Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Structures and machines may fail in a variety of ways, depending upon the material, kind of
loads, and conditions of supports.
Buckling is a mathematical instability, leading to a failure mode. Theoretically, buckling is
caused by a bifurcation in the solution to the equations of static equilibrium. At a certain stage
under an increasing load, further load is able to be sustained in one of two states of
equilibrium: an un-deformed state or a laterally-deformed state. Buckling is caused by the
compressive load acting axially in the column (that is, long, slender structural members loaded
axially in compression).if such a member is slender, then instead of failing by direct
compression, it may bend and deflect laterally and we can say the column has buckled. Under
an increasing axial load, the lateral deflection increase too, and eventually the column will
collapse completely.

1.1.1 Buckling and stability

Buckling is characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to
high compressive stress, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than
the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding. For example,
during earthquakes, reinforced concrete members may experience lateral deformation of the
longitudinal reinforcing bars. This mode of failure is also described as failure due to elastic
instability. Mathematical analysis of buckling makes use of an axial load eccentricity that
introduces a moment, which does not form part of the primary forces to which the member is
subjected. When load is constantly being applied on a member, such as column, it will
ultimately become large enough to cause the member to become unstable. Further load will
cause significant and somewhat unpredictable deformations, possibly leading to complete loss
of load-carrying capacity. The member is said to have buckled, to have deformed.

1.1.2 Slenderness ratio and effective length

(1) Effective length: The effective length of a given column with given end conditions is the
length of an equivalent column of the same material and section with hinged ends having the
value of crippling load equal to that of given column.
(2) Slenderness ratio (K): The ratio of the effective length of a column to the least radius of
gyration of its cross section is called the slenderness ratio (sometimes expressed with the
Greek letter lambda, ). This ratio affords a means of classifying columns. Slenderness ratio
is important for design considerations.
Slenderness ratio is important for design considerations. All the following are approximate
values used for convenience.

A short steel column is one whose slenderness ratio does not exceed 50; an intermediate
length steel column has a slenderness ratio ranging from about 50 to 200, and are
dominated by the strength limit of the material, while a long steel column may be
assumed to have a slenderness ratio greater than 200.

A short concrete column is one having a ratio of unsupported length to least dimension of
the cross section not greater than 10. If the ratio is greater than 10, it is a long column
(sometimes referred to as a slender column).

The dividing line between intermediate and long columns cannot be readily evaluated. One
way of defining the lower limit of long timber columns would be to set it as the smallest
value of the ratio of length to least cross sectional area that would just exceed a certain
constant K of the material. Since K depends on the modulus of elasticity and
compressive stress parallel to the grain, it can be seen that this arbitrary limit would vary with
the species of the timber. The value of K is given in most structural handbooks.
Some rules of the buckling of columns are as follows:
(i) A column made of a ductile material like steel and whose length is more than eight
times of its least lateral dimension is likely to buckle and should be treated as a
column.

(ii) A column made of a brittle material like cast iron and whose length is more than six
times of its least lateral dimension is likely to buckle and should be treated as a
column.
There is a basic difference between lateral deflection of a beam and buckling of columns.
The lateral deflection of the beam is gradually increased as the lateral load is increased. In
case of buckling there is no such lateral deflection till the load reaches the critical value at
this point ,there is sudden lateral deflection, which result in collapse of the column .the
failure of the buckling is ,therefore, sudden and total without any warning.

1.1.3 Important point to note

When the slenderness ratio is less than 30, there is no effect on buckling and such
components are designed on the basis of compressive stresses. Columns with slenderness
ratio greater than 30 are designed on the basis of critical load there are two namely short
and long columns that are frequently used in buckling analysis. The rules for deciding
long and short columns are follows:
(i) Cast iron columns with slenderness ratio not greater than 80 and steel columns
with a slenderness ratio not greater than 100 are considered as short columns.
(ii) Long columns are those with slenderness ratio greater than 100 for ductile
materials and greater than 80 for cast iron.

Fig1.1 Different loading conditions and their respective effective length

3

1.1.4 Influencing Factors

Below the influence of various characteristic values such as the E modulus, geometric
moment of inertia, length and the type of mounting on buckling behaviour will be examined
using the Euler formula.
1. E Modulus: The E modulus is a measure of the rigidity of a material. A stiff material
is sensible for high resistance to buckling. Since strength has no influence on
buckling, materials with as high an E modulus as possible should be used. For
example, in the case of buckling strength a simple constructive steel St37 with a
tensile strength of only 330 N/mm 2should be given.
2. Geometric Moment of Inertia: The geometric moment of inertia indicates the
resistance against deflection resulting from the cross-sectional shape of the rod. Since
a rod buckles in the direction of least resistance, the minimum geometric moment of
inertia is the decisive factor. The table contains the geometric moment of inertia for
several cross-sectional shapes. Here, hollow sections with small wall thickness are
more favourable at the same weight as solid cross sections.
3. Buckling Length: The length of the rod as well as the type of mounting determines
the buckling length. The influence of the length is quadratic. At twice the length the
admissible load is only one-fourth the original value.

1.2. Formulae used for finding the critical load

(i) Euler formulae
(ii) Rankine formulae
(iii) Johnson formulae
(iv) Perry Robertson method

1.2.1 Eulers formula

Mathematician LEONARD EULER derived a formula that gives the maximum axial load
that a long, slender, ideal column can carry without buckling. An ideal column is one that is
perfectly straight, homogeneous, and free from initial stress. The maximum load, sometimes
called the critical load, causes the column to be in a state of unstable equilibrium that is, the

introduction of the slightest lateral force will cause the column to fail by buckling. The
formula derived by Euler for columns with no consideration for lateral forces is given below:.

F=

2 EI
(KL )2

Where,

F= critical load
E= youngs modulus
I= moment of inertia
L= unsupported length of column,
K= column effective length factor, whose value depends on the conditions of end
support of the column, as follows.

Assumptions in Eulers formula

The material of the column is homogenous isotropic elastic.

The section of the column is uniform throughout.

The column is initially straight and is loaded axially.

The column fails by buckling alone.

The self-weight of the column is negligible.

1.2.2 Rankine formula

In case of short column which fails by crushing the load at failure equals P=Fc A where Fc is
crushing stress for the column material and A is the sectional area. But for a long column
which fails by buckling, the load at failure that is the buckling load. The struts and the
columns which we come across are neither too short nor too long. The failure of the member
will be due to the combined effect of direct and buckling stress. Rankine devised a formula
for the collapse load which should cover all columns whether they are short or long.

Let Pc be the crippling load, Rankine stated his empirical formula as:

1
1 1
= +
PR Pe Pc
Where

Pe = Euler crippling load

Pc = Crushing load or Yield point load in Compression

PR = Actual load to cause failure or Rankine load

Since the Rankine formulae is a combination of the Euler and crushing load for a strut.

1
1 1
= +
PR Pe Pc
For a very short strut Pe is very large hence

Pe

would be large so that

Pe

can be neglected.

1
1
Thus PR = Pc for very large struts, Pe is very small so would be large and
can be
Pe
Pc

neglected, hence PR = Pe .

The Rankine formulae are therefore valid for extreme values of 1/k .It are also found to be
fairly accurate for the intermediate values in the range under consideration. Thus rewriting
the formula in terms of stresses, we have

??
1

???

??

?? ?

??
6

??

??
??

1+

For struts with both ends pinned

??

l 2
?

1+? ? ?

The value of a' is found by conducting experiments on various materials. Theoretically, but
having a value normally found by experiment for various materials. This will take into
account other types of end conditions.

Rankine load =

??

l 2

1+? ? ?
?

Rankine formula is used in design of machine components like IC engine connecting rod.

Fig2.1 Variation of unit load against slenderness ratio [8]

1.2.3 Johnsons parabolic formula

P

l 2

= FC g ? ?
k

For pinned struts.

Where Fc = compressive yield stress
g = constant depending upon column material
E = youngs modulus

Things which we rectify by Johanssons formula:

1. The effect of direct compression has been neglected in the case of Eulers formulae.
2. The loading is not exactly applied as desired.
3. The pin joints are not practically frictionless.
4. Absolute fixation of ends is not possible.
5. The members are not perfectly straight uniform and homogenous.

1.2.4 Straight line formula

P
Le 2
= FC n ? ?
A
k

Where

= stress corresponding to

P = crippling load on the column

Fc=compressive yield stress
A =area of c/s of the column
Le
k

= slenderness ratio

n = constant whose value depends upon the material of the column

1.2.5 Perrys formulae

A column in actual cases has imperfections like slight initial curvature of longitudinal axis,
imperfect support condition and material non homogeneity .very slight unavoidable
eccentricity may also exist in the line of application of the load. Such imperfection vary
column to column .Due to such imperfection the column is subjected to not only direct load
8

but also some bending moment .it is therefore reasonable to assume a centrally loaded
column with imperfections to be equivalent an ideal eccentrically loaded column. This is a
formula which is found for these cases where we have to determine the safe load that can be
applied at a column at a given eccentricity.

Professor Perrys formula

?0

1? ?1

?0
??

?=

1.2? ? ?
?2

Where

?0

???
1.3 Note/Conclusion

?2

= maximum permissible compressive stress.

P
= stress due to direct load = A.

is called eccentricity ratio.

These formulae give us the approximate result when compared with the actual result obtained
from the experiment due to following reasons:
a. The effect of direct compression has been neglected in case of Eulers formula.
b. The loading is not exactly applied as desired.
c. The pin joints are not practically frictionless
d. Absolute fixation of ends is not possible.
e. The members are not perfectly straight, uniform and homogenous.
So we try to use some other empirical relations for practical design. Some of them are:
P
l
?
Stress at critical load for structural steel = 367.5-2? ?
A
k
? ?

Safe working stress for mild steel =150[1-0.0038?

?]?
k

? ?

1.4 Objective
1. To first calculate the buckling load for different cross section using different theoretical
formula available (Rankine, Euler, Johnson straight line formula).
2. To observe the buckling behaviour of columns and estimate their buckling loads by varying
there length and end conditions.
3. To measure the lateral deflection of the columns during axial compression.
4. To compare the analytical and experimental values of buckling loads of columns.
5. To obtain the deflection behaviour of columns with slight initial bent shape.
6. To find the effects of material properties and end restraint on column behaviour.

1.5 Applications
1. Buckling is a very big factor for the failure of the connecting rod .we determines the cross section
of the connecting rod by buckling consideration.

Fig 3.1 Buckling of connecting rod in two planes [8]

2. To find the core and kernel of the column by buckling consideration.

3. Buckling failure is also important to select the cross section of the rods like square, triangle,
rectangle or a hexagon. Also the critical load for an equilateral triangle is 21% higher than that
of circular column so we use it instead of circular rod.

10

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature survey
[1] Jian-kang Chen (1987) presents an analytical solution for the linear elastic buckling

analysis of simply supported battened columns subjected to axial compressed loading. The
critical buckling load is derived by using the classical energy method. Unlike most of existing
work, the present approach considers not only the shear effect but also the discrete effect of
battens on the global buckling behaviour of the columns. The present analytical solution is
validated using the data obtained from the finite element analysis. The results show that the
number of battens has significant influence on the critical buckling load of battened columns,
particularly when the relative rigidity of the batten to the main member is small. It is shown
that the critical buckling load increases with the number of battens, the combined bending
and shear rigidity of battens, but decreases with the increased membrane stiffness of the two
main members, and the increased distance between the centroid of the two main members.
[3] Javad Alamatian (1999) prepares new features for applying the Dynamic Relaxation (DR)

method in buckling and post-buckling structural analyses. Here, controlling the

displacements increment is the main concept so that the minimum residual displacement and
the minimum kinetic energy criteria are designed for updating the load factor in DR
iterations. These new formulations do not affect the DRs stability and they are successfully
applied to both viscous and kinetic DR algorithms. Numerical analyses of structures with
snap-through and snap-back behaviours show that the accuracy and the convergence rate of
the suggested methods are higher than the well-known existing approaches such as the arclength technique, especially, if they are combined with the kinetic DR algorithm. Calculating
the buckling load is another interesting application of the proposed methods, performed here.
[2] Dongming Wei et al (2006) present analytic formulas for calculating the critical buckling

states of some plastic axial columns of constant cross-sections. The associated critical
buckling loads are calculated by Euler-type analytic formulas and the associated deformed
shapes are presented in terms of generalized trigonometric functions. The plasticity of the
material is defined by the Hollomons power-law equation. This is an extension of the Euler
11

critical buckling loads of perfect elastic columns to perfect plastic columns. In particular,
critical loads for perfect straight plastic columns with circular and rectangular cross-sections
are calculated for a list of commonly used metals. Connections and comparisons to the
classical result of the Euler-Engesser reduced-modulus loads are also presented.
[3] Safa Bozkurt Cokun (2009) variational iteration method (VIM) is applied to the problem

of determination of critical buckling loads for Euler columns with constant and variable
cross-sections. VIM is a powerful method for the solution of nonlinear ordinary and partial
differential equations and integral equations. Hence it is a suitable approach for the analysis
of engineering problems where an exact solution is difficult to obtain. This study presents the
application of VIM to various buckling cases and results are produced for columns with
different support conditions and with different variation of cross-sections.

2.2 Conclusions to Literature Survey

From the above survey of the literature on various aspects of Buckling we concluded that
number of methods are applicable to find Buckling load but some of the above methods are
not applied to our experimental setup, so others methods like Eulers , Rankine , Prof. Perry
are applied to find the critical load. Eulers formula is specifically used for the long columns
and Rankine is used for both long and short column due to consideration of the crushing load
which also makes Rankine to give more accurate result than Euler approach. Perry Robertson
formula is for eccentric load. So from all these above method we find the critical load for all
loading conditions.

2.3 Problem Formulation

Values of critical load for different cross section and different end conditions are calculated
for different materials like (steel, cast iron, timber, copper) and different analytical formulae
are used to obtain the critical load under these various different conditions. These analytical
formulae also have some assumptions which cause the deviation of the theoretical critical
load value from the actual or experimental critical load. These analytical formulae give error
about 6-7%, so we will try to find out the exact value of critical buckling load by
experimental setup for buckling under its various supporting conditions.

12

Chapter 3
Methodology
3.1 Modeling of column
1. Different cross sections taken (rectangle, circular, hollow circular, I section) of specific
dimension (specified in results) for column of different material (steel, cast iron, timber,
copper). Value of moment of inertia for these different cross sections value K and other
unknowns are calculated.
2. A program is developed on C++ language for calculating the critical load for different
cross section of column using various formulae like Eulers, rankine, johanson.
3. Here the length is varied and the variation of the critical load for change in length for
different cross section using different material and different formulae is plotted in graph.
4. Different graph corresponding to various material and cross section are obtained.

Fig3.1 Screen shot for the calculation for Eulers critical load
13

Fig3.2 Screen shot for the calculation of Rankines critical load

Fig3.3 Screenshot for the calculation of the Johnsons Critical load

14

Chapter 4
4.1 Result and discussion
In the first phase of our project the following objectives are achieved The theoretical critical load
value for the different materials (steel , cast iron , timber, copper) under different end conditions
(both end hinge ,both end fixed , one hinge one fixed, one fixed and other free) and for different
cross section (rectangular,circular,hollow circular , I section) and the variation for different
length calculated and plotted in the graph.
We use different formula to find the critical buckling loads which are:
1. Eulers formula
2. Rankins formula
3. Johnson formula(Johnson straight line formula)

For Calculation following data is taken

1. Cross section taken
1. Rectangular
2. Circular
3. Hollow circular
4. I section
2. Material taken:
1. Steel
2. Cast iron
3. Timber
4. copper
3. Dimensions :
1. Area (A) =12 mm2

2. Length (L) = 300 to 350 mm

15

Cross section properties

1. Radius of gyration
1. K (rectangular) = 0.29 mm
2. K (circular) = 0.98 mm
3. K (hollow circular) = 1.437
4. K (I section) = 1.08
2.Moment of inertia
1. Imin (rectangular) = 1 mm4

2. Imin (circular) = 11.47 mm4

3. Imin (hollow circular) = 26.13mm4

4. Imin (I section) = 12.986mm4

Material properties
1. Youngs modulus of elasticity
1.
2.
3.
4.

Esteel =200 GPA

Ecast iron =210GPA
Etimber = 11GPA
Ecopper = 117GPA

2.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Yield compressive stress

Fc (steel) = 315MPA
Fc (cast iron) = 560MPA
Fc (timber) = 35MPA
Fc (copper) = 70MPA

3.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Rankines constant
a (steel ) =0.000133
a (cast iron) = 0.000625
a (timber) =0.0003333
a (copper) = 0.000401

End condition to be maintained

1.
2.
3.
4.

both end fixed (n=4)

both end hinged (n=1)
one free one hinged(n=0.25)
one fixed one hinged(n=2)
16

BY EULERS FORMULA
Table 1: Observation for hollow circular section
L (mm)
Pe(steel) (N) Pe(castiron) (N) Pe(timber)(N) Pe(copper) (N)
300
2294.1
2408.84
126.18
1342.07
310
2148.51
2235.9
118.17
1256.88
320
2016.33
2117.14
110.89
1179.55
330
1895.98
1990
104.28
1109.15
340
1786.09
1875.39
98.23
1044.86
350
1685.48
1769.26
92.7
986.01
360
1593.14
1672.8
87.62
931.99
370
1508.19
1583.6
82.95
882.29
380
1429.86
1501.35
78.64
836.47
390
1357.47
1425.34
74.66
794.12
400
1290.45
1354.97
70.97
754.91

Fig4.1 Variation of the critical buckling load wrt length for different material using Eulers
formula for hollow cross section

17

Table 2: Observation for I section

L (mm)

Pe(steel)(N) Pe(castiron)(N)

Pe(timber)(N) Pe(copper)(N)

300

1137.68

1194.56

62.58

665.54

310

1065.63

1118.74

58.6

625.29

320

1000.07

1049.91

55

584.95

330

940.38

987.24

51.71

550.03

340

885.87

930.02

48.72

518.16

350

835.97

877.65

45.57

488.97

360

790.18

829.56

43.46

462.18

370

748.04

785.32

41.14

437.54

380

709.12

749.53

39

414.81

390

673.29

706.84

37.03

339.81

400

640.04

671.94

35.2

374.31

Fig4.2 Variation of the critical buckling load wrt length using Eulers formula for I section

18

Table 3: Observtion for Rectangular cross section

L (mm)

Pe(steel) (N)

Pe(castiron) (N)

Pe(timber) (N)

Pe(copper) (N)

300

92.116

87.729

4.825

51.34

310

86.269

82.161

4.518

48.064

320

80.961

77.106

4.24

45.107

330

76.129

72.5

3.987

42.414

340

71.71

68.301

3.756

39.956

350

67.67

64.45

3.544

37.7

360

63.96

60.923

3.35

35.64

370

60.55

57.674

3.172

33.739

380

57.413

54.679

31.98

390

54.5

51.911

2.855

30.368

400

51.81

49.34

2.714

28.868

Fig4.3 Variation of critical buckling load wrt length using Eulers formula for rectangular cross
section
19

Table 4: Observation for circular cross section

L(mm) Pe(steel) (N)

Pe(castiron)(N) Pe(timber)(N) Pe(copper)(N)

300

1006.26

1056.57

55.34

588.666

310

942.386

989.506

51.83

551.29

320

884.4

948.628

48.34

517.34

330

831.619

873.2

45.24

486.49

340

783.42

822.591

43.088

458.3

350

739.293

776.257

40.66

432.48

360

698.791

773.731

38.43

408.79

370

661.529

694.6

36.38

386.99

380

627.17

658.582

34.49

366.89

390

595.42

625.191

32.24

348.49

400

566.021

594.32

31.13

331.19

Fig 4.4 Variation of the critical buckling load wrt to length using Euler formula
For circular cross section
20

BY RANKINE FORMULA

Table 5: Observation for circular cross section

L (mm)

Pr(steel)(N) Pr(castiron)(N) Pr(timber)(N) Pr(copper)(N)

150

962.125

429.603

47.72

135.071

155

915.167

403.973

45.015

127.275

160

871.251

380.527

42.53

120.114

165

830.149

359.028

40.23

113.525

170

791.654

339.261

38.11

107.448

Fig4.5 Variation of the critical buckling loads wrt length using Rankine formula for circular
cross section

21

Table 6: Observation for hollow circular cross section

L(mm)

Pr steel (N)

Pr cast iron (N)

Pr timber (N)

Pr copper (N)

150

1656.55

2811.12

93.72

293.16

155

1593.72

2704.49

89.03

266.09

160

1533.64

2602.54

84.65

253.95

165

1476.23

2541.06

80.57

241.71

170

1421.38

2505.11

76.75

230.25

Fig4.6 Variation of buckling load wrt load using Rankine formula for hollow cross section

22

Table 7: Observation for the rectangle cross section

L(mm)

Pr(steel) (N) Pr(cast iron) (N)

Pr(timber) (N)

Pr( copper) (N)

300

108.25

39.94

4.66

12.966

310

101.553

37.42

4.36

12.15

320

95.455

35.133

4.1

11.4

330

89.88

33.05

3.86

10.73

340

84.78

31.14

3.68

10.11

350

80.11

29.39

3.435

9.54

Fig4.7 Variation of the critical buckling load wrt to length using Rankine formula for
the rectangle section

23

Table 8: Observation for I section

L (mm)
Pr(steel)(N)
Pr(castiron)(N)
Pr(timber) (N) Pr(copper)(N)
150
1110.62
514.693
56.576
160.726
155
1058.97
484.377
53.442
151.626
160
1010.97
456.602
50.549
143.729
165
964.828
436
47.876
135.524
170
921.927
407.626
45.401
128.388

Fig 4.8 Variation of the critical buckling load wrt length using Rankines formula for the I
section

24

BY JOHANSON FORMULA
Table 9: Observation for mild steel under variation end condition
L (mm) Pj rectangle (N) Pj circular (N) Pj hollow circular (N)
Pj I section (N)
300
1835.17
1801.96
1797.33
1800.67
310
1836.74
1802.42
1797.64
1801.09
320
1838.32
1802.89
1797.97
1801.51
330
1839.89
1803.36
1798.26
1801.93
340
1841.46
1803.82
1798.57
1802.36
350
1843.03
1804.29
1798.88
1802.78

Fig4.9 Variation of the critical buckling load wrt different length for I cross section steel
column

25

Discussion
We plot the graphs between critical load v/s length for different materials of same cross section
and observe there variation in buckling critical load with length using different formula for
finding buckling critical load. Similarly we plot graphs for other cross sections and observe the
following:
According to Eulers formula
1. For the same area rectangular and same end condition steel is the best material having
highest buckling load.
2. For same circular cross section and end condition cast iron is the best material having highest
buckling load value.
3. For hollow circular cross section and same end condition cast iron is the best material having
highest buckling load value.
4. For the same I cross section and same end condition cast iron is the best material having
highest buckling load value.
According to Rankine formula
1. For the same rectangular cross section and end condition steel is the best material having
highest buckling load value.
2. For same circular cross section and end condition steel is the best material having highest
buckling load value.
3. For hollow circular cross section and same end condition cast iron is the best material having
highest buckling load value.
4. For same I section and same end condition steel is the best material and having the highest
buckling load value.
Second observation
According to Johnsons formula
For mild steel rectangular cross section is the best cross section having high buckling load
capacity for same end condition.

26

Limitation
1. As we know all these formula give the approximate value and they are based on so
many assumptions like material is homogenous, isentropic .also the self weight of
column is neglected in these formulas. Euler formula gives best result for long
columns.
2. In Eulers formula effect of crushing is neglected.
3. During our analysis of finding the critical buckling load we came know that Johnson
formula is not applicable for the smaller cross sectional area and giving erroneous
result.
4. Other formula like Perry Robertson formula, energy method, secant method is not
applicable under pure axial compressive load and small cross section. They are only
applicable for eccentric loads.

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Chapter 5
Conclusion and future scope
5.1 Conclusion
From the above analysis and observation the theoretical value of critical load for different
cross section and material and there variation with length and different end condition obtain
with the help of graph .Different formula give the different value of critical load for same
material and same end condition and there variation in also observed from these theoretical
values of critical load we come to conclusion that I section is the best section and mild steel is
the best material among the chosen specimens and material. The theoretical critical load is
obtained by various different formulae and will be compared with the experimental value.
5.2 Future scope
This report has covered the theory of column buckling, the basics of preparing and
performing a column buckling experiment, and the results of this specific analysis and
simulation works. The column buckling theory and governing equations accurately predicts
the critical buckling loads for various lengths and fixities of columns. It appears to that end
fixity of a column, in addition to the length of the column; greatly affect how a compressive
structure behaves under axial compressive force. Structure will buckle under compressive
loads. Till now the theoretical analysis and study of the column for buckling under different
cross-section has been done and the experimental analysis will be done in next phase.

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REFERENCES
1. Jian-kangchen, Long-yuan Li, Elastic axially compressed buckling of columns
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Volume 77, December 2013.
2. Dongmingwei,Alejandrosarria,MohamedElginci , Critical buckling loads of the perfect
Hollomons power low column, Volume 47, January 2013, Pages 69-76.
3. JavadAlamation, Displacement- based method for calculating the buckling load and tracing
the post-buckling regions with dynamic relaxation method, Volumes 114115, January
2013, Pages 84-97.
4. SafaBozkurtCokun, Mehmet Tark Atay, method for Determination of critical buckling
load for elastic column of constant and variable cross section using variation iteration
method, Volume 58, Issues 1112, December 2009, Pages 2260-2266.
5. S. Ramamurtham & R. Narayanam Strength of materials 17th edition 2011 Danpath rai
publication.
6. Tod hunter, I., and Pearson , k., a history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of
material ,vols. I and II, Dover publication, inc., Newyork, 1960 pages 298-310.
7. Gere & Timoshenko Mechanics of material 2nd edition 2012 CBS Publication, 1972 Pages
197-278.
8. V.B Bhandari Design of machine elements 3rd edition 2011 Tata McGraw-Hill Publication
page no 806.

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