Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Informatics & Applications, Takamatsu, Japan, 2015

Application-based Energy Efficiency Evaluation for Cellular and Wi-Fi

Wireless Networks Switching
Yean-Fu Wen and Ko-Yu Hung
Graduate Institute of Information Management
National Taipei University
New Taipei City, Taiwan (R.O.C)
yeanfu@mail.ntpu.edu.tw; s710136110@webmail.ntpu.edu.tw
ABSTRACT
The development of mobile devices (MDs) and
wireless network allow the users perform many
applications
and
entertainments.
Software
implementation of wireless network transmission
takes lots of power so that how to extend battery
lifetime of MDs has therefore become an important
issue. In this study, cellular and Wi-Fi switching to
explore for energy-saving depends on the user send
and receive E-mail, online Apps, browse web pages,
as well as to watch multimedia scenarios to minimize
power consumption. The main goal of this study is to
design and evaluate several energy efficiency
scenarios for dynamic cellular and Wi-Fi switching
schemes. The proposed schemes were used to
evaluate the effectiveness of the association factors of
the application types, signal strength, and weighted
aggregated traffic load when the several simulation
cases, such as number of MDs, traffic load, number of
cellular BSs, number of Wi-Fi APs, and the total
number of BSs and APs, are considered. We verify
the merits of the switching factors and the conditions
of under enable MDs to minimize the overall energy
consumption. We found that when the energy
consumption of MDs in accordance with the signal
strength is higher than in accordance with the type of
applications.

KEYWORDS
Wireless network switching; energy evaluation; BSoriented networks; applications.

1 INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of mobile devices (MDs)
and wireless networks and increasingly powerful
functions support users process routine tasks, such
This work was supported in part by Ministry of Science and
Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under Grant Number MOST
103-2221-E-305-012-.
ISBN: 978-1-941968-16-1 2015 SDIWC

as instant message, Apps, and multimedia at

anywhere and anytime. Cellular and Wi-Fi
wireless networks are supported by the standard
MD and widely used by users to access Internet.
The trade-offs between Wi-Fi and cellular
wireless networks are: Wi-Fi wireless network
supports large bandwidth [1], low transmission
power, and low cost, but it cannot use for high
moving speed. Oppositely, cellular wireless
networks support high moving speed and powersaving model (PSM) [2]. This type of networks
supports lower bandwidth, high transmission
power, and high charge fee. Suppose users select
one fee service such that the users did not care the
serving wireless network.
The amount of battery of an MD is limited.
Although the electrical techniques, such as
semiconductor [3], low-power processor [3],
standby and sleep modes [4], and offloading [5],
have improved the battery capacity, the wireless
access, large-size MDs display, and new release
applications required high power consumption.
Thus, this study considers energy efficiency from
the viewpoint of wireless network switching that
differed from the above methods.
The default configuration of an MD is to select
Wi-Fi wireless access service once the Wi-Fi
wireless network is available. Most of the
situations are 1) the coverage rate of Wi-Fi access
points (APs) is lower than cellular base stations
(BSs); 2) an MD associates to Wi-Fi inside with
low moving speed and access to cellular wireless
networks outside; and 3) the handover process
might be required when a user when the position
or the moving speed is changed. The handover
process includes horizontal handover and vertical

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handover. The horizontal handover is to switch

between same type of wireless networks to
observe strong signal in short coverage range [6],
[7]. The vertical handover means to change the
wireless service in different types of AP or BS
due to moving speed, bandwidth, power
consumption, etc. In practice, the handover
process causes delay that might affect the existing
running applications. This work assumes the soft
handover or larger enough buffer is implemented
to reduce the handover delay affect [8].
A group of users run various applications, as
shown in Table 1, that possess different traffic
loads with different transmission periods. The
real-time multimedia applications, such as
conversation video, possess large traffic load in a
very short sending-and-receiving period [9], [10].
When a user is running an intermittent application,
such as E-mail or instant status update, the
handover process will not be noticed and the
handover delay is tolerable. A running real-time
multimedia and interactive App applications
might interrupted. However, an interactive App
only tolerate a short delay that the transmission
process is continually sending with a small
amount of traffic load in a short time.
Several studies discuss the handover behavior
predictions,
they
adopted
software-based
prediction for wireless network association.
However, the existing MDs handoff delay is
longer than about 2.94 s from cellular wireless
network switches to Wi-Fi wireless network and
even longer from Wi-Fi to cellular wireless
networks with testbed experiments. Hence, an
enhance mechanism is required to improve this
problem. For example, larger amount of buffer
effectively improves the lag problem [8].
Fortunately, the handover process delay does not
affected by the intermittent applications and
batch-aware Apps because the inter-idle period is
longer enough for handover processing [11] for
examples of the instant message status update and
periodically E-Mail check.
This work extends the main idea of our
previous work [12], namely, how to match the
type of applications with the state of wireless
network operations to save energy. The

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differences, which are the contributions of this

work, are (1) to compare the energy efficiency of
the extended number of application types and
combine with the metrics of signal strength and
weighted aggregated traffic load; (2) to evaluate
the energy efficiency through various scenarios
with number of MDs, traffic load, number of
cellular BSs, number of Wi-Fi APs, and total
number of BSs and APs; and (3) to extend the
discussions from the viewpoint of the extended
simulation cases.
The remainder of this paper is organized as
follows. Section 2 presents the network, energy
consumption models, and problem description.
Section 3 introduces the proposed wireless
network switching and scheduling schemes.
Section 4 describes the evaluation and simulation
results. Finally, Section 5 presents a conclusion.
2 NETWORK MODEL AND PROBLEM
DESCRIPTION
2.1 Network Model
Given a wireless service area, which includes m
cellular BSs, n Wi-Fi APs, and u MDs. The
network architecture is modeled as a graph G(V,L).
The set of nodes V includes cellular BSs and WiFi APs (which denote as Vb) and MDs (which
denote as Vm) (Fig. 1). A set of links L represents
links between MDs and BSs or APs if the signalto-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) between
an MD and BS/AP is larger than the given
threshold. The set of links does not include any
link formed between MDs or APs because only
the BS-oriented wireless networks are considered
in this study. Figure 1 shows an example of this
type of wireless networks to serve the various
smart phones, tablet PC, or wearable devices with
cellular BSs (BS1) and IEEE 802.11g/n APs (AP1AP10).
2.1 Power Consumption Model
The effect variables of power consumption are
four states (include transmitting, receiving, idle
listening, and sleeping) [13], [14], frame loss, and

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Table 1. The comparison between various types of MD applications for transmission

Send and receive period
Map to the application
Type
group in LTE
Average (tuq)
Variance (uq)
conversational video
Real-time multimedia
(live streaming), nonVery short
Very small
applications
conversational video
(<10ms)
(<10ms)
(buffered streaming)
Real time gaming,
Interactive Apps
short
small
Instant messenger
Variable intermittent
Web
Middle
Large
applications
Batch-Aware Apps
ftp, p2p file sharing
Large
Intermittent applications

E-mail, status update

Long

Small

Traffic load
Average (uq)
Variance (uq)
Large (>2Mbps)

Large (>1Mbps)

small

small

Middle

Middle

Middle
Very small
(<1Kbps)

Large
Very Small
(<1Kbps)

Figure 1. Cellular and Wi-Fi Wireless network architecture.

switch (include channel and access point) [15],

[16]. This work associates to the type of wireless
network based on the tradeoff between
transmitting and sleeping states. Namely, the
transmitting power consumption rate of cellular is
higher than Wi-Fi wireless networks, but cellular
wireless network operation designs with sleeping

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state to let an MD transits into standby and

sleeping states to save power consumption.
Define the related parameters:
The SINR(u,v) between MD u and AP/BS v
at time .
The set of links L, which is obtained based
on SINR(u,v).

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The transmission time duq for a running

application q on node u that the aggregated
flow divided by the supported bandwidth on
link (u,v).
The idle time u is equal to the length of
each time slot minus the time used for
transmission. For the PSM, the idle state is
changed to the sleeping state.
The proportion of transmitting state denotes
uq so that (1-uq) is the proportion of
transmitting state to receive data for
application q running on MD u at time .
The power outputs of the device are put , pru ,
pui , and pus (W) for transmitting, receiving,
idle listening, and sleeping states,
respectively.
Define the average periodical transmission
time tuq with variance uq of the application with q
running on MD u and the traffic load uq (Mbps)
generates by average traffic load uq with variance
uq of application q for an MD u. Refer to the unit
power consumption of each device, as shown in
Table 2, the power consumption is determined by
the capacity c(u,v) and the aggregated traffic load
f(u,v), as well as the periodic transmission time
R(tuq). The power consumption rate for
transmission was determined based on the signal
strength. Because the required sending signal
strength is low when the evaluated signal strength
from AP or BS was strong. Consequently, the
power consumption rate was lower. The power
consumption of each device was derived from the
time spent in each state: active time duq (=
transmission time (duquq) + receiving time
(duq(1-uq)) and idle time u. The power
consumption on the idle state for power saving
mode (PSM) is pus with sleeping mode.
Oppositely, the power consumption rate pui is
used for idle listening. Thus, the entire wireless

network and individual MD power consumptions

were calculated as (1).

Put ( SINR ( u ,v ) ) uq d uq
, for idle listening
u Pui
r
qQu P u (1 uq )d uq

e u
Put ( SINR ( u ,v ) ) uq d uq

s
u Pu r
, for PSM

qQu P u (1 uq )d uq

, u Vm , tu .

2.3 Problem Description

Based on the network application access model,
which includes periodic e-mail, mobile APP, web
access, and multimedia services, an approach to
switch between Wi-Fi and cellular wireless
networks was developed. The detail problem
description can be referred to the previous work
[12] to minimize the summation of the power
consumption of transmission and idle states
uV t eu based on the amount of traffic and the
u

network load conditions was considered.

The main assumptions, which are also the
limitations of this work are: (1) any position of
any MD can access at least Wi-Fi and cellular
signal, but few places were only covered by
cellular wireless networks; (2) the single fee to
access both cellular and Wi-Fi is unlimited.
Namely, the charge fee of wireless access service
will not affect users to associate with a cellular BS
or Wi-Fi AP; (3) the Wi-Fi services were preauthenticated that an MD does not need to
authenticate for each association; and (4) only one
application running on an MD because the most
of MDs stop the background executing
applications.
The problem is subjected to: (1) An MD can
only associate with one AP or BS that is
determined within the given set of links L; (2)
The moving speed of a user with MD should be
less than an AP or BS supported maximum

Table 2. Power Consumption Rate for cellular and Wi-Fi wireless networks
Wireless Network
Transmitting
Receiving
Sleeping
Cellular [17]
1.74W/s
1.68W/s
0.01W/s
WiFi [2]
1.28W/s
0.94W/s
0.1W/s

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Idle
0.0348W/s
0.82W/s

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(1)

Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Informatics & Applications, Takamatsu, Japan, 2015

moving speed vmax , v Vm ; and (3) The constant

f(u,v) <c(u,v) that the aggregated flow of all MDs for
an AP or BS should be less than the supported
bandwidth.
The goal of this work is the same as [12] to
determine an active MD u switch to AP or BS v at
time slot . Once all active MDs associate to the
selected AP or BS, the following variables are
also determined: the time that an MD u used for
transmitting, receiving, idle, and sleeping at time
slot . The SINR(u,v) is changed from MD u to
AP/BS v based on the mobility model and
transmission bit rate c(u,v) at time slot . Finally,
the amount that an MD u consumes power eu at
time slot is observed according to the proposed
schemes to minimize the total power consumption.
3 WIRELESS NETWORK SWTICH AND
SCHEDULE
3.1 Network Switching Method
One existing standard wireless network
selection [18] and two proposed schemes are
compared with total power consumption. The goal
of the proposed schemes is to compare the metrics
of signal strength and weighted aggregated traffic
load such that STA and eSTA schemes are
proposed. The existing network switching
standard of each MD associates to the wireless
network AP based on the highest signal strength
that is denoted HSS, which is shown as Fig. 2.
The main idea is to switch to the Wi-Fi as first
priority, otherwise an MD associates to a cellular
BS. Among the Wi-Fi APs or cellular BSs, an
MD selects the AP or BS with the highest signal
strength.
Apart from the transfer speed and unlimited
amount of data access, the largest signal strength
and the lowest aggregated traffic load among the
same type of wireless AP or BS was set as the
first priority to be associated. The proposed
scheme, which is called STA, associates to the
wireless service network based on the type of
applications and signal strength. Namely, an MD
running intermittent application will switch to

ISBN: 978-1-941968-16-1 2015 SDIWC

cellular wireless networks BS with the highest

signal strength; meanwhile, an MD running realtime and interactive applications will switch to the
highest signal strength Wi-Fi AP. The pseudo
code of STA is shown as Figure 3. Line 4
executes a ranking scheme to the BS with light
weight first.
1 initiate BS connected Node;
2 for each Node
3
z = -1;//no MD associates the BS
4
for each candidate BS
5
if (the SINR between BS and
6
Node is the maximum)
7
switch to the BS;
8
if (z == -1)
9
No BS is associated for Node;
10
else
11
store the associated BS;
Figure 2. The pseudocode of HSS.

The second proposed scheme, which is called

eSTA, extends STA to associate the AP based on
the bandwidth differentials between MDs and
AP/BS. A weight for each MD with the traffic
requirement is divided by the average
transmission period and capacity (Line 2-5).
Figure 4 shows the pseudo code of eSTA that the
multimedia application is considered to associate
with Wi-Fi as first priority; meanwhile, other type
of applications associate cellular BS. Once the
type of wireless network is determined, the
AP/BS with the lowest aggregated weight.
3.2 Scheduling Method
Once the served AP or BS is associated for
each MD (Lines 5 and 8), the dynamical Wi-Fi
AP or cellular BS scheduling (DABS) algorithm
is presented as Figure 5, which is referred to [12].
The main difference is the switching schemes are
modified to reflect the designed comparison
factors: running application types, signal strength,
and weighted aggregation traffic load (Lines 5-8).
Consider each application is scheduled on the
points of a timeline from 0 to T (Line 4). The
schedule is separated by the individual AP or BS
(Line 9). Because there is no MD handoff to the
neighbouring AP or BS, the transmission time of

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each AP or BS is scheduled individually for each

time slot (Line 11). The execution time for each
application varies, such that some lengths cover
several schedule points and some lengths do not;
therefore, an adjust point is set if Used_Time <
Remainder_Slot_Time. The location of the adjust
point is based on min{Remainder_Slot_Time,
Min_Trans_Time Number_ of_Active_MDs}
(Lines 12-16). Accordingly, the time used for the
transmission and idle states is calculated for each
time slot.
4 EVALUATION RESULTS
4.1 Simulation Setup
The dynamical wireless service network
switching and schedule simulation programs are
implemented as self-development by C/C++. The
total power consumption is calculated to compute
with the relative standard methods. Given one
cellular BS, which locates in the middle of service
area, and several Wi-Fi APs, which were
randomly installed on a service range 1 km2. The
given values of the related parameters are shown
in Table 3.
4.2 Simulation Cases
Various variables, including the number of
MDs, the number of Wi-Fi APs and cellular BSs,
and the running applications, are controlled to
compare the two proposed scheme with the
existing standard scheme. The initial default
number of MDs is 150 with 1 cellular BS and 19
Wi-Fi APs. The simulation cases are shown as
Table 4.
Figure 6 shows the simulation results for Case
3 that the increasing number of Wi-Fi APs
decreases the amount of power consumption with
the fixed number of MDs. Because the various
type of applications are running on MDs that the
lower power consumption applications, including
Web, E-Mail, or App, should associate to cellular
wireless network to reduce the amount of power
consumptions. Thus, the effect ratio of the
number of Wi-Fi APs is low with various number

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of APs. Furthermore, the traffic load of the

simulation case is low that did not required large
capacity.
Figure 7 shows the simulations results of Cases
4-6 that the number of MDs increases 10 for each
simulation points. When the numbers of BSs and
APs are fixed for the Case 4. When the number of
MDs increases, the power consumption increases
because the traffic load increases. However, when
the number of cellular BSs increases, the
proposed schemes observe lower power
consumption no matter the number of Wi-Fi APs
increases (Case 5) or decreases (Case 6). One of
the reason is the higher cellular capacity supports
increasing non-real-time applications. As a result,
the high bandwidth decreases the power
consumption. The initial number of Wi-Fi is large
enough to cover the service area so that the
increase or decrease number of Wi-Fi APs does
not affect the power consumption significantly
according to Case 3.
1 initiate BS connected Node;
2 for each Node
3
loading=requirement/period;
4 rank the Node according to the
5 loading of each node;
6 for each sorted Node
7
z = -1; flag = 0;
8
for each sorted Node
9
if(Node type = multimedia)
10
if(BS type = WiFi)
11
if(BS SINR is maximal)
12
switch to the BS;
13
else
14
if(flag != 1)
15
if(BS SINR is maximal)
16
switch to the BS;
17
else
18
if(BS type=4G)
19
if(BS SINR is
20 maximal || flag ==0)
21
candidate BS;
22
flag = 1;
23
else
24
if(flag != 1)
25
if(BS SINR is
26 maximal) candidate BS;
27
if(z==-1)
28 No BS is associated for node;
29
else
30
store the associated BS;
Figure 3. The pseudocode of STA.

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1
initiate BS connected Node;
2
for each Node k connected BS a
3
weight[k][a]=requirement/period/capacity;
4
avg_weight[k] += weight[k][a];
5
avg_weight[k]/=number of node associated with BS a;
6
for each Node i
7
for each Node k
8
if (mark[k] == 0)
9
m = k;
10
break;
11
for each Node j
12
if (mark[j] == 0 && avg_weight[m] < avg_weight[j])
13
m = j;
14
mark[m] = 1;
15
for each BS a, which associated by Node m
16
if (Node type is multimedia)
17
if (BS type is WiFi)
18
if (BS_weight is minimum) switch to the BS;
19
else
20
if (has not associate) switch to the BS;
21
else
22
if (BS type is cellular)
23
if (BS_weight is minimum) switch to the BS;
24
else
25
if (has not associated) switch to the BS;
Figure 4. The pseudocode of eSTA.

Algorithm DABS
1 input: A set of devices V, which included a subsets of MDs Vm and a subsets of APs
and BSs Vb. A set of links L is the given set of candidate APs and BSs
connected with each MD. The related power consumption parameters are also
given.
2
ensure: The associated Wi-Fi AP or cellular BS for each MD, the time used for
transmitting, receiving, idle listening, and sleeping states, and energy
3
consumption.
4
5 Read_Network_Graph(); // input the network topology
6 for (each time slot T)
7
select case scheme:
8
case 1: HSS();
//to assiciate a served Wi-Fi AP or
9
case 2: STA();
// cellular BS for each MD.
10
case 3: eSTA();
11
for (each AP or BS)
12
do
13
calculate the minimal transmission time for each round;
14
sumtransTime = mintransTime * MDcount;
15
if (sumtransTime > dutyTime)
16
sumtransTime = dutyTime;
17
dutyTime = dutyTime sumtransTime;
18
calculate the time and power consumption;
19
while (dutyTime > 0);
20 calculate the aggregated time and power consumption;
Figure 5. The dynamical Wi-Fi AP or cellular BS scheduling (DABS) algorithm.

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However, some MDs, which are running

multimedia applications, observe high power
consumption since the number of Wi-Fi is not
fully cover the service area for this simulation
case. As a result, the power consumption rate is
high.
Table 3. Given Simulation Parameter Values
Parameter
The number type of Applications
Figure 6. Simulation results of Case 3.

Table 6 shows the simulation results of Case 7

that the number of cellular BSs increases results
in lower power consumption for Web, E-Mail,
and App applications because the intermittent
applications are suitable for cellular BSs, but the
power consumption of the multimedia application
increases to transmit through cellular wireless
networks. Overall, the proposed schemes obtains
lower power consumption than the standard
scheme because the cellular BSs or Wi-Fi APs are
associated to match the running applications.

Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Number. of
cellular BS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Wi-Fi power consumption rate for idle

Wi-Fi power consumption rate for
transmitting
Total evaluate time

HSS
1162.21
1116.1
1063.86
984.03
929.98
890.55
867.2
839.07
777.09
740.56

1.28 W
100,000 s
300 m

cellular power consumption rate for sleeping

cellular power consumption rate for idle
cellular power consumption rate for
transmitting
The time from Idle state transits to sleeping
model
cellular transmission range

Table 5. Simulation Results of Cases 1 and 2 (unit: KW)

Case 1
Case 2
STA
eSTA
HSS
STA
918.79
895.51
1162.21
918.79
825.07
805.73
1079.61
712.74
523.5
531.8
997.94
576.69
434.22
435.52
952.52
446.44
436.63
432.41
931.05
396.15
438.19
450.67
910.86
395.5
437.15
468.44
863.77
393.69
437.15
468.67
835.13
366.33
404.57
439.21
821.87
364.94
404.55
440.51
793.31
363.36

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0.82 W

Wi-Fi transmission range

Table 4. Simulation Results of Cases 1 and 2 (unit: KW)

Number of
Number of
Number of MDs
Traffic load
cellular BSs
Wi-Fi APs
Random
Up 1/point
Down 1/point
Random
Up 1/point
Up 1/point
Random
Up 1/point
Up 10/point
Random
Up 10/point
Random
Up 1/point
Down 1/point
Up 10/point
Random
Up 1/point
Up 1/point
Fixed
Up 1/point
Down 1/point

value
4

0.01 W
0.0348 W
1.74 W
30 s
500 m

Total number
of BS-AP
Up 2/point
Up 1/point
Up 2/point
-

eSTA
895.61
700.34
562.57
455.3
415.77
417.82
427.46
406.93
406.51
413.36

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Number of
cellular BS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Table 6. Simulation Results of Case 7 (unit: KW)

Application type: Multimedia
Application type: Web
HSS
STA
eSTA
HSS
STA
eSTA
1178.84
1216.53
1220.01
1200.95
778.72
791.21
1141.22
1216.61
1219.92
1160.88
647.84
656.05
1100.92
1216.67
1219.87
1121.02
283.21
288.95
1031.68
1217.19
1220.13
1047.8
168.87
169.55
988.96
1217.2
1220.46
1006.85
186.46
186.62
954.89
1217.41
1220.15
974.8
203.97
203.61
938.82
1217.41
1220.22
967.63
221.59
220.68
915.76
1200.05
1206.29
951.96
239.08
237.9
862.79
1200.07
1206.55
896.2
207.7
205.21
836.17
1200.44
1206.01
872.17
225.14
222.86
Transmission type: E-mail
Transmission type: APP
1159.59
775.41
662.53
1163.5
763.24
738.86
1106.79
653.19
572.35
1108.01
621.43
623.82
1054.27
312.78
309.92
1052.69
259.91
261.61
971.58
189.53
161.73
965.54
132.54
138.05
918.68
189.75
186.43
910.03
132.03
138.43
873.53
197.37
178.96
862.34
131.67
137.57
851.17
196.37
196.87
838.7
131.33
138.18
821.08
196.37
209.36
807.11
131.33
138.87
753.54
141.99
182.74
735.9
80.7
92.13
715.92
141.89
180.92
696.32
80.75
91.95

Figure 7. Simulation results of Cases 4-6.

4.4 Discussion
According to the simulation results, we found
that the numbers of MDs, cellular BSs, or Wi-Fi
APs, the power consumption rate of the standard
wireless network association HSS scheme is
higher than the power consumption rate of the
proposed STA and eSTA schemes to associate
cellular or Wi-Fi wireless network based on the
type of applications (as shown in Table 1). The
power consumption rate increases when the
number of cellular BSs increases for real-time
applications. The power consumption rate is

ISBN: 978-1-941968-16-1 2015 SDIWC

higher than the existing standard scheme when the

number of Wi-Fi APs is low.
The bandwidths of the set of BSs or APs
according to the distance between MD and BS/AP.
Given the amount of traffic requirements that
might be longer than the duration of a duty cycle,
but the simulation results did not affect since the
total simulation time is the same.
This work only considers the power
consumption on transmission except the power
consumption on monitor, processing, storage
access. The power consumption rate for cellular
BSs is lower than the Wi-Fi APs for the
intermittent applications. This type of applications
belong to small amount of message transmission
with longer idle time that allows the MDs transit
into standby or sleeping state to save power.
5 CONCLUSIONS
This work discusses the power consumption
related to the type of applications (i.e., multimedia,
E-Mail, Web, and App) and wireless networks
(Wi-Fi and cellular). When the type of
applications match the features of the wireless

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Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Informatics & Applications, Takamatsu, Japan, 2015

network, the power consumption decreases that

the main idea of the proposed schemes observe
low power consumption rate. The niche of cellular
wireless networks is that the transmission
components can transit into standby and sleeping
states once the node does not have data for
transmission. The power consumption rate is
close to 0 for sleeping state. The designed set of
simulation conditions are randomly generated that
the most of applications belong to intermittent
applications and observe low power consumption
by associating to cellular wireless networks. Thus,
this work can be extended to consider the issue
with game theorem.
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