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PD - Copd
PD - Copd
PD - Copd
COST
Php22
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Php29
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Php66
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ABG analysis provides the best clue as to acuteness and severity of the disease
exacerbation (COPD). Patients with mild COPD have mild to moderate hypoxemia
without hypercapnia. As the disease progresses, hypoxemia worsens and
hypercapnia may develop
Spirometry
Spirometry measures the amount of airflow obstruction present. Normally, 75
80% of the FVC comes out in the first second and a FEV1/FVC ratio of less than
70% in someone with symptoms of COPD defines a person as having the disease.
Sputum G/S
In persons with stable chronic bronchitis, the sputum is mucoid and macrophages
are the predominant cells. With an exacerbation, sputum becomes purulent
because of the presence of neutrophils. The pathogens cultured most frequently
during
exacerbations
are Streptococcus
pneumoniae and Haemophilus
influenzae.Moraxella catarrhalis is also a common organism, and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa can be seen in patients with severe obstruction.
Chest X-ray
A chest x-ray may offer early clues to other important diagnoses, such as Php27
pneumonia, CHF, pleural effusion, aortic dissection, and pneumothorax.
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THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
LIST OF PROBLEMS
THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES
1. Dyspnea
1. To identify and treat underlying cause of the disease
2. Fever
2. To ensure adequate oxygenation
3. Fatigue
4. Weightloss
5. Cough
ADVICE AND INFORMATION
1. Educate patient and family on his present
health condition, pathophysiology and the
complications which may result if left
untreated.
2. Impart to the patient the information about his
nutritional needs and medications to achieve
compliance.
3. Impart to the patient the importance of good
nutrition with regards to his condition.
4. Teach the patient breathing techniques such as
pursed-lip breathing help reduce respirations
while improving the expiratory phase.
5. Advise patient to do energy-conservation
techniques. Pace activities, take frequent rests,
use assistive devices, and break activities into
smaller tasks to help reduce dyspnea
development.
6. Impart to the patient the proper position which
is the tripod position, in which the patient sits
or stands leaning forward with the arms
supported, forces the diaphragm down and
forward and stabilizes the chest while reducing
the work of breathing.
7. Advice the patient to take his medications
regularly to prevent complications
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