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01 Temperature & Heat
01 Temperature & Heat
01 Temperature & Heat
0
T F = T C +32
5
The lowest temperature that has
been extrapolated for the Celsius
Temperature qualitatively
scale is -273.150C, which has
describes the hotness & coldness been designated the zero
of objects. An object is
temperature (absolute zero) of
considered hot when its
the Kelvin scale, the absolute
temperature is higher than a
temperature scale of the metric
reference temperature; it is
system.
considered cold when its
temperature is lower than said
T K =T C +273.15
reference temperature.
Temperature is related to the
average kinetic energy of the
molecules comprising the
material of the object.
1000C
2120F
00C
320F
L= L0 T
L = change in length
L0 = original length
T = change in temperature
= coefficient of linear
expansion
where
V = V 0 T
where
= coefficient of volume
expansion
The 3 expansion coefficients are related to
each other as follows
=2
3
=3 =
2
dQ=mcdT
Q=mc T
T melting=T freezing
Q=mL f
where
Q = heat gained (+) or lost (-)
m = mass of the object
Lf = heat of fusion of the material
T boiling=T condensation
Q=mLv
where
Lv = heat of vaporization of the
material
For water,
Tfreezing = 00C
Tboiling = 1000C
Lf = 334 x 103 J/kg
Lv = 2,256 x 103 J/kg
Q gain+Qloss =0
mc T + (mL)=0
mc T + (mL)+ E
+ W done=0
T H T C
dQ
H=
=kA
dt
L
where
H = heat transer rate or heat current
Heat is transferred via different
k = thermal conductivity of the
mechanisms: Conduction, Convection,
material comprising the object
and Radiation.
A = cross-section area of the object
L = length of the object
When heat flows within a body or between
TH = hot temperature
2 bodies in thermal contact, heat transfer
TC = cold temperature
via conduction is said to occur. This
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES
particularly true with solid objects.
Substance
k (W/m-K)
Heat transfer is measured in terms of Heat
Transfer Rate.
Aluminum
Brass
Copper
Lead
Steel
Concrete
Cork
Glass
Ice
Styrofoam
Air
Helium
Oxygen
205.000
109.000
385.000
34.700
50.200
0.800
0.040
0.800
1.600
0.010
0.024
0.140
0.023
H 1=H 2 =H
T H T
T T C
k1 A1
=k 2 A 2
L1
L2
And when 2 materials are arranged parallel
to each other, their heat transfer rates add
together.
H=H 1+H 2
T H1T C1
T H2T C2
H=k 1 A 1
+k 2 A 2
L1
L2
0e1
Since surfaces are both emitting and
absorving energy in the form of
electromagnetic radiation,
Heat radiation is the transfer of heat via the
H net =H emit H absorb
motion of electromagnetic waves like
4
4
visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet
H net = A emit e T obj A absorb e T surrounding
radiation.
Every object emits energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves. Only at absolute
zero temperature will an object stop
emitting energy.
H= Ae T 4
where
Example 1
The Humber Bridge in England has the
world's longest single span, 1410 m in
length. Calculate the change in length of
the steel deck of the span when the
temperature increases from 5.00C to
18.00C. steel = 1.2 x 105 K1
Example 2
A copper cylinder is initially at 20.00C. At
what temperature will its volume be
0.150% larger that it is at 20.00C?
copper = 1.7 x 105 K1
T =T f 293.15 K
5 1
copper =1.710 K
copper =3 copper =5.1105 K 1
V
=0.0015 V =0.0015 V 0
V0
V = V 0 T
T =0.0015
0.0015
T f 293.15 K =
0.0015
T f=
+293.15 K
5 1
5.110 K
=322.5617647K
T f =322.562K
Example 3
A machinist bores a hole of diameter 1.350
cm in a steel plate at a temperature of 250C.
What is the cross-sectional area of the hole
when the temperature of the plate is
increased to 1750C? steel = 1.2 x 105 K1
Example 4
Steel train rails are laid in 12-m-long
segments placed end-to-end. The rails are
laid on a winter day when their temperature
is 2.00C. How much space must be left
between adjacent rails if they are just to
touch on a summer day when their
temperature is 33.00C?
steel = 1.2 x 105 K1
L0 =12m
0
0
0
T =33 C(2 C)=35C =35K
5 1
steel =1.210 K
L01 L02
D=
+
= L
2
2
= steel L0 T
5 1
=(1.210 K )(12 m)(35K)
=0.00504 m
D=5.04103 m
Example 5
While running, a 70-kg student generates
thermal energy at a rate of 1200W. If this
heat could not be removed by perspiration
or other mechanisms to maintain a constant
body temperature of 370C, for what amount
of time could the student run before
irreversible body damage occurs? Protein
structures in the body are irreversibly
damaged if body temperature rises to 440C
or higher. The specific heat of a typical
human body is around 3480J/kgK.
Example 6
While painting the top of an antenna 225m
in height, a worker accidentally lets a 1.00L water bottle fall from his lunchbox. The
bottle lands in some bushes at level ground
and does not break. If a quantity of heat
equal to the magnitude of the change in
mechanical energy of the water goes into
the water, what is its increase in
temperature?
H2O=1,000 kg/ m3
3
3 3
V
=1.00
L=1,000
cm
=110
m
m=70 kg
m
P=1,200 W
H2O=
m= H2O V =1 kg
V
T =440 C370 C=7 C 0=7K
h=225 m c=4,190 J /kgK
c=3,480 J / kgK
U =Q mgh=mc T
Pt =Q Pt=mc T
2
(9.8
m/
s
)(225 m)
gh
mc T (70 kg)(3,480 J /kgK )(7K) T = =
t=
=
c
4,190 J / kgK
P
1,200 W
=0.526252983 K
=1,421 s
t =1,421.00 s
T =0.526 K
Example 7
An ice cube tray of negligible mass
contains 0.350kg of water at 18.00C. How
much heat, in Btu, must be removed to cool
the water to 0.00C and freeze it?
m=0.350kg
T =0.00 C18.00 C=18.0C0
=18.0K
c=4,190 J / kgK
Lf =334103 J /kg
Qremove =Qloss =(mc T mLf )
=(0.35)(4,190)(18)
+(0.35)(334103 )
=143,297 J =135.8265403 Btu
Qremove =135.827 Btu
Example 8
A copper pot with mass 0.500kg contains
0.170kg of water at 20.00C. A 0.250-kg
block of iron at 85.00C is dropped into the
pot. Find the final temperature, assuming
no heat loss to the surroundings.
ccopper = 390 J/kgK
ciron = 470 J/kgK
m1=0.500 kg
m2=0.170 kg
m3=0.250 kg
c 1=390 J / kgK
c 2=4,190 J /kgK c 3 =470 J /kgK
T 1 =T 2 =20.00 C=293.15K
0
T 3 =85.0 C=358.15 K
Q gain+Qloss=0
m1 c 1 (T T 1 )+m2 c 2 (T T 2 )
+m3 c 3 (T T 3 )=0
m1 c 1 T 1 +m2 c 2 T 2 +m3 c 3 T 3
T=
m1 c 1+m2 c 2 +m3 c 3
T =300.603 K
Example 9
A thirsty mechanic cools a 2.00-L bottle of
softdrink (mostly water) by pouring it into
a large aluminum mug with mass 0.257kg
and adding 0.120kg of ice initially at 0.00C.
If the softdrink and mug are initially at
20.00C, what is the final temperature of the
system?
caluminum = 910 J/kgK
V =2.00 L
=1,000 kg / m3
m1 =2 kg
m2=0.257 kg m3 =0.120 kg
0
T 1 =T 2 =20.0 C=293.15 K
0
T 3 =0.0 C=273.15 K
c 1 =4,190 J /kgK c 2=910 J / kgK
3
c 3=c 1
L3 =33410 J /kg
Q gain+Qloss=0
m3 L3+m3 c 3 (T T 3 )
+m1 c 1 (T T 1 )+m2 c 2 (T T 2 )=0
m1 c 1 T 1 +m2 c 2 T 2 +m3 c 3 T 3 m3 L3
T=
m1 c1+m2 c 2+m3 c 3
=287.6506236 K
T =287.651 K
Example 10
One end of an insulated metal rod is
maintained at 0.00C by an ice-water
mixture. The rod is 60.0cm long and has a
cross-sectional area of 1.25cm2. The heat
conducted by the rod melts 8.50g of ice in
10min. Find the thermal conductivity of
the metal.
T H =100 0 C=373.15 K
0
T C =0 C=273.15 K
Lf =334103 J /kg
L=60.0 cm=0.60 m
2
2
A=1.25 cm =0.000125 m
m=8.50 g=0.0085 kg
t =10 min=600 s
Q mLf
H= =
t
t
T H T C mLf
H=kA
=
L
t
mLf L
k=
At (T H T C )
3
(0.0085)(33410 )(0.6)
=
(0.000125)(600)(100)
=227.12 W / mK
k =227.12 W /mK
e=0.35
r=1.50 cm=0.015 m
A=4 r 2=0.002827433 m2
T =3,000 K
T S =290 K
4
4
H= Ae T Ae T S
=4,544.546804 W =heat loss rate
P input needed =4,544.547W
Example 12
If solar radiation energy incident per
second on the frozen surface of a lake is
600W/m2 and 70% of this energy is
absorbed by the ice, how much time will it
take for a 2.50-cm-thick layer of ice to
melt? The ice and the water beneath it are
at a temperature of 00C.
Example 11
The emissivity of tungsten is 0.35. A
tungsten sphere with radius 1.50cm is
suspended within a large evacuated
enclosure whose walls are at 290K. What
power input is required to maintain the
H
2
2
sphere at a temperature of 3,000K if heat
=(0.7)(600W /m )=420 W /m
conduction along the supports is neglected? A
2
H=(420 W /m ) A
L=2.5 cm=0.025 m
=1,000 kg / m3
m m
= =
V LA
m= LA
Lf =334103 J /kg
Q mL f LA Lf
H= =
=
t
t
t
LA Lf
2
=(420 W /m ) A
t
L Lf
t=
=19,880.95238 s
2
420 W /m
=331.349064 min
t =331.349 min