STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

EE0035-3.5-2

CHAPTER 1: STRESS

INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
To understand the concept of stress and be able to use the concepts and
formulas given in solving problems
WHAT WE WILL STUDY
1. Types of forces
2. Normal Stress
3. Shearing Stress
4. Bearing Stress
5. Factor of Safety

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PHYSICAL EXAMPLES
POINT LOADS

DISTRIBUTED LOADS
Hydrostatic Loading

Pressure Vessels

Aerodynamic
Wing Loading
P

P(x)
Loads applied to bodies cause deformation in shape and size of the body which is actually
due to the stress that the body experiences. Therefore, it is essential to study on the various
kinds of stresses that a body experiences from various kinds of loadings.
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TYPES OF FORCES
Normal Forces:
Tensile Force, when a force extends the object, and increases
the length in the direction of the forces.

Fa

Fa
a

F
(Tension)
A

Compressive Force, when a pair of forces applied to an object,

it will reduce the length in the direction of the force.

Fa

Fa
a
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F
(Compression)
A

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TYPES OF FORCES
Shear Force:
Is when a pair of forces caused on the face of the material and to
slide relative to an adjacent face.

Fs

Fs

Bending Force:
The loads are applied transversely to the longitudinal axis of the
member and the member subjected to this bending load will
bend along its length.

Fb

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Fb

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TYPES OF FORCES
Torsional Force/ load:
Is one that is subjected to a shaft or a twisting member.

Mn
Mn

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STRESSES

Cut
section

F
A0 A

lim
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NORMAL STRESS
4. Stress varies across the cross section.
5. The points very near the application of the loads experience
a larger stress value compared to the points faraway from
the application of load on the same section.

6. The variation of stress across the cross section is negligible

when the section is faraway about equal to the width of the
bar, from the application of loads.
7. When a section is assumed to have a uniform distribution of
stresses (internal forces are uniformly distributed across the
section), resultant, P of the internal forces act at the centroid
of the section. This type of loading is called centric loading.

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SHEARING STRESS
1. Shear Force is introduced when transverse forces P and P are applied to a member.

2. Internal forces are called shearing forces and magnitude, P of the resultant
of the shearing forces is called the shear in the section.

ave

P
A

3. Actual value of of shearing stress varies from zero at the surface of the member to a
maximum value max that may be larger than the average value ave .

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SHEARING STRESS
Single Shear

ave
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Double Shear

P F

A A

ave
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P F

A 2A

BEARING STRESS

Diameter of bolt X Thickness of plate

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FACTOR OF SAFETY

Selection of an appropiate Factor of safety depends on:

1. Manufacturing errors composition, material strength, dimensions and material

properties altered eg. through heating
2. Damage during storage and transportation.
3. Fatigue over time, ultimate stress decreases as loads are increased and applied to
member repeatedly.
4. Possibility of sudden failures through buckling and stability failures.
5. Not designed for certain loadings
6. Deterioration that may occur because of poor maintenance (corrosion, decay) or
because of unpreventable natural causes such as storms.
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SUMMARY

Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Factor of Safety

NEXT CHAPTER
Strain

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