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Chapter 3 - Matlab
Chapter 3 - Matlab
()
= () ()
h(n))
() <
then
DTFT:
=
=
1
=
2
Solution:
=
=
=
0
0.5
0.5
1
=
=
1 0.5 0.5
=
= 1
(1)
+ 0
+ (1)
= + 2 + 3 + 4 2 + 5 3
Properties of DTFT:
1. Periodicity
=
+2
=
=
1
+ x 2 2 + (3)
2. Symmetry
=
Even symmetry:
odd symmetry:
even symmetry:
odd symmetry:
=
=
< =<
Signal Type
Sequence x(n)
()
Unit Impulse
DTFT ,
1
2
Constant
Unit Step
u(n)
1
+
1
1
1
2
Cosine
+ +
Sine
Double exponential
()
Causal Exponential
Complex exponential
()
1 2
1 2 + 2
1 + 2 () = 1
2. Time Shifting
( ) =
3. Frequency Shifting
() 0 =
4. Conjugation
() =
5. Folding
() =
+ 2
= + ()
then
() =
0 () =
7. Convolution
1 2
= 1 2
= 1 2
8. Multiplication
1 2
= 1
Periodic convolution
1
2
1 2
9. Energy
()
=
0
1
=
2
- PARSEVALS THEOREM
1 , 2 band
Let
() 0
h(n)
Then = 0
() 0() =
= ()
() 0 0
Frequency Response
- The discrete-time Fourier transform of an impulse response is called frequency
response (or transfer function) of an LTI system and is denoted by
()
= 0
H( 0 )
= 0 0
( )
h(n)
<
= 0 + 0
= 0 0 + 0 + < 0
0 + 0
H( 0 )
+ + < 0
= ()
and
= ()
H( )
= 1
1
=
2
()
<
0.9
1
1 0.9
0.9
+ 0.9
0.9
=
1 0.9
1
=
1 0.9
1
1.81 1.8
Ae
v(t )
0
t0
t 0
bt
From:
V ( f ) v(t )e
j 2 ft
V ( f ) Ae e
bt
j 2 ft
A e
dt
-(b j2 f )t
b j2f
dt
dt
A
V( f )
b j 2f
b j 2f
b j 2f
b j 2f
A
b 2f
2
Ve ( f ) ReV f
bA
b 2 (2f ) 2
2fA
Vo ( f ) ImV ( f ) 2
b (2f ) 2
Amplitude Spectrum:
2f
bA
V ( f ) V ( f ) V ( f )
b (2f ) b (2f )
2
bA 2fA
b 2f
2
2 2
b 2f
2
A b 2f A b 2f
b 2f
b 2f
2
Phase Spectrum:
Vo ( f )
arg V ( f ) arctan
Ve ( f )
2fA
2
2
b 2f
arctan
bA
2
2
b 2f
2fA
arctan bA
2f
-arctan
b
=
+1
( )
=0
then
() =
=1
=0
+
=1
()
=0
a. Determine
0.8 1 = ()
a.
=0
+
=1
1
1 0.8
0 = 0.05 and
0.05 =
0 = 00
1
0.5377
=
4.0928
1 0.8 0.05
therefore
= 4.0928 cos 0.05 0.5377 = 4.0928 0.05 3.42
Introduction
2 mathematical tools in the analysis and
design of LTI systems:
Fourier Transform for nonperiodic signal
Fourier Series for periodic signal
j 2kF0t
c
e
periodic signal
k
with Tp 1
F0
fundamenta l period
Synthesis Equation
x(t )
j 2kF0t
c
e
k
Analysis Equation
ck
1
Tp
j 2kF0t
x
(
t
)
e
dt
Tp
j k
and
where
a0 c0
ak 2 ck cos k
bk 2 ck sin k
Energy infinite
Average Power finite
1
Px
Tp
Tp
x(t ) dt
2
x(t ) ck e j 2kF0t
Solution:
1
Px
Tp
Tp
1
x(t ) dt
Tp
2
Tp
ck dt
2
Px c 2 ck
2
0
k 1
1 2
a ak bk2
2 k 1
2
0
where
a0 c0
ak 2 ck cos k
bk 2 ck sin k
Solution:
since the signal is even, then integration interval is from
Tp
Tp
for k 0
ck
1
Tp
Tp / 2
x(t )dt
T p / 2
1
Tp
/2
Ae
j 2kF0t
/2
A e jkF0 e jkF0
F0 kTp
j2
A sin kF0
,
T p kF0
k 1,2,...
A
dt
Tp
e j 2F0 kt 2
j
2
kF
0
sin kF0
sin c where kF0
kF0
sin c
x(t ) lim x p (t )
T p
from x p (t )
j 2kFo t
c
e
,
k
1
where c k
Tp
Tp / 2
T p / 2
x p (t )e j 2kF0t dt
1
ck
Tp
Tp / 2
T p / 2
1
Tp
Fo
- Tp
2
Tp
2
x(t )e j 2kF0t dt
1
from c k
Tp
Tp / 2
T p / 2
x(t )e j 2kF0t dt
1
ck
X (kF0 )
Tp
or
k
Tp ck X (kF0 ) X
T
p
from x p (t )
1
F
Tp
c e
j 2kF0t
Tp
k j 2kF t
0
X
e
T
k
p
x p (t )
X kF e
j 2kF0 t
as Tp , x p (t ) x(t ) F dF and kF F
and
x(t ) X ( F )e j 2Ft dF
-
j 2kF0 t
X
k
F
e
F
x(t) X ( F )e j 2Ft dF
-
IN RADIAN FORM
1
x(t )
2
X e jt d
X x(t )e jt dt
x(t ) dt
E x x(t ) dt
2
X(F) dF
2
therefore
in polar form
X(F) X(F) e j F
X(F) magnitude spectrum
where
and
as a function of frequency
ENERGY DENSITY SPECTRUM of x(t)
F1 F
F1
and
Sxx ( F ) S xx ( F ) real signal has even symmetry energy density spectrum
Example : Determine the Fourier Transform and the energy density spectrum
of the following :
A,
x(t)
0,
X ( F ) x(t )e
t
t
j 2Ft
dt 2 Ae j 2Ft dt
sin Ft
X (F ) A
Ft
ck
1
1 k
X (kF0 )
X
samples of X(f) at frequencie s
Tp
Tp Tp
kFo k
Tp
Assignment
1. Find the Fourier Transform and energy density spectrum
of
x(t t )
0
Sampling
Let () be an analog (absolutely integrable) signal
Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT)
()
()
1
=
2
1
=
()
With
ALIASING FORMULA
with
1
, /
Definition:
> 2
Otherwise aliasing would result in x(n). The sampling rate of 20 for an analog bandlimited
Signal is called the Nyquist rate.
Solution:
Highest frequency of =175
= 200/
150
350
+
+ 4
200
3
200
= = 4 + 2 0.75 +
+ 4 1.75
3
= = 4 + 2
Since
1.75
+ 4 1.75 2
3
= = 4 + 2 0.75 +
4 0.25
3
Reconstruction
Condition for reconstruction:
1. Signal is bandlimited
2. Sampling above Nyquist sampling rate
To reconstruct:
1. Samples are converted into a weighted impulse train
= + 1 + + 0 + 1 +
=
2. Impulse train is filtered through an ideal analog LPF (low pass filter)
bandlimited to the 2
2 band
x(n)
Impulse train
conversion
Ideal LPF
()
where
Example: Consider
= = 4 + 2 0.75 +
+ 4 1.75
3
With = 200/
Obtain the reconstructed signal (), and determine whether the sampling/
reconstruction operation resulted in any aliasing. Also, plot the Fourier
Transform , and
Solution:
= = 4 + 2 0.75 +
+ 4 1.75
3
With
= |= = |=200
= 4 + 2 0.75200 +
4 0.25200
3
() = 4 + 2 150 +
4 50
3
() = 4 + 2 150 +
4 50
3
With
= 2
2 = 8 2 + 2 /3 2 150 + 2 /3 2 + 150
+4 2 350 4 2 + 350
1
Using = 2 = 2
2 = 4 + /3 75 + /3 + 75
+2 175 2 + 175
and
2 = 4 + /3 75 + /3 + 75
+2 25 2 + 25
from
() = 4 + 2 150 +
4 50
3
= 8 + 2 /3 0.75 + 2 /3 + 0.75
+4 0.25 4 + 0.25
= ,
< + 1
x(n)
ZOH
1,
0,
A rectangular pulse
Postfilter
()
1+ ,
1 =
1 ,
0,
0
2
+ 3 3 , + 1