Online - Uwin.ac - Id: Bachelor in Economics (S.E) : Manajemen

Course : Matematika Ekonomi (1507ME10)
online.uwin.ac.id
Bachelor in Economics (S.E): Manajemen
UWIN eLearning Program
Session Topic : Matrix Inverse

Course: Matematika Ekonomi
By Handri Santoso, Ph.D
Content
Part 1
Matrix Division
Part 2
Determinant
Part 3
Minor, Cofactors & Laplace Expansion
Part 4
Cofactor, Adjoint & Inverse Matrix
Powered by HarukaEdu.com
- 1507ME10-
S.3
Part1: Matrix Division
Matrix Division: Properties of Matrices
The concept of matrix division is,

approached in matrix algebra by
deriving the inverse of a matrix.
Q: What is one reason for wanting to find a matrix inverse?
A: Because it can be used to help solve a set of simultaneous
equations specified in matrix format
For example, consider the set of 4 simultaneous equations:
3x1 + 8x2 + x3 + 2x4
= 96
20x1 2x2 + 4x3 + 0.5x4 = 69
11x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 5x4
= 75
x1 + 12x2 + x3 + 8x4 = 134
- 1507ME10-
S.5
Matrix Division: Properties of Matrices (Cont.)
These equations can be represented in matrix format by putting:

The
Coefficients of the 4 unknown variables x1, x2, x3 & x4 into a
4 4 matrix A
4 unknown variables themselves into a 4 1 vector x
Constant terms from the right-hand side of the equations into
the 4 1 vector b.
These can be written as:
3x1 + 8x2 + x3 + 2x4
= 96
20x1 2x2 + 4x3 + 0.5x4 = 69
11x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 5x4 = 75
x1 + 12x2 + x3 + 8x4 = 134
- 1507ME10-
S.6
Matrix Division: Generalization
The same matrix format,

As that derived above can be used for the general case.
Assume that there are n unknown variables x1, x2, . . . , xn &
n constant values b1, b2, b3, . . . , bn, such that
a11x1 + a12x2 + . + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + . + a2nxn = b2
... ...
...
...
an1x1 + an2x2 + . + annxn = bn
- 1507ME10-
S.7
Matrix Division: Generalization (Cont.)
This system of,

n simultaneous equations with n unknowns can be
written in matrix format as
Ax = b, where A is the n n matrix of coefficients
- 1507ME10-
S.8
Matrix Division: Identity Matrix
Identity Matrix
Defn: The matrix equivalent to the number 1 in standard
mathematics.
Any matrix multiplied by,
the identity matrix will give the original matrix.
For Example, the 3 x 3 identity matrix is
- 1507ME10-
S.9
Matrix Division: Identity Matrix (Cont.)
For Example:
Therefore,
a matrix A can be inverted if there exists an inverse A1
such that A1A = I, the identity matrix.
Using this definition we can now see that if
Ax = b
Multiplying both sides by A1 gives
A1Ax = A1b
- 1507ME10-
S.10
Matrix Division: Identity Matrix (Cont.)
Since A1A = I, this means that

Ix = A1b
As any matrix or vector multiplied by
the identity matrix gives the same matrix or vector then
x = A1b
- 1507ME10-
S.11
Matrix Division: Inverse
The Inverse of a Matrix

To show that matrices are,
inverses of one another,
show that the multiplication of the matrices is
commutative & results in the identity matrix.
Show that A & B are inverses
2
A
3
&
5
B
3
3
2
- 1507ME10-
S.12
Matrix Division: Inverse (Cont.)
2 3 5 3
AB
3 2
3
5
2(5) 3(3) 2(3) 3(2) 1 0
3(5)
5(3)
3(
3)
5(2)
0
1
5 3 2 3
BA
3 5
3
2
5(2) (3)(3) 5(3) (3)(5) 1 0
3(2)
2(3)
3(3)
2(5)
0
1
- 1507ME10-
S.13
Part2: Determinant
Determinant: Fletcher Dunn & Ian Parberry
Fletcher Dunn
Software Developer
(2011-Present)
Lead Engineer (20072009)
Prof. Ian Parberry

Prof. Computer Science &
Engineering (1984)
For a 2nd order matrix (i.e. order 22)

>The Determinant. Defn:
A number calculated by multiplying the elements in opposite
corners & subtracting
- 1507ME10-
S.15
Determinant: Example
Find the determinant of the matrix
5
A
4
Solution
Using the formula defined above,
The determinant of matrix A will be.
- 1507ME10-
S.16
Determinant: Example (Cont.)
If
any sets of rows or columns of a matrix are,

linearly dependent then the determinant will be zero &
we have what is known as a singular matrix.
For example, if the second row is twice the value of
the corresponding element in the first row &
5
A
10
16
Then the determinant
The condition for the inverse matrix to exist is that the matrix must
be non-singular
- 1507ME10-
S.17
Determinant: 3rd
The determinant of 3rd order matrix
- 1507ME10-
S.18
Determinant: 3rd (Cont.)
Derive the determinant of the matrix
A 2
6 1
5
0
Solution
Expanding across the first row using the above formula,
the determinant will be.
- 1507ME10-
S.19
Determinant: Exercise
Test yourself
Evaluate the following determinants:
8 2
1) A
2) B
3 1
4) D 4 8 3
1 7 4
30 12
10
3) C
2 5 9
3 10
5) E 7 0
12 2
3
5
-7 0
- 1507ME10-
S.20
Part3: Minor, Cofactors & Laplace Expansion
Minor: Definition
The minor |Mij| of matrix A

Defn: The determinant of the matrix left when row i & column j have
been deleted.
For example, if the first row & first column are deleted from matrix
The determinant of the remaining matrix will be the minor
- 1507ME10-
S.22
Minor: Example
Find the minor |M31| of the matrix
A 1
2 3
9
3
Solution
The minor |M31| is the determinant of the matrix remaining
..when the 3rd row & 1st column have been
Eliminated from matrix A.
Therefore:
Using this definition of a minor,
the formula for the determinant of a 3rd order
matrix expanded across the first row could specified as
- 1507ME10-
S.23
Minor: Cofactor
A cofactor is,
the same as a minor, except that its sign is determined by
the row & column that it corresponds to
The sign of cofactor |Cij | is equal to (1)i+j .
Thus if the row number & column number sum to an odd number,
the sign will be negative
For example,
to derive the cofactor |C12| for the general 3rd order matrix A
we eliminate the 1st row & the 2nd column and then, since i + j = 3,
we multiply the determinant of the elements that remain by (1)3.
- 1507ME10-
S.24
Minor: Cofactor
For example,
- 1507ME10-
S.25
Minor: Laplace Expansion
For matrices of any order n,

using the Laplace expansion,
the determinant can specified as
For example,
Use the Laplace expansion to find the determinant of matrix
- 1507ME10-
S.26
Minor: Laplace Expansion (Cont.)
Expanding down,
the first column (because there is a zero which means one less set of
calculations),
the first round of the Laplace expansion gives
- 1507ME10-
S.27
Minor: Laplace Expansion (Cont.)
- 1507ME10-
S.28
Minor: Exercise
- 1507ME10-
S.29
Part4: Cofactor, Adjoint & Inverse Matrix
Matrix: The Cofactor Matrix
If
we replace,
every element in a matrix by its corresponding cofactor then
we get the cofactor matrix,
usually denoted by C.
- 1507ME10-
S.31
Matrix: The Adjoint Matrix
The adjoint matrix,

usually denoted by AdjA,
is the transpose of the cofactor matrix,
- 1507ME10-
S.32
Matrix: The Adjoint Matrix (Cont.)
Using the cofactor example above,

we have already shown that for
- 1507ME10-
S.33
Matrix: The Inverse Matrix
The formula for A1,

the inverse of matrix A,
can now be stated as
Find the inverse matrix A1 for matrix
1. Find the determinant matrix A

2. Find the Adjoin for matrix A
- 1507ME10-
S.34
Matrix: The Inverse Matrix (Cont.)

3.
- 1507ME10-
S.35
Matrix: The Inverse Matrix (Cont.)
The Example:
20 5
A
1)
2
6
2)
3)
The inverse matrix is thus
- 1507ME10-
S.36
Inverse Matrix: Exercise
Test yourself
- 1507ME10-
S.37
Course : Matematika Ekonomi (1507ME10)
online.uwin.ac.id
Associate Partners :
Powered
by HarukaEdu.com
Powered
by HarukaEdu.com
- 1507ME10-
S.38

Online - Uwin.ac - Id: Bachelor in Economics (S.E) : Manajemen

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Online - Uwin.ac - Id: Bachelor in Economics (S.E) : Manajemen

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Online - Uwin.ac - Id: Bachelor in Economics (S.E) : Manajemen

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Course : Matematika Ekonomi (1507ME10)

UWIN eLearning Program

Session Topic : Matrix Inverse

Minor, Cofactors & Laplace Expansion

Cofactor, Adjoint & Inverse Matrix

Part1: Matrix Division

Matrix Division: Properties of Matrices

The concept of matrix division is,

Matrix Division: Properties of Matrices (Cont.)

These equations can be represented in matrix format by putting:

Matrix Division: Generalization

The same matrix format,

Matrix Division: Generalization (Cont.)

This system of,

Matrix Division: Identity Matrix

Matrix Division: Identity Matrix (Cont.)

Matrix Division: Identity Matrix (Cont.)

Since A1A = I, this means that

Matrix Division: Inverse

The Inverse of a Matrix

Matrix Division: Inverse (Cont.)

2(5) 3(3) 2(3) 3(2) 1 0

5(2) (3)(3) 5(3) (3)(5) 1 0

Determinant: Fletcher Dunn & Ian Parberry

Prof. Ian Parberry

For a 2nd order matrix (i.e. order 22)

Find the determinant of the matrix

Determinant: Example (Cont.)

any sets of rows or columns of a matrix are,

Then the determinant

The determinant of 3rd order matrix

Determinant: 3rd (Cont.)

Derive the determinant of the matrix

Part3: Minor, Cofactors & Laplace Expansion

The minor |Mij| of matrix A

The determinant of the remaining matrix will be the minor

Find the minor |M31| of the matrix

Minor: Laplace Expansion

For matrices of any order n,

Minor: Laplace Expansion (Cont.)

Minor: Laplace Expansion (Cont.)

Part4: Cofactor, Adjoint & Inverse Matrix

Matrix: The Cofactor Matrix

Matrix: The Adjoint Matrix

The adjoint matrix,

Matrix: The Adjoint Matrix (Cont.)

Using the cofactor example above,

Matrix: The Inverse Matrix

The formula for A1,

1. Find the determinant matrix A

Matrix: The Inverse Matrix (Cont.)

Find the inverse matrix A1 for matrix

Matrix: The Inverse Matrix (Cont.)

Inverse Matrix: Exercise

Course : Matematika Ekonomi (1507ME10)

You might also like