DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM
M4 CONSOLACION, Tristan
M9 SANIDAD, Erwin
F2 ALONZO, Roxanne
F7 CARREON, Cassandra

F19 PINOL, Rhieza

Digestive System

uniquely constructed to perform its specialized function of turning food into

the energy you need to survive and packaging the residue for waste disposal.

Parts of the digestive system:

1) MOUTH
is the beginning of the digestive tract;
digestion starts here when taking the first bite of food.
Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested,
while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it
down
2) ESOPHAGUS
Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus
receives food from your mouth when you swallow. By means of a
series of muscular contractions called peristalsis,
esophagus delivers food to your stomach.
3) STOMACH
is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being
mixed with enzymes that continue the process of breaking down
food into a usable form.
secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for
the breakdown process
4) SMALL INTESTINE
Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid, and end in a
liquid form after passing through the organ.
Water, bile, enzymes, and mucous contribute to the change in
consistency.
Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food
residue liquid has passed through the small intestine
5) PANCREAS
secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment
of the small intestine.
These enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
makes insulin, secreting it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is
the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar.
6) LIVER
main function is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small
intestine.

Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an
important role in digesting fat.
takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the
various chemicals the body needs to function
detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and
secretes many drugs.
7) GALLBLADDER
stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the
duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.
8) COLON (LARGE INTESTINE)
made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse
(across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon,
which connects to the rectum.
highly specialized organ that is responsible for processing waste so
that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient
Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed
through the colon by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and
ultimately in a solid form.
As stool passes through the colon, water is removed.
9) RECTUM
(Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon
to the anus.
receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is
stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation
happens.
10)
ANUS
Last part of the digestive tract.
surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing
control of stool.
The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and
the anus that stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed
to
Digestive System Disorders
Digestive system disorders happen when there is a faulty function during the
process of digestion which prevents some part of the digestive system from working
as it should do. There are a wide number of common digestive system disorders.
1. HEPATITIS
It is an inflammation of the liver caused by excessive intake of alcohol
or virus infection
HEPATITIS has several types but the most commonly known is the
Hepa A and Hepa B
Hepa A (HAV) is known as infectious hepatitis

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Hepa B (HBV) is known as serum hepatitis

This can happen through sexual contact with an infected person or
sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment.
It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby at birth.
CIRRHOSIS
A long term generative disease of the liver in which the lobes are
covered by tissues.
The parenchyma of the liver degenerates the lobules that are filled
with fats
The common causes of cirrhosis is alcohol.
Under these conditions, the patent will complain of localized abdominal
discomfort, intolerance to certain foods, and frequent belching.
CROHN'S DISEASE
is a Chronic, inflammation bowel disease of unknown origin. It usually
affects the ileum, the colon, or another part of the gastrointestinal
tract.
Diseased segments are usually separated from normal bowel
segments, giving the characteristic appearance of regional enteritis or
skip lesions
Symptoms include frequent bouts of diarrhea, severe abdominal pain,
chills, nausea, weakness, anorexia and weight loss.
Treatment is aimed at the symptoms. Surgical remove of a diseased
bowel segment provides temporary relief. However, recurrence after
surgery usually occurs
DIVERTICULOSIS
is the presence of pouch like herniations through the muscular result
layer of the colon, particularly the sigmoid colon.
Symptoms: Often no symptoms are present, Rectal bleeding,
Abdominal pain, Abdominal cramping, Diarrhea
DIARRHEA
literally means a flowing through.
It occurs when the mucosa of the colon is unable to maintain its usual
levels of the water absorption and secretes larger than a normal
amount of water, ions and mucus.
THRUSH
is a fungal infection of the tissues of the mouth caused by Candida
albicans.
It can also infect the skin.
intestines, and the vagina of women.
In the mouth it is called oral candidiasis.
It is characterized by creamy white plaques and can be treated with
medications.
TONSILITIS
is a bacterial infection of the tonsils frequently caused by strains of
Streptococcus.

It is mainly characterized by a condition of severe throat pain with

difficulty in the ability to swallow.
8. FOOD POISONING
is caused by the digestion of food contaminated with the bacteria
Salmonella, resulting in salmonellosis.
9. PANCREATITIS
is an inflammation of the pancreas caused by damage to the organ due
to alcohol abuse, infection disease, or drugs.
The condition can be acute or chronic.
10.
GASTRITIS
is an inflammation of the stomach lining that occurs after eating
certain foods producing discomfort, nausea, and vomiting.
It can be caused by food allergens, certain drugs, or bacterial or viral
infections, or chemical toxins. Chronic gastritis is indicative of a
disease condition like stomach ulcers or cancer.
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GASTRIC CANCER
Gastric or stomach cancer produces gastric tumors called
adenocarcinomas.
Symptoms include chronic discomfort, a loss of appetite with
developing anorexia, difficulty eating, weight loss, and developing
anemia.
PANCREATIC CANCER
Cancers that develop within the pancreas fall into two major
categories:
o cancers of the endocrine pancreas (the part that makes insulin)
are called "islet cell" or "pancreatic neuroendocrine" cancers
o cancers of the exocrine pancreas (the part that makes
enzymes).
symptoms develop once the tumor grows large enough to press on
other nearby structures such as
o nerves (which causes pain),
o the intestines (which affects appetite and causes nausea along
with weight loss),
o bile ducts (which causes jaundice or a yellowing of the skin and
can cause loss of appetite and itching).
ORAL CANCER
is an uncommon cancer but deadly cancer. Individual diagnosed with
the disease with the disease rarely live for more than one year. It
occurs more often in men than in woman.

Healthy Tips:
Eat in pleasant surroundings and take your time to chew. Rushing can mean
your body does not have time to register the food. This affects digestion.

 Keep a food and symptom diary to check for patterns relating to food intake
and lifestyle.
Reduce your gluten intake. It is found in wheat, rice, oats and barley and is a
common cause of bloating.
Avoid drinking a lot before meals. It dilutes enzymes in your stomach and
therefore makes them less able to break down food.