidney is genIn
erally affected in old animals and the spleen in young.
old animals calcified tubercular masses are sometimes found
spread over the serous membranes. In younger animals soft
arate organs
peritoneum
may
or
may
not be affected.
The lungs or
the
about the
size of
a millet seed.
These nodules
later
141
tubercles
or
tuberculous
The
ulcers.
may
become
larger
and
is
pleura
At
affirst
or there
Tuberculosis
ribs,
of
may
the
pleura
manifests
the
itself
on
pericardium.
the
In
some
cases isolated nodules are found, especially on the diaphragm and neighboring parts and in others the entire pleura
is
affected sim-
and
in
shows small
The
between the diseased peritoneum and the spleen substance proper. Tuberculosis of the kidney is found in about
one-fortieth of tuberculous cattle (especially older animals).
The tubercles are small and in numerous clusters. In the
tiate
uterus,
which
is
same extent
as the kid-
The
ovaries are
seldom affected, but the suprarenal capsules are. Tuberculous udders contain small and large tubercules which are
142
(The hind quarters more than the front). The lymphatic glands
are also always affected. The lymphatic glands of the muscles (shoulder, axilla, knee and fetlock joints), are found to
be affected in about one of every hundred tuberculous cattle,
especially the shoulder and the axillary glands. Very seldom
are the brain, spinal column, bones (sternum, vertebra), or
joints tuberculous, while tuberculosis of the flesh and testi-
(sternum, vertebra), while tuberculosis of the flesh and testiTuberculosis may be very easily
diagnosed in the advanced stage; on the other hand, it is
cle are exceptional cases.
it in its early stages from other distherefore important to know that in tuberculosis
nodules with turbid centers form, which enlarge,
difficult to distinguish
eases.
small
It is
Often
calcified tape
calcification of the
worm
cysts,
in or-
is
There have been many cases found in the abattoirs but it has
been found, however, that tuberculous swine slaughtered in
America differed from those of Europe inasmuch as they were
;
A. T. P.)
not impaired.
Swelling of the
different joints (especially the shoulder and knee-joint), lameeral health of the
animal
is
143
ness, arching of the spinal column and swelling of the lymphatic glands of the neck are symptoms which strongly point
to tuberculosis.
Post-mortem examination
those in cattle.
which have
calci-
in
young
cattle
with a
calcification.
the
post-mortem
is
very rare.
In horses the
and
later
form
Tuberculosis in
large, caseated, degenerated masses.
in
rare.
is
It
also
occurs
fowls.
Fowls become
very
goats
emaciated swellings will be found on the joints of the feet and
;
in the lungs.
144
(d)
Post-mortem
Even
if
of tuberculous animals.
made
isted in the
body
the meat.
To
the animal
because tuberculosis
part,
Examination
of tuberculous animals
with the diseased organs, but with those which are apparently
sound in order to avoid necessary contamination. For this
reason incisions should not be made into visibly affected tuberculous parts, in order to avoid the spreading of the infecIf an incision has been made in a tuberculous
tious matter.
nodule it will not suffice to merely wipe the blade, but it must
be thoroughly boiled or heated in a flame before further use.
According to Ostertag, the parts of tubercular animals are
to be
1.
of the
groin.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
the su-
prarenal capsules.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The spleen.
The liver.
The lungs.
The lymphatic glands
of the head,
mesentery, intes-
tines
tuberculous
145
made
Examination of
indispensable.
spleen should be paland
numerous
incisions
made. It should be
pated
longitudinal
noticed that the lymphatic glands of the liver have not been
previously removed. It is of great importance to note if the
tuberculous masses in the small bronchial tubes have penetrated to the lung tissue (primary herd) or if they have been
the kidneys should be
is
longitudinally.
The
case there
In the latter
In
all
other
not so frequent.
of the pleura
sion,
which
is
146
Plate
9.
The lungs
The
shown.
lines
may
as follows
a,
1,
b,
1,
c,
1,
inated
be distinctly seen.
The
lobes are
named
in the text
right
first
denom-
lobes.
The
a,
b,
c,
letters
1,
1,
9.
right
1,
lobes,
This lobe
e,
trachea,
a, al, air
b,
c,
1,
1,
ing the
air tubes
branches of the right supernumerary bronchus supplyand second cephalic lobes of the right lung.
first
trachea.
left
bronchial
B, right tracheal
147
lymph gland.
lymph gland.
caudal lobes.
a,
b,
c,
e,
trachea.
f,
g,
1,
1,
1,
ventral lobes.
c 2, cephalic lobes.
oesophagus.
muscular pillars of the diaphragm.
aorta cut through just beyond the arch and reuncover the left bronchial gland A, resting
against the root of the left bronchus.
i, caudal margin of the ligament of the lungs (ligamentum
h, posterior
flected so as to
latum).
care
is
taken.
The remaining
in
two
sets,
enlarged.
a 1, the most cephalic of the mediastinal series.
Plate 13. Section
Cow
a,
to
Through
Show Location
brain cavity.
b, nasal
septum.
the
Medium Plane
of the
Head
of a
Gland
148
c,
d,
e,
f,
Plate 14.
Head
a,
b, ear
c,
d,
e,
f,
passage.
horn, sawed through near base.
styloid process of occiptal bone.
parotid salivary gland.
submaxillary gland.
Bureau
of
Animal Industry.
ACTINOMYCOSIS.
Actinomycosis
in cattle.
7,
is
149
which is found on blades of grass, and which may lodge between the teeth and penetrate the gums and tongue.
In cattle actinomycosis appears mostly on the
Symptoms
and
lower
upper
jaw, or on the tongue. The maxillary bone
becomes
hard and very often suppurates, yielding- a
enlarges,
grandular, dirty, yellowish-red discharge, which dries and
forms into crusts. When the tongue is affected it often has
isolated hard nodules, or it may be enlarged, solidified and
:
size of
in addition to the
above
is
The
and
and the skin of the head and neck, which are mostly
endurated swellings, very often suppurate, or upon incision
show yellowish sandy-like masses. The disease can be dis-
glands,
tinguished from tuberculosis by the fact that the related lymphatic glands are not affected. (The ray fungus is readily detected in the pus with the microscope.
A. T.
P.).
count of the morbid changes they are condemned and excluded from commerce. If the tongue is affected then it alone
150
ifeftM
FIG.
11
ACTINOMYCOSIS.
condemned and
the rest of
PLATE;
13.-SECTION
F A
vAND.
(LEFT)
RETROPHARYNGEAL
is
151
referred to the
at the
Chicago
Stock Yards.
one sense, to be a
spectors
local disease,
condemn only
many
of the
European
in-
safest
and most
Whenever
erupted only upon the external surface, the infected parts may
be cut away and the balance of the carcass used for food. A.
T. P.).
3.
TETANUS.
Symptoms:
ders.
Usually there
is
no
fever.
1S2
On
bid,
post-mortem examination the muscles are slightly turabnormally soft and the heart presents a cooked appear-
ance.
sent.
12.
(TETANUS;
4.
Suppuration
different forms.
is
PYAEMIA.
fever).
joints.
or
it
infiltrates the
in
certain
erupts externally, flows off and the parts heal, or the mass of
153
pus
may
may
blood, or the pus may penetrate into a vein and thus enter
the general circulation. In the latter case the pus is first taken
by the blood through the right ventricle to the lungs, then
all
for instance,
spleen, kidneys, joints, muscles, etc., new abscesses will be seen far from the original seat of infection,
in the liver,
which
in turn
may
may be
called
pyemia
(suppurative
blood
poisoning,
suppurative
fever).
Symptoms
During
life
the
symptoms
Intermittent fever with chills or rigors exists with a general diseased condition. If* some eases abscesses can be detected in
different affected org'ans (lungs).
Post-mortem examination feTeals the original suppurating
mass, and in most cases also new abscesses in other organs,
is
The
Cold abscesses may be found in all parts of the animal carbut are most frequently found attached to a thoracic or
cass,
*S.
S.
page
106.
Report
of 1898.
U.
S.
154
abdominal viscus. There is very rarely more than one in any individual and they vary greatly in size. They are most frequently found in young, highly developed rapidly fattened cattle
which present appearances of perfect health. They consist of a
very dense limiting membrane, enclosing a whitish, odorless
purulent fluid which is rather grewsome to look upon, but innocuous. There is no morbid disturbance in the structures
contiguous to such abscesses, and they can be enucleated leaving the carcass wholesome for food.
Abattoir inspection.
the
same
bacteria.
Pus
The pus
in
man and
when placed
animals
is
in
caused by
man
wounds) the
(a)
unwholesome.
The
umbilical cord (see page 31) should dry up without inflammation, drop off and leave a scar. Very often, however, sup-
life,
155
and are very often found in old wel nourished animals which
do not show any symptoms during life.
Abattoir inspection. The encapsuled nodules do not affect
!
PUERPERAL FEVER
pelvis are
sunken
life
and
after death
the flesh
is
emaciated.
(c)
BONE
SEPSIS
is
the bones and articulations, but may also occur without any
outward perceptible cause. It generally exists in the form of
liquefaction of the bone marrow and suppurating nodules in
is
injurious
oc-
In sheep it is
curs particularly in sheep, but also in calves.
mistaken
for
tuberculosis.
often
Large pus cavities are
very
found in the lungs which, as a rule, are encapsuled and at
new
156
abscesses very
is
to be looked
upon
abdomen, or by an abscess
5.
SEPTICAEMIA.
is
a necrotic,
the infection
dirty, sanious discharge from the part where
takes place. These particular diseases are characterized by
157
mem-
eral infection,
changes.
in as
Symptoms
During
life
symptoms
of this dis-
abnormally colored modifications at the seat of the disease, umbilicus, pleura, peritoneum and the like.
Post-mortem examination does not show any very striking
variations
the contrary,
lows
in
more or
all
but,
on
(a)
The
spleen
is
soft.
of the
stomach and
intestines
is
swollen, has dark red spots, shows ridges or folds, and is covered with a tough mucus. The glands of the mucous membrane of the intestines are swollen, protrude on the surface
and are circumscribed by a red zone. The large intestine is not
so frequently affected as the small one.
(c) The kidneys are swollen, the capsule distended, and the
substance of the cortex is turbid red dots are distinct and the
;
in-
(f)
The
heart
is
somewhat
of the
same nature
is
somewhat
158
contain a small
amount
The
toneum.
(j)
navel
may
not only show the pyaemic conditions as on page 154, but also
the septic changes. As a rule it is off color, is very flabby,
and upon pressure a very purulent, dark red substance exudes
Upon post-mortem
examination there
will
be found
in these
joints a very dirty exudate, and the capsules are filled with a
yellowish coagulated substance. Besides this the internal or-
The symptoms
Symptoms:
on the pathological
and
the
sanious
fluid in the
organs
When
always present.
examining calves it is
are based
in the internal
changes
which
joints,
is
juries received
demned.
(k)
is
caused either by
159
surface of the
Symptoms:
During
life
there
is
gina
and
turbid.
fluid.
all
this disease
(1)
THE UDDER.
SEPTIC INFLAMMATION OF
terminate in death.
It is
necessary to
make
a distinction
Upon post-mortem
swollen and turbid.
The
all
such animals
(OR SEPTIC)
cattle
is
in-
ENTERITIS.
(Pigs).
Symptoms
160
diarrhoea, faeces very offensive and streaked with blood, weakIn Germany these
ness, drowsiness, and general disturbance.
PULMONARY GANGRENE
is
quel to pneumonia, and during its course individual parts become necrotic and terminate in decomposition and cause blood
poisoning.
The gangrenous
parts
may become
encapsuled
seems watery
it
If
The
flesh
may be used
after
removing
should be confiscated.
If
there seems to be
a general disturbance during life, and after slaughter the organs are swollen, the flesh is injurious.
(o)
TONEUM.
This disease
is
penetrating the abdominal cavity, such as puncturing the rumen, or making an incision into it for tympanitis without a
general peritonitis.
161
abdominal
cavity.
During life the animal shows a general
disturbance (fever, weakness, diarrhoea).
Upon post-mortem the organs will be found very much
swollen and turbid. The pleura and peritoneum have a skin-
like,
removed
pleura or peritoneum.
This
is
and
The
flesh of
is
SEPTIC WOUNDS.
Wounds
wound
is
Upon post-mortem are found more or less defined symptoms of blood poisoning.
Under the head of wounds in swine, the bite wound should
receive special attention. Animals which but a few hours previous seemed to be in perfect health suddenly manifest great
weakness and high fever and die if not killed. Upon close examination one usually finds that the right or left ear, or the
skin behind the ear, or on the abdomen, is greatly swollen.
Sometimes only a very small surface is swollen. At the point
of the swelling there is usually found a dark red, very disUpon incision into the
tinctly circumscribed scab or wound.
affected part a dark colored, very sanious substance, which
In the cavity, shreds
is mixed with grayish-red shreds, exudes.
of necrotic connective tissue will oe found hanging to the
walls of the cavity. The cartilage of the ear from which the
connective tissue is raised has a dark yellowish-red color and
These are the usual symptoms. Sometimes the
is rough.
the pole, neck, or on the abdomen will spread, in
of
swelling
162
If
A. T.
Bureau
of
Animal Indus-
P.).
Under this head may be included a large number of diseased disorders caused by the presence of foreign bodies. Foreign bodies in the first and second stomach of cattle, especially
of cows, are often found, without the least
being manifested.
symptoms
of disease
different Jdnds of
163
slowly, at the
dividual organs, for instance, between the reticulum, the diaphragm, the pericardium and the heart, the pericardium and
the lung, the lung and the pleura, the liver and the rumen, the
rumen and the spleen, the diaphragm and the liver, and the
like.
named
As
a rule fever
is
not present.
in the thoracic or
abdominal
pathological changes, or putrid fluid in the thoracic or abdominal cavities, or pericardium, or swelling of the internal
164
Abattoir inspection.
Simple deformities of one or more
organs are of no importance. If one or more encapsuled centers are found they should be removed.
If emaciation has set
in during the time that the organ has become affected (especially the heart) or if the flesh seems watery, it is considered
unfit for food. If the infected area is not yet capsuled and an
or
is injurious.
As a rule cases in which purulent or
infection
has
occurred
are rare.
On the contrary the
septic
the flesh
XII.
The
parasites
live on or in
Very few are of im-
harmful.
This will be
same places
will
CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE.
Measles in swine.
tape
fertilized
worm
is
fertilized
Measles
in
swine
is
a larval form of a
worm
in
165
is
testines the
is
In the in-
through the
walls and lodges in the muscles.
If the embryo has found a
suitable lodging place it gradually forms into a vesicle on the
inner wall of which the head is developed. After three weeks
this vesicle is the size of a pin head and the head is indicated
by a mere dot. In six weeks the vesicle is as large as a mustard seed and the head can be easily recognized.
In nine
weeks the vesicle is as large as a pea and the head as large as a
pin head with hooks and suckers completely formed; after
three months the neck is also developed, and the measle worm
egg
FIG.
is
(Leuckart).
of
FIG.
13.
capable of reproduction.
Head
It encloses itself in a
dormant
If
worms
human
14.
connective
animal or
166
of the
worm
Leuckart
An
isolated
Head
FIG.
Pork Bladder
inverted.
FIG
Worm
Pork Bladder
everted.
Worm
FIG.
15.
with head
Hooks
of
with
(Leuckart).
Pork Tapeworm.
16.
(Leuckart
(Leuckart).
17.
FIG.
18.
crown of from
stances one or
tinue to develop.
167
worm
As
measles.
worm
become
infected
eggs.
swine as a
rule,
life.
The
presence of the measle in swine during life can only be occasionally observed, if individual cysts are found on the visible
mucous membrane
numerous
invasions.
seat
is
The
FIG.
of the
abdomen,
(L,euckart).
19.
nap
of the
measle worm.
It
may happen
that
no measles
will
be found
168
muscles mentioned, whereas, other muscles which selare infected will contain them. The measle is seldom
in the
dom
found in the
tine,
lung, intes-
liver,
while
etc.,
the
fat,
brain,
very
in
difficult to detect
because the
fat
worm
The
like
It is
the measle
cell
of
the
the hog.
in
a stick
not
practiced
vStates,
and
rope.
The
some
is
United
the
subject to a fine
is
practiced in
in
parts of
if
Eu-
A. T. P.)
worm
(taenia solium)
only in man and
develops
the larval form (cysticercus celIt is also
lulosae) in swine.
tape
itself
and
especially
may deworm in
20.
movement
of the
human
intes-
tines, in
worm
tape
with faeces
in
may,
also possible
One who
is
169
soil
evacuation,
his
has
fingers
condemned.
THE MEASLES
THE OX are the
2.
IN
Head
of
Beef Tapeworm.
(I^euckart;
larval
worm,
which
found
is
comparatively
few
whole body.
The
development of the beef
measles is the same as
the
tnat
of
pork.
the
Cattle
measle in
become
infected
by partaking of
matured segments or
eggs in excrement these
;
21.
170
The head of the beef worm diffrom that of the pork worm in not having the rostrum and
double crown of hooks, but besides having the four suckers
it has an extra one on the
upper part of the head (see figure
than the pork measle worm.
fers
21).
caseated or calcified
more
may
If
the
worm
is
the parasite
The
is
live
size of a
bered that measles upon the surface may easily become irrecognizable by evaporation of the fluid contents. It might
175).
worm by
the presence of
pork as well as
Meat
is
worms
agony. The pork measle
tape
is
171
all
measly
cooked.
flesh is injurious
It is
also
known
that
flesh
ling).
is
the taenia saginata the regulations concerning the disposipork should be even more rigid than those con-
tion of measly
is
the meat
is first
rendered non-infectious."
erate infection.
worms may
pale
it
decomposes
easily,
taste.
are needed
this subject.
of
measly beef. Measly beef should be conDisposition
demned to the tank as unfit for food when the infection is
upon
172
the animal
although
it
may
is
worm,
still
the find-
ing of only one parasite is no proof that other parasites are not
present furthermore, in a number of cases of alleged "single
infection," later and more thorough examination has revealed
;
more worms.
In case of infection with only young parasites, in which the
suckers are not fully developed, the meat may safely be passed
and allowed to go on the market without restriction.
exact character.
its
Opinions
differ as to the
in
case of infection with degenerated bladder worms. It is maintained by some that this meat should be allowed on the mar-
is
retain
its vitality.
grees C. the
movements are
livelier; at a
higher temperature
173
at
46 degrees C."
He
no
ers
certain seasons of the year, however, there is a practical obmethod of safeguarding which has thus far been
jection to this
during the summer will spoil much more rapidly when taken
out of the cooler, than meat which has been placed in the ice
Bulletin
S. S.)
3.
Dogs
man
different
species
of
tape
worms
of
174
man.
to
One
The
dangerous to life.
meat inspectors:
First, the
bladder
worm
morphus.
1.
harmless to man.
terest of the
2.
If
noticed
it
175
27-350
4.
ECHINOCOCCUS POLYMORPHIC,
usually called a
dogs and
On
a multilocular echinococcus, numerous vesicles sepaby connective tissue. In all three forms
heads
may be
present, or absent.
176
liver.
The liver particularly often attains an enormous
and weight (in cattle 100 pounds).
"Frequency of the hydatid in various animals. The frequency of hydatid varies greatly in different countries. Ac-
or the
size
it is
more common
in
Mecklenburg than
The United
in
any other
States seems to be
comparatively free from hydatid infection, although the disapparently on the increase.
"I have seen cases of hydatids in this country
in cattle, hogs, the camel, and man, but as yet have seen no
ease
is
United States.
Wheeler records 117 cases of liver echinococcus in 2,000 hogs examined in New Orleans the cases of domesticated animals which I have examined came from the
cases in sheep.
for
of the
Industry.)
found as often,
most frequently
and the
liver
but they
in rare
caseate,
and the caseated mass is easily sepasmooth connective tissue of the cavity. In
pressing the hydatid between the fingers a thin slippery skin
will be retained, and uninjured cysts will always be found on
as a rule, are not affected
Abattoir inspection.
can-
177
The
ruling to
American
"Organs
to
man
the infected
The
abattoir
careful
Dr.
Stiles.)
TAPE WORMS.
4.
meat pro-
sheep.)
178
5. ASCARIDES.
This species is a round worm of different lengths and thickness, curved and pointed at both ends. The larval form is not
known. It exists in the intestines of animals and, as a rule,
without any disturbance to the same or the flesh. The inspecis the same as that of tape worms.
Under this head may
be classed the ascaris lumbricoides found in cattle and swine
and the ascaris megalocephala in the horse.
6. OTHER PARASITES IN THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
tion
Many
tary canal of
muscles.
(b) The spine headed worm (echinorhynchus gigas) found in
the intestinal tract of swine is of little importance to meat in-
spectors.
ance. It
of cattle.
from 7-13
It lies in clusters in
stomach, in the
is
mm in length and
the
is
mucous membrane
is
very
of the
common
the stomach and small intestines and under the skin of cattle
179
The
WARBLE OR GAD
FLIES.
must be removed,
The
(b)
LUNG WORMS.
In coughing animals
spring time.
in
in the
fall,
the
symptoms
of chronic or
Under
this class
2.
In pigs
3.
In cattle
filaria)
strongylus paradoxus.
strongylus micrurus.
tents of the
tubes.
The connec-
180
In the center
The
entire
worms and
therefore in
all
swine
the tips of the lobes should be cut into. Upon incision large
clusters of these worms are found in the nodules. The lungs
and
in the
The
large fluke
is
LIVER FLUKE.
liver flukes
(Distomum hepaticum)
is
a leaf-like,
flat,
The
(Distomum lanceolatum)
is
much
181
distomum hepaticum.
The eggs
its
of
the fluke are found in the faecal matter and under favorable
which
germ
cells
a brood
cercaria.
In these germ
is
blood,
Distoma Hepati-
cum
its
(Leuckart).
w hi cn
may produce
any organ,, but especially in the liver. The pathological changes are, as a rule, in the liver itself
and are dependent upon the presence of the fluke
in that organ.
Isolated flukes are usually harm^ ess<
The
kite
ducts
and the liver usually show
FIG 22
(Natural size.)
no changes and in a normal appearing liver an
isolated fluke may be located by incision and pressure on the
Bile ducts.
When
infection
is
182
in
Upon
liver,
incision hundreds of
The pathocan
as
connecnew
logical changes,
any,
very easily spread
tive tissue is formed, which compresses the liver, thus causing
the entire organ to become enlarged and hardened.
from the ducts.
if
cases large flukes will bore through the gall ducts, which in
The hemorrhages
leave connective tissue-like scars, suppuratnodules are very seldom found. It may haping
r
5 a^m(DeWeu) P en tnat a ^U ^ Q will lodge in the abdominal cavity
and cause peritonitis. Flukes are very frequently
l
^_
u&
found
have been
(Natural size)
found
^ ssue
in the liver.
Some
more numerous
in
disturbances.
Isolated distomes
may be found
in
the
make an
to
left
2).
It is
183
If no pathological changes
the fluky gall ducts can be cut
out and the liver allowed to be sold. This is the rule in
If the
Europe.
meat
itself,
is
Bulletin 19,
it is
con-
Bureau of
harmless
worm would
by the wandering
flesh is of a
ment;
it
authors
little
nourish-
is
it
This
worm
PENTASTOME.
dog and
is
of
little
liver,
184
The Pentastomum
parent, from
wide. It has
may be
dis-
denticulatum
is
The pentastomum
pentastomum taenioides
XIII.
life
are of
little
conse-
185
ANAEMIA.
I.
is
es-
pecially
liver
Symptoms
During
life
excepting
when
the animal
is
The
why
A particular form
anaemia accompanied
Upon post-mortem examination the
by
internal organs and the muscles are swollen, look pale, and
have undergone fatty degeneration. The cause of this disease is not known and is seldom found in slaughtered animals.
Although it has not been proven that the flesh is injurious, yet
for safety it should be confiscated.
it is
fever
is
often
of
fatal.
2.
EMACIATION.
Extreme emaciation from any cause so modifies the tissues that the carcass does not become firm and dry in the refrigerator, like normal flesh, and accordingly is very deficient
in nutritive qualities
3.
This disease
is
S. S.
GENERAL DROPSY.
when
neck.
Upon post-mortem
examination a serous
fluid is
found in
186
off
4.
LEUKAEMIA.
This
the
is
number
and large blood vessels there will be yellowish-gray or puslike masses, which are soft and smeary.
Besides these there
are pathological changes in the organs and lymphatic glands
the spleen especially is very much enlarged, more firm and
;
human
187
is
injurious
food, because
temperature, long continued, impairs the quality and character of flesh, renders it unappetizing, noisome and suspiciously
unwholesome.
Acute inflammation, as well as chronic structural changes of
the kidneys are quite apt to escape notice,
gans being embedded in considerable fat.
owing
to these or-
Any
considerable
condemned."
S. S.
5.
Jaundice
is
JAUNDICE.
ings of the bile ducts (from catarrh of the small intestines, gall
stones, parasites, etc.), whereby the bile instead of entering
the intestines
is
Jaundice
may appear
188
is
a degenera-
Symptoms
mind
that jaundice can only be diagnosed by daylight; artigives all animals affected with this disease a white
ficial light
appearance.
es-
As
a rule healthy
swine can be distinguished right after slaughtering by the pink
color of the fat, which is absent in affected ones. In doubtful
cases
it is
An
ones.
its
worst forms
it
is
either a darker
injury, a sprain, or a
broken bone
in those parts.
By
this
term
is
BLOODY URINE.
meant a decomposition
of the blood in
UNIVERSITY
Symptoms:
The
a poor appetite
and
it is
189
often caused
is
blood
is
membrane
may be
used.
7.
When
RETENTION OF URINE.
is hindered by accumulations of
is
which
especially the case in oxen and bucks
nrinary calculi,
on account of the "S" shaped curvature of the penis, the
uretha sets
abdominal
cavity.
Symptoms:
During
life
Upon
In severe cases
it is
may
:s
soon
be used.
190
POISONING.
&
Corrosive poisons, such as acids, arsenic, phoslike, cause inflammation, or intense irritation
condition of blood.
Under
auto-infection
may be mentioned
changes
in those
odor.
Abattoir inspection.
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES.
cass
is
it
is
191
thus stamped.
All
XV.
Of these there are a great number which are only of importance to meat inspectors inasmuch as they are the symtoms of severe general disturbances which make the meat unwholesome, for instance turbid swellings of the organs, neoedematous swelling, small hemorrhages on the cutis
and subcutis and on the mucous membrane, pleura, peritoneum and the like. Pathological changes concerning the size
(atrophy and hypertrophy) form (deformity) or accumulation
crosis,
little importance.
Such organs
pathological changes in organs are judged
may be
used.
Some
DISCOLORATIONS.
gans
(liver,
membranes
of the brain
and
spinal
cord) and
rarely
use.
all
About one-half
of
all cattle,
As a
INJURIES.
of the cavities
Fractures
192
tion.
hemorrhages
Swine
in
subcutis.
suffer fractures
may
set in,
oning, especially
if
3.
HYPERAEMIA.
if
ing the last struggles for life, the deepest saturated parts are
with blood (hypostasis), which is a strong indication that
filled
If
nective tissue (oedema) or a cavity through impaired circulation, this condition will still be found upon post-mortem. The
tissue has a jelly-like appearance. Organs thus affected should
be condemned. Serum in any one cavity is of no importance if
no abnormity.
4.
Inflammation appears
body.
INFLAMMATION.
in all
organs and in
all
parts of the
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES.
Symptoms:
During
life
193
may be made
according to
SEROUS INFLAMMATION
(a)
mucous membranes
(catarrh),
tis-
ar-
septic condition.
PURULENT INFLAMMATION.
(b)
is
it
may
If
the disease
is
HEMORRHAGIC INFLAMMATION
is
preceded by
great irritation.
Symptoms
tion has
Bureau
of the
(d)
of
It
is,
there-
(See rules
Animal Industry.)
TION
is
seldom seen
membranes.
in
194
an
ulcer.
In
Abattoir inspection.
septic
many
theretic
infection
of the
demned.
(e)
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION,
as a rule, occurs in
visceral
and, in a great
many
cases, enlarged.
It
formed which
They
are hard,
occurs in the
liver,
generally local.
Abattoir inspection.
moval
Malignant growths have a pronounced tendency to degenerate and spread, not only in the respective organs, but also
The tumor continually grows larger
in the whole system.
in its vicinity which unite and
are
formed
nodules
and new
rule
form.
As
a
have a ragged
they degenerate and form ulA malignant growth may originate in any organ and
cers.
(b)
195
in older
It is
kidney, etc.) by means of the lymphatics. The related lymphatic glands are always knotty, but never calcified as in
tuberculosis.
Sarcoma usually occurs in young animals.
The
wall
upon
is
is
its
entire muscles
Quite often
(abdominal and heart) are sarcomatous. From
sold.
the flesh
is
America extensively
XVI.
I.
IMPERFECT BLEEDING.
This occurs in sick animals when the heart is too weak at the
time of slaughter to expel the blood, and in healthy animals
when they are killed during or after great exertion, such as
196
left ventricle.
liver
flabby.
judged
all
NATURAL DEATH.
took place.
slaughter," and
mals.
The
is
mode
of dealing
is
termed "cold
dead ani-
flesh of
it
This
contains a great
amount
is
recognized by
but accord-
of blood
It is just as difficult to
If
the
after
death the superficial layers are only partially filled with blood
life the blood
if, on the contrary, the wound was made during
;
is
to the disease
197
IMMATURE ANIMALS.
This is only of importance in regard to calves, in consequence of their extensive use as food, in which case the animal is slaughtered soon after birth before the navel is healed.
capsule of the kidney, a yellowish or grayish red, tough, somewhat jelly-like mass. The muscles are very poorly developed.
Abattoir inspection. Immature flesh does not possess the
characteristic qualities of veal
calves,
ment Meat
Inspection.)
4.
UNBORN ANIMALS.
198
and sink
ADVANCED AGE.
(See
page 550
6.
EMACIATION.
by a serous
GESTATION.
it
is
COLORATION OF
P.)
FAT.
The
flesh
may
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES.
9.
199
billy
first,
and rams, a bucky odor. The fat is soft and gray or yellowish.
Overfeeding from herring causes the meat to have a fishy odor,
and swill a stale rancid odor.
Abattoir inspection. The meat is stamped and allowed to
be sold.
It is
hang twenty-
allowed to pass.
A. T. P.)
is
10.
still
a number of diseases and pathological
animals which, under certain- conditions, may have
a detrimental effect on the meat. The symptoms are various
There are
changes
in
Government Department.
XVII.
200
to
it
which meat
Eggs
injurious properties.
of
flies
is
preserved impart
for use.
in the
If
is
fre-
the eggs
highly unfit
It
it
is
in the dark,
teria, is
I.
Meat
caused by bac-
is
therefore
medium
a good
it
PUTRID MEAT.
for the
if
it is
tened by keeping
(sleeping rooms)
it
in
and undissected.
The
animals
Symptoms
less dis-
be made.
Abattoir inspection.
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES.
201
OVER-HEATED MEAT.
2.
(Wild animals.)
is meant the condition in which
meat of domestic or wild animals is found if packed while
warm. In this case the change can take place a few hours
after death, even if the outer temperature is below zero.
The animal has an unpleasant, sour odor, an
Symptoms
extended abdomen, the skin is greenish, the hair loose, the
muscles soft, flabby and often contain gas, and the intestines
This condition differs from the
have a blood red color.
in
much as it occurs soon after
as
of
putrefaction,
stage
death, and that upon chemical analysis ammonia is absent,
but on the contrary we find sulphuric acid.
Abattoir inspection. Although it has not been proved to
produce disease, yet it should be excluded from use because
as a rule it contains gas bubbles, disagreeable odors and the
By
like,
so that
it
keep
it
202
blown up
the steel
limb.
while
at the
is
it is
still
in a fresh condition,
Where
this practice is
XVIII.
not forbidit
is
done
means
(A)
CONSTIT-
UENT PARTS.
I.
MUSCLE FIBRES.
tractile
is
203
The con-
substance shows under the microscope fine longitudinand more prominent cross-striations. It looks as if the
tractile
al
may
acid
is
corpuscles or nuclei.
muscle
of
fibres
such
The
is
com-
which are
tivity is
up
of
cells, in
gated nucleus.
tions, nor do they possess any muscle sheath.
Between the
cross-striated
fibre
cross-striated.
smooth muscle
fibres.
2.
and
in
CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
This
also
in the heart
is
204
its
tissues.
tissue cavities,
lymph
spaces).
holds together the small muscle bundles, and indeed the separate muscle fibres of which they are composed, binds these
into larger bundles and finally into complete muscles it encloses nerves, blood-vessels, lymphatic vessels, etc., and forms
;
elastic fibres,
as elastic tissue.
3.
FAT.
205
smaller or larger masses which have a lobed structure somelike a bunch of grapes.
In the fat cells are occasionally
found stellate bunches of fine crystals (margarine crystals). In
what
smoked meat
5-
NERVE FIBRES.
The nerves originate from the brain and spinal cord and
run throughout the entire body the same as the blood-vessels.
They consist of separate nerve fibres, which are bound together into bundles by connective tissue. The larger bundles
or nerves proceeding from the brain or spinal cord divide into
smaller bundles, and these again into smaller, thus ramifying
throughout the entire body. The nerve fibres themselves do
not divide.
One
each muscle
fibre.
is
The
(B)
THE MICROSCOPE.
206
I.
The
is
optical part.
(a)
This
is
:
is
made out
of metal
and serves to
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
foot,
pillar,
tube carrier,
outer tube,
tube proper,
coarse adjustment (absent on
some microscopes),
fine adjustment,
stage,
stage opening,
diaphragm,
mirror.
(b)
By means
vestigated
is
The objective,
The ocular.
The microscope is
in-
1.
2.
slipped
up or down, though
in the better
microscopes a coarse
is
207
delicate
with two lenses). Under the tube carrier and at about the
middle of the pillar is located the stage, on which the object
to be examined is placed.
In the middle of the stage and
under the tube is a round opening. In many microfind under this opening, and fastened to the under
side of the stage, a rotary disc (the diaphragm) in which are
holes of various sizes, by means of which the amount of light
passing through the opening can be regulated. Under the
stage is placed a mirror, which can be turned in any direction,
and which has one side flat and the other concave.
The principal points to be demanded in a microscope are
directly
Scopes
good
we
so that
The enlargement
of the objective
208
number
of slightly
effect as
one
lenses,
point that the object lies close to the burning point, yet still
outside the principal focus, there is formed on the other side
of the objective, and so within the blackened tube, a real inverted image of the object. If this be now brought near the
burning point of the ocular, but within the principal focus of
the same, it will be still more magnified by the ocular. As
a result,
in
image seen
in the
mon
concave mirror
is
used.
falling upon
(similar to a burning glass) at one point, and
is thereby able to illuminate the object sufficiently for quite
it
through the opening in the stage must be reduced by bringing under it one of the small openings in the diaphragm. In
209
Microscope.
*VM^M.
Ocular.
Tube.
Fine Adjustment.
Body Tube.
L.
Tube.
___.i
Objective.
-..
Stand. -
Stage.
Mirror Arm.
Mirror,
Foot.
FIG.
24.
necessary
The plane
4.
5.
mirror,
shoved down.
(The
focal point
is
210
(b)
1.
more
lenses),
if
2.
4.
A small
5.
diaphragm opening,
(the focal point lies near
the objective),
3.
of the microscope
it
is
best to
To
211
a height that a person sitting can easily look into the tube,
and 2 to 3 feet from a window, which, if possible, should face
the north or northeast.
The mirror should next be placed
with
the
shoved down as
far
first
be
looking
eye, but to
keep
it
open.
212
4.
common impurities of his mount. With regard to the appearance of the muscle" fibres and connective tissue fibres, or
Muscle Preparation showing Trichinae, Air, Fat
FIG.
Cells, Etc.
{Long
& Preusze).
25.
(Magnified 30 Times).
which
are
Those
similar
to
parasitic
trichina
and
and
pathological changes
therefore might be mistaken for the same, will be discussed
later.
At
we
will
They
are
for
213
AIR BUBBLES.
These appear mostly as round, selformed structures, bright at the center and
circumscribed by a dark broad border, becoming brighter toward the outside. They are of different sizes and are usually
found scattered. Upon pressure of the cover glass they are
removed and their form changed.
(b) FAT GLOBULES are spherical and circumscribed by a
black, narrow zone. In the center they are light and strongly
refractive, toward the edges darker.
They occur mostly in
groups of different sizes, and at times are seen in irregular
forms, and by the addition of ether they are dissolved.
(c) CLOTH FIBRES are mostly long objects, which, according to their origin, have different appearances, or are us(a)
dom
as irregular,
FIBERS.
FIG.
(a)
(1)
Silk Fiber,
Linen
(b)
LinenFiber,
(c)
26.
Cotton Fiber,
(d)
Wool
Fiber.
(Orth).
Cotton
and mostly
flat,
ribbon-like,
(See fig-
214
They show
and corners.
(C)
The
trichina in the
THE TRICHINA.
human
cadaver was
first
discovered and
gave
it
the
name
of trichina spiralis.*
The
life
history of the
I.
If
pig, partakes of
meat that
is
are mature.
is
is
*The word "Trichina" comes from the Greek word "Thrix" meaning- "hair,"
be-
cause the
is
found coiled-up
215
and
in i*4 to
\y2
This calcification
the trichina
two
itself.
is fully calcified.
different stages of
development to
distinguish.
THE
ist.
MATURE,
full-grown
and
fe-
THE "MUSCLE
2nd.
which
encysts
TRICHINA,"
the mus-
itself
in
and
recognized as
is
i.
pointed in front,
One of the pe-
tioned
is
be men-
ture,
The "cellular
length of the body.
structure" is formed from a single cell.
The
from
(a)
developed than males. Before the second day they mate. The expulsion of
the young begins at the sixth or seventh day. One female breeds 1,500 young and dies in six or
The male dies much sooner. The developed
eight weeks.
PRACTICAL MEAT
316
male
is
at the
most
mm
\y2
when it pregnates
The developed female
anus twd
at the
mm
pair of tongs.
In the ovaries the eggs are formed from which after fertilization
the young trichinae develop in the abdomen (embryo, see
mm
mm
by independent movement, succeeded in reaching the muscles and in this way they would wander until they had found
the muscle fibres and there remain.
In later years we are of the opinion that the females place
the young not in the intestines, but into the walls of the intestines,
here the
and often
young
the arterial
From
direct into the lymphatic glands.
by aid of the lymphatic circulation,
reach,
circulation,
at
the
between the ninth and twelfth day after infection with trichina.
2.
THE MUSCLE TRICHINAE. The muscle trichinae
are found in all cross-striatic muscles, with the exception of the
heart muscle. They do not penetrate, however, all muscles
uniformly, but favor the thinner and finer muscles, which
they, for the most part, locate as near as possible to the point
of attachment.
As the most favorite resorts of the trichina
are the muscles of the diaphragm, of the tongue, of the larynx,
of the abdomen, and the intercostal muscles, also the muscles
of the eye, the flanks and the buccal muscles, numerous investigations and calculations have determined that in a very
slight infection of muscles by trichina the following muscles
are regularly affected:
(a) The pillars of the
(b)
(c)
diaphragm
UN1VERSI fY
Or
muscle
to
fibre,
grow and
If
the
young
-$HL.~-~~4
'.
mm.
form of a
The
muscle
with
fibre
are
capillaries
new
filled
round,
around the
substances.
spiral trichina
is
plainly visible.
we
The length
mm
width 54
s
diameters they appear about seven to ten
long and five
to seven
broad. As a rule we only find one trichina in a
capsule. In badly infected flesh we may find more than one
>
mm
mm
with acids.
we
capsule
the
muscle
218
trichina
is fully
developed.
It is
If meat
trichina, only smaller, and not ready to be fertilized.
that contains such dissolved lime is devoured by animals, then
these capsules are dissolved by the gastric juice and the
muscle trichina develops the intestinal trichina. The muscle
trichinae
(Leuckart).
vitality
maintain
their
and the
cal-
cification
plete
when
no traces
tri-
at all
We
in
the
there
28.
effected
by the consumption
of
The
219
and
eat them.
Prussia one
hog out
to 20,000).
see the
dustry.)
The
Symptoms
been ob-
When
a fresh
invasion
tissue
TIG.
light.
29.
naked
eye".
These
220
nothing peculiar to the trichinae. On the other hand the sympof trichinae in man are very prominent. In the first eight
days after infection with trichinae there is a loss of appetite, bil-
toms
(Leuckart).
symptoms
of general inflam-
cles,
hoarseness, difficulty of
chewing,
and
swallowing
These symptoms
the limbs.
With
of
the
patient,
if
When
Abattoir inspection.
a
man
many
FIG
death.
Meat
with
trichinae
may
that
is
is
cause
affected
therefore
is
lightly
affected
with
221
trichinae
and those incapable of development, there may be present in some specimen uncalcified trichinae and those capable of development. By drying, pickling
that besides calcified trichinae
FIG.
(Leuckart).
31.
condemned.
to
the
The
disease
human
if
condition.
For
be
used
after
the
inside
could
(so
that
it
of
has
the
222
sterilizer
it
and
can be used
Saxony and
(For the inspection of trichina in the United
in
other countries.
Bureau
Animal Industry.) In Prussia meat that is affected with
trichina is condemned.
Only
of
the carcass
is
cal
lime, soap,
purposes
of
For
tendons.
this
it
is
best to
The
(a)
phragm or
figure 7)
FICx. 32.
pillar
of
the
dia-
223
TED MUSCLE
TRICHINA
The hog,
A further dissection
ically investigated.
If
many hogs
are to
He must always
from
animal each
which
exactly
came.
For
the
sample
purpose we have
a small box made out of tin, and which
instance
be mixed.
know
many
samples,
who do nothing
else,
men who
take these
called samplers,
224
it is
examiner
number
of samples the
boxes of which are numbered,
who examines these for trichina and makes a separate
The method
report.
of con-
houses.
To go into detail
would take a great deal of
We would refer the
space.
Bureau
Animal Industry.
of
In the examination of
dif-
ferent particles of
and parts of
meat (ham
the abdomen) it is
FIG.
34.
If
no more to be had,
ples
ination of the
pecially
whole hog,
for this
reason,
es-
be-
seldom
FIG.
35.
is
in a position to secure
22$
the favorite seats of the trichina, and for this reason must make
a more thorough examination. In sausages you cut from each
from
its
light color
and
fine fibrous
meat.
2,
FIG.
they be
that
as
possible.
glass
plates
36.
made
The most
called
compressors.
consist
(See
of
figure
two thick
practical compressors
glass plates about 12 to 15 cm long and 3-5 cm broad, fitting
accurately upon another and forced close together by two
screws at the ends. The lower plate is covered by twelve
39.)
lines
226
mount
as follows
The prepara-
When the compressors are taken apart and the plates thoroughly cleansed the particles of meat are first placed on the
index finger of the left hand and held firmly there by the
thumb and middle finger. After each specimen is cut up into
six pieces in the longitudinal direction of the fibres with a
pair of broad flat scissors, not curved (snipping shears), the
fat
and tendons, they are placed in sequence on the field of the plate and
parallel to each other with the pointed
prepared
now
laid
The mount
so
on the stage
of
specimens
In
necessary.
FIG.
3"
carefully to be
specimens
made
If
must
meat
of
other
be
the meat
is
is
cases
not
these
more
smoked
treated
dry or
transparent.
to the specimen, according to the dryness, a few
drops of a salt solution (1/4%) or acetic acid 3%, or a potassium solution (30%) with three parts of water. In
we must add
very dry
(30%).
very easily disintegrated, then the fibres can be torn
apart with forceps instead of scissors, laid on the glass plates
and teased out further with needles, after having previously
been laid in the potassium solution or glycerine (equal parts
meat
is
227
of water
reached.
3.
When
the compressors are placed on the stage of the microscope (see page 207) then you proceed with the examination
of the specimens.
It is important that not one of the speci-
mens
is
overlooked.
For
this
left
IS
PLACED
FIG.
IN
A SEPARATE BOX.
38.
228
using two simple glass slides you hold the same with the
left
COMPRESSOR.
FIG.
39.
hand and with the right hand constantly use the fine adjustment in order to secure a clear field. In order to insure complete invesitgation of the samples, there are other apparatusses,
some in part patented, but most of them are very complicated
By
visible at
specimens
assurance of complete investigation is lessened.
The time for the preparing and examination of a specimen
(exclusive of the time for securing the sample) is estimated
nothing
is
overlooked.
The number
of
in
229
rather unfavorable
a smaller
number
capsule, then he must, with the fine adjustment, thoroughly examine the same and ascertain if he cannot detect the trichina
itself in
If
the object
is
dark then
he must add to the specimen acetic acid and if it then does not
become transparent he must add to it H. Cl. in order to make
the trichina, or parts of it contained somewhere in it visible by
the solution of the calcium. If he cannot by this method
come to any definite conclusion then he must take the sample
out of the compressor and place it on a thin slide, cover it
with a cover glass, and examine it under high power. If this
does not have the desired effect then he must examine new
samples until he is thoroughly satisfied that the meat is free
from trichina, or that it contains the same. If he cannot do
this and still finds himself in doubt, he should leave the deIf the
cision to competent, scientifically educated experts.
investigators come to a definite understanding he must stamp
the meat or finally seize it.
E.
we do
only
in the microscopical
first
and there
is
do we
find
worms
examinadifferent
in,
230
On
the other hand in swine, other difficult parasites and pathological transformations occur which resemble the trichina capsule and therefore might be mistaken for the same. Very rare-
we meet in flesh or samples accidentally other living animals which, in a superficial observation, may lead to misly
takes.
I.
PSOROSPERMS.
lie
(LEUCKART.)
pathological
changes
lose
cross
striation.
its
The
other
animals.
slaughtered
In swine
40.
abdomen.
Symptoms:
In swine the
Miescher's
more
frequently
detected
231
The Miescher's tubes are in most cases acupon microscopical examination. They
found
differ from trichina in form and also by the fact that the
muscle fibres in trichina are crowded together while they, in
tached.
transmission
of
the
Miescher's
human body
tubes to the
upon
as
unwholesome.
If
FIG.
(about 5 to
o on one
field of
and
if
it is
allowed to be sold.
41.
rjot
is strong
or
the
Miescher's
tubes
are
(about half)
calcified, then the
meat is forbidden to be sold only as tainted. If on the other
hand the meat shows a watery consistency on account of the
,
quantity of tubes, or
changes.
232
2.
MUSCLE ACTINOMYCES.
finds
';'
FIG.
42.
The
muscle fungus
are the pillars of the diaphragm, and the abdominal and intercostal muscles.
The
Detection.
is
These occur
in swine,
seldom
in sheep,
and are
either so
233
small that they can only be accidentally seen by the microscopical examination; or they attain such a size that they
are seen with the naked eye. They are seen either isolated
muscles, though
and
must therefore
be
judged accordingly.
In
tubes
scher's
/swine
we
find
different parasites
which
muscle fungus (see page 232), the trichina (page 221), the taenia (page 168), the
echinococcus
FIG.
43.
Natural
size.
Detection.
mined
is
the lime in a
weak
In
For the
arranged like beads, possesses no capsule, and is seen, contrary to trichina, in the muscles of the heart.
(b) Miescher's tubes are also found in the muscle fibre
234
(c)
The
trichina
may
calcify
case
we
find
of acids,
no trace of the
tri-
china, only the fact that the objects are not over I cm long
and spindal formed and that they are lodged in the completely disorganized muscle fibres point to their being tri-
china, only the facts that the objects are not over I cm long
the capsule then upon the addition of acids we can restore the
capsule as to form, size and position and easily recognize its
appearance.
(d) Taenia.
muscle
in
fibres,
grains.
(e)
These are very seldom seen in the muscles, and only then when
CRYSTALLINE DEPOSITS IN
SMOKED HAM.
the internal organs are
Echinococcus.
(LEUCKART.)
They
also
lie
muscle
between the
fibres
and are of
different sizes.
fer
They
dif-
in that
The
deposits of crys-
tals
by para-
fibres.
From
the calcification
235
caused by the parasites they differ in this that they will be dissolved by acids as well as by potassium solution.
Abattoir inspection. This is concerned with the parasites
causing the calcification. It is to be remembered, however, in
connection with
cal-
cified,
may contain with the calcified parasites
If the stock inother parasites capable of development.
the
determine
cannot
parasites causing the
definitely
spector
calcification then
surgeon.
4.
In microscopical examinations of pork there are found, however very seldom, delicate, fine, gray colored bodies about the
size of the trichina capsule, lodged between the muscle fibres
we can
lively
movements.
Upon
asites
are of
5.
little
importance.
OCCURRING IN SAMPLES.
These oc(a) The vinegar eel.
cur in old vinegar, and if vinegar
is used as a reagent instead of
acetic acid,
may be mixed
the specimen.
It is
with
a fine thread-
like
at
45.
body.
236
MITES
1.
(Siedamgrotzky
&
Cheese Mite.
Hofmeister.)
2.
FIG.
Sarcoptic Mite.
46.
i
nvestigations, protect however,
confusion.
against
On old dried, smoked hams, especially in cheese
(c) Mites.
inmites
at times settle, which in microscopical
mongers,
trichina
first
resemble
capvestigations upon
impression
sules.
Upon
closer examination
you can
is
therefore
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
Abdominal Cavity
Abnormal Odors of Meat
17
199
Abomasum
19
Actinomycosis
Actinomyces, Muscle
Acute Inflammation
148
232
185
Age
30
Advanced
198
Air Bubbles
213
Anaemia
Animal Body, Constructions and Functions
Animal Tissue
Animals, Examination During Life
Animals to be Condemned
Antemortem Examination
Anthrax
185
12
12
84
60
93
109
112
113
Anus
27
Aorta
23
Arthritis,
Pyaemic, in
Young
Calves
154
Septic, in Calves
158
Ascarides
178
Ascaris, Lumbricoides
178
Megalocephala
178
Atelectasis
34
134
Blackleg
Bladder Worm, The Brain
the
174
174
195
Bleeding, Imperfect
Blood,
The
31-205
,.
.184
153
188
201
16
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
xii
Bone
Sepsis
155
Bones
13-56
Compound
13
Cranial
13
Facial
Bot
13
178
22
fly
Branchioles
Breast Stab
32
Employes
71
73
Condemned
to
114
62
Carcasses, Destroying of
Tanking of
61
61
Carcinoma
195
Cartilages
Catarrhal Fever of Cattle, Malignant
136
56
Suppurative
152
Cavity, Abdominal
Cranial
39
17
Mouth
18-38
Nasal
18-39
Pelvic
17
Thoracic
Throat
16
18-38
181
Cercaria
Chorioptes
Communis
127
22
Circulation
Pulmonary
Clitoris
47
Coenurus Cerebralis
Coital
Exanthema
23
23
Systemic
in
174
Cold Storage
124-125
173
Coloration of Fat
198
Compressor
225
Condemning Carcasses
62
Condemnation Tag
61
Connective Tissue
203
Cotyledons
Cover Glass
Cranial Cavity
46
225
39
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
xiii
Crystals, Deposits of
Cutis
234
Vera
18
Cysticercus Bovis
Cysticercus Cellulosae
170-173
164
Tenuicollis
Demodex
174
Folliculorum
Dermatocoptes
Dermis
127
126
18
Destroying Carcasses
Diaphragm
61
16
Pillars
56
Digestion
Diseases Caused by Animal Parasites
Not Discussed
19
164
199
Discolorations
191
171
Pork
171
Distomum Hepaticum
180
Lanceolatum
180
Dropsy, General
Echinococcus
Echinococcus Polymorphus
170-176
Echinorhynchus Gigas
Emaciation
185-198
185
234
178
Hemorrhagic
Epidermis
159
18
135
18
93
202
Enteritis,
87
92
124
Excretion
27
Excretory Ducts
Expiration
22
19
Export
64
46
Fallopian Tubes
118
Farcy
Fat
54-204
Coloration of
Globules
198
,
, _,
213
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
xiv
Fever, Milk
I9o
Fever, Puerperal
Fibres, Cloth (Linen, Cotton, Silk)
155-190
213
Hair
Nerve
214
Wool
214
205
Fibroma
194
115
16-52
180-182
Large
Foot and Mouth Disease
180
119
Foramen, Occipital
14
Spinal
14
Gad
flies
179
160
Gangrene, Pulmonary
Gastrophilus
Nasalis
Equi
:.
178
178
Gestation
198
Gid
Glanders
Cutaneous
174
117
18
Diagnosis of
Nasal
Glands,
119
118
Lumbar
Lymphatic
47
25-26
Posterior Pharyngeal
Submaxillary
Superior Jugular
Growth, Malignant
Non Malignant
Growths, Pathological
Handling
Head, The
Heart
Heart, Lungs and Liver
Hemorrhagic Cuteritis
Hog
Cholera
39
39
41
194
,
194
194
19
38
24-36
33
159
133
31
176
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
xv
Hyperaemia
Immature Animals
192
197
Imperfect Bleeding
Infection, Light
Single
195
172
171
to be Fol.
...
172
Infectious Diseases
137
Inflammation
Acute
^92
187
Hemorrhagic
193
Chronic
194
Croupous
193
Diphtheritic
of the Lungs
193
193
Pyaemic
155
156
Injuries
191
105
105
Southern Cattle
Inspection of Vessels and of Animals for Export
105
Inspection,
Instructions to
Intestinal
Meat Inspectors
(general)
Canal
159
193
193
103
.-
84
41
Invasion Diseases,
The
164
187
Jaundice
Joints
56
Kidneys
Larynx, Muscles
Leucocythemia
Leukaemia
27
of the
217
186
186
Ligaments
56
Light Infection
Limbs, Anterior
172
15
Posterior
15
Liver
Liver Fluke
37
180
235
Lockjaw
151
Lumbar Glands
>
47
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
xvi
Lungs
22-33
Lung Worms
'
179-236
Lymph
25
Vessels
205
L -mphatic Glands
of Chest and Abdominal Walls
25-26
50
Malignant Oedema
Catarrhal Fever of Cattle.
136
.
.136
Mange
125
Measles in Swine
Measles in the Ox
164
169
Blown Up
Meat Inspection, Control
199
201
of
1 1
Inspectors, Instructions to
84
201
Overheated
Putrid
Mediastine
200
37
Mesentery
17-44
Microscope, the
the Mechanical and Optical Part of
205
206
the
the
Use of the
Working of
Microscopic
of
205
210
the
207
68
Examinations
Pork
69-102
77
230-233
Milk Fever
190
Mites
236
226
of the
227
Mouth Cavity
18-38
Muscle Actinomyces
Muscle Fibres
232
202
Fungus
233
Muscles
15-54
some Depositions
& 'Voluntary
Nasal Cavity
235
217
232
203
in the
,,,,.,,,
18-39
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER,
xvii
Death
Nerve Fibres
Oedema, Malignant
Oestrum
Natural
196
205
136
28
Omasum
19
Omentum
Ovum
Palisade
7-44
31
46
201
28
Worms
178
Pancreas, the
Parasites Which Can Be Mistaken for Trichina
38
229
191
199
17
47
Pentastome
183
Pentastcmum Denticulatum
183
Pericardium
Peritoneum
J7~36
I7~4&
Pia Mater
39
Pleura
Pleuro Pneumonia
16-48
122
Poisoning
190
39
106
124
n
179-180
230
Psoropserms
Psorcptes Communis
Puerperal Fever
127
155-190
158
Septic
Punctiform
94
Putrid Meat
34
200
Pyaemia
I5 2
Hog
Cholera
Pyaemic Abscesses Between Diaphragm and Kidneys
Pyaemic Arthritis in Young Calves
After
Pyaemic Inflammation
of the
156
156
154
156
Lungs
155
'
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
xviii
Rabies,
Dumb
Rabies, Furious
Rainey's Bodies
16
16
230
Reproduction
27
Respirations, Normal
Retention of Urine
Number
of
95
189
Ribs
15
Rigor Mortis
54
Rinderpest
Rumen
19
Ruminants
Sarcoma
19
Scab
Caused by Sarcoptes
In Horses, Mules, etc
In Sheep
Sclerostomes
195
126
127
125
.126
Scalding Tanks
126
126
178
61
Semen
Septic
27
28
Wounds
161
Septicaemia
of the Pleura and Peritoneum
Septic Arthritis in Calves
156
160
158
Enteritis
159
159
Puerperal Fever
158
of
Animals
29
Sex, Recognition of
56
Sexual Organs
Organs, Male
Organs, Female
27^45
Sheep Scab
Sheep Pox
Of Southern
Cattle
75
74
-83
97
171
The
18-32
'Slides
Southern Fever
45
126
123
How
45
225
128
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
Specimens,
How to Prepare
Worm
xi
and Examine
79
Spine-Headed
Spleen
Stamps, Cancelling
Protecting
Stock Inspectors
Strongylus Armatus
Contortus
Convolutus
178
24-43
65
~.. .65
i
178
,.
Filaria
,178
....-..-..
.179
179-180
39
126
j.c-
V.
,.....>
.153
,>^>. s^i-.
.152
.........153
Supra-Renal Capsules
Suspension of -Slaughtering in Abattoirs
Swine Plague
Synovial Fluid
Syphilis
Equine
Table of the Bones and Teeth of Animals to
;v
.,;.-*'
48
.....%.*.
67
.-
VFT-- .131
.'~j
56
124
Be Slaugh-
tered
the
179
.<:..,..
Micrurus
Paradoxus
Submaxillary Glands
Sucking Mite
Suppurative Blood Poisoning
Suppurative Catarrhal Fever
Fever
of
12
:a'?8
14
Most Important
Diseases
in
Cattle,
Horses,
99-100
of
TOO
spections
Carcasses Condemned
Tanking
of
Carcasses
Taenia
Alba
IOT
..
.102
102
61
2,1 \
177
Denticulata
177
Expansa
177
Fimbriata
Inermis
177
169
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
Mamillana
177
Marginata
174
Perfoliata
177
Plicata
177
Saginata
169
168
Solium
Tape
Wcrm
in
168-177
Dogs
173
94
Tendons
16
Tetanus
Texas Fever
Thoracic Cavity
Thorax
Thread
151
128
16
16
Worm
....
-.
"//-.
179
,..
Throat Cavity
.'. .\
.v
Ticks
......; ............. :
.
18-38
129
Tissue,
Animal
Vx
Tongue
Trichina,
12
y
>
.\\ -.
The
Examination
>. .:
.,^f.
39
214-234
222
??"
for
Form
of
The
Intestinal
Muscle
the Presence of
Young
Trichinosis
Tubercles, Calcified
Tuberculosis
in Cattle
Other Animals
in Swine
Tuberculous Animals, Post-Mortem of
Tuberculous Udder
in
214
214-215
214-215-216
218
216
220
138
137
140
143
142
144
144-145
Turnsick
174
Udder
Unborn Animals
Urinary Organs
197
Urine, Bloody
Retention of
U.
48
47
188
189
S.
Vagina
46
ALPHABETICAL REGISTER.
Veins
Vertebrae
xxi
24
15
Coccygeal
15
Lumbar
15
Sacral
15
Vertebral
Column
Villi
Voluntary
Vulva
14
45
Muscles
Warble Flies
Wounds, Septic
Septic in Swine
203
46
179
161
161
..:
>.<.