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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
I. INTRODUCTION
ITH rapid development of the communication technology, mobile phones are working in many wireless
960
communication systems, including the GSM (880
MHz), DCS (1710 1880 MHz), PCS (1850 1990 MHz),
UMTS (1920 2170 MHz), and ISM (2400 2483 MHz). As
navigation has become indispensable for smart mobile phone,
global navigation satellite system (GNSS) also becomes one
of the most important applications. The well known navigation system is the global positioning system (GPS), when the
Russian GLONASS and Chinese COMPASS are catching up
[1]. Bands of GNSS are in the neighborhoods of 1575 and
1227 MHz, which are referred as L1 and L2. Single-frequency
receivers for civil use work at L1 frequency and dual-frequency
Manuscript received June 07, 2013; revised October 22, 2013; accepted December 17, 2013. Date of publication January 13, 2014; date of current version
April 03, 2014. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of
China under Grants 61172026 and 41376041.
The authors are with the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. They are also with
SYSU-CMU Shunde International Joint Research Institute, Shunde, China
(e-mail: liyuanx@mail.sysu.edu.cn; isslyl@mail.sysu.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2014.2299821
0018-926X 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
LIANG et al.: MULTIBAND MONOPOLE MOBILE PHONE ANTENNA WITH CIRCULAR POLARIZATION FOR GNSS APPLICATION
1911
In this paper, we present a novel multiband monopole antenna that operating in communication systems with linear polarization and global positioning systems with circular polar50 mm2
ization. The proposed antenna occupies about 22
with a larger ground (about 88 50 mm2), which is suitable
for mobile phone application. With branch lines and a shorted
parasitic strip, the proposed antenna generates four resonant frequencies to obtain a wide operating band. The bandwidth (2.5:1
VSWR) covers GSM (880 960 MHz), DCS (1710 1880
MHz), PCS (1850 1990 MHz), UMTS (1920 2170 MHz),
WiBro (2300
2390 MHz) and ISM (2400
2483 MHz),
and also covers COMPASS (1559.052 1591.788 MHz), GPS
(1575.42 5 MHz), GLONASS (1602 1615.5 MHz). The
feeding strip and a tuning stub are constructed at different corners to achieve circular polarization. The 3 dB axial ratio (AR)
bandwidth (AR-BW) is obtained from 1540 to 1630 MHz, with
the peak circularly polarized gain of more than 2.7 dBic. In
the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth, right hand and left hand circularly polarizations are obtained in different broadside directions.
The generation of circular polarization has been studied with
an equivalent circuit network. Effects of various parameters on
the circular polarization performances are analyzed. A practical
structure was constructed for test and results are presented and
discussed.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
Fig. 3. The antennas with different bands. (a) Antenna 1, the basic design
monopole antenna. (b) Antenna 2, the dual-band monopole antenna. (c) Antenna 3, the tri-band monopole antenna. (d) The proposed antenna.
Fig. 4. Simulated return loss for the antennas with different bands shown in
Fig. 3.
Fig. 7. Simplified schematic diagram for the antenna in Fig. 3(a) at 1600 MHz.
LIANG et al.: MULTIBAND MONOPOLE MOBILE PHONE ANTENNA WITH CIRCULAR POLARIZATION FOR GNSS APPLICATION
1913
Fig. 9. Simulated self impedance of the parasitic stub in Fig. 3(a) for fixed
distance and varied length.
and
(6)
Where
(7)
(8)
Let
(9)
(10)
Fig. 11. Simulated mutual impedance of two resonant elements in Fig. 3(a) for
fixed length and varied distance.
increases, the parasitic stub becomes inductive and the reactance rises to positive. As can be seen in Fig. 10,
drops
from 80 to
because the reactance of the parasitic stub
changes rapidly. As
approach to the resonant length (
mode), the resonant current on the stub become stronger and
increases. Fig. 11 shows the simulated mutual impedance of two
elements for a fixed length
and varied distance
. When d increases from 20 mm to
40 mm, the mutual resistance falls slowly and the mutual reactance changes slightly. As a result, both
and are changing
slightly versus different coupling distance in Fig. 12. Thus, the
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
and
phase difference and the ratio are more sensitive to the size
of the parasitic stub. When the parasitic stub is capacitive, the
phase difference is in the interval of (180 , 360 ). In this case,
leads and right hand circular polarization may be obtained
in the direction along X axis.
To achieve perfect circular polarization, and d are adjusted
to control the amplitude ratio and phase difference . When
and
, the best axial ratio is obtained. Although
the configuration of the proposed antenna is more complicated,
circular polarization can also be realized by adjusting the size
of tuning stub and coupling distance. This method is often simpler in practice but more difficult of analysis. In Fig. 13, it can
Fig. 15. Simulated 3D LHCP and RHCP gain patterns of the proposed antenna
at 1600 MHz. (a) LHCP gain pattern. (b) RHCP gain pattern.
LIANG et al.: MULTIBAND MONOPOLE MOBILE PHONE ANTENNA WITH CIRCULAR POLARIZATION FOR GNSS APPLICATION
1915
Fig. 19. Simulated and measured radiation pattern of the proposed antenna in
the XY and XZ plane at 1600 MHz. (a) Simulated. (b) Measured.
Fig. 17. Measured and simulated return loss of the proposed antenna.
Fig. 18. Measured and simulated axial ratio of the proposed antenna.
the axial ratio (AR) for the broadside direction (along X axis)
in simulation and measurement. The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth
(AR-BW) is from 1540 MHz to 1630 MHz, which covers the
L1 band of GNSS (COMPASS, GPS and GLONASS).
In Fig. 19(a), the simulated results show that good circular
polarization radiation patterns are excited at 1600 MHz. The
antenna achieves right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) along
the X axis and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) in the opposite direction. In the XY plane, the max right-hand circular
polarization and left-hand circular polarization directions are
slightly rotated to the Y axis, because the tuning stub beside the
antenna works as a director. The experiment results in Fig. 19(b)
are basically consistent with the simulated results, except some
back lobes. These back lobes are mainly caused by the excited
current in resonant paths AF, AG and BD, as the coupling effect
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
Fig. 20. Radiation patterns for the proposed antenna in the XY, XZ and YZ plane. (a) 900 MHz. (b) 1900 MHz. (c) 2050 MHz. (d) 2450 MHz.
a tuning stub are constructed at different corners to achieve a circularly polarized bandwidth about 90 MHz, from 1540 to 1630
MHz. Broadside circularly polarized radiation is provided for
GNSS operation, with the measured maximal LHCP and RHCP
gain of more than 2.7 dBic. Within all the operating bands, the
efficiency is near 80%. Good omni directional radiation is provided within the communication system bands. The way to generate circular polarization in the proposed antenna is easy to
manufacture. The antenna is very promising for personal communication applications, such as smart mobile phone.
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Fig. 21. Antenna gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna. (a)
Operating bands of GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS/WiBro/ISM. (b) L1 bands of COMPASS/GPS/GLONASS.
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