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RX For Change: Clinician-Assisted Tobacco Cessation: Introduction To Smoking Epidemiology of Tobacco Use
RX For Change: Clinician-Assisted Tobacco Cessation: Introduction To Smoking Epidemiology of Tobacco Use
RX For Change: Clinician-Assisted Tobacco Cessation: Introduction To Smoking Epidemiology of Tobacco Use
Introduction to Smoking
15 mg vs 10 mg if used correctly
Smoking in Movies: pervasive
1 in 5 deaths
437,902 deaths annually
2005: 50,000 persons died due to 2nd hand smokke
exposure
Economic impact
Medical expenditures 1995-1999: $ 75.488 billion
Societal impact $ 7.18 per pack
Epidemiology Summary
About 1 in 5 currently smoking
Nearly 500,000 deaths attributed to smoking annually
$ 157.7 billion: smoking costs per year. Lifetime financial
costs of smoking >$ 500,000 for a heavy smoker
At any age, benefits to quitting smoking
Biggest opponent to tobacco control efforts is the tobacco
industry
Pathophysiology of Tobacco-Related
Disease
Atherogenesis
Thrombosis
Increased O2 demand, decreased delivery
Inflammation, pneuomonia
Reduced lung fct, poor asthma control, COPD, repiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, wheezing, dyspnea)
COPD pathogenesis: Airway narrowing, fibrosis, inflammatory cells, protease / anti-protease imbalance,
oxidative stress
Neurochemical effects
Dopamine, NE, Ach, Glutamate, Serotonin, endorphin, GABA
Biology of addiction
Chronic condition, not simply a bad habit
Increased Dopamine release activates the dopamine
reward pathway
Withdrawal symptoms after 1 day
Chronic nicotine > increased receptors in CNS, ie
tolerance
Tobacco users tend to titrate tobacco intake to maintain constant level in body
4. Reproductive
Fertility issues, preterm delivery, infant mortality
Gonadotropin release > Impaired implantation
5. Osteoporosis
Osteoblast toxicity, increased resorption due to low
PTH / D + reduced Ca2+ absorption, early meno,
low weight, vascular insufficiency
6. Periodontitis
7. Ocular Disease
8. Post-operative complications
Surgical wound
Respiratory complications
Pathophysiology Summary
Forms of Tobacco
Nicotine inhaler
4mg inhaled as vapor + menthol to decrease irritation
Mouthpiece resembles cigarette!
Recommended to start with 6 cartridges/day average,
increase prn, 1 per 1-2 hrs average
Buproprion SR
Varenicline
Gum
4 mg more effective than 2 mg, contingent on baseline
smoking rate (25 cig / day)
Fixed schedule is better than PRN
Chewing technique critical to proper release
Too fast may cause hiccip, heartburn, gastric
upset
Avg 9 pieces a day, drink only water,
Lozenge
Herbal drugs
2 and 4 mg doses
25% more delivery than equivalent gum dose
Time to first cig TTFC is used to establish dose
(30 min after waking)
Fixed schedule is better than PRN
Dissolves in 10 min, let it dissolve slowly
Avg at least 9 lozenges a day
Lobeline
Compliance is key for quitting
Costs: Inhaler and Bupropion higher than cost of ciggarettes
Transdermal patch
Nicotine absorbs across skin to reach systemic circulation
7, 14, 21 mg dosages
Dosing varies by avg # cigs / day
No evidence indicates that gradual weaning better
than abrupt quit
Must wait 1 wk before using same patch of skin
Nasal spray
Nicotrol NS (Pfizer)
100 doses / 10-ml bottle, 50 mcL spray / 0.5 mg
nicotine
2 sprays (1/nostril) yields 1 mg per dose
3