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T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A T -
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANIIAL
BY
WILLIAM
A. McLEOD
R E V I S E DB Y
CAPTAIN A. G. W. MILLER
GLASGOW
B R O W N .S O N & F E R G U S O NL, I M I T E D
4-10DanNrlv SrRnEr
Copyright rn all countriessignatory to the Berne Convention

All rights reserved
PREFACE
First Edition
Second Edition
Third Edition
Revised
Revised
Fourth Edition
Revised
F-iJih Edition
Revised
t944
1951
I 968
1912
t916
1911
I984
1991
2000
I S B N O 85t74 6 1 9 9 F i f t h E d i t i o n R e v i s e d
I S B N O 8 5 1 7 4644 6 F i f t h E d i t i o n
2000Bnowx, SoN& FncusoN, Lro., Guscow G4l 2SD

Made and Printedin Great Britain
M O S T s e a m a n s h i pb o o k s a v a i l a b l et o y o u n g s c a m e na r c o f t h c
advanccd text-book typc, intendcd for candidates studying for
Certificates of Competency as Matc or Mastcr and dcaling with
t h e t e c h n i c a ls u b j c c t sc o n n c c t e dw i t h t h e i r E x a m i n a t i o n s .
Such books are of little usc to thosc who wish to learn the
rudimcnts of seamanshipwork. For this reason, these pageshave
been compiled as a book of elemcntary knowledge fbr the beg i n n e ra n d a l s o a sa r e f e r e n c c - b o ofko r o l d e rd e c kr a t i n g s ,e s p c c i a l l y
those who seek infclrmation relating to everyday seamanship
p r o b l e m s ,o r w h o w i s h t o p r e p a r ef o r t h e q u a l i f y i n g e x a m i n a t i o n
lbr thc Certificate of Qualification as Efficient Deck Hand (EDH)
o r f o r t h e C e r t i f i c a t eo f C o m p c t e n c ya s A B , i s s u c db y t h e M a r i n e
a n d C o a s t g u a r dA g e n c y .
The Rcgulations rclating to the issue of these ccltitlcates arc
i n c l u d e ds o t h a t t h e s e a m a nm a y a p p r e c i a t et h c p r a c t i c a lv a l u e o f
the information includcd in this book. The Chapters arc arranged
to deal with general ship equipment, manual seamanship,mechanical and cargo gear, tanker knowlcdge, boatwork, cleaninggear,
painting, miscellaneous hints and navigational equipment in
roughly alphabetical order and should be usetll to cxccutive
officers and others for referencepurposes.Metrication is still slow
to come into evcryday use and Imperial units are rctained except
in areas such as paint and rope where the manufacturcrs havc
givcna lead.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TI{E changcs in ships and seamanshipcontinue and some men
will complete their careersat sea in ships where very little of the
"M" Notices, British Standards
old style seamanshipis required.
and the Code of Safe Working Practicesleave little scope for the
pcrsonal touch but I hope that there is still an interest in the job
which goesbeyond mere regulations.
I am grateful to P&O Containers Ltd., Associated British Ports,
Southampton. ACADIA Graphic Design, Southampton. Kelvin
Hughcs, Glasgow. Schat-Davit Company, Gosport, for their permission to use photographsand illustrations.
A.G.W.M.
2000.
Southampton,
CONTENTS
T t p e so i V c s s c l
( ' t t , r t ' t t t It
IrlRol)t( llol\
( ' e r t r l i c a t c s A U . F I ) H a n d l . i f e b o a t m a .n. . . .
( i r , x r r , r rS t u t ,[ : q r r p v r ' r r
C ' r r . r l r r ,l nl
I i n r ea n d W a t c h
. A n c h o r sa n d ( ' a b l e s
S h i p F i t t i n g sa n d I ' a r t s
B e l l s S t c c r i n g( i c a r
l)cck Machincr) . . .
P,\(,1
I
I6
CIrAPlrR
Ill
M,\\(Al SIANIANsrirt'
R o p e M a k i n g M a t e r i a l s S p l i c e sK
. n o t s .B e n d sa n d H i t c h c s W i r c
R o p e : i t s M a n i p u l a t i o n .S p l i c i n g .W o r m i n g . l ' a r c c l l i n ga n d
( i r a d e so l ( ' a n r a s
B o i t t s u a i n ' s( h a i r
Serring
Sc*ing
M o o r i n g s S a i l o r i s i n g. l o b s. . .
( rr.rlrrr l\'
[)lr r Stoxts r:.n (ir,..\R
lllocks
Shacklcs
l acklcs
A c c o n r m o d a l i o nI a d d c r
( ' a r g o( i c a r
Hatches
Purchases I hiniblcs Hooks
D t t t i .k t
('rrrlrtt V
I l r x t . n s , q l n O r t r r , nI ) r r r , r . o p l t l x t s
( i c n c r a l l a n k er K n o u l c - d g e
and l)roccdurc Rclrigt'rated
Ships
Masts and
Motlern trcnds in othcr ( argo Fquipnrcnt
('ttntairtcrisltion
I ) e r r i c k s C ' r a n e s S t e c lH a t c h ( o r e r s
I n i t i s a t i o n I ' a l l c t i s a t i o n R o l l - o n .R o l ] - o 1 1 F u t t t r t
trcnd......
llli
C r r . r l r r , n\ ' l
l l r . , r r s . r r r Inr l r ' r r l u r . rl . r r r r t r s
l.ilebout:
P a r l sa n d l : q u i p r r e n t l n l l a t a h l cl - i i c r a l l s
I rpcs
O p e r a i i o na n d F q u i p m c n t
Boat Stalions
I aunchrng
[]oat
Handling in Hearr Weathcr
[)istrcs\ Signa]\
( o r c r s a n c iF a l l s
B o a t : u n d e rO a r r
F l o a t :u n d c r S i t i l . . .
t66
( ' l r . r p r rVr l l
( r r r r r x < ;( i t r r
( lcanrngMaterial:
\ \ ' a s h i n g a n d S c r u b b r n gI ) c c k s
I anrps.
\ a r i ( ) u \ [ ) c c k S t o r c s. .
.
l - i g h t s(.) i l s
Ioolr
194
( t t ' r t , r r , \r' l l l
I).rrrrrr(,
I ) r c p a r a l i o no l S u r l a c c s M i r i n g I t i g n t c r t tas n d l : i t n t l t r s l J t i t s h c :
l ' a i n t i n g [ ) c r r i c k s .I u n n c l : . I o p s i d c :a n r l l ) c c l , I r t t i n g s
V a r n i : h i r r ga n d F n a n r c l l i n g
llr
\ n t l r " r\ t r r ' r k
( r r , v , r r tI X
\ r r r r i r r g. .. . . .
[-lag I titlucttc
Signalling
M lsr l
t . , t t r fo t s
l4l
( r . \ r ' r r RX
Ir,rt;.
)16
IX
THE BOATSWAIN'SMANUAL
EQuIpuENr
Cslprrn XI - NlvtclrtoNltLead Line and
Points of the Compass Steering the Ship
Soundings - Other Instruments and Electronic Equipment .. .. 252
CHlprEn XII
GsNrnn Slrrrv RrculluoNs
Rocket Life-saving Apparatus - Life-saving Equipment and ReguLoad
lations
Fire-Fighting * Lifebuoys and Lifebelts
Dock Regulations Lines - Timber Deck Cargoes Manning of Ships - Regulations for Preventing Collisions at
.......2'16
Sea....
"SI"
U n i t s o f M e a s u r e m e n t-
Apppuorx
R e l e v a n t C o n v e r s i o nT a b l e s .
.......
318
S$tmA Euorc.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Types of Vessel.
\ \
\ \
)
Conventional Dircction of Rrrovage for il.I(. Waters_System
A.
Lights.
Port Hand-Red-Anv
rhvthm.
5larb,,ird Hanrl- Grcin-Any rhythm.
\orth-*\\-lrite-Very quick,flashingor cluick flashing.
I ' - l s t , \ \ j i r c - \ e r y q u i c k f f a s h( 3 f o r q u i c k f l a r l r ( 3 i S , , u t l r \ \ ' l r i t e - \ ' e r y q u i c k f l a s l r( t i ) i i l c , n g, , r ( l u i c i flash (6)
f 1 long.
\\Iest- \Vhite-Very quick flash (9) or quick fla,sh(9).
Isolattd Danger-\\'hite-Group flaslr (2).
Safe\\'ater-Marks-White-Isophase, (),:c11111r,*
or long flash.
SpecialI'farks-Yellorv--Flash dr Group t;tash
ib) but iot the
hvthms used before"
Certificates:- AB, EDH and Lifeboatman
Foy Boats
An ordinary type o1' pulling boat used 1'or
a t t e n d i n gs h i p sa t a n c h o ro r w h e n d o c k i n g i n t h e N o r t h e a s tc o a s t s
ports of England.
Dorys
V a r i o u st y p e sa r e t o b e f o u n d i n d i f f e r e n tp a r t s o f t h e
w o r l d . b u t t h e b e s t k n o w n a r e t h o s e u s e db y t h e f i s h e r m e no l ' t h e
N e w l i r u n d l a n dC i r a n dB a n k s .A l t h o u g h t h e y a r e 1 1 a bt o t t o m e dt h e y
a r c e x c e l l c nst c u - h o a t s .
Pram
A p e c u l i a rt y p e o l ' b o a t w i t h o u t t h e u s u a ls t y l eo l ' s t e m .
H a v i n g n o l ' o r e l o o 1i.t t o w s w e l l b e h i n d s m a l l s a i l i n gy a c h t s ,a n d
t h a t i s r c a l l i "t h c p u r p o s ef o r w h i c h i t i s b u i l t .
Dinghy
S m a l l l i g h t w e i g h tb o a t l o r r o w i n g o r s c u l l i n g .
W h a l e B < l a t A t y p e e v o l v e db y t h e w h a l e m e no f t h e o l d d a - v " s .
A t p r e s e n t h e y ' a r eo n l y l o u n d < l nn a v a lv e s s e l as n d v a c h t s ,a n d a r e
g o o d b o a t s f o r b o t h s a i l i n ga n d r o w i n g .
Surf Boat
V e s s e l tsr a d i n go n t h e W e s tC o a s to 1 A
' fricaalwal's
c a r r i e dt h e s eb o a t s .s o t h a t c a r g o c o u l d b e " r u n " t h r o u g h t h e s u r f
a n d l a n d e do n o p e n b e a c h e sA. l l w e r e h i g h a t t h e e n d sa n d l o w i n
the "waist".
S h i p ' sL i f e b o a t s T h e s ea r e s p e c i a l l yb u i l t a n d e q u i p p e du n d e r
S a l c t yA
' g e n c ys u p e r v i s i o nf o r t h e p u r p o s eo f s a v i n gl i f e a t
Y;.r'".
(lutter
v e s s ecl a r r y i n g
S m a l l ,s h a r pb u i l t . b u t b r o a d - b c a m e d
a s i n g l em a s t w i t h 1 ' o r ea n d a l t m a i n s a i l ,g a l Tt o p s a i l .s t a l ' f o r e s a i l
and1ib.
Yawl
l s m u c h t h e s a m ea s a c u t t e r .b u t c a r r i e sa m i 1 1 , em
n ast
s t e p p e dw c l l a l t .
'l'he
o n l y d i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e na k e t c h a n d a y a w l i s t h a t
Ketch
t h c m i z z e nm a s t i n t h e k e t c h i s s t e p p e dl o r w a r d o f t h e r u d d e rh e a d .
Sloop
A s i m p l e l o r c a n d a l i r i g w i t h a m a i n s a i la n d o n c
stay'sail.
Bermuda Rig
A p o p u l a r r i g w i t h y a c h t s m e n .1 - h e l a r g e
p e a k e dr n a i n s a idl o e s a w a y w i t h a g a l ' f ' t o p s a i l .
I
THE BOAI'SWAIN'SMANUAL
T H E B O A T S W A I N 'M
S ANI]AL
SILHOUETTES
SLOOP
T O P S A IS
L CHOONER
BRIGANTINE
BAROUENTINE
KETCH
s 1 t' h i s t v p e h a v e
F o r e - a n d - a f t - S c h o o n e r W h i l e s o m ev e s s e l o
t w o o r t h r e e m a s t s ,o t h e r sh a v e a s m a n v a s s l x .
Topsail Schooner
A t w o o r t h r e e - m a s t e dv e s s e lc a r r v i n g
t o p s a i l s t, h e o n e o n t h e l o r e m a s tb e i n g s q u a r e - r i g g c d .
S t a y s a i lS c h o o n e r I n t h i s t ) ' p e a l l l ' o r e - a n d - a lsi a i l sa r e u s e d
without gal'l's.
Brig
T w o - m a s t e d s q u a r e - r i g g c dv e s s e lc a r r y i n g a b o o m
mainsail.
B r i g a n t i n e T w o - m a s t e dv e s s c ls. q u a r e - r i g S eodn t h c f o r e m a s l
a n d 1 < l r e - a n d - arli'gt g e do n t h e m a i n m a s t .
'fhree
o r f o u r m a s t s .S q u a r e - r i g g eodn a l l e x c e p tt h e
Barque
altcronc.
B a r q u e n t i n e l - h r e e o r t o u r m a s t s .b u t s q u a r e - r i g g eodn t h e
l b r e m a s to n l v .
t u l l R i g g e dS h i p T h r e e - m a s t evde s s e ls. q u a r e - r i g g eodn e a c h
mast.
T h a m e sS a i l i n gB a r g e A t y p e o l v c s s e p
l e c u l i a rt o t h c R i v e r
T h a m e s .T h e y a r e s p r i t - s a i rl i g g e d .
Dumb Barge
A n o r d i n a r y 'b a r g c w i t h o u t p r o p e l l i n gp o w e r .
e x c c r plto n g s w e c p so r o a r s .
(lruisers
A p a r t f r o n . rt h e r e m a i n i n g A i r c r a l ' t ( ' a r r i e r s .t h e
C r u i s e ri s n o w t h e l a r g e s ts u r l ' a c eI ' i g h t i n gu n i t a n d . i n a d d i t i o nt o
h a v i n ga h i g h t u r n o f s p e e d ,i s h e a v i l va r m e d a n d a r m o u r - p l a t e d .
Auxiliary Cruisers
F a s t a r m e d m e r c h a n tv e s s e l sc o m m i s s ioncd by the Admiralty in time of war.
A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r s L a r g ev e s s e l w
s h o s ec h i e fc h a r a c t e r i s t iics a
l a r g ew i d e d e c k f o r a i r c r a l i t o l a n d u p o n . a n d 1 ' o rt h e c o n v e n i e n c e
o f w h i c h t h e f u n n e l i s p l a c e da t t h e s i d e o 1 ' t h ev e s s e l .
SideTrawler
T h e r e i s p r a c t i c a l l yn o v a r i e t y i n t h e d e s i g no l '
s i d c t r a w l e r sa n d v e r y l i t t l e t o d i s t i n g u i s ht h e m f r o m d r i f t e r s .B o t h
h a v e t h e i r e n g i n e sa n d w h e e l h o u s easf t t o a l l o w w o r k i n g s p a c eo n
t h c f o r e d e c k .l ' o w o r k t h e t r a w l o v e r t h e s i d e ,t h e r e a r e t w o h e a v y
i n v e r t e d[ J { ' a i r l c a d cs a l l e dg a l l o w s .a n d t h e s ea r e t h c b e s tg u i d e t c r
t h c t y p e o l ' f i s h i n gc a r r i e do u t .
Drifter
The dril'ter has its nets over the bow and needsa big
c a p s t a nf o r w a r d t o p u l l i t u p t o t h e n e t s .w h i c h a r e t o w i n d w a r d .T o
k e e p i t h e a d t o w i n d . t h e f o r e m a s ti s l o w e r e da n d a m i z z e ns a i l i s
set.
S t e r n T r a w l e r s W o r k i n g o n t h e f o r e d e c ko f a s i d e t r a w l e r i s
v e r y d a n g e r o u sa, n d m o d e r nt r a w l e r sa r e b u i l t w i t h t h e w h e e l h o u s e
f o r w a r d a n d a c o v e r e dw o r k - s p a c ea f t . T h e t r a w l i s b r o u g h tu p i n t o
t h e s t e r n o n a s l o p i n gr a m p .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
V E R YL A R G EC R U D EO I LC A R R I E R
C A R G OS H I PW I T HH A L L E ND E R B I C K S
I\,IOTOFYACHT
C O N T A I N ES
RH I P
'I'hesc
Ice Breakers
v e s s e l sv a r v i n s i z e a n d p o w e r . b u t t h e r
a r e a l l d e s i g n e dt o r i d e u p o n t o t h e i c e a n d c r u s ha w a 1 "t h r o u g hf ' o r
c o n v e n t i o n asl h i p st o l b l l o w .
Yachts
M o s t p l e a s u r el , a c h t sa r e p o w e r e db v d i c s c le n g i n e s .
t h c s t e a mv a c h t w i t h i t s b i g c r e w i s a t h i n g o f t h c p a s t . S a i l i n g
y a c h t sc a n b e s e e ni n t h e i r t h o u s a n d so n s o m e p a r t s o f t h e c o a s t .
a n d t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e s p o r t 1 o r b o t h c r u i s i n ga n d r a c i n g i s
a p p a r e n tt o a n \ , o b s e r v e ro n c o a s t a lo r i n l a n d w a t e r s .
W h a l e ( l h a s e r s S m a l l , [ ' a s ts t e a m e r sw h i c h w o r k i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h W h a l c F a c t o r vS h i p s .a n d w h i c h h a v e a n o u t l i n e . " e n
s i m i l a rt o t h a t o l a t r a w l e r . ' l ' h e svee s s e iasr ee a s i l vd i s t i n g u i s h cbdr
t h e h a r p o o n - g u nr i g h t I o r w a r d .a n d a I ' l v i n gb r i d g el e a d i n g{ ' r o mt h e
gun to the wheelhouse.
SILHOUETTES
FORESTPRODUCTSCARRIER
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I -
LIOUIFIEDPETFOLEUMGAS (LPG)CARRIEF
Tug Boats
S m a l l c r a l i , w i t h h i g h - p o w e r e de n g i n e s .w h i c h
p e r f o r m a l l t o w i n g o p e r a t i o n sA
. l l a r e a s l i g h tv a r i a t i o no l ' o n c t v p e
a n d a r c e a s i l y ' i d e n t i f i e dT. h e m a i n f e a t u r ei s t h a t t h e a l ' t e r - e n di s
k e p t c l e a r o f a l l o b s t r u c t i o n sl i k e l l t o i n t c r l - e r e
with thc to\L-rope.
(iableShip
T h e g e n e r a lo u t l i n e a n d c o k r u r i n ga r e n r u c ht h e
s a m c. l sa s t e a my a c h t .T h e c l i p p e rt y p c b o w i s a d a p t e dl o r h a n d l i n g
deep-sea
c a b l e .a n d i s f i t t e d w i t h l a r g ew h e e l so r g u i d e s .w h i c h a r c
l i t t c d i n t o t h e s t e m h e a da n d p o o p f o r t h a t p u r p o s e .
Hoppers-'- Specialtypeof vesselemployedin the carria-ee
of rnud
and sandfrom dredgersin the open sea,where it is dischargedby the
simple processof opening doors in the bottom. This is done by a
systemof chainsrunning along the centre-linegirder,which forms a
very noticeablefeature ir.rthesevessels.
D r e d g e r s B u c k e t d r e d g e r sc a n n o t d i s g u i s et h c i r o c c u p a t i o n
a s t h e b u c k e t s c a p s i z et o e m p t y s e v e r a l t o n s o f s p o i l b e l i r r e
r e t u r n i n g t o t h e b o t t o m i n a n e n d l e s sc h a i n . T h e y a r e a l w a t s
a t t e n d e db y h o p p e r s .S u c t i o n d r e d g e r sa r e n o t a l w a v so b v i o u s ,a s
t h e t ' n ' r a vb e c o n v e r t e dl r o r n o t h e r l r a d e s .s u c h a s c o l l i e r s .A l a r g e
d i a m c t e rp i p e h i n g e df o r w a r d t r a i l sd i a g o n a l l vb a c k u n d e rt h e s h i p
a n d p u m p s s u c k u p s p o i l a n d w a t c r .T h e h c a v vs p o i l s i n k si n t o t h e
h o l d a n d t h e w a t e r o v e r f l o w so v c r t h e h a t c h c o a m i n g s .S u c t i o n
d r e d g e r sd o n o t n e c dh o p p e r s .a n d s o m ea r e e n g a g e dt o b r i n g s a n d
a n d g r a v e la s h o r ef o r t h e b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y .
S u p p l yB o a t
A s p e c i a sl h i p b u i l t t o s e r v i c eo i l r i g s i n e x p o s e d
p o s i t i o n so f f s h o r e .T h e c a r g o i s c a r r i e do n d e c k a f t a n d t o k e e pt h e
a f t e r d e c k a s c l e a r a s p o s s i b l et h e w h e c l h o u s ea n d l ' u n n e l sa r e
f o r w a r d o f a m i d s h i p s .A d d i t i o n a l d u t i e s m a v i n c l u d c t o w i n g r i g s
a n d b a r g e sa n d p i c k i n g u p a n c h o r s .
SILHOUETTES
D E E PW A T E RT F A W L E F
O I LR I GS U P P L YV E S S E L
CABLELAYEF
S T E R NT F A W L E R
DEEPSEA TUG
r y f t
-rl&-
A N T A , F C F I A CFTR I G A T T
G U I D E D[ , 4 I S S I LDEE S T R O Y E F
A S S A U L TL A N D I N G
SHIP
N4INEH
UNTER
T H E B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
'I-hese
are fast vesselsoriginally
Cross-Channel Vessels
c o n n e c t e dw i t h t h c t r a i n s e r v i c e fso r t h e c a r r i a g eo f p a s s e n g e rasn d
m a i l s a c r o s s s h o r t s e a r o u t e s . T h e y i n c l u d c v e s s e l ss p e c i a l l y
c o n s t r u c t e da s " T r a i n F e r r i e s "w h e r e b ys e c t i t l n so l ' r o l l i n g s t t l c kc a n
b e d i r e c t l y s h u n t e da b o a r d f o r t h e j o u r n e y t o t h e C o n t i n e n t a n d
" C a r F e r r i e s "w i t h e n t r a n c et o
a l s o v e s s e l cs o n s t r u c t e da s d r i v e - o n
c a r d e c k st h r o u g h s t e r nd o o r s .
V e s s e sl p e c i a l l yc o n s t r u c t e dl b r t h e c a r r i a g c
C o n t a i n e rS h i p
o l ' c a r g o i n l a r g cc o n t a i n e r ss t o w c d i n c e l l u l a ra r r a n g e m e n tisn t h e
h o l d s a n d t w o o r t h r e e d e e p a s d e c k c a r g o .T h i s t y p c o f v e s s e il s
c a s i l yr e c o g n i s a b l e .
S t e r n W h e e l e r s L i g h t d r a u g h t s t e a m e r so p e r a t i n gm o s t h ' i n
s h a l l o wt r o p i c a lr i v e r sa n d p r o p e l l e db y a p a d d l ew h e e lf i t t e d a c r o s s
the s1ern.
Whale FactoryShips
S t e a m e r sf i t t e d w i t h a s p e c i a sl l i p w a y '
"whale
o v e r t h e s t e r n .s o t h a t d e a d w h a l e sb r o u g h ta l o n g s i d eb y t h e
c h a s e r s "m a y b e h a u l e d o n b o a r d a n d r e d u c e dt o o i l i n s p c c i a l
t a n k s . T h c l ' u n n e l sa r c a l w a y s p l a c e da t t h e s i d e so { ' t h e v e s s etl o
p r o v i d c a c l e a rr u n l o r t h e s l i p w a y ' .
V e s s e l sc m p l o y e d r e g u l a r l y i n t h e t i r n b e r
Timber Carrier
t r a d e sc a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e db y ' t h e i r h i g h d e r r i c k s .l ' o a l l o w f o r a
"islands".
h i g h d e c k c a r g o .t h c m a s t sa n d w i n c h e sm a y b e o n t h e
p
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
a b s e n c co f '
i
s
a
l
w
a
y
s
t
h
e
feature
Collier
The
l e a n sm a y b e
d e r r i c k si n o r d e r t h a t c r a n e sa n d o t h e r m e c h a n i c am
u s e d f o r l o a d i n g a n d d i s c h a r g i n gt h e c o a l . ' 1 ' o m i n i m i s c t h c
t r i m m i n g o 1 'c o a l o u t t o t h c " w i n g s " o f t h e h o l d t h e h a t c h e sa r e
u s u a l l vm a d e a s w i d e a s p o s s i b l e .
"Goal Poster"
S o m e c l f t h c l a r g e rc a r g o v e s s c l so l t h e l l u s h
d e c k r , a r i e t vh a v c t h c d e r r i c k s h u n g o n a s e r i e st t f s a m s o np c l s t s .
-l
T h e s ea r e p l a c e da b r e a s ta n d c o n n e c t e da t t h e t o p . h c y 'a r e s i m i l a r
i n o u t l i n ct o g o a l p o s t s h en c et h e n a m c .
" T h r e e I s l a n d "S h i p
S o c a l l c do n a c c o u n to l t h e t h r e er a i s c d
s e c t i o n s l o r e c a s t l eh e a d .c e n t r ec a s t l ea n d p o o p . l t i s p e r h a p st h e
sl
c o m m o n e s t 1 ' p eo f ' a l l c a r g o v c s s les a n d t y p i c a lo f t r a m p v e s s e l o
"well
a l l n a t i o n s .A n c l t h e rn a m e v e r y o f t e n h e a r d i s
deckship"
N o c a r g og e a ri s n e c d c do n t h e s e
Ro-Ro ("Roll on Roll off")
s h i p sa s t h e c a r g o a r r i ' n ' east t h e d o c k o n a l o r r 1 "o r t r a i l e r .w h i c h
r o l l so n a n d o l 1 t h e s h i p t o i t s d e s t i n a t i o n .
O B O ( " O i l B u l k O r e C a r r i e r " ) S o s u b - d i v i d e dt h a t o i l c a n b e
c a r r i e di n t h e l a r g ec o m p a r t m e n t sw; h i l s t o n t h e r e t u r n v o y a g c .o r c
w h i c h i s v e r y h e a l , y .m a y ' b e c a r r i e d i n t h c s m a l l c o m p a r t m e n t s .
A f t e r p r o p er c l e a n i n gt h c c n t i r ec a p a c i t l c" c l u l db e u s e df o r a l i g h t er
c a r g o .s u c h a s g r a i n .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A I Mini-Bulker
N o w t h a t l c w c o l l i e r s a r e e n g a g e di n t h e c o a l
t r a d e i n E u r o p e a nw a t c r s ,a n e w t y p e o 1 ' c o a s t e ri s t o b e s e e n .l t s
l o n g . w i d e - o p e n i n gh a t c h e sc a n a c c e p l a n y c a r g o w h i c h c a n b e
l o a d e d b 1 ' c h u t eo r c o n v e v o rb e l t a n d d i s c h a r g e dw i t h s h o r e - b a s e d
g r a b so r s u c t i o n .
O i l T a n k e r s A t o n c t i m e t h e l l a t s i l h o u e t t eo f t h e t a n k e r .w i t h
i t s e n g i n c sa f t w a s s u f f i c i e n tt o i d e n t i f y i t . N o w a d a y sb u l k c a r r i e r s
a n d O B O s h a v c a s i m i l a r a p p e a r a n c ea n d o n l y w h e n t h e t a n k l i d s
a n d p i p c w o r k c a n b e s e e nc a n t h e r c b e c e r t a i n t v .
( l o a s t e r s ' I - h c s cv c s s e l sa r e n o l o n g e r a r e c o g n i s a b l g
eroup.
l h c I 0 0 0 - t o nc a r g o s h i p c a n b c s e e nm u c h f u r t h e r a { ' i e l dt h a n t h c
c o a s t o l ' t h e t l n i t e d K i n g d o m a n d s p e c i a ls h i p s o 1 a l l t y p e s r u n
t e e d e r s e r v i c e sw h i c h a t o n e t i m c w o u l d h a v e b c c n t h e w o r k o f
coastcrs.
Flush Deck Ship
A v e s s e lw i t h o u t a n v w e l l s s o t h a t t h e
w e a t h e rd e c k f i t r m s a c o n t i n u o u sl i n e f r o m f o r w a r d t o a l t b u t i t
m a v h a v e a r a i s e df o r c c a s t l e A
. S h e l t e rD e c k v e s s ew
l as similarin
a p p e a r a n c eb u t t h e u p p c r m o s td e c k w a s o f l i g h t e r c o n s t r u c t i < t n .
C l i p p e rB o w
A t e r m w h i c h i n d i c a t e st h e c u r v e d b o w a l w a v s
s c e ni n s a i l i n gs h i p s .O n c e p o p u l a r i n s t e a m s h i pd c s i g ni t i s n o w
r a r c l y s c e n ,e x c e p t .p e r h a p s .i n t h e c a s eo f y a c h t s .
R a k e d S t e m T h e o r d i n a r ys t r a i g h ts t e mo l a s t e a m e rs e t a t a n
a n g l e a n d v e r y p o p u l a r i n a l l c l a s s e so 1 ' v e s s e l T w c r p r i n c i p a l
advantagea
s r e d e r i v e df r o m t h i s t y p e .
I n t h e c v e n t i t 1 'a c o l l i s i o n . m o s t o f t h c d a m a g e t c l t h e o t h c r
v e s s ew
l o u l d b e a b o v et h e w a t e r - l i n e T
. h c r e s c r v eh u o y a n c ya r i s i n g
l r o m t h e a n g l e ds t e m a l s c la s s i s t sa v e s s etl o r i d e a s c a w i t h g t r c a t e r
e a s ea n d c o m l o r t .
I c e B r e a k e rB o w
V e s s e l rsc g u l a r l ye m p l o y e di n t h e B a l t i ca n d
s o m e < l t h e rt r a d e s a r e g e n e r a l l yc o n s t r u c t e dw i t h a t y p e o f b o w
w h i c h e n a b l e st h e m t o r u n o n t h e e d g eo f t h e i c e a n d b r e a k i t w i t h
t h e d o w n w a r dp r e s s u i eo 1 ' t h ew e i g h to f t h c s h i p .
C l o u n t e rS t e r n
A l t h o u g h t h e o v e r h a n g i n gc o u n t e r i s o l v c r v
o l d d e s i g n ,i s s a i d t o b e t h e b e s t t y p c f o r a v e s s eiln b a d w e a t h e r .
C r u i s e rS t e r n A r o u n d e ds t e r nf i r s t s e e ni n n a v a lc r u i s e r sa n d
t h e n i n m e r c h a n ts h i p s o l ' t h e 1 9 3 0 s .I t i s l a r g e l ys u p e r s e d e d
b 1 ,a
s q u a r e .f l a t s t e r n w h i c h i s e a s i e rt o b u i l d .
M o t o r T o r p e d oB o a t s
Speedboata
s r m e dw i t h m a c h i n eg u n s
a n d t o r p e d o t u b e s .c a p a b l eo f d o i n g f i f i y k n o t s .
Heavy Lift Ship
V e s s e l sd e s i g n e dI ' o r t h e c a r r i a g eo l r o l l i n g
s t o c k a n d h e a v y m a c h i n e r y .V e r y s u b s t a n t i a lm a s t s ,d e r r i c k s a n d
l i l t i n g b l o c k a r e t h e p r o m i n e n tI ' e a t u r e o
s f this type.
ISSUE OF CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY

AS AB AND EFFICIENT DECK HAND
A seaman engaged as an AB in a British ship must hold a
Certificate of Competency as AB, and the fact that such a
Certificate has bcen issued is duly recordcd in his continuous
D i s c h a r g eB o o k ( D i s . A ) . T h e l a t e s t N o t i c e N o . M G N I 0 o f t h e
Marine and Coastguard Agency, takes into account servlceat sca
reckonable as qualifying servicc which will now include in
addition to serviceas a dcck rating, service as a general purpose
rating in ships having general purpose or integrated crews.
Qualifying service may be reduced in thc case of pcrsons
undcrgoing courses of pre-sea training at prescribed training
schools and new provisions are made for the reductions to apply
i n t h e c a s eo f ' p e r s o n sw h o h a v e s c r v e da t s e a a s a n e n g i n e - r o o m
rating and undergonetraining in duties of a deck rating.
Ex engine-room ratings who have attended an approved
engine-room/deck conversion course for which a maximum of'
four weeks' remission may bc claimed, may takc the qualifying
examination at the end of the course which also applies to
courses at certain other approvcd establishments.However, no
certificate will be issued until all other conditions havc been
satisfied when application should be made for the issue of an
E D H c c r t i f i c a t e .S c r v i c c a s a n e n g i n c - r o o m r a t i n g m a y c o u n t
towards qualifying scrvice at thc rate of one half of that service
up to a maximum of six months, and counts as equivalent to
deck ratinc service.
EFFICTENTDECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES

l. Entry Requirements
l . l C a n d i d a t em
s ust:
b e a t l e a s t1 7 y c a r so f a g c ;
1.1.2 have workcd as a Trainee Ratine for at lcast six
months,
1 . 1 . 3 h a v e s u c c e s s f u l l yc o m p l e t e dt h e b a s i c t r a i n i n g r c q u i r e db y S T C W C o d e A - V l / 1 ;
1 . 1 . 4 h o l d a n a v i g a t i o n a lw a t c h r a t i n g c e r t i f i c a t em e e t i n g
t h e r c q u i r e m e n t so f S T C W C o d e A - I I / 4 ; a n d
l.l.l
1 . 1 . 5 m e e t t h c m e d i c a lf i t n e s sr e q u i r c m e n t s .
IO
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL
2. FlxaminationSyllabus
2.1
M c a n i n g o f c o m m o n n a u t i c a lt e r m s .
2.2
Name and function of various parts and cquipment of

t h e s h i p : d e c k , b r i d g e ,h o l d , h a t c h , t a n k , p e a k s ,D B t a n k s ,
b a l l a s t t a n k s , a i r p i p e s ,b i l g c s , a n c h o r s ,w i n d l a s s ,w i n c t r ,
dcrrick.
2.3
U s c a n d c a r e o f r o p c s a n d w i r c s ; s p l i c i n go f r o p e s .
2.4
Use of dill'crent typcs of blocks and shacklcs, bottle

s c r e w s ,b u l l - d o g g r i p s , t h i m b l e s ,m o n k c y p l a t e s .
2.5
R i g g i n g a n d a t t c n d a n c co f p i l o t l a d d e r a n d h o i s t s .
2.6
R i g g i n g a b o s u n ' sc h a i r a n d s l i n g i n ga n o v e r s i d es t a g e .
2.1
P r c c a u t i o n st o b e t a k e n w h i l e w o r k i n g o v e r s i d e o r a t a
h c i g h t a n d w h i l e e n t c r i n ga v o i d s p a c e .
2.8
I d c n t i l l c a t i o no f c o m m o n l y - u s e ds i n g l el c t t e r f l a g s .
2.9
A b i l i t y t o s t e s r a s h i p o n a g i v e n c o u r s c ,o n a t r a n s i t o r
o n a n r n s t r u c t i o nf r o m t h c M a s t c r o r P i l o t .
2 . 1 0 A b i l i t y t o m a i n t a i n a n e f f i c i c n tl o o k - o u t .
2.ll
O p c r a t i o n o f w i n d l a s s ,m o o r i n g w i n c h , b a c k s p r i n g , s l i p
w i r e , r o p c s t o p p c r .c h a i n s t o p p c r .
2 . 1 2 O p e n i n g a n d c l o s i n go f h a t c h e s ,r i g g i n g u p d e r r i c k .
2.13 Knots, bcnds and hitches in common usc; whipping of
rope cnds.
2 . 1 4 S c c u r i n gi n a n t i c i p a t i o no f r o u g h s e a .
-tHE
BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL
II
CI]RTIFICATES OF PROFICII]NCY IN SURVIVAI, CRAFT

AND RESCUE BOATS
I - o r t h c C c r t i f i c a t eo f P r o f i c i c n c yi n S u r v i v a l C r a f t a n d R c s c u c
B o a t st h c c n t r y r e q u i r c m c n t sa r e :
( i ) b e n o t l c s st h a n 18 y e a r so f a g c ; a n d
( i i ) m e e t t h c s t a n d a r d o f c o m p c t c n c ei n S e c t i o n A - V I / 2 - l o l
t h c S T C W C o d e :a n d
( i i i ) s u c c e s s f u l lcyo m p l c t ca p p r o v e dt r a i n i n g a n d h a v c a p p r o v e d
s e a - g o i n gs c r v i c eo f n o t l c s s t h a n 6 n t o n t h s O R h a v c a t
l e a s t 1 2 m o n t h s a p p r o v e ds c a - g o i n gs e r v i c e .
EXAMINATION
SYLLABUS
C a n d i d a t e sw i l l b e r c q u i r c d t o s a t i s f yt h c E x a m i n c r :
( a t b y p r a c t i c adl c m o n s t r a t i o n
a s r c q u i r c d .t h e i r a h i l i t yt o c a r r v
o u t t h e t a s k sl i s t c di n P A R T I b e l o w : a n d
(D) that thcy arc familiar with the mattcrs rclating to thc
launchingand operation of survival crali and survival at
s e aa s l i s t c d i n P A R T I I b e l o w .
PART I
l . E , a c hc a n d i d a t ew i l l b e r e q u i r e dt o t a k e c h a r g eo f a s u r v i v a l
c r a f t o r r e s c u eb o a t d u r i n g a n d a f t e r l a u n c h .
2. Candidatcs will be expected to operate a survival craft
cnglne
3. Issue of EDH Certificates

3 . 1 C c r t i f i c a t e ss h o u l d b e i s s u e dt o s u c c e s s f ucl a n d i d a t e so n
completion.
Issue of Certificate as Efficient Deck Hand
Successful candidates at the qualifying examination who do
not qualify by length of service for the AB Certificate will be
issuedwith an Efficient Deck Hand's Certificate.
3 . E a c h c a n d i d a t c w i l l b e r e q u i r e d t o m a n a g e s u r v r v o r sa n d
survival craft after abandoning ship.
4. E,achcandidate will be required to demonstratc that hc can
use locating devices,including communication and signalling
a p p a r a t u sa n d p y r o t e c h n i c s .
5. Candidateswill bc rcquircd to demonstratethat thcy are able
to apply first aid to survivors.
12

PART II
l . C o n s t r u c t i o na n d o u t f i t o f s u r v i v a l c r a l t a n d r e s c u c b o a t s
a n d i n d i v i d u a li t e m s o f t h e i r c q u i p m e n t .
1 . 1 P a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t c r i s t i c sa n d f a c i l i t i e s o f s u r v i v a l c r a f t
a n d r e s c u eb o a t s .
1 . 2 V a r i o u s t y p e s o f d e v i c eu s e d f o r l a u n c h i n gs u r v i v a l c r a f t
a n d r e s c u eb o a t s .
1 . 3 M e t h o d s o f l a u n c h i n gs u r v i v a l c r a f t i n t o a r o u g h s e a .
1 . 4 M e t h o d s o f r e c o v c r i n gs u r v i v a lc r a f t .
1.5 Action to bc takcn after lcavingthe ship.
1 . 6 M c t h o d s o f l a u n c h i n g a n d r c c o v e r i n gr e s c u eb o a t s i n a
rough sca.
2. Methods of starting and operating a survival craft engine
and its accessoriestogcther with the usc of the firc ext i n g u i s h c rp r o v i d e d .
3. Hancihngsurvival craft in rough wcather.
3 . 1 U s c o 1 ' p a i n t e r s, e a - a n c h o a
r nd all other cquipmcnt.
3 . 2 A p p o r t i o n m e n t o f f o o d a n d w a t c r i n s u r v i v a lc r a l t .
3 . 3 A c t i o n t a k e n t o m a x i m i s e d c t e c t a b i l i t ya n d l o c a t i o n o f
s u r v i v a lc r a f t .
3 . 4 M c t h o d o f h e l i c o p t e rr c s c u e .
3.5 Eff'ccts of hypothermia and its prevention; use of protecllvc covers and garmcnts,including immcrsion suits
and thcrmal aids.
3 . 6 U s e o f r e s c u cb o a t s a n d m o t o r l i f e b o a t sf o r m a r s h a l l i n g
l i f e r a f t sa n d r e s c u eo f s u r v i v o r sa n d p e r s o n si n t h e s e a .
3 . 7 B e a c h i n gs u r v i v a lc r a f t .
4 . R a d i o l i f e - s a v i n g a p p l i a n c c sc a r r i e d i n s u r v i v a l c r a f t , i n c l u d i n g s a t e l l i t eE P I R B s a n d S A R T s .
4 . 1 S u r v i v a lc r a f l p y r o t c c h n i c s .
THE BOATSWAIN,S MANUAT5 . U s e o f t h e f i r s t - a i dk i t a n d r e s u s c i t a t i o nt e c h n i q u c s .

5 . 1 M a n a g e m c n t o f i n j u r e d p e r s o n s ,i n c l u d i n g c o n
b l e e d i n ga n d s h o c k
t4
*h
$'i.,,1
' 3'r.-...
* &'*
l l u n ! ( l t . u n I o a d i n gu r a i n t i r r c r p o r l .
C r u i s es h r pl ) i . t n t , yl l o r l d c a l l i n ga t t h c P o r to t S o u t h a m p t o n
N Y K [ - i n c s c a r c a r r i c r .( t g t t r r .L' c u r l t , rl o a d i n gc a r t ] rn r o ri n l c r l u r p n r c n l
truit on pallcts
F - v t l e sr' ' e s s c(l - u n t c r h u nS t a r d i s c h a r g i n g
*'
K,r
w4 *&-f"r.
l5
C H A P ' T E RI I
GENERAL SHIP EQT]IPMENT
Ship Fittings and Parts. Anchors and Cables.
Time and Watch Bells. Steering Gear. Deck Machinery.
Fig. I
S e eF o l d i n g P l a t e .
A n c h o r C a b l e s A n a n c h o rc a b l ei s m a d e u p f r o m a n u m b e r
o f l e n g t h s o f c h a i n c a b l e s h a c k l e dt o g e t h e r . E a c h l e n g t h i s I 5
f a t h o m sl o n g , b u t t h e e n t i r el e n g t ha n d s i z eo f t h e c a b l ev a r i e sw i t h
the size of the ship, and is governed by Lloyd's Rules and
R e g u l a t i o n sA
. s m a l l v e s s e lm i g h t o n l y h a v e a b o u t 1 0 0 f a t h o m s ,
w h e r e a s ,a l a r g e v e s s e lm a y c a r r y , 3 0 0 .S i m i l a r l y . t h e m e t a l i n t h e
l i n k s m a y b e a n y t h i n gf r o m o n e t o t h r e ei n c h e si n d i a m e t e ro r e v e n
more.
C a b l e s t o w e d i n t h e b o t t o m o f t h e l o c k e r m a y b e c o m eb r i t t l e
t h r o u g h l y i n g i d l e . C ) c c a s i o n a l lw
y ,h e n t h e v e s s eils i n d r y - d o c k .t w c r
o r t h r e el e n g t h sa t t h e e n d o f t h e c a b l ea r e e x c h a n g e dw i t h a s i m i l a r
number near the anchor to help keep all thc cable in good
condition.
Shackles The joining shackleso1'a cable are placed so that
t h e b o w , o r r o u n d e n d , r u n s f i r s t , a n d t h o s ew h i c hj o i n t h c c a b l et o
t h e a n c h o ra r e l a r g e rt h a n t h e o t h e r s ,b u t i n b o t h t y p e st h e p i n d o e s
not project beyond the widest part of the shackle.To securethe pin.
a t a p e r e dh a r d w o o dp l u g i s h a m m e r e di n t o a h o l e t h r o u g h t h e l u g s
a n d p i n a s w e l l . S o m e t i m e sa m e t a l p l u g i s u s e d ,i n w h i c h c a s ea
l e a d p l u g i s h a m m e r e di n o n t o p o f i t t o h o l d i t i n p l a c e .F i g . 1 8 .
page I I l.
Patent Shackle
A three part jigsaw which when fitted
t o g e t h e ri s t h e s a m es h a p ea n d s i z ea s a l i n k i n t h e c a b l e .
ShackleMarks
B y m a r k i n g l i n k s c l o s e t o a s h a c k l e ,t h e
a m o u n t o f c a b l ei n t h e w a t e r i s e a s i l yk n o w n . E a c h l i n k , e x c e p tt h e
e n d o n e s , h a s a s t u d a c r o s st h e w i d e s t p a r t t o p r e v e n tt h e c h a i n
"kinking",
b u t o n t h e e n d o n e i t i s l e f t o u t , s o t h a t t h e s h a c k l ec a n
b e p a s s e dt h r o u g h m o r e e a s i l y .W h e n m a r k i n g t h e c a b l e ,o n l y t h e
studded links are counted, therefore, at the first shackle,the first
studdedlink on each side has a pieceof wire twisted round the stud,
a n d a t t h e s e c o n ds h a c k l et h e s e c o n ds t u d d e dl i n k i s m a r k e d .a n d s o
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o n . l t i s a g o o d p l a n t o p a i n t t h e l i n k s w h i t e .s o t h a t t h e y a r e e a s i e r
t o s e e w h e n f l y i n g o u t . E a c h s h a c k l e .o f c o u r s e . r e p r e s e n t sl 5
fathoms. Therefore,i1'six shackleshave run out of the hawsepipe.
t h e r e w i l l b e 9 0 f a t h o m so f c a b l ei n t h e w a t e r .
The inboard end tll'the cableis made fast to
Securingthe End
t h e b o t t o m o f t h e c h a i n l o c k e r b v m e a n so f a h e a v ye' y e b o l ta n d a
s l i p . I n s o m es h i p st h e e n d i s m a d ef a s t t o t h e
s h a c k l eo r a S e n h o u s e
t o p o f t h e l o c k e r .a n d i s s e c u r e dt o a h e a v yl u g b y 'm e a n so f a s t r o n g
"slip".
p i n . i n w h i c h c a s ei t i s m u c h e a s i e rt o
A c l a w a r r a n g e m e not n t h e f o r e p a r t
D e v i l ' sC l a w ( o r D o g s )
f
i
t
s
o
v
e
r t h e t i n k o f t h e c a b l e .I t i s c o n n e c t e d
w
h
i
c
h
of the windlass
t o a l u g o n t h e d e c k w i t h a b o t t l es c r e w1 ' o rh e a v i n gi t t i g h t . I t a c t sa s
a l a s h i n go n t h e c a b l e b y t a k i n g t h e w e i g h t o f t h e a n c h o r o f f t h e
w i n d l a s s r v h i l e a v e s s e li s a t s e a . A s m a l l l e n g t h o f c h a i n i s
s o m e t i m e su s e di n s t e a do f t h e a c t u a lc l a w . F i g . 2 .
illl
U
Ftc;.2
l ) e v i l ' sC ' l a u .
Anchors
Lloyd's Rules and Regulattonsgovern the weight of
a n c h o r su s e d o n a l l v e s s e l sa n d p r o v i d e t h a t the maker's name or
i n i t i a l s ,p r o g r e s s i v en u m b e r a n d w e i g h t m u s t be marked on each
one.
IE
I - H E B O A - T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I
I H f : B O A I S W A I N ' SM A N t J A t -
Bower Anchor
A l l v c s s e l sa r e r c q u i r e d 1 0 c a r r v t w o b o w e r
a n c h o r s a n d a s p a r c b o u c r . S o m e l i m e s t h e s p a r e b c l w e ri s k e p t o n
t h c f o r e c r a s t l ch e a d . u ' h c r c i t c a n b c p i c k e d u p a n d l o w e r e d i n t o
p l a c c r , , ' i t ha s h o r c c r a n e . W h c n c a r r i e d o n t h e l b r c d c c k i t i s h a n d l e d
with a cargo derrick.
SHACKLT
.SHANK
l9
m u s t b e o n c - l o u r t h t h e s p e c i f i e dw e i g h t o i t h e a n c h o r . A s t r e a n r
a n c h o r i s a b o u t o n c - t h i r dt h e w e i g h t o 1 'a b o w e r a n c h o r .F i g . 4 .
Anchor Buoy
A n c h r l r so l t e n h a v e a s m a l l b u o y a t t a c h e d .l t
s c r v e st h e d o u b l ep u r p o s ec l f s h o w i n gt h e m a s t e rt h e p o s i t i o no f t h e
a n c h o r ,a n d i s a v a l u a b l eg u i d c i n t h e r c c o v e r yo l " l o s t " a n c h o r s .
G r a p n e l l t i s s i m p l ya s h a n kw i t h a r i n g a t o n c e n d a n d a b o u t
s i x c u r v c d1 - l u k east t h c o t h e r .A s m a l l o n e w i t h a l e n g t ho 1 ' l i n eb e n t
o n i s u s e f u la s a h o o k r o p ew h e n p i c k i n g u p a n a n c h o rb u o y . F i g . 5 .
Mushrooms
A t v p e o l a n c h o ru s c da s a r u l e f o r p e r m a n e n t
m o o r i n g s .p a r t i c u l a r l yl o r b u o v s .T h c y 'a r e m u s h r o o ms h a p e d a
, nd
t h e c a b l ei s s h a c k l e dt o t h e r i n g i n t h e s t e m .F i g . 6 .
/4,
\.v
cPowN
F r r ; .- l
l ' a l c n tr t r S t o c k l c sAsn c h o r .
Patent Anchors
l)racticalll'all vcsscls use thc stocklcss or
p a t e n t b o u ' e r a n c h o r s . 1 ' h e 1 ' c o n s i s to l a s h a n k a t t a c h c d t o a
m o r a b l c h e a d o n r . , , ' h i c ha r e t h e l l u k e s . ' f h e h e a d m u s t w e i g h n o r
I e s s t h a n t h r e c - l ' i l ' t h so l t h c t o t a l w e i g h t o l t h c a n c h u r . W h e n h o v e
u p t h c s h a n k i s r i g h t u p i n s i d e t h c h a w s e p i p e . t h e I ' l u k e sf i t t i n g
c l o s et o t h e b o w p l a t e s .F i g . 3 .
+SHACKLE
'
GRAVTTY BaND
PIA AR 8/LL
FL UKE
a oM
--+
CPOWN
F r < ; .4
S t r e a n rA n c h o r l A d m i r a l t r I ' a t t r r n ) .
S t r e a mA n c h o r s W h e n a v es s e li s a n c h o r e di n n a r r o w w a t e r s .
a s t r e a m a n c h o r r s s o m e t i m e su s e d t o p r e v e n t h e r s t e r n s w i n g i n g
'fhc
about.
h a n d i e s tp l a c ef o r i t i s r i g h t a i ' t .s o i t w a s a i w a y sk e p t i n
t h a t p l a c e .S o m ev e s s e l sa r e I ' i t t e dw i t h a s t o c k l e s so r p a t e n ts t r e a m
anchor. but the majority use the typc fitted with a stock, which
F t < ; .)
(irapnel
Ftr,.6
Mushroonr
Anchor Light Halliards Vessela

s t a n c h o re x h i b i t t w o a n c h o r
l i g h t s ( o n e . i 1 'u n d e r 5 0 m e t r e s i n l e n g t h ) . O n e i s h o i s t e dw i t h
h a l l i a r d sr o v e t h r o u g h a b l o c k o n t h e f o r e t o p m a s ts t a v -w h i l e t h e
o t h e r i s h o i s t e do n t h e e n s i g ns t a l l 'a l i .
B a g g a g eR o o m
A n e n c l o s e ds p a c eg i v e n o v e r t o p a s s e n g e r s '
b a g g a g ew h i c h m a v b e w a n t e do c c a s i o n a l l yd u r i n g a v o y a g e .
B a l l a s tT a n k s
A s a n a i d t o s t a b i l i t ya n d t r i m , b a l l a s tt a n k s
a r e a n e c e s s i t vi n e v e r y s h i p . T h e i r m o s t i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n i s t o
i n c r e a s ct h e s t a b i l i t yo f v e s s e l w
s h i c h h a v en o c a r g o o n b o a r d .W i t h
a l l t h e t a n k s f u l l . a v e s s ew
l i l l s i t d e e p e ri n t h e w a t e r a n d s h ew i l l b e
m o r e s c a w o r t h y t. h e p r o p e l l c rw i l l b e d e e p e ri n t h e w a t e r a n d m o r e
efl'ective.
P r a c t i c a l l ye v e r v v e s s e li s b u i l t w i t h a d o u b l e b o t t o m d i v i d e d
i n t o s e c t i o n sa, n d w a t e r b a l l a s ti s c a r r i e di n t h e s p a c et h u s p r o v i d e d .
I n a d d i t i o nt o t h i s , t h e r ea r e u s u a l l yf o r e p e a k a n d a f t e r p e a kt a n k s .
b o t h o l ' w h i c h a r e s i t u a t e di n t h e p l a c e si n d i c a t e db y t h e i r n a m e s .
B e l a y i n gP i n
A n i r o n p i n f o u n d o n t h e s h e e r p o l ef o r m a k i n g
r o p e sf ' a s ti n t h c s a m cw a y a s a c l e a t .
Bells
A l l v e s s e l sh a v e t o b e p r o v i d e d w i t h a n e f f i c i e n tb e l l ,
w h i c h m u s t b e h u n g i n s o m ep l a c ec l e a ro f a l l o b s t r u c t i o n sm
, ustbe
n o t l e s st h a n 3 0 0 m md i a m e t e ra t t h e m o u t h .
20
THE I]OATSWAIN'SM A N U A I ,
S e e A n n e x l l l , R e g u l a t i o n sf o r P r e v e n t i n gC o l l i s i o n sa t S e a .
Theseregulation bells are alwayscarried on the forecastlehead,
b u t a s m a l l e ro n e w i l l b e f o u n d o n t h e b r i d e e .a n d i n t h e c r o w ' sn e s t
also.
Time Bells Throughout the full twenty-four hours, the bridge
b e l l w a s s t r u c k e v e r y h a l f h o u r t o i n d i c a t et h e t i m e t o t h e w a t c h .
The look-out man on the forecastleor in the nest answeredit and
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c o a l b u r n e r s , t h e e n g i n e - r o o mm i g h t r e p e a t t h e
s o u n d a s w e l l . I t i s w e l l t o r e c a l lt h a t i n s t e a m s h i p tsh e r e i s a l m o s t
c o m p l e t es i l e n c ea t n i g h t . I n m o d e r n s h i p sp a r t i c u l a r l ym o t o r s h i p s
w i t h a g r e a t d e a l o f n o i s ea n d v i b r a t i o n a n d s m a l l c r e w s ,t h e b e l l s
m a y n o t b c s t r u c k a t a l l . N o n e t h e l e sw
s h e n c a l l i n gt h e n e x t w a t c h i t
is usual to inform him that it is "one bell" and if a job is to be
s t a r t e da t 0 8 0 0 t h e c r e w w i l l h a v e a ' s e v e n b e l l b r e a k f a s t ' .
TIME AND WATCHES BY BEI-I,S.

W a t c h es
First watch
2000-24fi)
Time
r
|
|
|
<
2200
C ' h a n g co f W a t c h
Call watch below
C h a n g eo f W a t c h
2230
2300
2330
2345
Midnight
0030
0100
0t 3 0
0200
0230
0300
0330
0345
Call watch below
040t)
043C)
0500
0530
0600
0630
0700
0730
0'745
C h a n g eo f W a t c h
(
I
I
I
I
I
2
3
5
6
7
I
2
3
^
5
o
7
I
Altcrnoon *atch
I 200-I 600
Firstdog watch
l 600-| 8fi)
S e c o n dd o g u a t c h
lrJoo
2(xn
2
3
4
5
6
7
I
|
|
|
L
Middlervatch
2400-0400
Morning rratch
0400-0tt(x)
2000
2030
2t00
2130
Bells
8
F o r c n o o nu a t c h
r2(x)
0800-
Call watch belou
Noon
I 210
l-.r00
13 3 0
I 400
t4.10
| 500
t5.10
| 545
8
I
2
3
4
5
('hangc ol Watch
( all watch bclow

( hangc ol Watch
6
('all watch helou
r600
( hange ol Watch
J
L
16-10
I 70()
l7ln
||J00
Change ol Watch
tt-ro
r
j
0u(x)
0tt-10
0900
09-r0
1000
l0-'10
| 100
I l.r0
| 145
1
I
t
2I
1900
1930
le45
2000
Call watch bclou

Changc ol Watch
W h e n t h e l o o k - o u t m a n s i g h t sa l i g h t a t
ReportingLights
n i g h t h e r e p o r t si t t o t h c b r i d g eb y s t r i k i n gt h e b e l l , o n c ei f t h e l i g h t
i s o n t h e s t a r b o a r ds i d e , t w i c e i f i t i s o n t h e p o r t s i d e a n d t h r e e
t i m e s ,i l t h e l i g h t i s r i g h t a h e a d .I n s o m es h i p st h e r e p o r t i n gi s d o n e
by telephone.
To call the attention of the otficer of the watch to
Relief Bell
t h e f a c t t h a t h e h a s n o t b e e n r e l i e v e d ,o r t h a t h e w i s h c st o b e
r e l i e v e d t. h e l o o k - o u t m a n w o u l d s t r i k e1 ' o u rb e l l s .
Anchor Bell
A s t h e a n c h o r i s b e i n gh o v e i n , t h e m a t e k e e p s
t h e m a s t e ra n d p i l o t i n f o r m e da s t o h o w m u c h c a b l ei s s t i l l o u t b y
s t r i k i n g t h e b e l l o n c e f o r e v e r y s h a c k l e( 1 5 I ' a t h o m s )o u t . F o r
i n s t a n c e i,f h e s a w t h e f i f t h s h a c k l ec o m i n g u p t h e h a w s ep i p e . h e
w o u l d s t r i k ef i v e b e l l sa n d t h e m a s t e rw o u l d k n o w t h a t s e v e n t y i-vf e
f a t h o m so f c a b l ew a s s t i l l o u t . W h e n t h e a n c h o ri s a w e i g ht h e b e l l i s
r u n g r a p i d l y f o r a c o u p l eo f s e c o n d so r s o .
Fog Bell
When vesselsare at anchor during fog the bell or
b e l l a n d g o n g ( i n v e s s e l sl 0 0 m o r m o r e i n l e n g t h ) m u s t b e r u n g
rapidly for five secondsevery minute to indicatethe ship's position
to othervessels.
22
THF- BOATSWAIN'S MANUAI-
F ' i r eB e l l
T h e b e l l m a y b e r u n g r a p i d l y f o r a b o u t l ' i v eo r t c n
s c c o n d so r e v e n m o r e . t o s o u n d t h e a l a r m f o r f i r e s t a t i o n s .
W h e n a C h u r c h S e r v ' i c ei s t o b e h e l d o n a
Church Bell
p a s s e n g evre s s etl h e b e l l i s s t r u c k o n c e e v e r yt h r e c o r I o u r s e c o n d s
f o r a b o u t t h r c e m i n u t e s . A g o o d e l ' l e c ti s o b t a i n e d i f t h e s m a l l
bridgcbell is struckduring the interval.
V i s i t o r sA s h o r e
T h r e e t i m e s . a t q u a r t e r - h o u ri n t e r v a l s ,t h c
b e l l i s r u n g r a p i d l y ' l i r ra f e w s e c o n d st.o n o t i l ' yv i s i t o r st h a t i t i s t i m e
to go ashorc.
T o r i n g a b i g b c l l r a p i d l y .m o v e t h e a r m a w a v
How to Ring
f r o m a n d b a c k t o t h e p e r s o n .D o n o t a l t e m p t t o m o v e t h e a r m
a c r o s st h c b o d l - o r t h c h a n d w i l l d c s c r i b ec i r c l e s .W h e n r c p o r t i n ga
l i g h t .o r s h a c k l e o
s n a c a b l e .t h e r e q u i s i t en u m b e ro f s l r o k c sm u s t
b e m a d es i n g l yo' r i n " o n e s " .w i t h a o n e s c c c l n di n t e r v a li n b e t w e e n .
W h e ns t r i k i n gt h e t i m c . t h e s t r o k e sm u s t b e i n " t w o s " .F o r i n s t a n c c .
t o m a k c l i r u r b el l s . s t r i k e t w i c e . w i t h a n i n t c r v a l o l ' o n c s e c o n di n
b e t u ' e c np. a u s el i r r t w o s c c o n d st.h e n s t r i k et w i c ea g a i nw i t h t h c o n c
s c c o n di n t e r r , a il n b e t w e e n .
"Strikc
A l t h o u g h t h c m a . j o r i t r o, l ' s c a l ' a r e r u
sse thc ternt
eight
b e l l s " .i t i s n o t s t r i c t l \ , c o r r e c t . ' f h cp r o p e r p h r a s ei s " M a k c c i g h t
bclls".
Bell Lanyard
Bell lanyardscan be made in manv ways.
a c c o r d i n gt o t h e I ' a n c 1a' n d i n g e n u i t yo f t h e i n d i v i d u a l .A p l a i n o n e
m a v b e m a d e w i t h o r d i n a r v r o u n d s e n n c t .f i n i s h e do l l w r t h a k n o t .
S o m e t i m ea
s s m a l le y ei s w o r k c d o n o n e e n d . b y ' m e a n so f w h i c h i t
i s a t t a c h c dt o t h c l o n g u e o f t h e b e l l .
A n c a t e r m e t h o d i s t o l e a v et h e e n d s l o o s e .s p a c et h e n r e v e n l y
a r o u n d t h e t o n g u ea n d f i n i s h o 1 ' 1 ' w i t h
a neatwhipping.
Bilge
T h e r o u n d e d p a r t o f a v e s s e l ' sh u l l w h e r e t h e v er t i c a l
s i d e sm e e t t h e h o r i z o n t a lb o t t o m .
Bilge Keel
A l a r g c .f a i r l y w i d e p l a t c f i t t e d a t r i g h t a n g l e st o
t h c b i l g e . I t s p u r p o s ei s t o p r e v c n te x c t ' s s i v e
r o l l i n g . T - h e ya r e a l s c r
known as"RollingChocks".
Bilges
S h a l l o w t r i a n g u l a r s p a c e sb c t w e e nt h e f ' r a m e so 1 'a
v e s s e l 'hs u l l . T h c y a r e l o r m e d b y t h c l u n c t i o n o f t h c d o u b l eb o t t o m .
t h e f l o o r i n g o f t h e h o l d . a n d t h e s h i p ' ss i d ea t t h e t u r n o f t h e b i l g e s .
T h e i r p u r p o s ci s t o a c t a s a g u t t e rf o r w a t e r w h i c h f i n d s i t s w a v i n t o
the hold.
B i l g e P i p e s W a t e r d r a i n i n gi n t o t h e b i l g e si s p u m p e do u t w i t h
b i l g ep i p e sf i t t c d t h r o u g h o u tt h c l e n g t ho 1 ' t h cs h i p .T h e s u c t i o nen d
o l t h c p i p e i n e a c hh o l d i s f i t t e d w i t h a " r o s c " o r " s t r u m b o x " . w h i c h
p r e v e n t ss o l i d m a t t e r e n t e r i n gt h c p i p e.
] H F - B O A I ' S W A I N ' S N 4 A N T ] A.I
23
B r e a k w a t e r A n e r e c t i o na c r o s st h c l o r e c a s t l eh c a d t o b r e a k
t h e I o r c c o f w a t er s w e e p i n go ' n 'rei t d u r i n g b a d w c a l h e r .
BreastPlate
A t r i a n g u l a r s t r en g t h e n i n gp l a t e i n t h e b o w s
w h i c h t a k e st h c s h a p eo 1 ' t h ea n g l ef o r m e d b 1 ' t h es h i p ' st w o s i d c s .
w i t h t h e s t e m h e a da s a p c x .
Bridge Screens
P a i n t e d c a n v a s s c r e e n ss c w c d t o t h e r a i l s
w h i c h s u r r o u n dt h c t c l pa n d l o w e r b r i d g e sM
. o d e r n s h i p sa r e f i t t e d
w i t h w o o d c n s c r c c n sa n d g l a s sp a n c l sc l r u ' i n d o w s .
Bulkheads
S t e e l o r w o o d e n p a r t i t i o n ss e p a r a t i n gl r o l d s o r .
'l
o t h c r c o m p a r t m e n t s . h e c o l l i s i o nb u l k h e a di s f o r w a r d n e a r t h c
SICrn.
Bucket Handles
S o m e I ' i r e - b u c k c tas r c m a d e o l ' w o o d a n d
h a v e r o p e h a n d l e so l l - i n c h m a n i l a .A M a t t h e w W a l k e r k n o t i s
w o r k e d o n e a c h e n d t o h o l d t h c h a n d l c i n p o s i t i o n .a n d t h c
r c m a i n i n ge n d s( o r s t r a n d s )a r e l a i d u p a g a i n a n d w h i p p c dl i r r a
d i s t a n c eo f n e a r l l 'o n e i n c h .
Cabs
C o l er e d - i ns h e l t e r sa t t h c e r t r em e c n d s o 1 'n a ri c a t i n s
bridges.
( i a r g o B a t t e n s J c c P o r t a b l eS i d c B a t t e n s .
Cargo l,ight Booms
B o o m s l ' i t t e do n e a c hs i d e o l t h c m a s t s .
O n t h e s e .c a r g o l i g h t s w e r e h o i s t e dh i g h a b o r ' ct h c d e c k sa n d u e l l
o u t b o a r d .1 ' c lw
r r l r k i n gc a r g o a t n i g h t .
C a r p e n t e r ' sS h o p
S m a l l c o m p a r t m e n tg i l e n o v c r t o t h e u s e
o 1 ' t h ec a r p c n t c rI.t m i g h t b c l i r u n d i n a n v p a r t o 1 ' av c s s c l .
Ceiling
W o o d e n l ' l o o r i n gi n t h c b o t t o m o l a h o l d .
Chains
Small platlirrm hinged to thc ship'sside ncar tlie
b r i d g c .l t i s I i t t e d w i t h a c a n l ' a sa p r o n m a d e f a s t t o s t a n c h i o n sa. n d
a g a i n s l t h i s t h e l c a d s m a nl e a n s w h i l e h e a v i n g t h e l c a d l o r
s o u n di n g s .
(-hartroom
A s t h e n a m e w o u l d i m p l v . a l l c h a r l sa r c k e p t i n
t h i s r o o m . i n a d d i t i o nt o a l l o t h e r n a v i g a t i n gc c l u i p m c n ts. u c h a s
c h r o n o m c t c r ss, c x t a n t s e. t c . I t i s a l w a v ss i t u a t c do n t h c n a v i g a t i n g
b r i d g e b e h i n dt h e w h e c l h o u s e .
Cleat
A t w o - p r o n g e df i t t i n g t o w h i c h r o p c s a r e m a d e l ' a s t .
C o a m i n g s T h e b u i l t u p s i d e sa n d e n d so 1 ' ah a t c h .i n t o w h i c h
t h e h a t c h b e a m sa r c f i t t c d .
C o f f e rD a m s
S p a c e sb e t w c c nt w o b u l k h c a d sl b r m i n g a r , ' o i d
s e p a r a t i o nb e t w e e nt h e o i l t a n k s a n d a d j a c e n tc o m p a r t m e n t s .
C o m p a n i o n w a y A m c a n so f a c c c s sf r o m o n e d c c k t o a n o t h e r .
G c n er a l l v a s h e l t c r e sd t a i r ra. l1.
Condenser SeeEnsine-roomDischarse.
24
T H F t s O A 'SI W A I N ' SM A N i J A I
'l'he
(lounter
o v e r h a n g i n gp a r t o l ' t h e s t e r n .S u b s t a n t i a l u g s
a r e l i t t e d o n c a c h s i d c o f i t . a n d t o t h e s el a c k l e sa r e h o o k e d w h e n
r c m r l v i n gt h c p r o p e l l c r .
( . r o s sB u n k e r H a t c h
l t i s s i t u a t e de i t h er l o r w a r d o l . o r a b a l ' l .
t h e l u n n e l .I t i s b u i l t s o t h a t t h c c i t a l i t c o n t a i n sw i i l r u n d o w n r n t o
t h e s i d c b u n k e r s a. s r n t h c c a s eo l a s a d d l eb a c k .
( . r o w ' sN e s t
I h c s h c l t e r e ds t a n do n t h e I t t r e m a s rt n w h r c ht h c
I o o k - o u ts t o o d .
I w o ( o r m o r e) v c r v l a r g e a n d d c e p t a n k s .
Deep 1'anks
[ ] s u a l l tb u i l t a s p a r t o l a s h i p ' sh o l d a n d s i t u a t e da n v w h e r et o w a r d s
t h c m i d d l eo l a v e s s e ll.j s e d i n t h e o r d i n a r y ' w a ya s p a r t o l t h c h o l d
s p a c ew h c n n o t r e q u i r c dt ' o r l i q u i d c a r g o e so r f o r w a t e r b a l l a s t .
D e c k - L i g h t s T h i c k g l a s sl e t i n t o w o o d e n d e c k sa b o v c l i r " i n g
q u a r t e r sa. s a m e a n so l g i v i n gl i g h t t o d a r k i n t c r i o r s .
D e r r i c k ( l r u t c h e s S p c c i a lc r c c t i o n sw h i c h s u p p t - . rtth c e n d so f '
d e r r i c k sw h e n l o w e r c dd o w n .
D e r r i c k O u t r e a c h e s A n e r e c t i o nt o b e l < l u n do n m o s t v e s s e l s '
n r a s t s l. ' h e i rp u r p o s ci s t o p r o v i d ea m c a n so 1 ' s u p p o r t i ndge r r i c k s .
p l a c c d< l ne a c hs i d e o l . b u t w e l l a u ' a vf r t t m . t h e m a s t .( S e eF i g . I 0 )
D e r r i c k P o s t s S c c S a m s c l nP o s t s .
D < l c k i n gB r i d g e A s m a l l b r i d g er u n n i n g a c r o s st h e p o o p I r o m
o n e s i d e t o t h c o t h e r . l t e n a b l e sa n o l l ' i c e r t o d i r c c t m o o r i n g
o p er a t i o n sw i t h a n u n o b s t r u c t e dv i e r . lo f w h a t i s g o i n g t r n .
D o m e s t i cT a n k s
T a n k s c o n t a i n i n gt h e l r e s h w a t e r u s e d l t t r
c o o k i n g .r . r , a s h i nagn d d r i n k i n g .
D < l n k e yB o i l e r B o i l e rl i t t e d e s p c c i a l l yl o r s u p p l y i n gs t e a mf o r
w i n c h e s d. v n a m o s ,e t c . .w h i l e i n p o r t . O n e o f t h e m a i n b o i l e r si s
l i t t e d f o r t h c s a m cp u r p o s ei f ' a s p e c i aol n e i s n o t p r o v i d e d .
Dowels
Round wooden plugssunk in the deck 1o plug the
h o l c sl e f t b v t h e b o l t s h o l d i n g t h e d c c k p l a n k si n p l a c e .
E m e r g e n c yB a t t e r i e s
A s e c o n d a r yp' o w e r s u p p l l l o r r a d i t r
t r a n s m i s s i o ni n t h e c v e n t o 1 ' m a i n p o w e r f ' a i l u r cw i l l a l w a y s b c
I o u n d i n t h e l i c i n i t yo' l ' t h e R a d i or o o m . l l t h c s a m ec o m p a r t m e nits
u s c d l o r t h e b a t t e r i c sw h i c h s u p p l l "t h e e m c r g e n c yl i g h t i n g a r o u n d
t h e s h i p t h e n i t w i l l b e a s m a l l r o o m i n s t e a do f t h c o l d s t 1 ' l eb a t t e r l
DOX.
T h c l u m i n o u s i n t e n s i t yr e q u i r e db r
l i m e r g e n c yL i g h t G e a r
A n n c x I o f t h c C o l l i s i o nR e g u l a t i o n cs a n n o t b c a c h i e v e dw i t h o i l
l i g h t s M o d c r n s h i p sh a v ed u p l i c a t es e t so 1 ' e l e c t r ilci g h t s .O i l I i g h t
h a l y a r d sa n d c a g e sa r e o b s o l e t e .S o m c s h i p s s t i l l c a r r v o i l N l l C '
lights.
E n g i n e s ,R e c i p r o c a t i n g I ' h e s ea r e e i t h e rc o m p o u n d .t r i p l e o r
'fhat
q u a d r u p l ee r p a n s i o n .
i s . ei t h e r t w o , t h r e e .o r { o u r c y l i n d c r s .
I H F -B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I
25
t h r o u g h a l l o l w h i c h t h c s t c a mp a s s e sb e l i r r eb e i n gc o n d c n s e db a c k
t o w a t e r a n d r e t u r n c dt o t h c b o i l e r s .F o r i n s t a n c e i.n a t r i p l e
e x p a n s i o nc n g i n e .t h c s t e a m( a f t c r p a s s i n gt h r o u g h t h e b o i l e r s t o p
l a l v c a n d e n g i n c s t o p v a l r " e )w o u l d t h e n c n t e r t h e h i g h p r e s s u r c .
i n t e r m e d i a t ea n d l o r . "p' r e s s u r ec l ' l i n d e r si n s u c c e
s s i o n .a n d p e r l o r m
t h c n e c e s s a rl\' u n c t i o n so n e a c h p i s t c l nb e l i l r c p a s s i n gt o t h e n c x t
c 1 ' l i n d e rE. a c hs u c c e s s i rc" yc l i n d e ri s l a r g e r .t o t a k c a d v a n t a g eo l t h e
l e s s c n i negx p a n s i o no 1 t h e s t e a m .W h e n i t f i n a l l ve x h a u s t isn t o t h e
c o n d e n s e ri.t i s t r a n s l o r r n c di n t o w a t e r b v c o m i n g i n c o n t a c l $ ' i t h
' i p e st h r o u g hw h i c h s ea u a t er c i r c u l a t e s .
t h c c o l d c rs u r l a c eo 1 p
'I'urbine
L,ngines,
r \ h o r i z o n t a lc y ' l i n d c rt h r o u g h w h i c h t h c
p r o p e l l e r s h a l t p a s s c s .a n d t o w h i c h a r o t o r i s a t t a c h e d .S t e a n r
l l a d c sc a u s c tsh e s h a f tt o
s t r i k i n gt h c r o t o r w i t h i t s n u m e r o u s r n a l b
rcr'ol'ue
a t a h i g h s p e e d ;b u t . a s i t o n l v r e ' u o l ' u 'oens e w a ) ' .a s e c o t ] d
t u r b i n c m u s t b e f i t t e d t o t h c s a m es h a l ' tl i r r u s c w h c n g o i n g a s t c r n .
H i g h - a n d l o w - p r e s s u rteu r b i n c sa r c u s u a l l ' u ' l i t t e1do t h c s a n . rseh a l i .
E n g i n e sD
, i e s e l l n t e r n a lc o m b u s t i o nc n g i n e su h i c h o p e r a t e
b 1 c o n r p r e s s i nag n r i x t u r c o l o i l a n d a i r . l - h e ' nc a n o n l r b e s t a r t c d
w i t h t h e a i d o l c o m p r e s s eadi r . w h i c l i m o v c st h e p i s t o n su n t i l t h e
e n g i n co p e r a t c so r . ri t s o w n . l ' h i s n a t u r a l l l l i m i t s t h e n u m b e r o 1 '
. n a c c o u n to l t h i s . t h e
s t a r . l r n gus, h e nm a n o e u r r i n gi n h a r b o u r s O
I ) l ' l I t u l e s r c q u i r ct h a t a i r t a n k s .s h a l l c o n t a i ns u l ' l ' i c i e na ti r f o r
t w e l r e c o n s e c u l i v cs t a r t i n g s . w i t h o u l b c i n g r e l i l l e d . M a n r
a d r a n t a g c sa r c c l a i m e dl i r r t h i s t y p c o l e n g i n e .F o r i n s t a n c cl.c s s
'l
s p a c ci s o c c u p i e df o l t h c i n s t a l l a t i o n
t h a n f o r a n v o t h e rt 1 ' p e . h c
o i l l u e l r c q u i r c sl e s ss p a c e f. e w e rh a n d sa r c c a r r i e d .a n d m o r c c a r g o
c a n b e l o a d e c l a. n d s o o r . r .
E n g i n e s ,S m o k e l d e n t i f i c a t i o n
l)ensc black. or elen lightc o l o u r c ds m o k cc o r n i n gl r o m a s h i p ' sf u n n e lw i l l i n d i c a t et h e c o a l
burner. whilc a light-huedsmoke. with a hazv or greas\
a p p e a r a n c ei s. u s u a l l ve m i t t e db v o i l b u r n i n gr , e s s e l M
s .o t o r s h i p s
a r c c a s i e rt o d i s t i n g u i s ha.s t h e h a z ve x h a u s ts h o o t so u t i n a r a p i d
s e r i c so f p u l ' f s .i n t h e s a m c m a n n e ra s a m o t o r - c a rc x h a u s t .
E n g i n e - r o o m ,D i s c h a r g e A n o t i c e a b l el e a t u r e o l a l l p o u ' e r
v e s s les p a r t i c u l a r l vw h e n u n d e r w a l ' .i s t h e l a r g ef l o w o 1 ' w a t c rt o b c
s e c nc o m i n g f ' r o n ra n o p e n i n go n t h e s t a r b o a r ds i d ca m i d s h i p sn. e a r
t h e l o a d w a t c r l i n c .I h i s c o r r r e sl r o r n t h c g e n e r a lc o o l i n gs y s t c m
w h i c h a l s o c o n d e n s c st h c e x h a u s ts t e a m i n t o w a t e r a g a i n f o r
p u m p i n gb a c k i n t o t l i c b o i l e r s .
E,ngine-room
P l a t e s S t e c l p l a t c sl o r n . r i n gt h e l l o o r i n g o l 1 h e
c n g ln e- r o o l r .
l i x h a u s t P i p e s S t e a r nc x h a u s p
t i p e sa r et h o s ew h i c hr u n u p t h c
a f t e re n d o 1 ' t h cl u n n e l .M o t c l rs h i ne x h a u s trsu n i n s i d et h e f u n n c l .
26
I H F T ] O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
'l'hcsc
Eyebolts
are usuallvfound a1 anv point whcrc it is
n e c e s s a rtYO s h a c k l ca g u V l ' a l l
fyebrows (or Spurnwater)
M e t a l c h a n n e lf i t t e d t o t h e t o p
h a l l o l a p o r t h o l e .s o t h a t r a i n a n d s e aw a t c r w i l l r u n c l e a r .
Fairleads
Il a rope habitually leads over anv pcrmanent
o b s l r u c t i o na. c o n t r i v a n c es h a p e dt o m i n i m i s cd a m a g ci n t h c w a v
o l c h a i e .a n d k n o w n a s a l ' a i r l e a di.s a l w a v sf i t t e d i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r
s p o t . ' l - h o s cf i t t c d a t t h e b r e a k o l t h e p ( ) o p .o r l o r e c a s t l eh e a d .
u s u a l l t 'h a l ' e a h o r i z o n t i i lr o l l e r .
'l'he
F a s h i o nP l a t e s
c u t - a w a vp l a t e sa t t h c c o r n e r so l t h e w c l l
d e ck s .
leeder
W o o d c n t r u n k w a v f i t t c d a r o u n d a h a t c h w a y .b e t w e e n
t w o d c c k s .W h e n a g r a i n c a r g os c t t l e sa n d l e a v c sa s p a c co n t o p . t h e
s p a c ei s a u t o m a t i c a l l l ' f i l l e d
w i t h t h e w c i g h to l ' g r a i n l y i n g i n t h e
I e e de r .
T h c c a s i n go v e r t h c e n g i n ea n d b o i l e r su p o n w h i c h
liddley
t h c I ' u n n esl l a n d s .I t a l s or c l e r st o t h e g r a t i n g sa n d l a d d e r sw h i c h l c d
I r o n r t h e m a i n d e c k d o w n t o t h c s t o k eh o l d p l a t c s .
F i s h P l a t e B o u n d a r yp l a t eo n t h e o u t b o a r ds i d eo l c a c hd e c k
a b o v ct h e m a i n d c c k . R a i l sa n d s t a n c h i o n o
s n t h e s a l o o nd e c k a r e
r i r " e t e dt o i 1 .
l - h c r o u n d e d p a r t w h c r e t h e s t e m p o s t m e e t st h e
Forefoot
keel.
'fhe
Flying Bridge
d e c k so l o i l - t a n k e r sa r c s o c l u t t e r e dw i t h
p i p e sa n d o t h e r o b s t r u c t i o n sa n d s o m u c h w a t e r i s s h i p p e dw h e n i n
h c a v ys e a st h a t a l ' l y i n gb r i d g ei s p r o r , i d c dw e l l a b o ' u et h c d e c k sf o r
t h e s a l ' cp a s s a g co l t h e c r e r . l r o m I o r w a r d t o a l t a n d v i c e v e r s a .
Frames
V e r t i c a l a n g l e b a r s o r g i r d e r sc x t c n d i n g f r o m t h e
l l o o r s a t t h e b o t t o m o l t h e v e s s e lt o t h e b e a m s a t t h c t o p a n d
t o g e t h e rl i r r m i n g a t r a n s v e r s e
m e m b e rg i v i n g s h a p et o t h e s h i p .T h c
l r a m c sa r e i n e l f c c tt h e r i b s o f t h c v e s s etl o w h i c h t h c s h e l lp l a t i n gi s
r i v e l e c lS
. e eu l s o " M a r k i n g P l a l e sa n d F r a m e s " .
F r e s h - W a t e rT a n k s
A l t e r a l l k r o s e r u s t a n d s e d i m e n th a s
b e e nr e m o v e d .t h e i n s i d ei s g i v e na c o a t o f l i m e w a s ht o p u r i l ' yi t a n d
this alsclhas a benel'icialcffcct on the water
Funnel
l - J p t a k ef ' r l r s m o k e l ' r o m t h e s h i p ' s f u r n a c e s .I f a n
i n s i d ec a s i n gi s p r o v i d e d a s i t i n v a r i a b l yi s
h e a to n t h e o u t s i d e
c a s i n gi s c o n s i d e r a b l yr e d u c e d .S o m e a r e p r o v i d e d w i t h a g a l l e r y
l i l r w o r k i n g o n s o t h a t t h e t o p m a y b e u n s h i p p e d1 o r p a s s a g e
up the
M a n c h e s t e rC a n a l .
F u n n e lS t a y s L J s u a l l a
y b o u t 4 , 6 o r 8 s t a y sg i v e s u p p o r tt o t h c
l u n n e l l. n h ( ) t\ c a t h e ro. w i n gt 0 e x p a n s i o on l t h c l u n n e l t. h c vo f t e n
l l-ruck.
2. Flag Halyards.
3. Toprnast Bkrck.
.1. Wireless Aerial.
5. 'Insulators.
I'opmast
6.
Sltcart..
7. Hounds Band.
8. Fore I-opnt:rst Stal'.
9. .]urnper of 1'riatic Sta1 .
10. l.ore Topmast l3ackstal'.
1 1 . S i g n a )Y a r d .
12. Signal Yard LiIt.
13. l)unnty Gantlinc.
14. Wedges: covered by .i'lastco;rt
15. 1'opmast.
16. Derrick Outreachcs (Crosstrce
17. I.ugs for I'rcventcr Stay.
l l l l : 1 ' e p l a t cl o r ' f u p p i r r g I . i f t R l u
ly, t-owerrnast.
20. l{ounds ]Jand.
21. Forestay.
22. Shrouds.
23. Foremast Laurp iLnrlljracirct.
24. Irorks.
25. Guide \\'ires.
26. I-amp ilalvards.
27. La;np C.age.
28. Crorv's-rrcst.
2 9 . ( l . r o r v ' s - n c s ll J e l l .
lJ0. IIctl o{ foplrast.
l i 1 . 1 ' o p r n a s tl r i d .
lJ2. Shcave.
1 3 i 3).l i i s t r o p u ( . 1 ) u n L u r ] ' / .
ll4. Lug.
lJ5. l.adder.
36. J,ight lJoorn.
'1
37. Liglit liooli
o 1 r p i n gI - r l t .
3 8 . L i g h t l 3 t x r ; r i( ' i a n r p .
39. Light ISoont L:rtrrp [-lulr,lrlrls.
'{0. 1'aLile.
-11.(loosclecli.
]1'*[
t..
ir\
.]1i:a
Flc.
10.--f{ast
'l
(rvith l'e.lescopic oprnast).
'I'o
a n l . r s t r o P c t o t i r e c n d o I t l r c r l u r r r r r r vr r r a s l r o p t :
lo*,er a fclcscopic fopnr.rst.-llarrv
(chain or lvire ahvays left rove for tltc purposc) and pul1 it tlrrough to rurrhc lasf to an c1;..bolt or lug on thc other siclc. Slack up the ba"cksta.r,sanrl stal', tcrrovo the nrastco;r.ta.rrri
rvcdges, talic thc rveiglrt on thc ntastropcr, hcavc ttp a littlc, rclnovc the tid on tvhich thc
topntast rcsts anrl lorrcr au'ay untii the toprttrast is lorv crrough (it lowcrs clorvu irrsidc tlic
lorvermast). Xlake fast the rrtastropc.
I H E B O A I S W A I N ' SM A \ T ] A I
2l
r e q u i r . et o b c s l a c k c d t t l ' 1. a n d t o d o t l . t t sa u t t l t . t l l l l t c a l l \ .a s p r l n S
a r r a n g e m e n ti s s r t m c t i m c sf i t t c d t o t h c s t a l i t s e l l .
.tet' F unnel.
Gallery
Galley
Anotlier nante lor thc ctlok-htlusc.
t Jp t a k c l i r r s n t o k c l ' r o r n g a l l o t i r e s . l t n t a r b c
Gallel tunnel
e i t h c l s t a n d i n g b y i t s el 1 o r c o n n c c t e dt o l h c I n a i n l ' u n n ei .
(iarboard Strake
l'he linc ol plating tln each sidc ol thc kccl
'l'hesc
p l a t e sa r e t h i c k e r t h a n t h e o t h c r s h c l l p l a t c s .
(ioose-neck Vent
lank air cscapes usuallr ltlurlci oll
m a i n - d e c k . l - i g . 7 . ( i t l o s c - n e c ki s a l s o 1 h e t l a t r l c l o t ' l t s n i v c l
a r r a n g e m c n tw h i c h s u p p o r t s t h c h e e l o l a d c r r i c k . I - i g . l 0
(iooscneck Vcntilatot
H e a v v s t e eI d o o r s i n t h e s h i p ' ss i d e u s e dl o r
Gunport Doors
v a r i o u s p L l r p o s e sa.c c o r d i n gt o t h e i r s i t u a t i o n .F r u i t b o a t s l o a d
b a n a n a st h r o u g h t h e n - ra. n d p a s s e n gr t :I c s s c l su s' Tc'thheuv\ c d ( ) ( r l \ l ( ) r
will olten be
t h c i r g a n g w a ) , sa. s a m c a n so f ' a c c e s tso t h e s h i p .
f o u n d n c a r t h e g a l l e v sa n d p a s s e n g eqru a r t c r s .w h e r ct h e l ' a r c u s c d
s o l e l r 'l r l r v e n t i l a t i o np u r p o s e s .
H c a d r o o m i s u s u a l l l 'l i m i t e d w h e n b o a r d i n ga v e s sIeb y m e a n s
n a g u n p o r to r a l o r " e rd o o r .
o l a g a n g w a y ' l a n d ei d
A s a w a r n i n g t o p a s s c n g e rasn d o t h e r s .i n a n e l l t l r t t o p r e v e n t
t h e m s l r i k i n gt h e i r h e a d s v. a r i o u sr e m e d i e sa r e i n u s e .T h es ei n c l u d e
n o t i c c - b o a r d sr.e d f l a g s .c u s h i o n se. t c . .b u t o n e o f t h e b e s ti d c a si s
t o u s ea s t r i p o l w h i t ec o l t o n c a n \ , a so r d u c k . l o n g e n o u g ht t l s t r c t c h
a c r o s st h e d o o r a n d h a v i n gi t s l o w c r h a l l t h r e a d e du n t i l a g o o d d e e p
'l'hrough
lluttering about in the wind. this will
fringe remains.
a t t r a c t a t t e n t i o nm u c h b e t t e rt h a n a n y t h i n ge l s c .
A m e a n s o 1 's t e e r i n ga v e s s e lb v h a n d p o w e r '
Hand Gear
o
r
o
t h e r t y p c o f g e a rh a sb r o k c n d o w n .
whenthe steam
O p e n i n g si n t h c d c c k g i v i n g a c c c s st o h o l d s .
Hatchways
b u n k e r s p a c c sa n d s t o r e r t t o n t s .
2rJ
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I I A I
I H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I
'l'hcsc
Hatch Beams
a r c r e a l l l h c a v v s t c c l g i r d c r s u ' h i c h fir
l r a n s re r s el v b et r ' " ' e e tnh e c o a m i n g so 1 a h a t c h w a t.
l
L lloltl 'prret
. 1 I ' o r l a h i r h er r n rl K u r g )
l. Stillcrrtr
l() \\ iilrrlrshrirnglt It0n
H:rtehult
:l(lt ( 0lnlllt8
I'orlahlc bcanr
\ta\ \
Be:ul calrrer:
l{atch ( overs
Hcavl u'oodcn covcrs laid on the hatch beams.
t o c ( ) \ ' er t h e h a t c h r l a r ' .
llatch ( leats
I r o n l u g s o n t h e h a t c h c o a n . r i n g isn t o w h i c h t h e
battcnsarc shippcd to hold the tarpaulins rn place.
Hatch Battens
l . r , r . r gn a r r o w i r o n b a r s u ' h i c h h o l d t h e h a t c h
-[her'arc
tarpaulinsrn place and prevcnt u'aterenteringthc holtls.
laid in clcats altachcd to the liatch coamings. and are wcdged
t r g h t l r i n p i a c e w i t h v r ' o o c l e nw e c l g e s .
Hawse Pipes
Stecl pipcs lcading down through thc bows in
.l
uhich the unchor cablesrun. he shank ol thc anchor fits snuslv
i n s r d ci t u h e n h o v c u p .
'l
Holds
h e i n t c r i o r o f a v c s s e li s c l i l i d c d u p i n t o a n u m b e r o 1
\iraces u,herc cargo is stowed or packed. Each ol these spaces is
"hold".
knuun as a
a n d i s n u m b e r e dl r o m f o r w a r d . F i g . 9 .
Hounds Band
A n a r r a n g c m c n t f o r s e c u r i n gt h e r i g g i n g t o t h e '
r r t a s l h e a d .I n s o n r e c a s e si 1 i s a t h i c k i r o n b a n d r i v c t e d t o t h e m a s l .
[ . . t c s a r e r ' " c l d c do n a t s u i t a b l e a n g l e s t o t a k e t h e s h r o u d s a n d s t a l ' s .
Fig l0 (.tcc I-olding ['latc).
Ho l t l .
I)latc Kccl
Ililge Kecl
S h c l l I ' l a t i n g ( l l r r i s c da n d S u n k en
S r s t c r n)
4 Shcll trr l)lirtc I irntlings.
5 ( i a r h o ; r r t lS t r a k t .
b Shccr Strakc.
7 Hlttch ( oamings
I Hlrlelr Ilcenr Sockcls.
9 I)cck l'lating.
r 0 I )cck llclrrrs.
I I Hold [)ill;u:
t 2 Bcanr Kn,:cr.
l-l Franrcs
t 4 I rn c r s .
t 5 F ritnrc Spaccs.
t{l ( irrgr)Battcn\
I t - ( lcatr.
l l i []irlk heari
t 9 I r a n s r c r s cS t i l l c n er r .
2\) \ e r t r c i t lS t i l l c n r t s .
2 l Box I)rotccting Bilgc Sountlinr:
I'ipe.
22 I l o r [ ) r o t c c l i n g I ] a l l l r s t I a n k
Sountling I)ipc.
2 - 1H
. old Iatlder.
2 . 1 .I l u n g s .
2 5 .S p a c cl o r S h i l t r n gB o a r d s
2 6 . I ) e c k S l r i n g c rI ) l a t c
2 7 .S i d cS t r i n g e f .
2 8 . I l i l g eS t r i n g e r .
29 Inttrcostal )late
3 0 . , \ n g l eB a r .
-ll.(eiling.
.ll. Manholcs
- 1 . .l]i n t b c r : .
- 1 4(. el l r r l a ll ) o u h l c B o t t o r t rl o r n r i n g
B a l l a s tI a n k .
. . 1 5( .c n t r c L i n e L o n g i t u d i r r a(li i r d c r
. 1 6 I. n t c r c o s t aSl r d c( i i r d e r
- . 1 7l l.r n c r B o t t o n r l ) l a t i n g
- 1 8F
. l o o r l ) l a t c( I r a n s r c r s cl ) l a t c 1 .
3 9 . I ) r a i n i n gH o l c s .
4 0 \ ' er t i c a i S t i t l c n i n gA n g l e B a r s .
4 1 .. l o g g l c dS t i t l e n i n g
A n g i cB a r s .
. 1 2 .M a r r i n l ' l a t c .
4 - 1 l.. i g h t e n i n ga n d A c c c s ' H o l e : .
4 . 1 .B i l . u cS p a c c .
45. I ank Sidc llrackct.
. 1 6S
. t r u n rB o r
29
30
T H I t s O A I - S W A I N ' SM A N I J A I
Another svstcm olten scen is two angle bars ri.,etcdto the mast
a l'eu inches apart. l'hcsc are set at a suitable angle to take thc cycs
ol thc rigging. which is held in place with a hea\'),'pin insertcd
through holcs in the anglc bars and held in place with a forelock.
Insulators
O n a c c o u n t o f e l e c t r i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e .m a n \
lessclsp
. a r t i c u l a r h ' n a v arl . ' c s s eal sn d t a n k e r s .h a r . ct h e i r s t a v sf i t t e d
-l'hese
with insulators.
a r e a l s ol o u n d o n w i r c l e s sa e r i a l s .
J a c k s t a f f F l a g s t a l 'sf i t u a t e do n t h e s t c m h e a d .
J u m p e rS t a y
A u ' i r c s t a v s e t u p b e t w c c nt h e l i r r c n t a s ta n d t h e
f u n n c l .S i g n a lh a l i a r d sa r c a l w a v sh u n g f r o m i t .
L a m p B r a c k e t s A b r a c k e t e ds h e l l o n t h e f o r e m a s t ,a n d a l s o
o n t h c m a i n m a s t u. p o n w h i c h t h c t w o m a s th e a dl i g h t sa r c b o l t e d .
L a z e r e t t eH a t c h
A s m a l l s t o r e r o o m .a l w a r , ' a
s t t h c a l i er c n d
< 1 t1h e s h i p u s u a l l l b
' e n c a t ha s m a l l h a t c h w a v .
l , i f e b e l tB o x e s
[ - a r g c b o x e s c o n t a i n i n gl i l ' c j a c k c t sp l a c e da t
s l r a t c g i cp o i n l s w h c r e t h t : v c a n b e q u i c k l v d i s t r i b u t c dw h e n
rcq Llrred.
Life-jacket Racks
O r ,e r h e a d r a c k s l i t t e d i n c r e w s ' a n d
passcngers'quarters.
Bow Locker
A c o m p a r t m e n tu n d e r t h c f o r e c a s t l eh c a d n e a r
tlic stem post. As no purposc can be filund 1or what would
o t h c r w i s cb e w a s t e ds p a c c ,i t i s t u r n e d i n t o a l o c k e rl ' o r a l l c l a s s e os 1 '
s h i p ' sg e a r . ' I ' h e
l i r r e p e a kh a t c hi s u s u a l l yi n o r n e a rt h e b o w - k l c k e r .
(lhain Lockers
I ' w o l a r g ec o m p a r t m e n t su n d e r t h e r . r ' i n d l a s s .
I n t o t h i s t h e p o r t a n d s t a r b o a r dc a b l e sa r e s l o w e d a l ' t c r c o m i n g
d o w n t h r o u g h t h c s p u r l i n gp i p e s .1 1 ' s u f l ' i c i c n tl layr g e .t h e r c i s n o
n e e d 1 ( )s t o w t h e c a b l e .b u t i l ' n o t . i t m u s t b e l l a k e d o r s t o w c d .
o t h c r w i s ei t w i l l n o 1 a l l 1 - i it n .
Flag Locker
A c a b i n e t s t a n d i n g o n l e g s o r s c r e w e dt o a
b u l k h e a do n t h e n a v i g a t i n gb r i d g e .A l l f l a g sa r e k e p t i n t h e c a b i n e t
r n s m a l l p i g e o n - h o l easp p r o p r i a t c l yl e t t er e d .
Lamp Locker
A compartment fitted with thc necessarl
shelvcsh
. ooks and lanks 1or holding all thc ship'slamps and
i l l u r n i n a t i n go i l . l t i s a l w a v ss e p a r a t e dl ' r o m l i r , i n gq u a r t e r sb v a n
i r o n b u l k h e a t jM
. o s t o l ' t h e t o o l s r e q u i r e dc v c r ) ' d a ) ' a r ck e p t i n t h c
l a n r pl o c k c r .
-Ihis
Paint Locker
m a y b e a p r o p e r l c l c k e r .o r j u s t a s p a r e
c o r n e rs c t a p a r tI o r t h c s t o r a g ea n d m i x i n g o l p a i n t . L i k e t h e l a m p
l o c k c r ' . i t m u s t b c s e p a r a t e dl r o m l i v i n g q u a r t e r s b v a n i r o n
bulkhead.
Sail Locker
A l l a w n i n g s .t a r p a u l i n s ,c o v e r sa n d s c r e e n sa r e
k c p t i n a s a i l l o c k e rw h i c h i s a l w a y ss i t u a t e di n a d r v s p o t . o t h c r w i s c
d a m p n c s sw o u l d b c i n j u r i o u st o t h e c a n v a s .
T H I : B O A I S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
3l
Sand l.ocker
t h e p l a c e w h e r e s a n d i s k e p t i s s e l d o r na l o c k e r
l n t h e s c n s et h a t t h e n i i m c u , o u l d i r n p l r I l s u a l l r . r t r s
- j u s ta l a r g e
b o x . s t a n d i n g i n s o m c p o s i t i . n w h e r e i t i s e a s l r . d i s r r i b u t es a n d i o
w h e r c v e ri t i s r c q u i r e d .
"Spud"
Locker
S t < l r a g es p a c c l i l r p o l a t o e s . A s a r u l c i t i s k e r p t
s e p a r a l e 1 l - o n tt h c v e g c t a b l el o c k e r . b u t o c c a s i r r n a l i rt h c t u o a r . c
cornhincd.
Vegetable Locker
Siitrage spacc f()r Icgctable.. lt is usuallt
s r t L r a t c di n a n o u t o l t h c w a r ' . c o o l a n d a i r Y s l r t r t .
Locking Bars
Iron bars laid acrttss rhc hatchuavs and
p a d l o c k c d 1 , t h c c . a n r i n g s . - I - h e i rp u r p o s c i s 1 , , p r c r c n t u n a u t l r . r r s c d p c r s o n se n t c r i n g t h c h o l d
Mail Room
Well protected storagc spacc wherc nrail is kcpr
during transit in largesteamers.
'l
Main Hatch
h e p r i n c i p a l h a t c h w h e r e r h c h c a r , i c s rw e i g h r :
a r c u s u a l l r c a r r i c d . c ) n t h e c o a m r n g t h e s h r p ' so l l ' i c i a i \ u n r b c r a n c l
I { r ' g r s t c l e dI o r r 1 1 ; 1 tl r. .l e l l r r u \ \ L . u t .
Manhole l)oors
A c c e s s t o t a n k s a n d b o i l er s i s g a i n c c l b r l r a r
o l a n r a n h o l ed o o r . I n t h e c a s e< i l a b o i l c r . t h e d o o r i s a l u a v s o l i l h c
i n s i d e .s o t h a t t l r c r n . r e p r e s s u r et h c r c i s a g a i n s ri r . t h c n r , i c t i g h t l r
it u ill kecp t.lost.d.
B . t h h . l e a . d d . c l r a r c c l l i p t i c a l i n s h a p e .s o t h i i t t h c d o . r n r a r
b e p a s s e dt h r . u g h . a n d a d . j u s t e d . r ' i l i r h d r a r . l nr . l r t h t , r ru n , r t r , r u h l t i .
'l'hc
d o o r o l a l r c s h - w a t c rt a n k i s u s u a l l r o n t h e o u t s i d c .a n d i s
held in place uith il t'oq 1ylholrs rrudtlcj intu the 1ank. I hcsc
cngagc holcs in thc covcr. ancl it is cventuallr scrcucd tighr u,ith
nuts.
Itacking and whitc-lead arc inr.ariablv used to cltsure a good
u a t c r t i g h t. j o i n rb c i r r gn r a d c .
Marking Plates and Frames
llr a sinrplc svsrem of lctrcring
and numberi'g. each platc and llamc o1 , r.rril', hull is rcatiili
i d er r t i l i c d .
B e g i n n i n gw i t h t h e g a r b o a r d s t r a k e n e x t t o t h e k e e l . w h i c h i s A .
e a c h s t r a k e o 1 ' p l a t i n g i s n t a r k e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l ) . ,u. p r o a n d i n c l u d i n g
t h e s h c e rs t r a k e w h i c h . i l ' i t w a s t h c f i l ' t h ,w o u l d b e m a r k e d F . .
Indil'idual plates and Irames arc nurnbered l'rom a1'1.
These lctters and numbers mav olten be seen painted on a
v e s s e l ' ss i d e w h i l e r e p a i r s a r c b e i n g e l l e c t c d i n d r 1 , d o c k . a n d t h c v
are also uscd by, Masters when reporting damage.
Mast Coat
A c a n . " , a cs o v e r w h i c h f i t s a r o u n d t h e p l a c c w h e r e
t h e t o p m a s t e n t e r s t h e l o w e r m a s t . I t k e c p s w a t c r o u t . 1 ' t h e l o w er
mast.
-12
I H I : B O A ' IS W A I N ' S M A N t l A l .
I H T . B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A I
Mast Partners P l a t e sl i t t e d r o u n d t h c m a s t h o l c t o s t r e n s t h c n
the dcckplatrng.
T h e p l a c ew h e r et h e h e e l o l t h e m a s t r c s t si n s i d e
Masl Step
t h c s h i p . A t o n c t i m e i t w a s t h e c u s t o mt o s t e pt h c n t a s to n c o i n s< t 1 '
t h c r e a l m . h u t t h i s i s n o w o n l v d o n e i n t h e c a s ct l l ] " a c h t s .
'T'he
Monkey lsland
deck formed bl thc top ol the
'I'he
s t a n d a r dc o m p a s si s a l w a v sl t r u n d
w h e e l h o u sa
cndcharthousc.
o n t h i s d e c k .a n d l o r t h a t r e a s o nb r a s si s s u b s t i t u t c fdt t r i r o n i n t h e
v i c i n i n a s n r u c ha s p o s s i b l.e
T w o w i d c v e r t i c a ls t u m p sa r o u n d w h i c h t h c
M < l o r i n gB i t t s
n l ( ) ( ) r i nl g{ } p e \i r r em a d cl u s t .
M u s h r o o m s S m a l l r " en t i l a t o r sw i t h s c r e \ .t\o' p s . a l w a y sl t r u n d
o n t h c d c c k s a b o l e l i r ' i n gq u a r t e r s .A r u b b e r r i n g o n t h e i n s i d e
p c r m i t s t h e r n t o b e s c r e w e dt i g h t . t o p r e v c n t\ a t e r I ' i n d i n gi t s w a y
d o u n . I - i s .l l .
Fl(,. ll
Mushrootll Vcntrlat()l
I n c r e a s e ds p e e d ,g r e a t e rm a n o e u v r i n gv a l u e .
OertzRudders
a s w e l l a s l o w e r r u n n i n g c o s t sw e r e c l a i m e df o r t h i s t v p e t t ( ' r u d d e r .
A v e r t i c a l r o l l c r o n a p e d e s t a l ,w h i c h p e r m i t s
Old Man
m o o r i n gr o p e st o b e l e d t o a w i n c h o r w i n d l a s sf.r o m a n a w k w a r d
anglc.
'fhe
ordinary t-vpe
Panama l,ead (or Panama Towing Pipe)
o [ o p c n l ' a i r l e a di s o f n o u s et o a v e s s eiln t h e P a n a n t a( ' a n a l l o c k s .
M o o r i n g r o p e sh a v et o t a k c s u c ha h i g h a n g l el e a dt h a t t h e P a n a m a
I - e a du ' a sd c s i g n e dl b r t h a t p u r p o s ea n d i s i n f a c t a p i p e .
I r o n b a r s m a d c t o t h e s a m es h a p ea s t h e l e t t e r L .
Angle lron
T h e l ' a r e u s e d e x t e n s i v e l lf-o r j o i n i n g p u r p o s e si n t h e b u i l d i n g o f
r i r , ' e t e sdh i p s .
'l'o
Belay
s t o p h e a v i n ga n d m a k e f a s t .
Boat Stretcher
S m a l l w o o d e n s p a r w h i c h f i t s a c r o s st h e
b o t t o m o f t h e b o a t f o r a n o a r s m a nt o b r a c eh i s I e e t o n . T h e y a r e t o
b e f o u n d i n m o s t b o a t s e x c e p tl i { ' e b o a t s .
B r o k e n S t o w a g e W a s t e ds p a c e .o r c o r n e r si n t o w h i c h c a s e s
o r o t h e rc a r g ow i l l n o t I ' i ts n u g l y .T o c o u n t e r a c t h i s s o r t o f t h i n g . i n
t h e c a s e o f g r a i n l o a d e d i n b a g s . i t i s s o m e t i m e st h e c u s t o m t o
"blecd
3l
t h e b a g s " . ' l ' h a tr s .t o s l i t t h e n t , a n d a l l o w t h e g r a r n t o r u n o u t

and lill the crerices.
'l
( amber
h e a r c h o l t h c d c c k e x r c n d i n gl r o n t o n c s i d e o l t h c
v c s s e lt o t h e o t h c r .
( ornlsion
f h i s o n l r o c c u r s w h c n r r o n o r s t c eI i s e r p o s c d t o
thc air. and is the principal reasonwhr paint ir applredto suclr
s u r l a c e s .O x v g e n i s n e c c s s a r rl o r t h c l o r m a t i o n o l r u s t . s o l h a t i s
u ' h v t h e a i r i s e x c l u d e da s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e
"linished
with l,ngines"
When sal'elvmoorcd. a loud and
c o n t i n u c d r i n g i n g o r r t h e e n g i n c - r t t o r nt e i e g r a p h i n d r c a t c st h a t t h c
c n g l n c s u , r l l n o t b c r c q u r r e d l i r r a n r l u r l h er m a n o e u v r i n g . I - h i s i s
not possible with clectric telcgraphswhich ntust trt'moved in
regular cven steps.
"(ilory
Hole"
A n a m e o l t c n a p p l i e d r o l h e s t c w a r d ' sq u a r r c r s
a s a v a r i a n l o f t h c " s t c \ . \ ' a r d ' sp e a k " . l ' h e t e r m i s s a i d t r , h n v c a r i s e r r
t h r r r u g h t h e l a c t t h a t N eI s o n d i e d i n t h e c o c k p r t ( ) l t h r ' I i t t r , r . t .
Hogging and Sagging
A v e s s eI i s s a i d t o h c " h o r i g c d " u h e n
h e r e n d s d r o o p d o w n b e l o u t h e l e r . ' c ol l t h e k c e l . a n c i w h c n t h c
m i d d l c s e c t i o nd r o o p s s h e i s " s e g g e d " .
Isherwood System
l - h c l r a n r c s o i a n o r r l i n A r r r , c s s e lr u r r
t r a n s ' u ' c r s e lat c r o s st h r : k c el . b u t w i t h t h e l s h e r w o o d s v s t c r nt h e r r u r r
t o r e - a n d - a l t . r . r , h i c hg i v c s a v e s s c i g r c a i l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r c n g l l i .
'Iankcrs
a n d b u l k c a r r i e r sa r e u s u a l l v b u i l t o n t h i s s v s t c r l o r o n e u l
rtsr arialions.
l,ight Ship
\essci withour cargo on hoard. knowrras "Flling
"
I ighr
List
It rnal irappen that too much cargo rs loaded or
d i s c h a r g e do n o n e s i d e . o r t h c c o n t i n u a l u s c o l c o a l o r o i l l r o r n o n c
b u n k e r n t a y c a u s c t h c r , ' e s s et lo l e a n o v c r . l ' h i s w r t u l d b c k n o w n a s
"a
l i s t " . a n d m a \ b c c o u n t e r a c t e dw i t h t h e a i d o l b a l l a s t t a n k s .
'l'he
Pitching
p l u n g i n g o 1 ' a s h i p ' sh c a d i n a s e a w a \ w h e n r h c
ends (bor.l and stern) go through the scc-sawnir'rlion.
Load Water Line
W a t e r l i n e a r o u n d a v e s s eI w h c r c t h e
surlace ol the u'ater cuts the ship's side. when she is loadcd as dccp
as the minintum lrccboard regulations perrnit.
Freeboard
l ) i s t a n c e b e t w e e nt h e w a t e r l i n e a n d t h e d e c k l i n c .
'l
Draught
h c d i s t a n c e l r o n t t h e h o t l o m o l t h c k e el t o t h c
surlace of lhe watcr.
Port
When facing filrward the [)urt side is on the lelt hand.
and Starboard on the right hand.
"Ring
Her Away"
A loud and continued ringing on the
engine-room telegraph indicatesthat the vovage proper has begun.
I n o t h c r w r t r d s .t h c r e w i l l b e n o m o r e s t o p p i n g sa n d s t a r t i n g s . ' l - h i s
l4
] H F -B O A I S W A I N ' SM A N T , A I
i s n o t p o s s i b i c w i t h c l c c t r l c l c l c g r a p h s w h i c h n ' r u s tb c r n o v e d i n
legular e\cn \leps.
Whcn the sidcs ol a ship perlornl a \ec-slt\
Rolling
n r o \ c m en t s h c i s s a i d t r l b c r o l l r n g .
Scending
\ n r o d i l i c a t i o n o f p r t c h i n g . I t ( ) c u L l r us h c t l a r c s s t - l
i s . l r l r r c t i u l o n $ o n t h c d c c i i r i t r o l a s e a . a n c i g t r c s t - i s ct o a e t t r i o u .
c ( ) l n c ! \ \ l \ c! ] l i ' l l ( ) nu h i c l i c o n r c r s t h c r d e a o l ! r e i l l \ p c c ( .i
Whcn lacing lttrward. Slarboard is on the right
Starboard
l r a n t l r r n t l l ) o r| , s o l t t h e l e l l h a n d .
. \ g c t i c r a l t er n r i n d i c a t i n g a l l t h c d c c k s a r l d
Superstructure
l l c c k - h t i u s c si r t ; { ) \ ct h e n t a r n d c c k .
'l'rim
l i r i s r c l c r - sl o t h c \ \ ' i i \ a ' u c s s e ls i t s i n t h c \ a t c t i t n d n l i l \
"a
b c t h c c a u s c ( r l h c r s l e e r i r l gv e r \ b a d l r ' . - l ' h ei d e a l t r i n l i s u s u a l l r
lrttlchr thc sltrn" or. itt other llords. thc ship is dccpcr in thc uatcr
alt tlran \hc r\ l()rward. ll'she were decper ltlruard rhc wtluld be
"down
br thc neacl".
"I pper \\'qrrks"
Sitntc as Superstructure.
"Weeping.loint"
,\nr'.ioint $'hcrc rust lornls and leavcs
unsightlv rcd rnarks runrtinSl'rom thc allected part is said ttl bc
"uccping"
I his ntav hc stoppedb1 caulking u ith a t hrscl.
l h c s e a r e m o s t l t ' l i l u n d i n v a c h t s ' b o a t s . l n s l ea d
\'oke Lines
o f a n o r d i n a r " , t r i l c r l i ) r s t c c r i n S .t h e r c i s a r u d d e r h e a d w h i c h l i t s
a c r . o s st h e 1 o p o l t h c r u d d e r . A t t a c h e d o n c a c h s t d c a r e t l i c l ' o k c
i i n c s . o n c o l u h i c h l s h e l d i n c a c h h a n d w h i l c s t e e r i n g . - T . hl ei n e s a r c
u s u a l l r o l r , " h i t c c o t l o l ) r o p e l i n i s h e d o 1 - 1w i t h l a n c r k t r t l t s a n C
ta\sel\.
l ' h e c o m p a r t m e n t b e l w e e nt h e s t e n l a n d c o l l i s i o n
Fore Peak
h u l k h e i r t l .l h c l , r u et p i t l t i \ \ { ) n ) c l i m c \u s c d a s l r h a l l a s tl a n k - h u l
t h c u p p c r \ c c l i o n i s a l w a ' n ' tsh c b o s u n ' s s t t t r e .i n w h i c h m o s t o l t h e
, r p e .p a i n l a n d c a r g o g e a r i s s t o w c d .
Waste space adjaccnt 1o the stcrn lrame. alwa\s
A.fter Peak
u t r l i s c da s a b a l l a s t t . a n k .
's
Stcwarcl slccping quarters. In large ve\scls
Steward's Peak
ther arc usuall) bcrthcd ncar the lttrc peak or alter peak.'l-his
"(ilorv
Htlle".
eo m p a r t n l c n t i s a l s o k n t t w n a s t h e
Platf<lrm
All contrrlls are nranipuliited lrttm the engine-rorlnl
p l a l l o r . n r .l t i s n o t a p l a t l o r m i n t h e p r o p e r s e n s et l l t h e w o r d . b u t
nrercl\ a control centre.
Substantial woodcn
Portable Side Battens or Spar ( eiling
\ p u t \ \ h i r ' h p r c r c l l t c : t r ! ( )e ( ) m i n gi n c o t t t i t e lu i t h t l r c i r o n l r a n t c s
and plates ol' a stcamer'sholds.
Portholes
Side scuttles is thc correct namc for the small
round openings in the ship's -ride. more commonlv known as
] H F B O A T S W A I N ' S\ 4 N\ I J A I
-15
portholesF
. . a c hi s f i t t e d w i t h a " d e a d l i g h t "h r n g e do v c r t h c t o p .
W h e n t u r n e d d o w n a n d s c r c w e dt i g h t ( b i m e a n so l t h c c l a m p s ) .
p r o t e c t i o nl r o m s c a - v , a t eirs p r o r i d e d i l t h e g l a s ss h o u l d b r c a k
during bad wcather.
I h c s m a l l r u b b c r b a n d a r o u n d t h e e d g co 1 ' b o t hp o r t h o l ea n d
d e a d l i g h st h o u l dn * c r b e p a i n t e d l.- h i s w i l l i n l u r ct h e r u b b e ra n d
c a u s ca l e a k . I l a " p o r t " i s s c r e w e du p t o o t i g h t i t w i l l c r a c kI ' e r t
e a s i l tw h c n a s e ah i t s i t . l t s h o u l db e s u l ' l ' i c i c n t l y ' t i gt oh ts l o p w a t e r
c o r n l n gt h r o u g h a r t d n o m o r e . a n d m u s t b e s c r e w e du p c \ e n l ) . .
P u m p R o o m s ( ' t l n t r o ll o o m s l i r l t h c p u n r p r n gl n i l n g e n r c n t \
in oil tank steanrcrs.
Punka l.ouvre (Thermotank)
l h i s i s a v e n t i l a t i o ns v s t c n r
w h e r e b lI r c s ha i r . a t a n \ g i \ r - nt c n l n r - r ' a t u rcca.n b e p u n r p e dt o a n v
p a r t o 1 ' t h e v e s s etl o w h i c h i t r n a 1e" x t c n d . A i r i s d c l i v e r e dl ' r o m a
s p o u tu o r k i n g o n a u n i v c r s a. jl o i n t T
. h i s p e r m i t si t t o b c s w i t c h e dt o
a n ) p a r 1o l a c 0 m p a r t m c n t .
A t t a c h m e n tf i t t e d t o t h c t o p o l ' a r u d d e r p o s t . b )
Quadrant
l n c a n so 1 ' w h i c h t h c r u d d e r i s t u r n e d . I t t a k c s t h e s h a p c o l a
quadrant.
'l
h e r o u n d e dp a r t o 1 t h c s h i p ' ss i d ea l t . o n e a c hs i d c
Quarter
o l ' t h ep o o p .
Q u a r t e r P i p e s . ! c c S h o u l d e rI ) i p e s .
Ringbolt
H c a ' u vi r o n r i n g sr i ' " ' e t c 1
c1
o r " a r i o u sp a r t so l t h c s h i p
and hcr superstruclure
ca
. c h o l ' w h i c h h a s a p a r t i c u l a rp u r p o s e .
s u c h a s l o r g u v s t o b c s h a c k l c dt o o r l i r r l a s h i n gd e c k c a r g o e se. 1 c .
R o c k e t S o c k e t A b r a s ss o c k e tf i t t e d o n e a c hs i d e o f a v e s s e l
n c a r t h e b r i d g c .J " h e va r c f o r s o c k c ts i g n a l sw h i c h a r e t o b c f i r e d .
a n d a r e a b o u t 5 r n c h c sd e e p . S o m e t i m c st h e l ' a r e s c r e w e dt ( ) t h e
d e c k .o r m a v b e f i t t c d t o t h c t c a k r a i l o n t h e b r i d g e .l - h e va r c a l w a y s
s e ta t a n a n g l ew h i c h w i l l t h r o w t h e s i g n a lo u t b o a r da n d c l e a ro l t h e
s h i p . I h c s ca r e n o w o b s o l c t c .
Rolling (lhocks
Scc BilgeKecl.
T h e s u c t i o nc n d o l a b i l g c p i p c t e r m i n a l e \i n i l
RoseBox
"rosc".
"rose
"strum
a n d t h i s i s p r o t e c t c db y a
box" or
bor". It will
b e l i r u n d i n t h e b i l g e si n t h e a ft e r e n d so l ' t h e l i r r w a r dh o l d s .a n d t h c
l o r w a r d e n d s t l 1 ' t h ca f ' t c rh o l d s .
Rudders
I h e o l d f a s h i o n e dp l a t e r u d d er i s r a p i d l v g o i n g o u t
o 1 u s c . M o d e r n v e s s e l sh a v e s t r c a m l i n e dr u d d e r s w h i c h i n c r e a s e
e l l ' i c i c n c fi n s t e e r i n g a
. n d m a n y a r e l i t t e d w i t h b a l a n c e dr u d d e r s .
'fhcse
havc as much iirca ()n the lore part o1'therudderstock as
t h e r ci s a b a f t i t .
Samson Posts(or Derrick Posts)
l-argc stccl posts,the chief
I u n c t i o no l w h i c h i s t o s u p p o r td c l r i c k sa t p i a c e sw h c r et h e m a s t
36
'I
H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A L
d e r r i c k sc a n n o l r e a c h .l - h e i ' u s u a l l yi n c o r p o r a t ea v e n t i l a t o rl e a d r n g
to the holds.
'lanks
l-argetanks containingwaler. which are
Sanitary
a l w a ! ' st o b c l o u n d o n t h e d e c k a b o v e l a v a t o r y a c c o m m o d a t i o n :
a n d u s e df i l r l l u s h i n g w a t e r c l o s e t s .M o d e r n s h i p s h a l ' e a u t o m a t i c
p u m p s l ' c e d i n gp r e s s u r eI l u s h i n gs v s t e m s .
.l
Scuppers
h e s em i g h t b e h o l e sc u t i n t h e b u l w a r k . w h e r e i t
r n c c t st h e d e c k . o r t h e y m a v b c p i p e s w h i c h r u n d o w n l r o m t h e
w a t c r w a v st o n e a r t h e w a t e r ' se d g e .b e l i r r ed i s c h a r g i n go v e r b o a r d
S h e e r p o l e A n i r o n b a r b o l t e d a c r o s st h e l o w e r e n d so 1 a l l t h c
s h r o u d s .l t p r e v e n t st h e r n l r o m t u r n i n g a n d l o o s e n i n gt h c b o t t l e s c r e w s .a n d i s a l w a l , sf i t t e d w i t h b e l a v i n gp i n s .
l ' h e l i n c o 1 ' p l a t i n g i m m e d i a t e l vb e l o w t h c
Sheer Strake
b u l w a r k s .l - i k e t h e g a r b o a r ds t r a k e .t h e s ep l a t c sa r e t h i c k c r t h a n
t h c o t h e r s h e l ip l a t e s .
'l'he
Shell Plating
s t c c l p l a t e sf o r m i n g t h e s h c l l o r h u l l o l a
'
l
'u'esselh
. e v a r e r i v e t e do r w e l d e dt o t h e l ' r a m e s S
. t ' ca / . r oM a r k i n g
Platcand fjrames
S h i f t i n gB o a r d s W h e n b u l k c a r g o c ss u c ha s g r a i n a r e c a r r i c d .
h c a . , r b o a r t l sa r c b u i l l u p i n t h c c e n t r el i n e o f ' t h e s h i p ' sh o l d . t o
p r e \ en t t h c c a r g os h i l t i n gt o o n e s i d c w h e n r o l l i n gh e a v i l i , .
'l
Shoulder
h e r o u n d e d p a r t o l t h c s h i p ' ss i d e l i r r w a r d . n e a r
t h c b r e a k o l t h e l o r e c a s t l eh e a d .
S h o u l d e rP i p e s
O v a l h o l c s i n t h c b u l w a r k s .a t t h e b r e a k o 1
t h e l i r r e c a s t l eh c a d ( o n e a c hs i d e ) .t h r t t u g hw h i c h t h e b a c k s p n n gr s
l e d o n t o t h e q u a 1. A n o t h e r t w o p i p e s .s i t u a t c da t t h c b r c a k o 1 t h c
p o o p ( o n c a c h s i d c ) .a r c k n o w n a s " q u a r t e r p i p e s " .a n d t h r o u g t r
t h e s et h e a l t e r b a c k s p r i n g sa r e a l s o l e d t o t h c q u a l ' .
Shrouds
I h e s ea r . et h e s t a n d i n gr i g g i n g s u p p c l r t i n gt h e n r a s l
o n e a c h s i d e a r c a r e u s u a l l vl ' i t t e di n p a i r s . I 1 t h r e e a r e u s e dt h e
"swilter".
l i r r w a r d o n c w o u l d b e s i n g l ea n d i s k n o w n a s a
S i d e l , i g h t S c r e e n s S c r e e n so l ' w o o d o r m e t a l a t o n e t i m c
p a i n t c d r n a p p r o p r i a t ec o l o u r s b u t n o r . l ' p a i n t c d m a t t b l a c k .
S r t u a t e da t t h e b r i d g e w i n g s t h e v h o l d t h e r e d a n d g r e e ne l e c t r i e
s i d c l i g h t s .I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e i s a s e c o n d a r ye l e c t r i c c i r c u i t f o r
e m e f g e n c !u s c .
S m a l l h a t c h e sp r o v i d c d 1 o r l o a d i n g
Side Pocket Hatches
b u n k c r c o a l i n t h e s i d e b u n k e r s p a c e si m m e d i a t e l yu n d c r n c a t h ,
'l'hev
l midships.
w e r e a l w a v st o b e I o u n d a t t h e s i d e so l a v e s s c a
s
o i l I ' r o mt h c
w
h
i
c
h
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
c
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
Soil Pipes
Pipes
l a v a t o r i e so v e r t h e s i d e .O b s o l e s c e n t "
T H E B O A ' I S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
3]
S o u n d i n gP i p e s
N a r r o w p i p e sl e a d i n gl ' r o m r h e d e c k t o t h e
t a n k s a n d b i l g e s .A g r a d u a t e dr o d i s l o w e r e dd o u ' n i n s i d et h e p i p e
t o I ' i n dt h c a m o u n t o l ' w a t e r l v i n g t h e r e i n .
S t e a m P i p e C a s i n g s R i b b e d i r o n p l a r e s .b o l t e d o v e r s t e a n r
p r p e st o p r o t e c tt h e m I ' r o m i n j u r y ' .
STEERINGGEAR
Hand Gear
B e f o r ct h e a d v e n to f s t e a m .t h e s t e e r i n gg e a r o l '
s a i l i n gv c s s e l sw a s o p e r a t e db y ' w h a t i s n o w k n o w n a s " h a n < lg e a r " .
'f
h e s t e er i n g - w h e eol p e r a t c da s i m p l eg e a rv r h i c hc a u s e dt h e r , a r i o u s
r u d d e rm o v e m e n t sI.n I ' i n ew e a t h e rt h i s w a se a s ye n o u g ht o o p e r a t e .
b u t d u r i n g b a d w e a t h e ri t p r o v e d a h e a v yj o b . a n d o { ' t e nr e q u i r e d
m o r e t h a n o n e m a n t o c o n t r o l t h e h e l m . L a t e r . w i t h t h e a d v e n to f
p o w e r .t h e h a n d - o p e r a t e g
d e a r b e c a m ea n e m e r g e n c yg e a r l i t r u s e
o n l y i n t h c e v e n t o f a b r e a k d c l w ni n t h e m a i n p o w e r - o p e r a t e d
s t c e r i n gg e a r . E x c e p ti n v e r y s m a l l v e s s e l ist i s n o w o b s o l e t e .
S t e a mG e a r
W i t h t h e a p p e a r a n c oe l ' s t e a m .a n e w m e t h o do l '
s t e e r i n gc a m e i n t o b e i n g .A l l n a v i g a t i o nw a s t r a n s l ' e r r e ld' r o m t h e
p o o p t o a b r i d g e c e n t r a l l ys i t u a t e d ,a n d , a s i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n
d i 1 ' f i c u ltto m o v e t h e h e a v yl e n g t h so f c h a i n a n d r o d s t o o p e r a t ct h e
q u a d r a n tb y 'h a n d . s t e a ms t e e r i n ge n g i n e sc a m ei n t o g e n e r a u
l s e .l n
t h i s s y s t e mt h e t u r n i n g m o v e m e n tc l l ' t h e w h e e l o n t h e b r i d g c i s
c o m m u n i c a t e db y ' r o d s a n d b e v e l g e a r s t o o p e r a t e t h e v a l v c
c o n t r o l l i n ga s t e a m - e n g i nsei t u a t e da t d e c k l e v e l i n t h e v i c i n i t y o l
t h e a f t e r p a r t o f t h e m a i n e n g i n e - r o o mT. h e e n g i n ei s c o n n e c t e db y
c h a i n s a n d r o d s a l o n g e a c h s i d e o f t h e d e c k b y m e a n so f ' b u f f e r
s p r l n g st o t h e q u a d r a n t .
T o h e l p a b s o r bt h e s h o c k so n t h e r u d d e r i n h e a v ys e a s ,i t w a s
n e c e s s a rtyo r e e v e" r e l i e v i n gt a c k l e s "i n t h e f o r m o f a n e n d l e s sf a l l
r o v e t h r o u g h t w o t a c k l e sa t t a c h e dt o t h e q u a d r a n to n e o n e a c hs i d e
s u c h t h a t t h e f r i c t i o n o 1 't h e r o p e o v e r h a u l i n gi t s e l f t h r o u g h t h e
b l o c k s a s t h e q u a d r a n t m o v e d . d a m p e d d o w n t h e e f f e c t so f t h c
waveshocks.
A l l s h i p sm u s t b e f i t t e d w i t h t h e e q u i v a l e n o
t f two independent
steeringgears and in the smaller vesselsthis was effectedby two
large hand-operatedwheelssuitably gearedto operatedirect over
t h e r u d d e rs t o c k .T h i s w a s s u p e r s e d ebdy t h e u s eo f t a c k l e sw i t h t h e
h a u l i n g p a r t s t a k i n g t o s t e a m m o o r i n g w i n c h e ss o t h a t t h e v e s s e l
could be steeredby power from aft.
Telemotor Gear
This gear is designedto do away with the
s y s t e mo f r o d s a n d c h a i n sl e a d i n ga l o n g t h e d e c k . l t a l s oa l l o w st h e
steeringengineto be placed alongsidethe quadrant, therebygiving
38
. H F I ] O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
d i r c c t a c t i o n . H c l m n t o \ e m en t s a r e c o n t r o l l e d t t n t h c b r i d g c b v
w h a l m a t ' b e d c s c r i b e da s a p r c s s u r em a c h i n e . ' I ' o t h i s m a c h i n c t h e
w h e e l i s a t t a c h c d . a n d i s c o n n e c t e d t o t h c s t e e r i n gc n g i n c b t t w o
small pipcs which are below decks and protected lronr dantagc.
W l r e e l m o v e m e n t s c a u s c o i l p r c s s u r et o a c t a l o n g t h e p i p e s a n d
o p c r a t e t h c r . a l r " co l 1 h c s t e e r i n ge n g i n c . w h i c h i n t u r l l a c t s d i r c c t l r
o n t h e q u a d r a n t .F i g . 1 2 .
PRf,55URE
I LLL
6AUGTS
IALL
FI LTER
-wnEac---
5 T [ E R iN G
SAFETY
QIt,:,l^rs.___rqy!EDRAIIL_qoqr
Frt'. Il
I c l t t t t i t t o t S t c c r t n g( i c a t
M o s t s t e e r i n gg e a r t o d a l - i s t l l t h c
H y d r a u l i c S t e e r i n gG e a r
h y d r a u l i c t y p e w h c r c b l ' f o u r l i r r e - a n d - a f td i a g o n a l l l c o n n e c t e d
r a m s o p c r a t e i n p a i r s e i t h e r s i d e o f a c r o s s h c a da t t a c h c dt o t h c
r u d d e r s t o c k . B y ' m e a n s o l a v a r i a b l c - d e l i v e rpl u m p t l l t h e
H e l e - S h a wt y p c , o i l c a n b e t r a n s l e r r e dl r o n t t t t t cr a n l ( ) r s c t o l r a n l s
to the other and by so doing excrtsa turning moment tln the
c r o s s h e a dw h i c h m o l e s t h e r u d d e r . T h c v a r i a b l e - d e l i v c rpy u n r p i s
p u s h e do r p u l l e d c t n s t r o k e b 1 ' t h c t e l e n r t t t o rg e a r a c c o r d i n gt o t h e
m o v e m e n lo f ' t h e w h c c l o n t h c b r i d g c a n d t h e m o v c m e n to l t h c
MA\TlAI
I HE T]OAI'SWAIN'S
39
crosshcad operates the hunting gear returning thc putttp to the

neutral position pending l'urthcr nrolements ol thc whccl. ln the
e ' u e n lo 1 ' h e a l y s e a s s t r i k i n g t h c r u c i d e r . t h e r e i s a b \ ' - p a s s ' u a l v c
which allows thc rams to givc to thc blow and the hunting gear
restores the position immediatelv alterwards. There is an emerg e n c v a r r a n g e m e n t l o r s t e e r i n gf r o n r a l ' t b v d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o l t t o t h e
p u m p c o n t r o l s a n d a s c c o n d i n d c p e n d e n t p u m p i n g s v s t e n rc o v c r s
r e q u i r em c n t s l o r s c c o n d a r ) ' r n e a n s o f s t c e r i n g .
Thc pumps ma\ be driven b1 high-speed lorced lubricatcd
"Stcam
Hydraulic Steering
stcani-e
n g i n c si n w h i c h c a s ei t i s c a l l e d
(icar" or br electric motors in which casc it is callcd "F.lectro-
H 1 ' d r a u l i cS t e e r i n gG c a r " .
All Electric Steering (iear
lrr this casc (ltc cottttettiort
b e t w e e nt h e w h e e l o n t h c b r i d g c a n d t h e r u d d e r n r o t o r w h i c h i s
couplcd through gearing to the rudder stock. is carricd <lut
c l e c t r i c a l l r b, v r l c a n s o l ' r h c o s t a t s a t e a c h e n d . l ' h c r c i s a
c o n t i n u o u s ldv r i v en e l e c t r i cm o t o r t a k i n gi t s s u p p l yl r o m t h c s h i p ' s
r n a i n sa n d d r i l i n g a g e n e r a t o ra n d c x c i t e r . ' l - h ca r m a t u r co l t h c
g e n e r a t oirs u i r e d t o t h e a r m a l u r eo l t h e r u d d e rm o t o r a n d t h c l i e l d
o l t h c g e n e r . a l oirs l e d 1 ' r o r nt h e c x c i t e r . l ' h i s t i e l d o n l v b c c o m e s
acti'u'e
w h e n a m o \ e m e n t o l t h c w h e e l o n t h e b r i d g c u p s e t st h e
b a l a n c co l t h e r e s i s t a n c eass b c t w c e nt h e b r i d g e a n d a l t a n d w h e n
t h i s h a p p c n st h c g c n c r a t o rs u p p l i e sc u r r c n t t o t h c r u d d e r r n o t o r
w h i c h m o v e st h c r u d d e ri n a d i r e c t i o nd e p e n d i n gu p o n w h i c h w a \
t h e w h e e l i s t u r n e d . I - h c m o v e m e n to l t h e a r n l a t u r ea l s o m o v e sa
s l i d c r o n t h e r u d d c r r h e o s t a t o r e s t o r eb a l a n c cw i t h t h a t o n t h c
b r i d g ew h e n a l l m o v e m e n ls l o p sp e n d i n gl ' u r t h c rm o v e m e n t so l t h e
w h e el .
S t e e r i n gF l a t
C ' o m p a r t m e n ts i t u a t c d a b c l v ct h e r u d d e r . I t
c o n t a i n st h e s t e e r i n ge n g i n ew h i c h i s a t t a c h e dt o t h e q u a d r a n to n
the ruddcr post.
Stokehold
S p a c ev v h e r et h c b o i l e r sa r c l a i d . a n d w h c r c t h e
s t o k i n go r I ' i r i n gi s d o n c .
S t < l k e h o l dP l a t e s I r o n p l a t e sw h i c h l o r m t h c l l o o r i n g o f t h e
stokchclld.
Storm Plates
l - a r g c i r o n p l a t e sh i n g e d t o t h c f i d d l e y t o p .
a g a i n s te a c h o l t h e g r a t i n g s .a n d o v e r w h i c h t h e y a r c f i t t e d i n b a d
w e a t h e r t. o p r c v e n tw a t e rf i n d i n g i t s w a y l o t h e t o p o f t h c b o i l e r so r
into thestokehold.
S t r < l n gR o o m
E x t r a s t r o n gs t o r a g ep l a c cl i l r v a l u a b l ec a r g o e s
i n m a i l a n d p a s s e n g esrt e a m e r s .
Strum Box
.\'ecRose Box.
40
Table A constructioo
n n d e c k i n t h e s h a p eo l ' a t a b l et h r o u g h
w h i c h t h e f o o t o f t h c m a s t p a s s e sa n d p r o v i d i n g a m e a n s o l '
s u p p o r t i n gt h e g o o s e n e c kfso r t h e h e e l so l ' t h e d e r r i c k s F
. ig. 10.
Taffrail
R a i l f i t t e d t o t h e a f r e re n d o f r h e p o o p .
Tail End Shaft
The short end o1p
' r o p e l l e rs h a l i w h i c h l i e s i n
t h e s t c r nt u b e . W h e n t h e p r o p e l l e ri s 1 o b e u n s h i p p e dt.h e t a i l e n d
m u s t b c d r a w n i n s i d et h e t u n n e l t o a l l o w t h e p r o p e l l e rt o s w i n g
c l e a r .t h e r e l ' o r et.h e l ' a r e m a d e s h o r t f r t r e a s yh a n d l i n g .
T e l e g r a p h s A n a u t o m a t i cm e a n : o f r ' o n r m u n i i a t i n g
ordcrs
b e l w c e n t h e n a v i g a t i n g b r i d g e a n d e n g i n e - r o o m .D o c k i n g t e l e g r a p h ss i t u a t c do n t h e f o r e c a s t l eh e a d a n d p o o p . a n d c o n n e c t e dt c r
t h e b r i d g e .a r e u s e df o r t h e s a m e p u r p o s e .
Telephones
Communication with the bridge from the
f o r e c a s t l ch e a d , p o o p . e n g i n e - r o o ma n d c r o w ' s n e s t i s e f f e c t e db y
t c l e p h o n ei n m o s t v e s s c l : .
Tonnage Hatch
Hatchway and space which was only
p r o l ' i d e d t o c o n f ' o r mt o c e r t a i n r e g u l a t i o n s .l t w a s o n l v f o u n d i n
S h e l t c r D c c k s h i p s , a n d w a s a l w a v s s i t u a t e do n t h e a f t e r d e c k .
Wooden hatch covers fitted over the opening, and although
t a r p a u l i n sw e r e s u p p l i e d .t h e r e w e r e n o c l e a t sf o r b a t t e n i n gd o w n .
I n t h e o r y ,w
. a t e r c o u l d c n t e r t h e h a t c h a n d s c u p p e r sw e r e p r o v i d e d
'f
to clear it ttver-side. here is no longer anv advantage in
c ( ) n s t r u c t l nag t o n n a g eh a t c h .
T o n n a g eM a r k
A t r i a n g l ea n d h o r i z o n t a l l i n e o n t h e s h i r l ' s
s i d e i n d i c a t et h a t c e r t a i n s p a c e sn e e d n o t b e c o u n t e d i n t h e g r o s s
t o n n a g e .i f ' t h e m a r k i s c l e a r o f t h e w a t e r . I f i t i s s u b m e r g e dt h e
l a r g e ro f t h e t w o t o n n a g e sa p p l i e s T
. ' h i si s t h e m o d e r ne q u i v a l e n o
t 1'
t h e s h e l t e rd e c k s h i p .
T r a n s o m T h e w i d e p a r t o f a s t e r nf r a m e a b o v et h e p r o p e l l e r .
I t i s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e s h a p e ,a n d i n t h e s a m e p o s i t i o n a s t h e w i d e
s t er n o f a j o l l y b o a t .
Truck
E x t r e m et o p o f t h e m a s t . w h i c h t a k e st h e f o r m o f a n
o v a l b u t t o n , f i t t e d w i t h s m a l l s h e a v e st h r o u g h w h i c h f l a g h a l l i a r d s
are rovc.
Tunnel
The spaceformed by the casing over the propeller
s h a f t . I t r u n s t h r o u g h t h e h o l d s f r o m t h e e n g i n et o t h e s t e r n t u b e .
Tunnel Escape
A means of escapeirom the tunnel. lt is
s i t u a t e dr i g h t a f t , w i t h a d o o r o p e n i n go n a n y o f t h e u p p e r d e c k s .
Ventilation
The long funnel and large cowl ventilators were
the mark of the natural draught coal burning ship. Forced draught
o f v a r y i n g t y p e s w a s i n t r o d u c e d u n t i l t h e e n c l o s e de n g i n e - r o o m
v e n t i l a t e db y f a n s i s u s u a l t o d a y . H o l d v e n t i l a t i o ni s m u c h m o r e
c a r e f u l l yc o n t r o l l e dt h a n e v e ra n d e x c e p tf o r c e r t a i nb u l k t r a d e st h e
I ' H E B O A I S W A I N ' SM A N I ] N I -
4I
v e n t i l a t i o rwr i l l b e b 1 ' l a n sa n d i t w i l l b e c o n t r o l l e da c c o r d i n g
to thc
d e u ,p o i n t o f t h e a i r o u t s i d ea n d t h e t e m p e r a t u r ei n s i d et h e h o l d .
"Waist"
A l l t l i e m i d d l e s e c t i o n b e t w e e nt h e
of the Ship
l i r r c c a s t l eh e a d a n d p o o p i s k n o w n a s t h e " w a i s t " .
"Waist"
l - h e s ea r e l u r t h e s a m e p u r p o s ea s s h o u l d e r
Pipes
a n d q u a r t e r p i p e s .b u t a r e s i l u a t e di n t h c " w a i s t " . a t t h e o p p o s i t c
e n d s o f t h e l b r c a n d a f ' t e rw el l d e c k s .
W a s h P o r t s ( o r l r e e i n g P o r t s ) S n r a l ls q u a r cd o o r s h i n g e dt o
t h e b u h v a r k a n d h a n g i n gf r e e . a n d w h i c h h e l p t o r i d t h c d c c k o i
w a t e r d u r i n g b a d w e a t h c r .A w e i g h t o l r . l a t e ro n t h e i n s i d eo p e n s
t h er - n .b u t a s e as t r i k i n gt h c o u t s i d ec l o s e st h e r n .
W a t e r w a y s G u t t c r sa t t h e s h i p ' ss i d ew h i c h c a r r ) 'w a t c r t o t h e
s c u p p e rh o l c s a n d p i p e s .
W h e e l h o u s e A h o u s c s i t u a t c dc e n t r a l l y o
' n the navigating
b r i d g e. O r i g i n a l l l i t p r o t e c t e dt h e m a n a 1t h e w h e e lw h i l e t h e o f f i c e r
o 1 ' t h e w a t c h s t o o d i n t h c o p e n o r i n o n c o 1 ' t h e w i n g c a b s .I n
m o d c r ns h i p si t h a sb e c nc x t c n d c dt o i n c l u d em o s t o l t h c b r i d g ca n d
lhc eliartroom
asucll
Whelps
I . o n g i t u d i n a is t r i p s o n t h e w a r p i n g en d o 1 a l l ' r n c h
w h i c h h e l p t h e r o p e t o g r i p t h e r o u n d e ds u r l a c e.
W h i s t l e s O n c . t u ' o o r c v c n t h r e ew h i s l l e sw i l l b e l b u n d o n t i i e
l i i r u , a r d s i d c o l t h c l u n n e l . I h e r a r c c o n n e c t e dt o . a n d w o r k e d
f r o r n .t h c b r i d g ee i t h e rb v m e a n so l w h i s t l cl a n v a r d so r c l e c t r i c i l r .
f ' o r n p r e s s c da i r i s u s e dl o r w h i s t l e so n m o t o r - v e s s c i s .
S c t ,A n n e r l l l . R c g u l a t i c l nlsi r r P r e v e n t i o no 1 C ' o l l i s i o n as t S c l
DE( K }IA( HIN},R\
S t e a mW i n c h e s I n d i v i d u a lw i n c h e s\ , a r ys o m u c h t h a t n o o n e
c a n b c s u r ej u s t h o w t h e r w i l l a c t u n t i l a t r i a l h a s b e e nm a d e .F o r '
t h i s r e a s o n i t i s n e c e s s a r vt o b e c x t r c m e l v c a r e l ' u lw h e n . a l t e r '
h e a v i n ga l o a d u p . i t i s a b o u t t o b e l o w e r e d .
W i t h a v e r l ' h e a v v l o a d i t i s s c l m e t i m eos n l v n c c e s s a r tyo
"walk
c o m p l c t e l l ' s h utth e s t e a mo l ' f a n d t h e w i n c h w i l l
b a c k " .i n
w h i c hc a s ei t i s o n l l ' n c c c s s a rt vo t u r n i t o n a g a i nt o s t o pt h e w i n c h
Fig.I3.
I n o t h c r c a s e st h e w i n c h l e v e r m u s t b e r e v e r s c do r p u t i n t h e
" l o w e r " p o s i t i o n b e l o r c a n y t h i n gh a p p e n s .t h c n t o s t o p t h e w i n c h
"heavc
t h e l e ' u ' e irs r e t u r n e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l
up" position,u'ith
p c r h a p sa s m a l l t < l u c ho l s t e a mt o h e l p .
A 1 a l l t i m e sa w i n c h d r i v e r m u s t k c c p h i s w i t s a b o u t h i m . b u t
ncvcr more so than when about to "lower awa\'" with a stranue
winch.
42
T T - I FB O A I S W A I N ' S M A N T ] A I -
I I
H L I I O A I S W A I V SM n \ t r A I
I o t a l l r I n c i o : c t l S p l a s h I L r b r i e a t e tS
j ltlun Winclt
winches
A c c r r c l i n g t o r h c s i r c . r ' t h c s h i p a n t r t h e t r a c i cs h e i s
e n g a g e c il n . e i t h c r o n c . t \ 4 o . o r c v c n l i r u r w i n c h e s u i l l b c l i r u n c l a r
c a c h h a t c h w a r l i r l h c u ri n g L a l g ( ) I n . r n d . u 1 o 1 t h c h o l d s . M o s l
t c s s t - ' l sh a r c a s p c c i a l m . . r i n g w i n c h . r c a p s t a ' r i g h t a l t f i r r
hearing in thc nrooring lincs.
B c l o r c L r s i n ga w i n c h . a n \ \ \ a l e r l r i n g i n t h c p i p e s . t h r . o u g h
c o n d en s a t i o n o l s t e a n r .r n u s l b e r u n o l 1 . T h i s i s d o n c b i o n e n i n s t h c
d r a i r r c . c k s u n d c r n c a t h t h c c r l i n d c r s l l a l i t t r e s t c a n ri s i u r n " i , , n .
i t u i l l l r e l p l o h l t , u t h c u a r c l t 1 16 u g l t . e s p c e i a l l ri l t l r . , . . r . r r , , , g
l c r c r r s n r . r ' e d b a c k u a r d s a n d l . r w a r d s a r c u t i r n c s .A w i n c l r w i l i
n o t u ( ) r k s n t o o t h l v u n t i l a l l t h c r . l a t e rh a s b e c n g o t r i d o f .
Out of (iear
W h c n t h c p i s t o n sa n d c r a n k s a r e l n o \ l n g b u t t h c
cenlrc and cnd drunts do not rc'uol,"e
t h c w r n c h i r o 1 r 1q r l ! r . 1 r .
Single(iear
[ ] n d er n e a l h t h c c c n r r c d r t r . r t h c . c u i l r i u r . u n t l
1 u ' o l c r e r s u , h i c h c o n t r o l t h e g c a r c l u t c h c s o n t h c d r i r . . i n gs h a l ' t s .
l l s u a l l - r t. h c s n r a l l e ro f t h c t w . c o n t r ( ) l so n c e l u t e h . . n r r w h c n i r i s
c n g a g c c lt h e u ' i n c h i s i n s i n g l e g c a r .
Double Gear
A s a r u l c t h e l a r g c r l e\ c r o p c r a t es t w , o c l u t c h es .
'l
h e s c . r c c o n n e c t c db r a b a r w h i c h p r c ' c n t s h . t h . 1 t h e m c n g a g i n g
at thc same timc. l1 thc bottt)nt onc is put in. thc r,rp i,n..
a u t o r n a t i c a l l vc o m c s o u t . a n d v i c e v e r s a . w h c n t h c t o n c l J t c h i s
e n g a g e d a l r , ' n gw i t h t h a t o l t h c s i n g l c . t h e u , i n c h i s r h c n i n d . t r b l c
gear.
safe ('lutches
In thc.lder typc.l opcn winch i1 w.s usualt.
t a k c t h c p r ec a u t i o n ( ) l p r c \ c n t i n g t h c u l L r t c h e sf r o m b c c o m i n g
t tr, 1.1
l 5
I l t t t r r t \ \ i r r th
\\'inrlIass
+-l
44
fHtr IIOAISWATN'S MANLjAI
d i s c n g a g e dp a r t i c u l a r l l u h e n t a k i n g a h e a , , r . w c i g h t a b o a r c j . b v
c u t t i n g l o u r p i e c c s . 1 ' u ' o . d t o I ' i t i n b c t w c r ' n t h i c l u t eh r - s a n d
l a s h i n gt h e r n t o t h e d r i v i n g s h a 1 t .
Electric Winches
L . l e c t r i cw i n c h c s h a r c n o w b e e n d e r . . e l o o e d
t . i 1 5 1 o t . . 1 c . n r p l e t e s a l c t \ a n d a r e a u t ( ) t n a t i u a l l - rs a l e g u a r . d t - d
r g a l n s t d a m a g c a s a r e s u l l o 1 ' m i s h a n d l i n gt h e c o n t r c l l s .
lthc ty,pe
sl.r.wn in figu'e 14 is opcrated b1 a c.ntrrliler and a f.orbraie
directly'ntountcdon thc winch. but thet,arc more ultcn operateci
l r o n r t h e r c m o t c c o n t r ( ) l p o s i r i . r n .l n e t r r p o l a t e di n a l l t h c s e n i n c h e s
rs ii nlagnetic brakc ol thc disc tvpc u,ith largc lrrction surfaces
w h i c h i s a u t o m . l i c a l l r r c l e a s e d a s t h e p o w ei i s s w i t c h e d , n b r
mcalls of thc controller and comcs inlo opc|ati.rr again a, th..
p o \ \ ' c rr s s w i l c h c d o f l s . t h a t t h e l o a d i s h e l d . l t c a n n o t " r u n b a c k "
"wiilk
.r
back" as c.uld be the cascwith the older steamwinch.
In. thc.latest trpes ol"electric winch the specd ol'hriisting or
Iowcring is conipletcll' controllcci electricallt and no lirot_brikes
a r c l i t t e d . A l l r r i c c h a n i c a lb r a k i n g i s c a r r i c d . u t b r t h e m a g n e t i c
b r a k c r i n d t h c r . l i n c h a u t o n t a t i c a l l , \ ' s t ( ) p sw h c n t h c l o a d t ( ; c h c s
d.w'n. wrth .'l\
. n e c o n t r o l i t i s p o s s i b l c f. r c l n c o p e r a l o r 1 o
c o n l r o l t u o w r n c h c s b r g r o u p i n g t h c r e r n o l e e o l r r r . l l c r . si n p a r r r .
Windlass
l h r s i s a s p e c i a i t v p c ( ) l s l c d n t ( ) r c l c e r r . i tui i n e h
w h r c h r s u s e t i t r , h e a v c t h e a n c h . r u p 1 r - o r nt l r e s c a - b o t t o n r a n d
L ( ) n l r ( ) l t\ h e e i r h l eu l r t ' r r r r n n i r r g, , r r l .
whe. n.t c.rpl.r'cd in anch.r u.rk. the wi.drass ca. bc used
l . i h e a r i n g i . r n . . r i n g l i n c . . ' l ' h t - b r i i k e i s s c r e w e cul p t i g h t a n < it h c
g ) p s ) . r . "h i c h c a r r i c s t h c c a b l c . i s p u t o u t o l g c a r b r t u r n i n g t h c
s m a l l u ' h c e l f i r r c r i f i r r r h c p u r p o s e . ( l n t h c o l d e r r - r ' p eo l r . e s s i la n
t r . n i e ' c r w a s u s c d l i r r t h i s . p e r a t i . n ) . o n c e t h e g 1 , , p si1s . u t . 1
gear. the drunr cnds o1'thc windlass can bc uscd lor warDins
p u r p o s e sb u t a s t h c a n c h . r r s t h e n " o n t h e b r a k c " t h e a n c h o r c a b l i '
s l i o u l d b c h e l d f o r s a l e t v i n t h c b o u s t o p p e r o r b . , d c r , , i l ' sc l a w s o r
c h a i n s t o p p e r .l h e s e r n u s t b c c i c a r c t l b e l . r e l c t t i n g g o t h c a n c h o r
b v r c l e a s i n gt h e b r a k e
W h c n r c a d v t o h e a v et h e a n c h o r u p . t h e g y p s l , i s l i r s t p u t i n t o
gear bl operating thc srnall control wheel and thc brake is then
slacked o1'1.
M . s t u , i n c i l a s s e st . d a r a r c d r i v e n b y e l c c t r r c m o t . r s w h i c h
permlt c.nlcnientlv placcd reniotecontrols. and in s.me shinsthe
anchors can be lct go or hclvc up lronr the br.idgc.
Mooring (apstan
I n m a n \ s h i p s t h e o l d - l ' a s h i o n e dt v p c o l
warping winch has becn rcplaced by' the rn.oring c.pslan in"which
thc barrel is 'crticalll mounted and driven bt an elcitric motor. or
b y s t e a n t p o w c r . t h r o u g h a \ . \ ( ) r n ta n d b c r c l g e a r i n g .T h c l , h a r e t h e
T H F - B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A \ T ] A I
45
a d r , a n t a gteh a t t h c m o t o r o r e n g i n cc a n b e s i t u a t e dr e n t o t el r o m t h e
c a p s t a na n d t h i s l e a l ' e st h e d e c k s p a c ec l e a r .
S e l l - t e n s i o n i n gm o o r i n g w i n c h e s
S e l f - t e n s i < l n i nW
g inches
h a r ' e r e c e n t l l , b c e nd c v c l o p e dt o m c e t t h e n e e d so f t h e l a r g e
o i l - t a n k c r sa n d b u l k c a r ' r i c r sw h e r e t h e r a p i d r a t e o l l o a d i n ga n d
d i s c h a r g i nigs s u c ht h a t t h e e l e v a t i o no 1 ' t h ev e s s ei ln r e l a t i o nt o t h e
w h a r l ' o r d o c k i s c o n t i n u a l l tc h a n g i n g . ' l ' h i isn t h e o r d i n a r " w a t '
w o u l d i n v ' o l v ea c o n s t a n tw a t c h b c i n g m a i n t a i n e dt o e a s eo l ' l o r t t l
t a k e i n t h e s l a c ko 1 ' t h em o o r i n gw i r e s .W h e n a u t , r t t r a t ti ce n s i ( ) n i n g
w i n c h c s a r c u s e d t h c m o o r i n g w i r e i s p e r m a n c n t l "s c c u r c da n d
s t o w e do n t h e b a r r e l a n d t h e a d j u s t m e n t so f t h e m o o r i n g l i n e a r c
'lhis
m a k c s t h e o p e r a t i o no f r n o o r i n g
deall with automatically'.
m u c h m o r c s i m p l e a n d s a f e a n d i s a g r e a t s a t ' c ro l l a b o u r . l ' h e
w i n c h e sc a n b e h a n d o p e r a t e d .
B o w S t o p p e r A n a p p l i a n c eo n t h e f o r c p a r t o 1 't h c w i n d l a s s .
o v e r w h i c h t h e a n c h o rc a b l c r u n s . l t i s d c s i g n e dt o s e c u r ct h e c a b l e
w h c n t h e r v i n d l a s sb r a k c i s s l a c k e n e do l ' 1 .
B y l i l i i n g a l c ' n ' c rt h
. e rw c i g h t o 1 ' am o v a b l ec h o c k i s h e l d w h i l e a
p i n i s w i t h d r a w nl ' r o mu n d e r n e a t hW
. h e n t h e l e v e ri s l o w e r e da g a i n .
. n d a l l o w st h e r o u n d c dp a r l o l n
the chockdropsa few inchesa
h o r i z o n t a lc a b l el i n k t o c a t c hi n t h e r o u n d e dp a r l o l t h c c o m p r e s s t t r
'fhe
pin previouslr,
t h e r e b yp' r e l e n t i n gt h e c h a i n f r o m r u n n i n g o u 1 .
t a k c n l r o m u n d e r n e a t hi s n o w f i t t e d o v e r t h e t o p o l t h c l i n k . a n d
n t a l l l 'j u m p i n g o u t o f t h e c h o c k .
t h i s p r e r , e n ttsh c c a b l ef r o r n a c c i d e
T o a v o i d t h e 1 ' r i c t i o na n d s h a r p a n g l ca s t h e c a b l ec n t e r st h e h a w s c
p i p e . t h e c a b l em a 1 'l e a d o v e r a s u b s t a n t i apl u l l e l w h i c h n t a v a l s o
i n c o r p o r a t ea s p e c i a sl t o p p e rd e v i c e .
M o c l r i n gw i r e s w h e n n o t i n u s c a r e w o u n d o n
Wire Reels
. he wire must
t o s i t i o n sT
w i r e r e e l sI ' i x e dt o t h e d e c k i n c o n v e n i e n p
b e t a k e n o f f t h e r e e la n d l l a k e d d o w n o n d e c k b e f i r r en a v i n si t o u t .
T H F B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A \ I J A I
( . H A I ' ' I I ] RI I I
M A N T I A I ,S [ , A M A N S H I P
R o p e M a k i n g M a t e r i a l s .S p l i c e s ,K n o t s , B e n d sa n d H i t c h e s .W i r e
- its llanipulation, Splicing. Worming, parcelling
and
Iup.
S e r r i n g . ( J r a d e so f ( a n ' a s , S e w i n g .B ' a t s w a i n ' s( h a i r . M , r . i r i n g r .
S a i l o r i s i n gJ o b s .
R O P T .M A K I N ( ; M A T f , R I A I , S
Rope
l t i s k n o w , nt h a t r o p e sw c r c u s e di n ( . h r r r aa t a \ e r \
r c n l o l c p e r i . d . a n d t h a t t h e I r g ' p t i a n sn r a d t -t h c n r r r ( r l l rp u p \ r . s
a n d p a l r r rf i b r e s .a s w ' c l la s h i d e s .b u t t h er e i s n o r c c o r do l w h o l i r s r
c o n c c r . u et hd c i d c a o l m a k i n g r o p c .
A t t h c p r c s e . rd a r r . p c s a r c r ' a d c r r . n r e i t h c r v c g c t a b l cf i b r e .
n r a n r n a d cf i b r c o r n r c t a l l i cw i r e s . ' l ' h cp r i n c i p a l ' i b r - cui s e da r c a s
undcr.
Manila
A b a c a i s r h c r i b r c * ' h i c h i s u s u a i l , rr' c t c r . r c dt . a : .
n t a n i l a .h u t i t i s . r o r c c o i n n r . n l r k n . u n b r r h c n a r i r eo l t h c p o r t i n
t h u l ' h i l i p p i r . r c1sr ' . m r . l h i c hi t i , e x p o r t e d .a n c r w h c r c i t g r o l l s
a l r no s l er c l u s i rc l r .
l l c i ' g s t r . ' g a n d d u r a h l ei t n r a k c sc x c e l l e nrt . p e . a n d a s i t d r l c s
n o t l o t r 1l \ n c \ e r t a r r e d .l t d o e s .h o w c v e r s. w e l lc o r r s i d e r a bw
l vh e n
$ c t . r o i s r r o ll r l l r r u e t h rcLr r i t a h l co r 1 x , , nn * r i g g i r r gl t. s t r . c t i . h2c(st
per ccnt to 39 n.t' ."tr,.
Hemp
A l t h o u g h h e r n pw a s o n c e i m p o r l e d l i . o r n E u r o p e a n
c o u n l r i e si n l a r g e q u a ' 1 i t i c s .a n d u s e d a l r r o s t e r c l r r s i v e l irr i t h e
m a n r r l a c t u r .ef r . p e . i t i s n o w a l m . s t c . m p l c t c - r _
r p c r r c d c dh r
su
m a n i l a .w i t h t h e r c s u l l t h a t h e m p i s n o r . l , o n l yl i r u n c ti n b o l t r o p e .
a n d a l i ' l l ' . l t h e s m a l l c r c l a s s e s. l l i n c s . n r . s t o l w h i c h a r c . l ' i h e
t a r r c dr a r i e n . I t d o e sn . t s w e l lw h c n w e t .a n d l o r t l r i sr c a s o nm a k c s
g o o d r u n n i n gr i g g i n g .
('oir
A f i b r c w h i c h i s n o t s . d u r a b l ca s h c m p . r t c . m e s f i . . m
t h c c o c o n r rpl a l n t a n d w i l l s o o n r o t i l ' s t o w e da w a i w e t .
A l t h . u g h a b o u t o n c - t h i r dl i g h t e ri t i s . n r 1 ( ) n e - q u a r t et h
rc
s t r e n g l h. f ' h c n r p r o p e . a ' d a s i t I ' l o a 1 vs c r 1 ,l 'i g h t l _ov n t h ; w a t e r i t i s
v e r i .u s e u
l l a s a w a r p . I t i s u s u a l l re r n p l t , - v ei n
t l I . u t t p u r p o s e sw h e r c ,
a r o p e w i t h a g o o d " s p r i n g " i s r e c l u i r e ds, u c h a s i n i t t o w i n g s p r i n g .
47
A b o u t 2 5 - J 0l ' a t h o m sn t a v b e a t l a c h c dt o a t ( ) \ i n g w i r c t ( ) a e l a s a
"spring".
I t s t r c t c h c lsr o m 4 0 p e r c c n t t o 5 0 p e r - c c n 1 .
C o i r r o p e i s s o m e l i m e sr c f e r r e dt o a s " b a s s " o r " g r a s sr o p e " .
(.otton
R o p e c o n t p o s e do l c o t t o n f i b r e i s m o s t l y l ' o u n d o n
1 ' a c h t sa. n d i s u s e dt o a g r e a t e re x t e n l i n A m e r i c a t h a n e l s e w h e r e .
S i s a l n m a t e r i a lw h i c h c o m e sf l ' o m t h e f i b r e o f t h e l e a v c so 1 '
t h e A r n e r i c a na l o e .l t i s ' " , e r yw h i t e i n c o l o u r .a l r n o s ta s s t r o n ga s
h e r n pa n d s t a n d su p t o s e a - w a t eqr u i t c w e l l .
Nylon
N l l o n i s < t n er ; f t h e p o p u l a rm o d e r ns y n t h e t i cf i b r e s
u s e dt o l i r r n t r o p c w h i c h a m o n g s to t h e r t h i n g sh a st h c a d v a n t a g eo l '
c o n r b i n i n gl i g h t n e s sw i t h s t r e n g t ha n d e x t r e m el l e x i b i l i t l ' .I t i s v e r y
d u r a b l c . e a s v t o h a n d l e a n d c a n w i t h s t a n d s h o c k l o a < J sb u t l i k e
o t h c r s v n t h e t i cf i b r c s i t i s s o m e w h a tc o s t l y t o m a n u l a c t u r e .
P o l y e s t e r ,P o l y p r < l p y l e n eP, o l y t h e n e
M a n - m a d ef i b r e s .t h e
l a s tt u , o h a i . et h c a d . u a n t a gt e
h a t t h e v w i l l f l o a t b u t n o n eo f t h e t h r e e
a r e a s s t r o n gs i z ef o r s i z ea s n y l o n .
-l'hc
Formation of Rope
l b r m a t i o n o f a l l r o p c d e p e n d so n
"t\.\'ist".
F i b r e i s t w i s t e du p i n t o y a r n sw h i c h a r e t h e n t w i s t e du p i n t o
s t r a n d s . ' l ' h e s ci n t u r n a r e l a i d u p o r t w i s t e d u p t o l b r m t h e
c o m p l e t cr o p e .F r i c t i o n .a n d t h e i n c l i n a t i o no f e a c hs t r a n dt o u n l a l
h o l d st h e o t h e r r n p l a c c .
'f
Yarns
h e s ea r c c o r n p o s c do 1 ' t h r e a dos f f i b r e r l , c l la n d e v en l y
s p u n i n t o l l , h a ti s k n o w n a s a s t a n d a r d2 4 t h r e a <yj a r n . ' I ' h es i z eo l '
t h i s v a r n i s s u c ht h a t i l 2 4 s u c hv a r n s a r e f ' o r m e di n t o a s t r a n da n d
t h r e c s u c hs t r a n d sa r c l a i d u p t o l o r n t a r o p e ,t h c r o p e w i l l m e a s u r e
t h r e e i n c h e si n c i r c u m f e r e n c e .
S t r a n d s T h e n u r l b e r o l ' y a r n si n a s t r a n dd e p c n d so n t h c s i z c
o l t h e r o p c . a n d e a c h s t r a n d i s c o m p o s e do f ' y a r n s l a i c i u p
r i g h t - h a n d e di n t h c c a s co 1 a l c f t - h a n c i erdo p c . a n < jl e l ' t - h a n d efdo r a
n g h t - h a n d e dr o p c .
R o p e s m a y b e c o m p o s e do l e i t h e r l h r e e r l r l i t u r s t r a n < j sb. u t
t l t r c ci s t h c r n t r stl( ) m m ( ) ni n u s c .
Lay of the Rope
Ropes arc cither right-huntl lal or lt,/t-hantl
/ n . r 'a, c c o r d i n gt o t h c d i r c c t i o ni n w h i c h t h e v a r e l ' i n a l l y" l a i d u p " o r
"twisted
u p " W i t h t h e f o r m e r r h c s t r a n d sr u n I ' r o ml c f i t o r i g h t . a n d
w i t h t h e l a t t e rf r o n t r i g h t t t i l e f t . I ) r a c t i c a l l ya l l r o p e s a r cr i g h t - h a n d
laid.
l l a r o p c i s " t w i s t e du p " v e r y t i g h t a n d h a r d i r i s s a i d t o h a v e a
hurtl, /irm or .short /a.r,.Onc eff'ectof' this is that pliability and
b r e a k i n gs t r a i n a r e r e d u c c d .b u t t h e r o p e i s n o t s o l i a b l et o a b s o r b
waterand loscits shapc.
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d . a r o p e w h i c h i s l o o s e l y" t w i s t e du p " o r , . l a i d
'fhis
u p " i s s a i d t o b e o | . s ot. fo r l o n g l a . r .
h a st h e e f f e c to l ' i n c r e a s i n g
4ti
I H F -B O A I S W NI N ' S M A N L J A I -
t h c p l i a b i l i t va n d b r c a k i n gs t r a i n .b u t s o l t l a i d r o p ei s m o r e l i a b l et < r
a b s o r h \ . \ ' a 1 carn d l o s e i t s s h a p c .
W h c n a r o p e h a s o n i r s u f { ' i c i e n" lt w i s l " t o c o m b i n cp l i a b i l i t l .
s t r c n g t ha n d a b i l i n t o w i t h s t a n dh a r d w o r k i n gc o n d i t i o n si .t i s s a i d
t i r h c o l . ; t u t r d a r tol r p i o i n i n r ' . a n d t h i s i s t h c n t o s tc o n t r n o nl o r n t i n
us c .
TYPI-SOF ROPIH a w s e r - l , a i dR o p e
f h c i s t h e c o m m o n e s tl i ) r m o f l a t I t i s
t h c o r d i n a r l t h r c c - s t r a n dr o p e l a i d u p r i g h t - h a n d c d w
. hich is used
I o r p r a c t i c a l l ra l l p u r p o s e s .
S h r o u d - l , a i dR o p e s
l j o u r - s t r a n dr o p e s l a i d u p r i g h t - h a n d e d
a r o u n d a c e n l r a l" h e a r t " .
(able-l.aid Rope
A l e l t - h a n d e dr o p e .t h c d i f l ' e r e n c icn u , h i c h
i s r c r l n o t i c e a b l c[.: a c h o 1 t h e t h r e es t r a n d si s a c o m p l e t er o p e i n
i t s e l l .c o n s i s t i n go l t h r e e s t r a n d sl a i d u p r i g h t - h a n d c di.t u , o u l d
t h e r c l i r r cb c n t o r e c o r r e c l t o c a l l i t n i n c - s t r a n d c d . - I - hsci z e sr a n g c
l r o n r a b o u t 5 i n c h c st o l 8 i n c h e s .
f ' a b l c - l a i dr ( ) p c sa r c p r i n c i p a l l re m p l o v e da s t o w i n g " s p r i n g s " .
F o r t h i s p u r p o s ct h c v a r e s p l i c e dt o a l e n g t h o l w i r e . b u t i t i s
e s s c n t i at h
l a t t h c l a r o l t h c w i r c a n d t h a t o l ' t h er o p c i s t h e s a r n eA. s
t h c l a r o l ' l r u i r c i s u s u a l l l r i g h t - h a n dc, a b l e - l a i d
r < l p e isn t en d c dl o r
t h i s p u r p o s ea r e a l w a ' n m
s a d ew i t h a r i g h t - h a n dl a 1 .
S q u a r eL i n e
A s t h e t i t l e i m p l i e st h e c r o s ss r : c t i o no l t h i s t y p e
o l r o p e i s s q u a r ci n t h a t i t i s n t a d cu p o l f o u r p a i r so 1 ' s t r a n d st w
. o
p a i r s l a i d u p l c l ' t - h a n d e da n d t w o p a i r s l a i d u p r i g h t - h a n d c d .I ' h c
r e s u l t i n gr o p e i s t o u g h . d u r a b l c . l l e x i b l e a n d d o e s n o t k i n k . l t
m a k e s a n e r c c l l c n t m o r l r i n g - r o p ca n d w h e n t a k e n r o u n d t h c
d r u n r - r ' n do l a w r n c ht h c r ei s n o t e n d c n c vl o r t h e t u r n s t o r i d e .
l h c n r a n u l a c t L l r csr u
s p p l l p a r n p h l e to
sn the spcciap
l rocedurc
w h e n s p l i c i n gt h i s t l ' p c o 1 ' r o p e a n i l t h e s e i n s l r u c t i o n ss h o u l d .
a l w a v sb c c o n s u l t e d .
W a t e r - l , a i dR o p e
Samcas cable-laid.
Warp l,ay
T h e o n l v d i l ' f c r c n c eb e t w c c nt h i s r o p e a n d t h e
c a b l c - l a i dr o p e ( t h r c ct h r e e - s t r a n dr o p e sl a i d u p t o g e t h e r )i s t h a t t h c
l i r s t a n d l ' i n a i l a r s a r c v c r \ h a r d . S o n t e t i m e sl i r u r - s t r a n dw a r p s
( c o n t a i n i n gl 2 s t r a n d s a
) r e s u p p l i e da, n d l u r s p e c i atly ' p e so l w r l r k
f i ' u ' c - s t r a nwda r p ( c o n t a i n i n gl 5 s t r a n d s )i s s o m e t i m e su s c d .
[ . l n k i n k a b l eL a y
I h i s t v p c o l r o p e i s s p c c i a l l i "m a d c l ' o r
l i l e b o a tf a l l s . l n d i v i d u a lv a r n s w e r e s p u n t h e s a m e w a v a s t h e
s t r a n d s I. ' h i sw a sd o n et < le l i m i n a t et h e t e n d c n c vo l t h e w h o l ct a c k l e
l - [ { L B O A I S W A I N ' SM A \ t r A l
49
t o s p i r a l w h e n t h c b o a t t o u c h e d t h c w a t c r a n d t h e r . l c i g h tc a r n eo 1 l .
O n c c s p i r a l l e d t h c l a l l s w e r e d i l ' 1i c L r l to r i m p o s s i b l c t o r e c o v c r .
PreservingRopes
R o p c s w h i c h m a t ' b e c o n s t a n l l v i m m er s e d
"tanned"
"barked" hy
t h e a p p l i c a t i c l no 1
in water arc olten
or
"cutch".
to prcscr\c thern. Archangel tar and coal tar are also used
l o r t h e s a m r :p u r p o s c . b u 1 t h i s r c d u c e st h e b r e a k i n g s t r a i n b v a b o u t
l 0 t o l 5 p e r c e n t i n t h e c a s co l h a r d f i b r c ' r o p c . a n d a b o u t 3 0 t o 4 0
p e r c e l r t i n t h c c a s c o f s o f ' t i i b r c r ' o p c s .l t a l s o s t i l ' l i ' n st h c r o p e a n d
makcs it hcavier.
I ) u r i n g n r a n u l i i c t u r ca s n r a l l p l o p r t r t i o n o 1 l u h r i c a n t i s a d c l c dt o
"oii
s o l t c n a n c l l r r b r i c a l et h e l i b r c s . A l i r o p e s a r e
spun" in this war'.
e x c e p t t h o s c l l ' h r c h a r c m a d e l o r s o m c s p e c i a lp u r p o s c u h e r e o i l i s
l i k e l r t o c a l r s ca s l a i n . R o p e s u i t h o u t o i l a r c s a i d t o b e l ) r r S p u n
Small Stuff
A p a r t l r o n r t h c h c a r . r ,r o p e s l o L r n d o n a l l v c s s e l s .
"cordagc"
morc generallr
there arc a nurnber ol light iincs ancl
"snrall
knorrn as
stull". l-hcr are as lullow-r:
Boltrope
.A goocl quality' thrcc-strand riglrt-handed henrp
r o p e u s e d l i r r s e u i n g 1 o t h c e c l g e so f s a i l s t o r t h e p u r p o s c o 1
slfcngthening them. Iloltropc is rnade in si,rcs ranging lronr
h a i l - i n c h 1 o s r r i n c h e sc i r c u n r l e r c n c eo r 4 r n n r t o , l 8 m m d i a n r e l c r
I t i s s o l t l a i d a n c l u c l l s t r e t c h c db c l o r c b c i n g n r r r d cr n t o c o i l s . s o
n s t ( ) r e n d c r i t s o l t a r t c lp l i a b l c .
O n l r t h c s n r a l l s i z e so l h o l l r o p c a r c c \ e r l t r u n c l o n b o a r c l t h e
"srnall
h c n c c t h c r c a s ( ) nl o r r n c l u d i n g l t a n l o n g
i l \ c r a g e s l ea m er
stu11".
Point Line
S r n a l i s i z r - ' t h r c c - s t r a nmc a
i n i l a r o p c . r a n g i n gl r o t n
a b o u t I i n c h t o I l + i n c h c i r c u r n l c r en c c . 8 r . n n rt r r l 4 m r r t d i a n r u t c r .
S i z c sa r e a l u a r s c l c s i g n a t c d
b r ' 1 h e n u m b c r o 1 ' " t h r c a d s "o 1 w h i c h I - 5 .
r umbers.
l8 and 2l arc the popLrlan
"Ratline"
, \ t h r c c - s l r a n d c d t a r r c d s o 1 1h e r l p r o p c s u p p l i e c li n
c o r l s o 1 1 2 0 l a t h o m - r ( 2 2 0 m ) . l t i s n r c a s u r e dh r t h e n u m b e r o 1
t h r e a d so r r o p e l a r n s i t c i i n t a i n s . 9 t h r c a d i s a h o u t 8 m m d i a r n e t c r
a n d 2 4 t h r e a d i s a b o u t l 4 m r . nd i a m c t c r .
H e a v i n g L i n e s .M a k i n g [ i p
A l r n ' a r sm a k e a s r n a l lc o i l . s o t h a t
thc line will bc readr'lirr throuing il requiredin a hulrr'.
A c o i l t i n i s h e d o f l b v r n a k i n g t u o h a l f - h i t c h c sw r t h t h e e n d
a r o u n d a l l p a r t s i s n o 1 a l r . l ' a v hs a n d v w h e n c a s l i n g a d r i l t a g a i n ,
l ' h e b e s t w a y i - st o p r o c e e t l a s l o l l o w s :
Form a sniallbight about J leet lrom the end and pasrthrough
t h c c o i l . I w i s t t h i s b i g h t o l c r o n c c . s o t h a t t h e s h o r l en d i s o v e r t h e
"cvc".
s t a n d i n g p a r t . a n d s o l ' o r r . n sa s o r t o 1
P a s st h c e n c l a r o u n d a l l
"e1'c".
parts and through thc
When pulledtight. this hitch wrll bold
a line firmlv in positionand is verv cas\ to lct go again.
50
I H F B O A I S W A I N ' SM A N I i A I
l.oglines
['laited hcrnp or polvthcnc lines supplicd lor usc
u ' i t h t h e p a l e n t l o g . i n c o i l so l 7 5 . I l 0 o r ' 2 2 t t n t .
F - l a gH a l l i a r d s
I r s u a l l r a l o u r - s t r a n d c c l r er n p l i n c b u t i r n t a r
be plarted l'lar ol polvtlicne about lOrnnr drantctcr Supplied rn
coils up to 220nt or hanks ol 55nt.
Hand Leadlines
I h es c a r e t h r c c - s t r a n d e d c l r e s s c dh c n t p l i n c s
o l l O r n n t d i a n r c t c r a n d a r c \ \ r i t c r o r c a b l c - l a i d ( l c l r - h a n d c d ) .b e i n s
s u p p l i e d i n 5 - 5 n th a n k s .
Deep Sea Leadlines
l ) r e s s c d h c r n p l i n e s o l I l r n n t d i a r n c t eI
c o n t a i n i n g t h r e c s l r a n c l s u ' a t c r - o r c a b l e - l a i d ( l e l t - h a n d e c i )a n c i
supplicd in 220m coils
"Boat
Lacing"
High-gradc thrcc strarrd dressed hentp lincs
s u p p l i c d i n - 5 5 n th a n k s a n d u s e d l o r l a n v a r d a n d l a c i n g s .
Hambro'-line
I-hree-\'arn or thrce-strandcd right-handcd
t a r r c d s o 1 ' th e n t p m a d e i n t u o s i z c s . 3 - o r 6 - t h r e a d . l t i s u s u a l l r
supplicd in 30-lathon.h
r anks.
-l'hrcc-varn
Houseline
tarred hernp laid up lelt-handccl.
Marline
I r . l o - v a r n t a r r c d h e r n p l a i d u p l e ft - h a n d c d a n d i s
usuallv suppliedin Ikg balls.
Spunyarn
l-u,o or ntorc varns tarred hernp. usuallv laid up
l o o s c l v r i g h t - h a n d e d a n d I a r g el " , u s c d l ' o r " s c r v i n g " r o p e s o r s p l i c e s .
It is suppliedin 3kg balls.
Samson Lines
V e r r l i g h t h c r n p l i n e s s o l d i n - 5 5 r rh a n k s . ' l h e r
a r c s i m i l a r i n a p p e a r a n c et o f i s h i n g l i n e s .b u t a r c s c l d o n ts e c n i n t h c
Merchant Scrvicc.
Seaming Twine
A three-plr twinc spun l'ront thc best l'lax.
a n d n r a d cu p i n h a n k s o l ' I l b .
'l
Ropingl'wine
his is also sold in llb hanks and is usuallr
l i r c - p l r.
Machine I'wine
ls made up in ballsor copsweighing llb. and
r s u s u a l l l c h c n t i c a l l y t r e a t c d t o r c s i s t r c l t a n d n t i l d e r ..l I t i s p r e p a r e d
lronr a high-gradc I'lax and ntav be eithcr 1wo- or threc-plv.
Strengh of Rope
lo find the ullirlate strength o1' hemp.
m a n i l a o r r , e g e t a b l cl ' i b r e i n g c n e r a l . s q u a r e t h e c i r c u m l ' e r c n c eo l t h e
r o p c a n d d i v i d c b y t h r e c . " l ' h i sw i l l g i v e t h c b r e a k i n g s t r e n g t hi n t o n s
and the sale working load. would be takcn at one-sixth ol that
valuc. For cxantple.takc a thrcc-inch rope. this would givc us 3
tons breaking-strcngth
with a sale'working load o1't/1ton. In
practlce onc would use the appropriatc tables provided b1, the
m a n u l a c tu r e r s .
With thc change over to the rnctric system the sizeol all natural
a n d s 1 - n t h e t i cl i b r e r o p e a n d s t e e l w i r e r o p e a r c m c a s u r c d b l , t h e i r
diamcter in ntillirnetres and thc r<lugh {brntulac indicated in the
I H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A \ I J A I
5l
p r e r i o u sp a r a g r a p h
t o o b t a i nt h e b r c a k i n gs t r e s s el isl r t h e r o p ew i l l
no longer appll. ('hain on the other hand has alwavsbcen
m e a s u r e db v t h e d i a m e t c ro l t h e r n e t a l r t r m i n gt h c l i n k a n d w i t h
t h c c o n v c r s i t ) nt o t h e n t e a s u r c n t c nbte i n gi n m i l l i m c t r c s i.t h a s b e e n
l o u n d p o s s i h l et o r e d u c et h e l i r r m u l a ct o a s i n t i l a rt y , p cl i r r a i l
malenals.
I n t h e a b s c n c co l i n l t r r m a t i o n 1 ' r o r nt h e m a n u l a c t u r e r s t. h e
f i r l l o w i n gf o r n t u l a ew i l l g i v e r ea s o n a b l ei n d i c a t i o no f t h c b r c a k i n g
s t r c s sw h i l s tt h e s a l e t vf a c t o rl u r t h c S a l ' cW o r k i n g l - o a d i s s t i l l t o
b e l a k c n a s o n e - s i r t ho l t h e B r c a k i n sS t r c s s .
MEI'RIC FORMT]I,AETOR BREAKING STRESSES

O F N A T U R A I , A N D S Y N T H E T I C F I B R T IR O P E .
STEEI,WIRE ROPE AND CHAIN.
M ATERIA I,
F r s n nR o l r , .( 3 - Sr n , r r u ( h a w s e rl a i d ) .
(irade I Manila
7mm to l44mm
H i g h G r a d eM a n i l a
7mm to l44mm
Polythene
4mm to 72mm
Polypropylene
7m m t o 8 0 m m
P o l y e s t e (r ' l e r y l e n e )
4mm to 96m
P o l y a m i d e( N v l o n )
4 r n mt o 9 6 m m
F I - t , x r n rS
- rr,n n t -W r n n R < l p t '
6Xt2
4mm to 48mm
6X24
8mm to 56mm
6 X.31
8mm to 56mm
S ' r ' r ; uL r N r ( - r r n r t
Grade I
1 2 . 5t o l 2 0 m n r
Grade2
1 2 . 5r o l 2 0 m m
Grade3
1 2 . 5t o l 2 0 m m
Opln I-rNrCrrarx
Grade I
1 2 . 5t o 5 0 m m
G r a d e2
1 2 . 5t o 5 0 m m
r-A('TOI]
2Dr 300
lI)r 300
4D2I300
5 D 2i 3 0 0
l 5 D 2i '5 0 0
20D2i 500
2 l D 2 .5 0 0
20I)r r 600
30D2r 600
43I)r r 600
201)2i 600
30D: i 600
T h e d i a m e t c rI ) i s e x p r e s s e di n m i l l i m e t r c s t, h c b r c a k i n gs t r e s s
ln tonnes.
Lifting Power of Tackle
11'the weight that a single part of
r o p c i s c a p a b l eo l ' s u s p e n d i n gi s m u l t i p l i e db y t h e n u m b e r o f p a r t s
a t t h e m o v a b l eb l o c k , i t w i l l g i v e t h e l i f t i n g p o w e r o l a t a c k l e b u t
o n e - f o u r t hm u s l b e s u b t r a c t e dt o a l l o w l b r f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e .
52
I H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
I H h I I O A T S W A I N ' SM A N t i A l
O p e n i n ga C o i l
V e n ' o f t e n t h e l a b e la t t a c h e dt o a c o i l o l r o p e
c o n l a i n si n s t r u c t i o n as s t o h o w i t s h o u l db e o p e n e du p . b u t i 1 n o 1 ,
p r o c c c da s I u l l o w s( F i g s .I . 2 ) :
F t r , .I
O p e n i n ga
coil (lronr
oLrtsrdc).
F r r , .l
( ) p e n r n ga
coil (1rorr
:;
l n s r ( l e)
li"
.i...
.:..
:.:
( u ) R o 1 t e sx ' i t h a R i g h t - h a n d L a . t
Strip bagging. lind outsidc
c n d a n d l a y " c o i lo n w h i c h e v e rs i d e w i l l p e r m i t t h c c n d t o c o m c a w a v
l c l t - h a n d e d ( a n t i - c l o c k w i s e ) .i . c . a l l o w t h c c o i l t o r o t a t e a s o n a
turnlablc.
Anothcr nrcthod is to leavcthe bagging intact. and lav the coil
s o t h a t t h c i n s i d ee n d w i l l c o n l e a w i t v l e l t - h a n d e c li.. e . t h c i n s i d ee n d
s h o u l d b e a t t h e b o t t o m a n d t a k c n u p t h r o u g h t h e c c n t r e o 1 ' t h ec o i l .
( h l R o J t t . st t i t h u L e / t - h u n d L u . t
F . i t h e rt h e i n s i d e o r o u l s i d c
end mav bc uscd. but thc rope must comc awiiv lront the coil
r r g h t - h a n d e d( r . r ' i t ht h e h a n d s o 1 't h c c l o c k ) .
Coiling Rope
Ropes laid up right-handcd must be coiled
down in a clockwisc direction. and lcl't-handed ropes in an
a n t i - c l < l c k w i s de i r e c t i o n .
To T'horoughfoot a Rope
If through a ntistake or any ctther
c a u s ca r o p c i s t a k e n o f l ' a c o i l t h e w r o n g w a y . i t w i l l b e c o m el ' u l l o l
t u r n s a n d w i l l b e r e q u i r c d t o b e t h o r o u g h l b o t c d i n u r c l c rt o g e t r i d
o1 thc turns or kinks. Io do this i1 nrust be coiled down large
l e l ' t - h a n d e da n d t h e b o t t o m e n d p a s s e d u p t h r o u g h t h c c e n t r e o l t h c
c o i l a n d a g a i n c o i l c d l e ft - h a n d e d . R e p c a t t h e < t p c r a t i o nt w o o r t h r e c
timcs and linallv bring thc end up through the centre and coil
right-handcd.
Stretching Rope
V c n ' o l ' i en a r o p e r e q u i r e s s t r e t c h i n g b e l ' o r c
i t c a n b c u s e d i n r n a k i n g o r r e e r . , i n go f f n e w g e a r . A h a l l - h e a r t c d
strctch bl' hand or steam winch may be good cnough in some cases.
but in others a more el'fcctivc proccss requirirrg time w'ill be
n(]cessar\'.
A gocld melhod is to makc onc end fast in somc cttnrcnient
p l a c c a n d h c a v c o n t h c c l t h e r e n d w i t h a t a c k l e a t f ' r e q u e n ti n t c r v a l s .
When the rope sags.thc slack can be taken in on the tackle and il
lelt lving all dav and all night. it will be ready 1'or use on the
folkrwing mrlrning.
53
SPI,ICIN(;
Rope Eye Splice
lJnlav enoughend to make about thrcc
t u c k s( o n et u r n l o r e a c ht u c k t o b e r l a d e ) .t h e nf o r m a n c v ew i t h t h e
c n d s o n t o p . T h a t i s . t h e t h r e e e n d s m u s t b e r u n n i n gd i a g o n a l l r
a c r o s st h e r o p c l r o m r i g h t t o l e l ' l .o n t o p . F i g . 3 .
I a k c t h e m i d d l e c n d ( l ) a n d t u c k i t u n d c r n e a t ht h c n e a r c s l
s t r a n d o n t h e s t a n d r n gp a r l l r o m r i g h t t o l e f t . P i c k u p e n d ( 2 ) a n d
t a k c i t o ' u ' ctrh e s t r a n dw h i c h h a s t h e m i d d l ce n d ( l ) u n d e ri t . a n d
'l
t u c k i t u n d e rt h e n e x t o n e o n t h e l e l ' l . u r n t h e w h o l cj o b t t t e r .t h e n
t a k ee n d ( 3 ) o l e r t o t h e r i g h t .t h e n b a c kt o t h c l e f t a n d t u c k i t u n d c r
t h e o n l v s t r a n di n t h c s t a n d i n gp a r t w h i c h h a s n o t h i n gu n d c r i t . 1 1
a l l t h i s h a s b e e nd o n c c o r r e c t l . r ' t h esr e
h o u l db c a n c n d c o n r i n go u 1
b c t w , e eena c ho l t h c s t r a n d s .S h o u l dt w o e n d sc o n t co u t b e t w c c nt h e
s a n r es t r a n d st h e s p l i c ei s w r o n g . F o r t h e n c x t r o u n d o f t u c k se a c h
e n d i s l e d o v c r o n c s l r a n da n d u n d e rt h e n c x t . t o w a r d st h c l e l t .
-(tz
1 i ;
\,t
(t
\i/"',\,,
l'lr,
:
'/),
'l
t1,,t
o
Frr,..l
l { p n cI ' c S p l i c c
A s a g c n e r a lr u l e . t w o l u l i r o u n d s o l t u c k s a r c c o n s i d e r e d
s u l l ' i c i e n lt i r r o r d i n a r l p u r p o s e s .a n d t h r e c l l , h e n t h c r o p c h a s t o
b e a ra n l s t r a i n .
F o r n e a t n c s sa. s p l i c em a , vb c r a p e r e db 1 ' a d d i n ga n e x t r a r o u n d
o l t u c k sw i t h h a l r , e d
s t r a n d s .l h e s cs h o u l db e c u t o n t h c u n d e r n e a t h
s i d e .s o t h a t t h e s h o r t o r c u t e n d sa r e h i d d e n ,
Doggingthe Ends
A f i e r p u t t i n g a n e y e s p l i c ei n a r n o o r i n g
r o p c . t h e u s u a lp r a c l i c ei s t o " d o g t h c e n d s "b e f o r ec u t t i n gt h e m o 1 '.1
E . a c hs t r a n di s h a l v c da n d u n l a i d ,t h e n e a c hp a i r o f a d j o i n i n gh a l v e s
a r e w h i p p c d t o g e t h e r .F i g . 4 .
P i c k a n y p a i r , a n d t h e n i l t h e e n d s a r e l o n g e n o u g h ,c h o o s ca
good varn lront each half strand at the point whcrc thcv nearlv
54
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I ] A I -
T H I - ,B O A I ' S W A I N ' S M A N I J A I -
t o u c h . [ ) a s st h e s ey a r n s a r o u n d t h e t w o h a l l ' e ds t r a n d si n o p p c t s i t e
d i r e c t i o n sa n d m a k e a n o v e r h a n dk n o t e a c ht i n t e t h e ' r m
' eet.
Y)
t4
.A
11
,1
i?
i 1
\,,, .,.,
,'bf,.''
/',
[ ( ,
11n
l ; n
\"-r1t
"l)ogging
'
thr I rrds
1/)
tl':
FIr,..1
\-\, , 'i
I rr, 5
\r
--V
"n
,-::
; -i'
il
's
Sailnrakcr Llc Splicc.
C ' o n t i n u ed o i n g t h i s u n t i l a g o o d w h i p p i n g h a s b e e n p a s s e d .
t h c n f i n i s h o l ' l 'w i t h a r e e l 'k n o t .
l l l h c r , a r n sb c l o n g i n g1 o t h e s t r a n d sa r e n o t l o n g e n o u g h . a n r
I o r t gr : r l n ea r t b c u s c d .
S a i l m a k e r ' st i y e S p l i c e
l ' h i s i s a v e r v s i m p l e s p l i c ew h i c h i s
u s c d b v s a i l m a k e r sb e c a u s ei t l o o k s n e a t c r o n r o p i n g s e w e d t o
c a n v a s l.t i s n e v e ru s e do n a n v r o p e w h i c h h a st o b e a ra s t r a i na s i t
is likelrto "draw".
W i t h t h e t h r e c w o r k i n g e n d sc r o s s i n gt h e s t a n d i n gp a r t 1 ' r o ml c 1 ' t
t o r i g h tl a k e t h e m i d d l cc n d ( l ) a n d t u c k i t u n d e rt h c n e a r c sst t r a n d
lrclni lelt ttt right. tuck end (2) under the next strandon the right
a g a i n l r o m l e l ' tt o r i g h t t h e n t u r n t h e j o b o v e r a n d t u c k e n d ( 3 )
u n d er t h e r e m a i n i n gs t r a n df r o n t l e l t t o r i g h t .
T h e s p l i c ci s c o n t i n u e db y s p i r a l l i n ge a c he n d a r o u n d t h e s t r a n d
i t w a s f i r s t t u c k e d u n d e r . I 1 't h e w o r k i n g c n d s a r e p r o g r e s s i v e l l ,
t a p c r e dt h c s p l i c cw i l l r u n a w a ) 't o n o t h i n g a n d w h e n s e w nt o a s a i l
t h e r e s u l tw i l l b e v c r l ' h a n d s o m e .F i g . 5 .
G e r m a n E y e S p l i c e P l a c ce n d s i n t h e s a m em a n n e ra s l ' o r a n
ordinarl evc splice.then tuck the middle end through nearcst
s t r a n ctl o w a r d st h c r i g h t . N e x t , t u c k t h e r i g h t h a n d c n d u n d e rt h e
s a m cs t r a n db u t t o w a r d st h e l e l ' t . ' I - h i sm e a n st h a t t h e f i r s t t w o e n d s
a r c c r o s s c du n d e r t h c s a m e s t r a n d l ' h e t h i r d e n d i s t u c k e d u n d e r
t h e l e l ' th a n d s t r a n d .l o w a r d s l e f ' t .i n t h e o r d r n a r yw a y .
S u c c e e d i n tgu c k s a r c p u t i n o v c r o n e a n d u n d e ro n e i n t h e u s u a l
wav.
55
S h o r t S p l i c e T h e g e n e r a rl u l e f o r a s h o r rs p l i c ei s t o u n l a yo n e
t u r n o n e a c he n d l i r r e a c ht u c k t o b e m a d e .b u t i t i s a s w e l l f o r t h e
n o v i c et o m a k e i t o n e e x t r a a n d b e o n t h e s a f es i d e .
P l a c e t h e t w o u n l a i d r o p e s t o g e t h e r ,s o t h a t t h e e n d s o n t h e
r i g h t - h a n ds i d e l a y i n b e t w e e nt h e e n d so n t h e l e l ' t .
W i t h a l a r g e - s i z erdo p e a f i r m s e i z i n gm a y b e p a s s e da r o u n dt h e
e x a c t m e e t i n gp l a c eo f t h e t w o r o p e s ,b u t w i t h l i g h t e ro n e si t i s j u s t
held firmly in the hand while the tucks are made.When tucking.
e a c he n d i s s i m p l y p a s s e do v e r o n e a n d u n d e r o n e , a n d a b o u t t w o
t u c k s e a c hw a y i s t h e u s u a l n u m b e r m a d e .
A l o o s es p l i c ei s o f l i t t l e u s e ,t h e r e f o r ea l l e n d sm u s t b e p u l l e da s
tlght as possible.
A n e a s ym e t h o d( n o t a l w a y sp e r m i t t e d )o l ' h o l d i n gt h e t w o r o p e s
t o g e t h e ri s t o f o r m a n o v e r h a n dk n o t w i t h e a c hp a i r o f e n d sw h i c h
c o m e t o g e t h e rI ' r o mo p p o s i t es i d e s t. a k i n g c a r et h a t t h e e n d sf o l l o w
-I'ake
the lav ol' the rope and not acrossit.
one in each hand and
p a s so n e o v e r t h e o t h e r i n t h e s a m c w a y a s t h e f i r s t p a r t o f a r e e l
k n o t a n d p u l l t i g h t . D o t h e s a m ew i t h r h e o t h e r t w o p a i r s ,t h e n
b e g i nt h c l u c k s . F i g . 6 .
:_
Frc. 6
Short Splice.
Chain Splice
The r o p e t a i l s p l i c e dt o a c h a i n s t o p p e r i s
u s u a l l yo f ' s u c ha s i z et h a t i t i s t o o t h i c k t o p a s st h r o u g ht h e l i n k o f
t h e c h a i n .i n w h i c h c a s ei t m u s t b e c h a i n - s p l i c e d .
56
THh BOAISWAIN'S MANLIAL
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I -
U n l a y ' a b o u lt l J i n c h e so 1 ' o n es t r a n d .p a s st h e o t h e rt w c tt h r o u g h
t h e l i n k a n d 1 ' r l r ma n e v c a b o u t l / 2 i n c h l o n g . l e a v i n ga b o u t 8 i n c h e s
of cnd firr splicing.
-l'ake
S c p a r a t et h e s et w o e n d s .
w h i c h e v e rw i l l b e n e a t e s a
t nd Iay,
it up in the vacant scorc until it mectsthe l'irstend which was
u n l a i d .F i n i s ho l l t h e s et w o e n d si n t h e s a m ew a v a s f o r a l o n g s p l i c e
( o r , e r h a n dk n o t w i t h t h e l a v o l ' t h e r o p e . a n d e a c he n d h a l v e da n d
t u c k e dt w i c c .o v e r o n e a n d u n d c r o n e ) .T h e r e m a i n i n gs t r a n di s a l s o
t u c k e do v e r o n e a n d u n d e ro n e . F i s . 7 .
T h i s g i v e su s t h r e ep a i r s o f e n d sa n e q u a ld i s t a n c ea p a r t ,a n d t o
d i s p o s eo f t h e s ea n o v e r h a n dk n o t i s m a d e w i t h e a c hp a i r , b u t t h e
ends must lilllow the lay <lfthe rope and not againstit. After pulling
t i g h t . d i v i d ee a c hs t r a n di n t w o a n d t u c k o n e h a l f o f a l l s t r a n d st w c r
o r t h r e e t i m e s .o v e r a n d u n d e r o n e .
I I p o s s i b l et,h e r o p e s h o u l d b e w e l l s t r e t c h e db e f o r ec u t t i n g t h e
e n d so f f c l o s e .
S o m e s e a m e na l s o p u t a p a l m a n d n e e d l ew h i p p i n g a t e a c h o l
the three pointswherc the endsare knotted and tucked to make
s u r et h e y w i l l n o t c o m e a d r i f t t h r o u g h w e a r a n d t e a r .
57
:S\SSSi\S
t.
r,
,.
\
s\\
\
FIt,.8
\
I - o n gS p l i c c .
F r r ; .7
Long Splice
l n a c t u a l p r a c t i c el o n g s p l i c i n gi s v e r y s e l d o m
r e s c l r t e tdo . I t i s a w a s t e l ' um
l e t h o d ,a n d r o p e sr e q u i r i n gt o b ej o i n e d
i n t h i s m a n n e r a r e u s u a l l yr e p l a c e dw i t h n e w o n e s .
A g o o d d e a l m o r e e n d h a s t o b e u n l a i d f o r a l o n g s p l i c e ,b u t t h e
a c t u a la m o u n t i s d e p e n d e n tu p o n t h e s i z eo f r o p e t o b e j o i n e d . t h e
length which can be sparedfor the purpose,and the weight it has tcr
bearwhen in use.
A s a g e n e r a lr u l e , a b o u t t h r e eo r f o u r t i m e st h e a m o u n t r e q u i r e d
f o r a s h o r t s p l i c e i s u n l a i d , a n d t h e e n d s a r e p l a c e d t o g e r h e ri n
e x a c t l yt h e s a m e m a n n e r a s f o r t h a t m e t h o d
W h e n t h i s h a d b e e nd o n e p r o c e e da s f o l l o w s :
P i c k o u t a n y t w o e n d s w h i c h c r o s so n e a n o t h e r I ' r o m o p p o s i t e
s i d e s .u n l a y o n e o l ' t h e m a g o o d d i s t a n c e ,a n d l a y t h e o p p o s i t e
numbcr in its place until only a I'ew inchesare left. Cut off surplus
f r o m u n l a i d e n d , a n d d o e x a c t l y t h e s a m e w i t h a s e c o n dp a i r , b u t
w o r k t o w a r d s t h e o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n .
T h e t h i r d p a i r a r e l e f t i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l p o s i t i o n .F i g . 8 .
S p l i c i n gF o u r - S t r a n dR o p e
Dividethe lbur workingstrands
s c lt h a t t h e y a r e t w o o n e a c hs i d c o f t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t . I f y o u s t a n d
a t t h c e y e w i t h t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t a $ ' a y f r o m y o u . t h e n t h e t w o
s t r a n d so n y o u r l e f t a r e g o i n g a g a i n s t h e l a y . T h e s et w o s t r a n d sg o
u n d e r t h e f i r s t a v a i l a b l es t r a n d , a n d t h e f i r s t o n e g o e s u n d e r t w o
s t r a n d sw h i l e t h e s e c o n do n l y g o e su n d e ro n e .l - h e t h i r d s t r a n dg o e s
under the next strandon the right from the right to left and the
l o u r t h s t r a n d g o e su n d e r t h e r e m a i n i n gs t r a n d o n t h e r i g h t , a g a i n
f r o m r i g h t t o l e l i . T h i s g i v e so n e s t r a n d c o m i n g o u t u n d e r e a c h
s t r a n do f t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t . T h e s p l i c ei s c o n t i n u e db y t u c k i n ge a c h
strand over one and under one to the left for a I'urtherthree rounds.
Splicing Eight-Strand Square l,ine
Although this is eights t r a n d e dr o p e . i t i s n o t a n e i g h t - s t r a n ds e n n i t . I t i s a f o u r - s t r a n d
s e n n i tm a d e w i t h f o u r p a i r so l ' s t r a r r d sT. ' h c s ep a i r sc a n b e i d e n t i f i e d
as two pairs with left-hand threads and two with right-hand
t h r e a d s .H a v i n g i d e n t i f i e dt h e m . w h i p t h e m t o g e t h e ra t t h e e n d s
a n d r e d u c et h e c h a n c eo l ' c r r o r .
L o o k a t t h e l a y a n d d e c i d eh o w m u c h w o r k i n g e n d y o u w i l l
58
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A I ,
require 1'or,say, four tucks, and put on a good whipping before

u n l a y i n gt h e p a i r s .
F o r m a n e y e s o t h a t t w o r i g h t - h a n dp a i r s l i e d o w n o n e s i d e o f
t h e s q u a r ea n d t w o l e f t - h a n dp a i r s l i e d o w n t h e o p p o s i t es i d e .T h e
r u l e i s t h a t l i k e f o l l o w s l i k e . s o t u c k o n e r i g h t - h a n dp a i r u n d e r a
leli-hand pair on the side of the square then tuck the next
r i g h t - h a n dp a i r u n d e r t h e n e x t l e f t - h a n dp a i r , s t i l l o n t h e s a m es i d e
of the square. On the opposite side the left-hand pairs follow the
l e f t - h a n ds t r a n d su n d e r t h e r i g h t - h a n dp a i r s . Y o u n o w h a v e t u c k s
o n t w o s i d e sb u t n o t u c k s o n t h e t o p o r b o t t o m . A l l t h e e n d s w i l l
n o w b e o n t h e b o t t o m , a n d t h e n e x t t u c k s e e se a c hp a i r c r o s s i n gt h e
b o t t o m s t i l l f o l l o w i n g l i k e w i t h l i k e . I n s i m i l a r f a s h i o n ,t h e t h i r d
t u c k s n o w c o m e u p t h e s i d e ss o t h a t t h e f o u r t h t u c k s w i l l c r o s so v e r
o n t h e t o p . A t t h i s s t a g et h e w h i p p i n g sc a n b e c u t a n d a n o t h e rt u c k
p u t i n , u s i n go n e o 1 e
' a c hp a i r o n l y .
Cut Splice This is often used for joining two wires insteado1
u s i n ga l o n g s p l i c e ,b u t i t i s a v e r y u n s i g h t l ya n d l u m p y j o i n . U n l a y
the two ends as I'or an eye splice, overlap the standing parts a few
i n c h e sa
, n d t u c k a l l t h e e n d si n t h e s a m em a n n e ra s f o r a n e y es p l i c e .
F i g . 9 . I I ' d e s i r e d , a n e y e c a n b e f o r m e d b y i n c r e a s i n gt h e
o v e r l a p p i n gt o a n y r e q u i r e dd i s t a n c e .
KNOTS.BENDS AND HITCHES

Knots v'ith SinsleEnd
O v e r h a n dK n o t
F i g u r e - o f - E i g hK
t not
Bowline
Hall'Hitch
Clove Hitch
Cow Hitch
Awning Hitch
R o l l i n gH i t c h
Timbcr Hitch
M a r l i n e - s p i k eH i t c h
B l a c k w a l lH i t c h
D o u b l e B l a c k w a l lH i t c h
F i g u r e - o l - F i g hKt n o t
O r e r h a n dK n o t
Ftt,. l2
Cut Splice.
To splice an eye or make a short splice

Splicing Plaited Line
with plaited line is a tedious businessrequiring patience, and is
s e l d o md o n e a t s e a .
The usual practiceis to unlay the end some two or three inches,
form the eye, lay the ends along the standing part and serve over
t i g h t l y w i t h s t r o n gt w i n e .
Basketsmust be fitted with strops beI'ore
Stropping Baskets
they can be used for hoisting purposes.This may be done in several
Krutl.swith Ov'n Strands

Wall
Crown
M a n r o p eK n o t
S i n g l eM a t t h e w W a l k e r
D o u b l e M a t t h e wW a l k e r
Knot.sand Bend.sUniting Rope.s

Reel'Knot
S h e e tB e n d
S i n g l eC a r r i c k B e n d
DoubleCarrick Bend
Common Whipping
P a l m a n d N e e d l eW h i p p i n g
S e eF i s s . l 0 t o 1 4 .
FIc. l0
F r c ; .9
59
Bowline
tA
n
n
,n
Frc. I3
Half Hitches.
60
E I]OAISWAIN'SMA\IIN I
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANT]
6l
I ) o r r h l cB l a c L u n l l H i t c l t
F-.
-lsr"
or'.
/, .i.\\ n .,4
-*l'
(,;;
nt.)
*- , )
'A
FIt, l5
t t t i ' 'hn ' nK

i ,
Fr,;
,, wa
( ori Hitch
r#:
{iuri.
h_ff
'I,Q/
"-fr
e
Fr<;.26
S i n g l cM a t t h e *
Walkcr.
orrp-]5g1f\,e
- +i
- * - - ' ".-*r?-\
. 9E:.'F>
R e e l - kn o t .
^\t
++:l]
S$f_r.."i
::_:::ss
[,1
(\4[Pqf--sss.*'
\\\<!/
u
tr
/ 1
2l)
M a r l i r r cH i t c h
F r c ; .2 8
Shect Bend.
FIc. 29
l ) o u b l c S h e e tB e n d
62
THE BOATSWAIN'M
S ANUAL
F r r , .l { )
T H E t s O A IS W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I -
Single ('arrick Bend
Frt,...l4
F r c ;3
.|
DoubleCarrick Bend
l i r r i s h i n go l l I n d
w a 1 ' s .b u t t h e s i n t p l e s t n l e t h o d i s t o n t i i k e a n r t r d i n a r v s t r o p . a n d
i n s t e a d o 1 . j o i n i n g t h e e n d s w i t h a s h o r t s p l i c e ,n t a k e a c u t s p l i c e
w h i c h w i l l b e b i g e n o u g h t o b e s e i z e da n t u n d t h e b o t t o n t o 1 ' t h c
b a s k e t . S t r o n g s c i z i n g sn r u s t a l s o b c p u t o n t h e s t r o p r u n n i n g u p
e a c h s i d c o 1 ' t h c b a s k e t . S p u n - l a r r r m a v b e u s e d f o r s e i z i n g s .b u t
s e i z i n gu , i r e i s b c t t e r .
V e r v o l t c n t h e l i p o l t h e b a s k c t i s s c r r , c dt t v e r a l l r o u n d t h e e d g c
w i t h a l u l l s t r a n d o 1 \ ' a r n s . a n d t h e s e m a 1 b c s l i g h t l y s p a c e dc l r
closcll served as desired.
F r c ; . 3 2 ('ommon WhiPPing
H e a v i n gL i n e K n o t
F o r n t a b i g h t a b o u t 5 l e e t f r < t mt h e e n d o l '
t h e l i n c . A b o u t 8 i n c h e sl r o r n t h c a c t u a lb e n d s t a r t w r a p p i n gt h e
s p a r ce n d a r o u n db o t h p a r t so l ' t h cb i g h t .w o r k i n gt r l u , a r dtsh e b e n d
i t s e l l .a n d r n a k ca b o u t l 0 t u r n s .I ) a s st h e r e m a i n d cor 1 ' t h es p a r ee n d
t h r o u g ht h e s r n a l b
l i g h tw h i c h i s l e l j . a n d p u l l t i g h t o n r h c s t a n d i n g
p a r l o l ' t h c l r n e . ' l ' h i sl c a r , eas g o o d l r e a v vk n o t w h i c h w i l l c a r r vt h c
l i n e w e l l w h e n t h r o w i n c .F i e . 3 5 .
<E=--::&
F It;. .15
Frc.33
63
Patm and Needlc Whipping
Hear ing Linc Knot
64
THt. BOA'ISWAIN'S MANT]AI-
l-his is a good heavr kntlt llhich is lormed tln

M o n k t ' - v ' sF i s t
the cnclo1 a hcaving Iittt to girc ealrring powcr ttl the crtd whcn
t h r o v nt n g .
A b o u r 9 l ' c c 1l r o n r t h c e n d . n t a k e t h r e e s n t a l l c o i l s r l r , e rt h e h a n d .
'I
a b t t u l 4 i n c h c s i n d i a n r et e r . h e n r n a k e t h r c e n t . 1 r ct t t r t l r l t t t , u t l d t r t '
: r c r ( ) s tsh e n r i d d l c o l ' t h e f i | s t t h r e c . P a s sa n t l t h c r t h r e c l u r n s a r t l u n d
o r a c r . ( ) stsh c s e c o n d t h r c c . b u t i n s i d c b o t h e n d s o l 1 h c f i r s l t h r c c . l l
c ( ) f f c c l . t h e r c n t a i n i n g c n d u i l l c o m c o u t a l o n g s i d ut h u s t a n d i n g
p a r . t .t r n t l t o t h i s i t i s c r c n t u a l l r s p l i c e d .u ' h e n a l l p a r l s a r c t i g l l t e n c d
up. Bclore tightcning up. poke a pieccol uaslc oI r[rkullt int0 thc
c c n t | e ( ) 1t h e b a l l t o a c t a s a h c a r t . F i g . - 1 6
I tt, 16
Monkur'r Fist
rl
0ili\lr=r-
F r < , l. '
lornrrg llcar ing I rrttQrrrcklr
WIRE ROP[,
l ) r i o r t o l t t 7 4 w i r c r o p e sw er c n o t s u l t i c i c n t l r
Wire R<lpe
p l i a b l c1 9 r ' r l a r i n cp u r p o s c sb. u t t h c i r r t r o c l u c t i gon1 ' l l e r i b i l i t rh a s
s t theprcscnl
n o \ \ c n o r n r ( ) L t si n
l l c r c a s etdh c i r s p h e r co l u s e l u l n e s A
t i n r c u i r e r o p c s h a l c s u p e r s c d e db t l t h h e m p a n d m a n i l a f t l r
p r a c t i c a l l la l l p u r p o s e so n b o a r c ls h i p .
l i t c su s c d
F l e x i b i l i r lw a s a t t a i n e db ' ui n c r e a s i n tgh e t r u t n b c t . ow
o l l h e r o p e .a n d a s t h c p u r p o s c lsi r r w h i c ht h e r o p e
in thcfirrnration
T H I : t s O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N t l n I
65
i s i n t e n d e da l s od e t e r m i n e d
t h c n u m b e ro 1 ' r . r i r ei n
s i r s m a k c - u n i. t
w i l l b e l i r u n dt h a t r o p c si n t e n d c df ' o rd i l l ' c r e ntt\ p c \ o l u o r L l r c o l '
d i l ' f e r e n ct o n s t r u c t i o n .
'I-hese
t V p e sa r e m a n v a n d . u a r i e db.u t t h e r n o s tp o p u l a rr o p cl o r
a l l r n a r i n cp u r p o s c si s t h e 6 1 9 . I h a t i s t o s a v . i t h a s s i r s t r a n d s
w i t h l 9 w i r c si n e a c hs t r a n d .
E . a c hw i r e i s c o n s t r u c t e ds o t h a t t h c s t r a n d sa r e l a i d a r o u n d a
h e m p h c a r t .a n d i n s o m em a k e sa h e a r tw i l l b c l ' o u n di n c a c hs t r a n d
also.
( ' o n s t r u c t i o n ,S i z ea n d l i s e
] - h el i r l l o w i n gr a b l c u i l l g i r c a n
i d e ao l t h c c o n s t r u c t i o sni z e sa n d u s e so l ' t h c w i r c r o n e sl i k c l vt o b e
r n e t r . l i t ho n b o a r d s h i p .
Conslruttion
l)ianr.
iluntL,.t
( l ) F o r S t a n d i n gR i g g i n g 6 I a n d T 1 9 l 2 m r nt o N o n l - l c r i b l c
Funnel(iul's. Stat's.
4l{mnr
etc.
( 2 ) l - o r C ' a r g oF a l l s .
6 l 2 a n d 6 l 9 8 m mt o
Ordinart
H a w s e r sJ. o w l i n es .
24mrn
I -l er i b l c
etc.
( - j ) F o r C a r g oF a l l s .
624
l J m mt o
I:rtra
H a w s e r sT, o w l i n e s .
24nrm
F l er i b l c
etc.
(4)l-or Hawsers.
637
2 0 n i n it o S p c c i a[lr r t r a
T o wl i n e s .e t c .
T2mm
Flcrible
P r e f o r m e dW i r e R o p e
A ncw typc ol wire rope the special
I ' e a t u r eo 1 w h i c h i s t h a t t h e w i r e sa n d s t r a n d s .b e f i r r el a v i n gu p . a r e
s h a p e dt o t h c s p i r a l l o r m w h i c h w i l l b c r e q u i r c di n t h e f i n i s h e d
ropc.
T h i s c o u n t c r a c t st h e t c n d e n c ' o
u l a l l w i r e s t o " s p r i n g "a p a r t
w h e nc u t o r u n l a i d .
Steel
F o r a l l g c n e r a l p u r p o s c s .t h e s t e e l u s c d i n t h c
m a n u l a c t u r ct l l ' w i r c r a n g c sf r o m m i l d s t c c lf r t r n o n - l ' l rei b l c w i r c st u
h a r d d r a w n p l o u g h s t e e lf o r t h e l ' l e x i b l et y , p e
'l
B r e a k i n gL o a d o f F l e x i b l eW i r e
o find rhe approrirnatc
b r e a k i n g l o a d i n t o n s . s q u a r e t h c c i r c u n t l ' e r e n cicn i n c h c s a n d
m u l t i p l vb y 2 .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I I A I
THF BOAI SWAIN'SMANT]At-
66
67
MANIPT]LATING WIRE
SIX-STRAND WIRE ROPE
APPROXIMATE BREAKING LOAD
( rrcunrI1 I ) i " n , . , " ,
ICICIICC
Inthc.
I
l,i,
lti.
l/l
2
2'/:
3
3r
4
5
7
lVillrntr'trcs
d
r0
t2
t4
l6
20
24
28
-)L
40
56
/l
l'o\ \ I's
6 i
I2
t.94
3.02
4.35
5.9-l
6X24
6x36
2.60
4'06
5.U5
7.96
10.40
r6.20
23.40
3r . 8 0
41.60
65'00
I 1.60
15.20
23.U0
34.20
46.60
60.80
95.t30
6 X.l7
u.55
68.4
134.0
222.0
W i r e s c o v e r e dw i t h m a n t l a y a r n s a r e . n o t
Compound Wires
c o m m o n i n t h e M c r c h a n t S e r v i c e .e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e o 1 'c a b l c s t e a m e r sw h e r e a s p e c i a l t y p e i s u s e d l o r a n c h o r i n g b u o v s ( i n
c o n i u n c t i o nw i t h c h a i n ) .o r I t l r a t t a c h i n gt o g r a p n e l s .
These are always manila-covêred
tirapnel and Buoy Ropes
h e a v i n gt e l e g r a p hc a b l e u p f r o m
p
i
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
l
y
f
o
r
u
s
c
d
w i r c s .i r n d a r e
t h e s c a b e d l o r t h e - p u r p o s eo f r e p a i r s .i n d e p t h so l ' 1 ' r o mt w o t o
t h r c co r c r c n m t l r e m i l c s .
T h e " a r e m a d c f r o m b e s t H o n l o s t e e la n d n o j o i n t s a r c a l l o w e d
i n t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n e i t h e r w e l d e do r o t h c r w t s e .
l r i z c sa r c i n g e n c r a lu s e a s u n d e r
I r.o
Threc strandswith three wires in each'
Three by Three
c o v e r e di n d i r i d u a l l y w i t h f i v e m a n i l a y a r n s l a i d u p r i g h t - h a n d e d.'
T h e t h r e ew i r e sa r e l a i d u p t o g e t h e rl e l ' t - h a n d etdo f o r m a s t r a n d
a n d t h c t h r e e s t r a n d sa r e l a i d u p r i g h t - h a n d e d .
ll to l3 tons.
I t i s c a p a b l eo l ' c' a
I -rhr ryei n
eg
d i r e si n
s t r a n d sw i t h s i x m a n i l a - c o v e r e w
T h r e eb y S i x
e a c h .T h e s l z eo 1 ' w i r ei s s l i g h t l y ' l a r g e trh a n t h e t h r e e b y t h r e e ' b u t
t h e n u m b e r o f y a r n s a n d t h e l a y i n g u p i s e x a c t l yt h e s a m e .
I t i s c a p a b l eo 1 ' c a r r y i n gl 8 t o 2 0 t o n s .
I s m a d e f o r a l l s c i z i n g .s e r v i n g a n d b i n d i n g
S e i z i n gW i r e
p u r p u s e s . l ti s g a l v a n i s e da n d i s 7 - p l y c o n s i s t i n go f s i x w i r e si i r o u n d
a c e n t r a lo n e w h i c h I ' o r m st h c h e a r t .
O p e n i n ga C o i l
A c o i l o f w i r e m u s t n o t b e o p e n e du p i n t h e
s a m em a n n e ra s a c o i l o f r o p e o r a m u l t i t u d eo f " k i n k s " w i l l b e t h e
r e s u l t .I n s t e a d i. t s h o u l db e u n r o l l e di n t h e o p p o s i t ew a y t o w h i c h i t
was made up.
S m a l l c o i l sc a n b e r o l l e d a l o n gt h e d e c k i n t h e s a m em a n n e ra s a
h o s c i s u n r o l l e d ,b u t t h e l a r g e ro n e sr e q u i r ea t u r n t a b l e .N o s p e c i a l
turntable is kept for the purpose, so one has always tcl be
improvised.
T h i s i s b e s t d o n c w i t h t w o s u b s t a n t i ap
l i e c e so f w o o d l a s h e d
t o g e t h e rt o f o r m a c r o s s .T w o b r i d l e sa r e a t t a c h e db y m a k i n g a n
e n d f a s t o n e a c hl e g o f t h e c r o s s .a b o u t m i d w a y b e t w e e nt h e c e n t r e
a n d t h e e n d s ,a n d t h e b i g h t sm u s t b e l o n g e n o u g ht o r e a c ht h r o u g h
t h e c e n t r eo f t h e c o i l w h e n i t i s l a i d o n t h e w o o d e nc r o s s .
W h e n t h e b r i d l e sa r e h o o k e d t o t h c c a r g o r u n n e r t h e w i r c i s
l i f t e d c l e a ro f t h e d e c k ,a n d i t w i l l r e v o l v ef r e e l yi f t h e c a r g oh o o k i s
l i t t e d w i t h a s w i v e l .l f n o t . t h e w i r e m u s t b e l a n d e do n t h e d e c k a t
s u i t a b l ei n t e r v a l st o t a k e t h e t u r n s o u t o f t h e r u n n e r .
Measuring When sufficienthas beentaken from the coil, the
e x a c t a m o u n t c a n b e m e a s u r e do f l ' w i t h a t a p e m e a s u r e ,o r t h e
r e q u i r e dl e n g t h m a y 'b e c h a l k e do n t h e d e c k w h e n m o r e t h a n o n e
l e n g t hi s t o b e c u t .
D o n ' t l ' o r g e tt o a l l o w e x t r a f o r t h e a m o u n t t a k e n u p b y t h e
s p l i c e. T h i s w i l l v a r y w i t h t h e s i z eo f t h e w i r e . b u t a s 2 4 m m i s a b o u t
t h e l a r g e s tt h a t y o u a r e l i k e l y t o w o r k w i t h , s o m e w h e r ea b o u t l 8
i n c h e so r 5 0 m m e x t r a I o r o n e e y e s p l i c ew o u l d b e n e c e s s a r yD. o n ' t
be niggardlyabout leavingyourselfenough end though; a few
i n c h e se x t r a w i l l n o t b e a m i s sa n d i t i s a l w a y sb e s tt o b e o n t h e s a l ' e
side.
Cutting
B e f o r ec u t t i n g .a r o p e y a r n w h i p p i n gm u s t b e p u t o n
e i t h e rs i d eo 1 ' t h ep l a c et o b e c u t , o t h e r w i s et h e s t r a n d sw i l l f l y a p a r t
a n d s p o i l t h e w i r e l o r s o m ec o n s i d e r a b l d
ei s t a n c e .
A f e w s h a r p b l o w s w i t h t h e e d g eo f t h e h a m m e r i n t h e s p a c e
b e t w e e nt h e w h i p p i n g s( a b o u t I i n c h ) w i l l l l a t t e n t h e s u r f a c e ,s o
t h a t t h e c c r l ds e t o r c h i s e lw i l l c u t m o r e e v e n l ya n d f i r m l y . C u t t i n g
m u s t b e d o n e o n a g o o d , s o l i d f o u n d a t i o n .s u c h a s t h e m o o r i n g
b i t l s .r ' r o l h e r h c a \ ' \ f i t t i n g s
SPI,ICES
Noteson Wire Splicing
V e r y l i t t l e w i r e s p l i c i n gi s d o n e o n
b o a r d t h e a v e r a g ev e s s e lT. o p u t a n e y e o r p e r h a p sa s h o r t s p l i c ei n
a m o o r i n g w i r e i s a b o u t a l l a s e a m a ni s e v e r c a l l e du p o n t o d o .
6u
T H E I ] O A ' I ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A I
A l l s u c hw o r k a s m a k i n g a n d s e t t i n gu p n e w s t a n d i n gr i g g t n gt s
d o n e i n p o r t b y ' s k i l l e d r i g g e r s ,a n d e v e n r u n n i n g g e a r i s s u p p l i e d
ready l'or use.
( l t i s i n t e r e s t i n gt o n o t e t h a t i n s t e a do f a s h o r t s p l i c ei n a b r o k e n
m o o r i n g w i r e , s t t m es e a m e np u t i n a c u t s p l i c e .T h i s i s t h o u g h tt o b e
e a s i e ra n d s t r o n g c r ,b u t d o e s n t l t l o o k v e r y n e a t ) .
W i r c s p l i c i n g ,l i k e a l l o t h e r s k i l l e dw o r k . i s m o s t l y g i v e n t o t h e
" h a n d s " t o d o . w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t y o u n g s e a m e ng e t 1 e w
older
c h a n c e st o p r a c t i c em a r l i n e - s p i k ew o r k . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l ys'o w i t h
l o n g s p l i c e s .a s t h e v t a k e a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f s k i l l t o { ' i n i s ho f f
p r o p e r l ya n d n e a t l y .
As this I'clrm o1' splicing is seldom economical,any wire
r e q u i r i n gt o b e d o n e i n t h i s m a n n e r i s u s u a l l yc o n d e m ' l e df o r t h e
s a k e o f s a f e t ya n d a n e w o n e i s r o v e i n i t s p l a c e .
s i t h l e a r n i n go n e o r
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l i k e l y t o a r i s e.
M a n y ' s p l i c c sa r e i n g e n c r a lu s e ,b u t i t i s n o t n e c e s s a rtyo k n o w
t h e m a l l . A b o u t f o u r w i l l c o v e r a l l o r d i n a r y p u r p o s e sF. o r i n s t a n c e .
" n a v a l s t y l e " 'a l o c k i n g s p l i c e
a m a t e o r b o ' s u nm a y i n s i s to n e i t h e r
, r he may wanl the typc
f i n i s h c d o l ' l 'e i t h e r r i g h t - o r l e f t - h a n d e d o
s t i p u l a t e di n t h e D o c k s R e g u l a t i o n s .
I n t h e c o u r s co l ' t i m e s o m ee v es p l i c c sh a v ea c q u i r e da n a m e .b u t
a c c o r d i n gt o w h e t h e r
g c n e r a l l ys p e a k i n gt h e l ' a r e u s u a l l yd e s i g n a t e d
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In naval ships all splices
. xcept
M e r c h a n tS e r v i c ea n y t y p c i s u s e da n d n o f i x e d r u l e a p p l i e s e
l i r r t h e s t i p u l a t i o ni n t h e D o c k s R e g u l a t i o n s .
D e c k b o y s a n d o r d i n a r y s e a m e na r e s o m e t i m e s e n tt o a s s i s ta n
o l d c r h a n d w h e n s p l i c i n g .b u t a s t h e s eo p p o r t u n i t i e sa r e f e w a n d f a r
b c t w e e n i.t i s u p t o a b o y t o m a k e t h e m o s t o f t h e m w h e n h e g e t st h e
chance.
E y e S p l i c e s T w o d i s t i n c t t y p e s o 1 'e y e s p l i c e sa r e i n g e n e r a l
"over and
l e f t - h a n d e d ,w h i c h i s a l s o k n o w n a s
use, namely
u n d e r " .a n d r i ; h t - h a n d e d .
T u c k l o r t u c k , l e l i - h a n d e ds p l i c i n gi s
L e f t - h a n d e dS p l i c i n g
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n g e rt h a n t h e r i g h t - h a n d e ds t y l e .T h e
c o n s i d e r e dt o b e
s t r a n d sa r e p r a c t i c a l l yp l a i t e d , b i n d i n g t h e w h o l e s p l i c c t o g e t h e r '
l d h e s i t l ni s m u c h g r e a t e r .
and the "bite" or I'rictionaa
This is the casiest and quickest
Right-handed Splicing
m c t h o c lo f s p l i c i n g .E a c h e n d i s s i m p l y w r a p p e da r o u n d o n e s t r a n d
a b o u l f o u r o r f i v e t i m e s . R i g h t - h a n d e ds p l i c e sa r e a l l r i g h t f o r
] . H E t s O A I ' S W A I N 'M
S ANI]AI
69
o r d r n a r vp u r p o s e sb, u t a r e n o t m u c h u s c i l t h c w i r e i s l i a b l ct o s p i n
and unlal'.
( ' r a n er o p e sa n d c a r g or u n n e r ss o m c t i r n essp i n a g o o dd e a l .a n d
1 ' o rt h i s r e a s o n t. h e [ ) o c k s R e g u l a t i o n sp r o v i d et h a t a l o c k i n gs p l i c c
b e u s e df o r s u c h r o p e sa n d r u n n c r s .
L o c k i n g S p l i c e s l ' o f o r m a " l o c k " w i l l g i v e a d d e ds t r e n g t hr o
c i t h e r a l e l i - h a n d e do r r i g h t - h a n d e ds p l i c e .T h i s i s d o n e b y t u c k i n g
t w o e n d su n d e ro n c s t r a n di n o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n ss.o t h a t t h e l , c r o s s .
T h e l o c k i s o n l t ' m a d ei n t h c f i r s t r o u n do f t u c k s .S o n r ct r p c r . , 1c r c
s p l i c e sh a v e n t o r e t h a n c l n el < l c k .
N o t e s o n M a k i n g f y e S p l i c e s T h e w h o l e s u c c e s so l a n e v e
s p l i c ed e p e n d so n t h e f i r s t t u c k a c t u a l i l ' m a t l e .l l t h e l ' i r s te n d i s
c h o s c na n d t u c k e d c o r r e c t l l , t. h e o t h e r sw i l l I o l l o r . ln e a t l vi n p l a c c i
b u t i f n o t . t h e r ei s s u r et o b e a l o n g " j a w " t h r o u g ho n e o r t w o
s t r a n d sl c a d i n gI u r t h e rt h a n t h e r o u g h tt o . ' l . h cc x a c tp l a c et o s t a r l
c a n o n l v b e l e a r n t b 1 ' a c t u a lp r a c l i c e .
T h e f i r s t r o u n d o f t u c k s i s t h e m o s t d i l f i c u l t :a l i e r r h a t t h e r e s ti s
e a s r ' .b e i n g m e r e l vr c p e t i t i o nw o r k .
(iood long ends firr rucking are alwavs
Length of Ends
a d r " i s a b l e s h o r l o n e \ d o n o t a l ' l ' o r da g o o d h a n d - h o l d w h e n
p u l l i n g t i g h t . a n d t h e ' ra
' rc more difficultto bend.
T h e p r o p e rl e n g t hI o r t h e c n d sw i l l d e p e n du p o n t h e n u m b c ro l
t u c k s t o b e m a d e. b u t a s a r u l e. a b o u t 6 0 0 m m i s a m p l el i r r t h e s i z e
o l w i r e l i k c l l ' t o b c s p l i c e do n b o a r d t h e a r , ' e r a gvcc s s c l .
Whipping and Serving
M e a s u r eo 1 ' 1t h' e l e n g t h l i r r t h e c n d s
a n d p a s sa g o o d f i r m w h i p p i n g a b o u t 7 0 m m l o n g . w o r k i n g a w a ' r '
l r o m t h e c n d o 1 ' t h e w i r e . T h i s i s d o n c s t - ra s n o t 1 t l s h o r t e nt h e
d i s l a n c ca l r e a d vm e a s u r e do 1 1 .a n d a l s o t o p r c v c n t t h c w h i p p i n g
s l a c k e n i n ug p w h e n i t t a k c st h e p r c s s u r e
o f t h e u n l a i dc n d so n t h e
f i r s t l c w t u r n s .T h e t i r s t t w o o r t h r e et u r n s a r e m o r e s e c u r et h a n t h c
last f'ew.
R o p e - v a r nw h i p p i n g sa r e m o s t l ) "u s e d .b u t i n b e t t c r c l a s sw o r k
t h e w i r e i s s c r v c do v e r w i t h m a r l i n e l i r r a b o u t t h e s a m c d i s t a n c e
70mm.
T u r n i n g i n a T h i m b l e l f a t h i m b l ei s r o b e s p l i c e di n r o t h e e y e .
t h c s e r v i n gi s c a r r i e d a l o n g t h e f u l l l e n g t h t o b c o c c u p i c db , " -t h e
thimble.
'I'his
d i s t a n c cm a y b e m c a s u r e db 1 ' l a y i n gt h e g r o o v e dp a r t o f t h e
t h i m b l eo n t h e w i r c a n d t u r n i n gi t o v e r o n c e .
W h c n r e a d vt o p r o c e e d m
, a k e t h c r o u n d e n d o 1 ' t h et h i m b l e f a s t
e x a c t l ym i d w a v a l o n g t h e s e r v i n g ,b e n d b o t h p a r t s o l ' w i r e t o g e t h e r
i n t h c f o r m o f a k r o p .a n d s q u e e z e
i n t o s h a p eb e t w e e nt h ej a w s o 1 ' a
v i c e .o r w i t h a r i g g i n gs c r c w .S e i z eb o t h p a r t s l i r m l y r o t h e t h i m b l e .
70
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I J A L
P l a c ea l i g h t t e m p o r a r y s e i z i n ga b o u t 8
Unlayingthe Ends
i n c h c s1 ' r o mt h e e n d o f t h e w i r e b e f o r ec u t t i n g t h e w h i p p i n g a t t h e
e x t r e m cc n d . I f t h i s i s n o t d o n c t h c c n d s w i l l f l y a p a r t a n d e a c ho n e
w i l l o p e n o u t a n d u n l a y . W h i p e a c he n d s e p a r a t e l yw i t h s a i l t w i n e .
w o r k i n g a w a v f r o m t h e e n d s ,t h e n c u t t h e t e m p o r a r ys e i z i n g .
D i v i d e t h e e n d s ,f o r c e t h e m a p a r t .a n d c u t
C u t t i n gt h e H e a r t
o u t a s m u c h o f t h e r o p e h e a r ta s p o s s i b l eF. o r t h e s a k eo f n c a t n c \ \ .
t h e h e a r t sa r c s o m e t i m ( r tsa k e n o u t o 1 ' t h e s t r a n d sa l s o , b u t t h i s i s
n o t a g c n c r a lp r a c t i c e .
C a r c s h o u l d b e e x c r c i s e dt t l a v o i d
Hints when I'ucking
" l a y " o r n a t u r a l s e t o f e i t h e r t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t o r
d i s t o r t i n gt h e
s t r a n d sw h e n s p l i c i n g .T h i s m a y e a s i l yh a p p e nt h r o u g h u n n e c e s s a r Y
t w i s t i n go r p u l l i n g w h e n t u c k i n ge n d s ,a n d i s m o s t l i k e l l t o a r i s e
t h r o u g h t r f i n g t o t u c k a n c n d t o o n e a r t h c p l a c cw h c r e i t e m e r g c s
f r o m t h c l a s t t u c k . l o a v o i d t h i s . g i v c l t o u r s e l l ' m t l r er o o m b v
r u n n i n g t h e s p i k e d o w n t h e w i r e a I e w i n c h c sw i t h a s p i r a i
m o \ e m e n t . I - o l l o w u p w i t h t h e c n d a n d p a s si t t h r o u g h .
a .t t h e
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N e v e rh a m m e rt h e s t r a n db a c k a s l ' a ra s t h e y w
t h e c a s eo l t h e f i r s t r o u n d o f t u c k s . ' l ' h e vs h o u l db e a l l o w e dt o l i e i n
" 1 a 1 " 'w
. i t h o u t i n a n y 'w a - "b' e i n g l o o s e .
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o n e s t r a n d i s t o b e p i c k c d u p . a I ' e wt u c k s s h o u l d b e m a d e b e f o r e
h a n g i n gt h e w i r c u p i n a c t t n v c n i e npt o s i t i o nl o r w o r k i n g .
I t i s c a s i e rt o d r i v e t h e s p i k c t h r o u g h i l ' t h e w i r e i s l y i n g o n a
s o l i d l i r u n d a t i o n .S o n t es e a m e nn l a k e t h e f i r s t r o u n d o l t u c k s .h o l d
a l l t h c c n d s t o g c t h e r .t h e n b c a t t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t w i t h a s p i k e t t r
t i g h t e nu p a l l p a r t s .
A l ' t e rt h c l i r s t l e w t u c k s .t h e u s u a lp r a c t i c ei s t o h a n gt h e w r r c u p
i n a h r l r i z o n t a lp o s i t i o n 1 ' o re a s ei n w o r k i n g t h e r e n . r a i n d eorl t h c
t u c ks .
T h c b c g i n n e rw h o k e e p sf o r g e t t i n gt h c n u m b e r o 1 ' t u c k sa l r e a d y '
e i t h e rw i t h t w i n c o r a
p u t i n s h o u l dm a k e a m a r k o n N o . I e n d
blow with a sharp instrument.This will save time wasted in
c o n t i n u a l l yt r a c i n g u p a n d c o u n t i n g t u c k s .
Alter the lirst round' some men
Running the Ends tJp
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i s a q u i c k s v s t e m .b u t t h e r c i s a d a n g e r t h a t t h c l a s t s t r a n d w i l l
t i g h t e n u p a n d b e c o m eb u r i e d .b u t i f t h e h e a r t i s n o t c u t o u t i t c a n
b c r u n u p a s w e l l a n d t h e l a s t s t r a n dw i l l n o t b e b u r i e d .
N o h a r d - a n d - 1 ' a rsut l e c a n b e l a i d d o w n
Number of Tucks
c o n c e r n i n gt h c n u m b e r o f t u c k s t o b e p u t i n a w i r e E v e r y t h i n g
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I ] A I
1I
d e p e n d so n t h e w e i g h t o r s t r a i n i t w i l l b e r e q u i r e d t t l b e a r . t l r
" s p i n " . D u e r e g a r dm u s t a l s o b e p a i d t o
w h e t h e ro r n o t t h c r e i s a n y
t h e d i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e nr i g h t - h a n d e da n d l e f t - h a n d e ds p l i c e sI.n t h i s
c o n n c c t i o n i t i s c o n s i d e r e dt h a t t h r e e l e 1 ' t - h a n d etdu c k s a r e t h e
e q u i v a l e n t o f i v e r i g h t - h a n d e do n e s .W h e t h e ro r n o t t h e r ew i l l b e a
l o c k i n g t u c k i s a n o t h e rl ' a c t o rt o c o n s i d e r .a n d l a s t , b u t n o t l e a s t .
t h e r e i s t h e w i s h e so l ' t h e b o a t s w a i n .o r t h e c h i e f o l f i c e r .
G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g .t h c r c i s u s u a l l y a b o u t 5 % t u c k s ( r i g h t h a n d e d )i n a c a r g or u n n c ro r a m t r o r i n Bw i r c . 4 [ i n a g u y ' p c n d a n t '
and 3 or 4 in dar,'itguy's.
l ' h i s s p a c e st h e e n d s o u t m o r c
Half Tucks or Tapering
e v c n l v .T a p e r st h e s p l i c ed o w n . a n d g i v e si t a m u c h n e a t e rl o t l k .
T o d o t h i s .t u c k e v e r vs e c o n de n d i n t h e o r d i n a r yw a 1 ' . ' l ' h aits t o
v .o s . 2 . 4 a n d 6 c n d s
s a y 't.u c k N o s . 1 . 3 a n d 5 e n d s .A l t c r n a t i v e l N
n.ray'bc uscd instead.
B c l o r e c u t t i n g t h e e n d s o l ' 1 'I.a y t h e
B e a t i n gO u t a S p l i c e
c o m p l e t e ds p l i c eo n a s o l i d f o u' ln' hdiast i o n( s u c ha s t h e b i t t s ) .a n d b e a t
w i l l p u t i t i n t o s h a p e .a n d a n v
i t o u t w i t h a h e a ' , ' \h' a n t n t e r .
slackcln the endswill bc worked out. Beat from the neck tll' thc
s p l i c et o t h e e n d s .k e e p i n gt h e w i r e t u r n i n ga l l t h e t i m e .
T y p e s o f E y e S p l i c e s I n t h e f o l l o w i n g s p l i c e si t i s a s s u m c d
t h a t t h e e i t ew i t h t h c c 1 " el t l r m e d i s l a i d i n a h o r i z t l n t a lp o s i t i o n ,e n d
o n t o t h c p c r s o ns p l i c i n g .a n d t h a t t h e u n l a i d s t r a n d sa r e 1 1 - i n g
uppermost.
W h c n t h e u n l a i d c n d s a r e l a i d o u t e v e n l Yi n n a t u r a l o r d e r t h e y
a r c n u m b e r e df r o n t r i g h t t o l e l i , a n d t h c s t r a n d so l ' t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t
are numbered likewise. beginning with the first tuck. unless
o t h e r w i s es t a t e d .
L o c k i n g S p l i c e( R i g h t - h a n d e d ) P i c k u p N o s . I a n d 2 s t r a n d s
a d j a c e n t o t h e f i r s t e n d ( e x t r e m er i g h t ) a n d t u c k i t t h r o u g ht o w a r d s
r i g h t . D r o p N o . I s t r a n d a n d t u c k t h e s e c o n de n d t h r o u g h N o . 2
s t r a n d( t o w a r d sr i g h t ) . 1 ' h i sg i v e su s t w o e n d se n t e r i n ga t t h e s a m e
p l a c eb u t c m e r g i n gb e t w e e nd i l ' l e r e n ts t r a n d s .N e x t , p i c k u p N o . 3
strand and tuck the lburth end towards right, then, without
w i t h d r a w i n gt h e s p i k e ,t u c k t h c t h i r d e n d t o w a r d sl e f t . T h i s m a k e s
t h c c r o s so r l o c k .
P i c k u p N o s . 4 a n d 5 s t r a n d s .t u c k t h e s i x t h e n d t h r o u g h b o t h
t o w a r d sl e l t . d r o p N o . 5 a n d t u c k t h c f i f t h e n d t h r o u g h N o . 4
s t r a n d .a l s o t o w a r d sl e f t .
O n c e a g a i n w e h a v e t w o e n d s e n t e r i n g b e t w e e nt h e s a m e
strands,but emergingbetweendifl'erentones.
Finishoff rieht-handed.
72
T h i s s v s t e mo 1 s p i c i n gu s u a l l vl e a v e sa l a r g es p a c eb e t w c e nN o s .
3 a n d 4 s t r a n d s . ' f o c o u n t e r a ctth i s . s o m e m e n t u c k t h e f i l i h c n d
t h r o u g hN o . 4 s t r a n da n d t h e s i x t hc n d u n d c r N o . 5 s t r a n d b
. oth
t o u ' a r d sr i g h t .
'l'ake
Locking Splice(l.el't-handed)
the firsr end (extreme
r i g h l ) a n d t u c k t h r o u g h n c a r e s ts t r a n d( t o w a r d sr i g h t ) . N e x t . l i f i
N o . 2 s t r a n d( c o u n l i n gt o w a r d sl e f t ) .a n d t u c k s e c o n de n d t o w a r d s
l e l t . W i t h t h c s p i k c s t i l l u n d e r N o . 2 s t r a n dt a k e t h c s i x t h e n d
( c r t l e m el e l t ) u n d e r n e a t h
e v c r v t h i n ga n d t u c k t o w a r d sr i g h t .
I ' u c kt h c t h i r d c n d t h r o u g hN o . 3 s t r a n dr o w a r d sl c l ' t .t h e n p i c k
up Nos. 4 and 5 strandsand tuck the I'ifih end through both
( t o w a r d sl e l t ) .N e x t .d r o p N o . 5 s t r a n do f f s p i k ea n d t u c k t h e I r i u r t h
e n d t h r o u g hN o . 4 s t r a n d( a l s ot o r . r ' a r dl e
s l ' t )T
. h i s f i n i s h e st h e f i r s t
r o u n c lo f ' t u c k s .
'I
o c o n t i n u c .e a c h e n d i s t a k e n o v e r o n e a n d u n d e r o n e a s i n
r o p e s p l i c i n g I. n o t h er w o r d s .i t i s f i n i s h c do f f l e f t - h a n d e d .
N a v a l S p l i c e( l . c l ' t - h a n d e d ) S t a r t w i t h N o . I c n d o n ex l r e m e
r i g h t a n d t u c k t h r o u g hn e a r c sst t r a n dt o w a r d sl c f t . C o n t i n u ei n t h e
s a m cm a n n e rw i t h N o s .2 . 3 . 4 a n d 5 e n d s t. h e nt u c k N o . 6 t h r o u g h
t r . ' " os t r a n d s .a l s ot o w a r d sl e l ' t .T h i s f i n i s h e st h e l ' i r s tr o u n d o l t u c k s .
'I'he
s c c o n dr o u n d i s m a d c b 1 ' t u c k i n ge a c he n d o v e r o n c a n d
u n d c r o n c i i s i n o r d i n a r vr o p e s p l i c i n g .
3, 2 and I Style
l ' h i s i s t h c m o s r p o p u l a rs t y l eo l s p l i c i n gi n
t h c M c r c h a n tS e r v i c ep. r o b a b l vb e c a u s ci 1 i s o n c o l t h e e a s i e s1t o
t u c k a n d t o r e m c m b c r b. u t i t i s n < l tu n i l ' e r s aal n d h c n c et h e n e e dt o
k n o r . lm o r e t h a n o n c w a \ , .
'l
o t h i s n t e t h o d t h e r c i s a n u m b e r o l r , a r i a t i o n s o. n l y .s l i g h t l l '
d i 1 l ' c rnet f l . o mt h c o r i g i n a lp r i n c i p l e. a n d t h e s a m eo r i g i n a lp r i n c i p l e
t s u s e do n w i r e sc o n t a i n i n gm o r e t h a n s i x s t r a n d s .
E v er r t h i n g c c t n s i d e r e idt ,i s a s t y , l cw e l l w o r t h l e a r n i n g .
W i t h o r r ti n j u r i n g( h c h e a r t .i n s e r ts p i k cd o w n t h r o u g hc e n t r eo l '
t h e w i r e 1 r o mt o p c e n t r c .s o a s t o h a ' u 'teh r c e s t r a n d so n e a c hs i d eo l '
spikc and thc hcart on the lefr.
'I'uck
N o . I c n d ( c x t r e m er i g h t ; t h r o u g h t h c c e n t r e .T h i s l e a v e s
n u m b e ro n e .l w o a n d t h r e es t r a n d so n r i g h t s i d eo l s p i k e .N e x t d r o p
t c l i n to l s p i k c ) a n d t u c k N o . 2 e n d
n u m b c r o n c s t r a n d( n e a r e s p
through numbcrs two and thrce strands. I)rop another strand
( n u r n h c rt w o ) a n d t u c k N o . 3 e n d t h r o u g h n u m b e rt h r e es t r a n d .
W c n o w h a v et h r e ee n d se n t e r i n gt h r o u g ht h e c e n t r eo l ' t h e w i r e
b u t c n . r e r g i n bg e t w e e nd i f l ' c r e n ts t r a n d s .
A l t e r N o . 3 i s t u c k e da n d b e f i r r es l a r t i n gt o t u c k N o . 4 . r u n t h e
I o o s eh c a r t u p a r o u n dt h c h e a r ti n t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t .
73
N o . 4 e n d i s t u c k e du n d e r n u m b e rl o u r s t r a n dt o w a r d sr i g h t ,
N o . 5 e n d u n d e r n u m b e rf i v e s t r a n d( t o w a r d sr i g h t ) . a n d N o . 6 e n d
u n d e r n u m b e r s i x s t r a n d .a l s o t o w a r d sr i g h t .
F i n i s h o f l r e m a i n d e ro f t u c k s r i g h t - h a n d e d .
R e d u c e dE y e S p l i c e L e a v ce n o u g he n d 1 b r a n e y es p l i c ew i t h
a b o u t l o u r t u c k s ,t h e n p a s sa g o o d w h i p p i n g a r o u n d t h e w i r e .
t J n l a y ' t ot h i s p o i n t a n d h a l v e a l l t h e s t r a n d sa n d h e a r t a s w e l l .
L a y u p o n e - h a l f o f s t r a n d s t o I ' o r m a r e du c e d w i r e . c u t
r c m a i n i n gh a l l ' o 1 'al n d p r o c e e dw i t h e y es p l i c ei n t h e o r d i n a r yw a y .
T h e b c s t p l a n w h e n l a y i n g u p t h e h a l v e d s t r a n d si s t o g c t a
s m a l l .f l a t p i e c eo 1 ' w o o da b o u t 4 i n c h e ss q u a r ea n d b o r e s i x h o l e si n
a c i r c l ea r o u n d a s e v e n t ho n e i n t h e c e n t r e .
P o k e t h e e n d s a n d h e a r t t h r o u g h t h e s eh o l e s ,t w i s l t h e w o o d
around and the wire will lay up much tighterthan by any other
method.
'I
h e f i n i s h e ds p l i c es h o u l d b e t h e s a m et h i c k n e s sa s t h c w i r e .
S o m e t i m e st h i s s p l i c ei s s e e no n t h e e n d o f c a r g o r u n n e r s .s o
t h a t t h e y m a y b e a t t a c h e dm o r c e a s i l y ,t o a w i n c h b a r r e l ' b u t i t i s
m o r e o f t e n u s e d 1 b r a t t a c h i n gw i r e g u i d e st o t h e f o r k s o l ' l a m p
b r a c k e t s .i n o r d e r t h a t t h e c a g ew i l l r u n u p a n d d o w n t h e g u i d e s
withoul jamming on a thick splice.
P l a c e a f i r m . n a r r o w s e i z i n ga b o u t l u i n c h e s
Short Splice
. nlayto that point and cut
part to be splicedu
e
a
c
h
l ' r o mt h e e n d o l
b o t h h e a r t so u t .
S h o u l d t h e w i r c c o n t a i n t h e m , t h e i n d i v i d u a l h e a r t m a - vb' e
extractedfrom each of the twelve strandsbefore thcy are whipped
w i t h s a i l - t w i n eA
. l t h o u g h n o t a b s o l u t c l yn e c e s s a r yt h, i s w i l l h c l p t c r
r e d u c ct h e b u l k o 1 ' t h ef i n i s h e ds p l i c e .
Interlock the strands as in rope splicing.l-his is done by
a l t e r n a t i n gc a c h e n d w i t h t t n e f r o m t h e o p p o s i t es i d c .N c x t , p a s sa
s t r o n g s e i z i n go l ' s a i l - t w i n ea r o u n d a l l p a r t s a t t h c p o i n t w h e r et h e
o p p o s i n gs t r a n d sm e e t a n d c r o s s .
W i t h t h e ' J o b " h e l d t h u s i n p o s i t i o n ,t h e f i r s t r o u n d o l t u c k sc a n
n o w b e m a d e o n e i t h e r s i d e . I n t h e m e a n t i m e .t h c t w o s e i z i n g s
which keep the wirc l'rom unlaying must be left in place.
C o n s e q u e n t l yt.h e f i r s t r o u n d o 1 ' t u c k sm u s t j u m p t h e s es e i z i n g s .
T h e s a m em e t h o da s i n r o p e s p l i c i n gi s u s e d ,o v e r o n e a n d u n d e r
o n e , t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c eb e i n g t h a t a t o t a l o 1 ' t w e l v e e n d s a r e
i n v o l v e di n s t e a do f s i x . W h e n s u f f i c i e n t u c k s h a v e b e e nm a d e t h e
f i r s t t w o s e i z i n g sm u s t b e c u t a n d p i c k e da w a y .
A b o u t t h r e e o r f o u r t u c k s e a c h w a y s h o u l d b e e n o u g hf o r a l l
o r d i n a r y p u r p o s e sa, n d i f d e s i r e d t, h e s p l i c em a y b e t a p e r e d .
't4
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANUAL
N e x t , c u t t h e c e n t r a ls e i z i n ga t t h e j u n c t i o n a n d b e a t i n t o s h a p e :
t h e n c u t o f 1 ' s u r p l u se n d s a n d f i n i s h o f f w i t h a n o t h e rb e a t i n g .
L o n g S p l i c e E x p e r i e n c ei n m a k i n g a l o n g s p l i c ei n w i r e r o p e
i s d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n o n b o a r d a n y c l a s s o 1 's h i p . O n l y t h e m o s t
s k i l f u l h a n d s a r e a l l o w e d t o a t t e m p t i t , f o r t h e a m a t e u rm a y s p o i l
t h e j o b a n d w a s t ea g o o d d e a l o f w i r e . S o m u c h e n d i s i n v o l v e dt h a t
i t w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l et,o g e t s u f f i c i e n to l d w i r e t o p r a c t i c ew i t h , a s
i n t h c c a s eo l ' e y e s p l i c e s ,b u t t h e l e a r n e rc a n , i f h e i s a n x i o u s t o
l e a r n ,p r a c t i s ef i n i s h i n go f f t h e e n d s o n a n y s h o r t p i e c eo f o l d s t u f f
a l a i l a b l e ,f o r t h i s i s t h e m o s t d i { ' l ' i c u lpt a r t o 1 ' t h ej o b t o l e a r n .
G a l v a n i s e dw i r e i s n e v e ru s e df o r r u n n i n g - g e a ra, s t h e g a l v a n i s i n g w o u l d s o o n w e a r o f f t h r o u g h c o n t a c tw i t h t h e s h e a v e sF. o r t h i s
r e a s o ni t i s u s e dm o s t l y a s s t a n d i n gr i g g i n g ,a n d e v e ni f s u c hr i g g i n g
d o e s c a r r y a w a y , i t i s n o t l i k e l y t o b e s p l i c e d ,s o t h a t f l e x i b l es t e e l
w i r e i s a l m o s ts u r c t o b e t h e m a t e r i a lu s e dw h e n a l o n g s p l i c eh a st c t
be done al sea.
I n p l a n n i n gt h e a m o u n t o f e n d t o u n l a y ,d u e r e g a r dm u s t b e h a d
t o t h e s i z eo f ' t h e w i r e , a n d t h e d i s t a n c ea p a r t y o u w i s h t o h a v e t h e
m e e t i n gp l a c e so f t h e s t r a n d s .w h e n b o t h e n d sa r e b r o u g h tt o g e t h e r
a n d t h e s t r a n d si n t e r l a i d .O p i n i o n s v a r y a s t o t h e a c t u a l l e n g t h o f
e n d r e q u i r e df o r a s a l ' es p l i c e ,s o t h e f i g u r e sg i v e n b e l o w a r e m e a n t
t o c o v e rt h e r a n g ei n g e n e r a lu s e ,b u t c a r es h o u l d b e t a k e n t o a l l o w
plenty'T
. o b e n i g g a r d l ym a y s p o i l t h e w h o l ej o b .
U n l a y l r o m l 0 m e t r e st o l 2 m e t r e sf o r a w i r e 2 8 m m i n d i a m e t e r .
U n l a y f r o m 4 m e t r c st o 5 m e t r e sI b r a w i r e l 2 m m i n d i a m e t e r .
W e w i l l t a k e , f o r e x a m p l e ,a l 2 m m w i r e . M e a s u r eo f f 4 m e t r e s
o n e a c he n d a n d p a s sa g o o d w h i p p i n ga t t h e s ep o i n t s .T h e s ew e w i l l
c a l lt h e N o . I s e i z i n g s .
S o m em e n p r e f e rt o o p e n o u t t h e s t r a n d si n p a i r s .b u t t h e e a s i e s t
m e t h o d i s t o u n l a y t h r e e a l t e r n a t es t r a n d ss i n g l y ,w h i c h l e a v e su s
w i t h t h r e e s t r a n d ss t i l l l a i d a r o u n d t h e h e a r t .C u t t h e h e a r t a s w e l l
a s t h e r e m a i n i n gs t r a n d sa b o u t l 5 0 m m f r o m t h e N o . I s e i z i n gt.h e n
o p e n o u t t h e s h o r t e n d st o t h a t p o i n t .
W e n o w h a v e t h r e c s t r a n d s4 m e t r e sl o n g , w i t h a s h o r t l 5 0 m m
s t r a n d l y i n g i n b e t w e e ne a c h o l t h e l o n g o n e s .
W h e n b o t h w i r e s h a v e b e e nc o m p l e t e di n t h i s m a n n e r .i n t e r l o c k
t h e l o n g e n d si n s u c h a m a n n e rt h a t a l o n g a n d a s h o r t s t r a n dc o m e
t o g e t h e r .W i t h a s s i s t a n t p
s u l l i n g i n o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n st o h o l d t h e
w i r e s t o g e t h e r ,c u t b o t h t h e N o . I s e i z i n g sS
. e et h a t t h e t w o s h o r t
e n d s o f h e a r t a r e h a n g i n gt o g e t h e ra n d c l e a r o f t h e j o i n , t h e n p u l l
s t r o n g l y i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n st o m a k e s u r e t h e w i r e s a r e j a m m e d
t o g e t h e ra s t i g h t l y a s p o s s i b l e .I f t h i s i s n o t d o n e a v e r y u n s i g h t l y
ioin will be the result.
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I
15
T a k e t h e t h r e ee n d sb e l o n g i n gt o o n e s i d e a n d t i e t h e m s e c u r e l y
the three short
to the standingpart. which leavesus free to interla-vs
i
d
e
.
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
a n d t h r e el o n g e n d s
U n l a y o n e o f t h e s es h o r t e n d s ,a n d a t t h e s a m et i m e l a y i n t h e
l o n g e n d w h i c h l i e s n e a r e s t t l i t . C o n t i n u et h i s u n t i l a b o u t I m e t r e
o f t h e l o n g e n d r e m a i n s .t h e n c r o s s b o t h p a r t s t o l o c k t h e m '
Measure off lmetre on the unlaid strand. whip and cut off
s u p e r f l u o u se n d . T h e p o i n t w h e r et h e s et w o s t r a n d sm e e ta n d c r o s s
w i l l b e a b o u t 3 m e t r e sf r o m t h e . 1 o i n .
Unlay the next short end and lay in the long strand for a
d i s t a n c eo 1 ' 2m e t r e s t, h e n c r o s st h e m . l - e a v cI m e t r et l l e n d o n b o t h
p a r t s .t h e n w h i p a n d c u t o f f t h e r e m a i n d e r .
D o t h e s a m ew i t h t h e t h i r d p a i r f o r a d i s t a n c eo f 6 0 0 m mf r o m
t h e j o i n . t h e n f i n i s h o f f i n t h e s a m ew a ! ' .
T h i s f i n i s h e so n e h a l f o f t h e l a y i n gu p , s o \ , \ et u r n t o t h e o p p o s i t e
part of the spliceand proceedas before.
e q u i d i s t a np
t o r n t s 'a t
W h e n t h i s i s f i n i s h e dt h e r e s h o u l d b e s i'xI ' h
e
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e a c ho f w h i c h
b e l l m e t r e sa p a r t , a n d a l l t h e e n d s w h i c h a r e n o w r c a d y l o r
t u c k i n g w i l l b e I m e t r el o n g .
W e h a v e n o w a r r i v e d a t t h e h a r d e s tp a r t o f t h e 1 o b , t h e p a r t
w h i c h r e a l l yr e q u i r e se x p e r i e n c eb e f o r ea n y 'd e g r e co f p r o f i c i e n c yi s
obtained.
T h e p r o b l e mn o w i s t o r e m o v et h c h e a r ta n d b u r y ' t h cr e m a i n i n g
e n d s .i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y w i l l t a k e i t s p l a c ea n d a c t a 5 a c e n t r a lc ( ) r e
t o k e e p t h e o u t e r s t r a n d si n P l a c e .
A s t h e o u t e r w i r e sw o u l d n o t g r i p o n t h e
Buryingthe Ends
s m o o t hs u r f a c eo f a b u r i e ds t r a n d .a n d i n o r d e r t c l b r i n g t h e m u p t t l
, l l t h e e n d st o b e b u r i e d a r e
t h e s a m et h i c k n e s sa s t h e h e a r t i t s e l l ' a
e i t h e r p a r c e l l e dw i t h b a g g i n g o r s e r v e d o v er w i t h t h i n y a r n s .
P a r c c l l i n gi s b e s t .b u t b e l ' o r ei t i s p u t o n t h e s t r a n d ss h t l u l db e c u t
t h e e x a c t l e n g t h 1 b r b u t t i n g t o g e t h e ri n s i d e t h e w i r e . E a c h w i l l
r e q u i r et o b e a b o u t 6 0 0 m m b u t t h e y 'm u s t c o m e t o g e t h e re x a c t l yo r
t h e o u t e r w i r e s w i l l s i n k i n t o t h e s p a c el e f t v a c a n t .1 1t o o l o n g t h e
w i r e w i l l d e v e l o pa b u l g e .F i g . 3 t t .
S t a r t t u c k i n g i n t h e c e n t r e .P u l l o n e p a r t o f t h e h e a r to u t o f t h e
w i r e . t o a p o i n t j u s t p a s t t h e f i r s t p a i r o l ' e n d s .t h e n e a r e sot f ' w h i c h
w i l l b e t h c f i r s t e n d t o b e b u r i e d .I f t h e h e a r t s h o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t t o
v y r u n n i n ga s p i k ea l o n ga n d
p u l l o u t i t c a n b e h e l p e dc o n s i d e r a b l b
t h r c l u g ht h e s t r a n d s .
W h e n r e a d y t o b u r y t h e I ' i r s te n d . i n s e r t t h e s p i k e f r o m t h e
o p p o s i t es i d e o 1 ' t l e w i r e . p i c k i n g u p o n e s t r a n da n d t h e r e m a i n i n g
e n < l* h i . h l i e s n e a r e s t t l i t , i n s u c h a m a n n e rt h a t t h e p o i n t o f t h e
/()
] - H E B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N I J A L
spikc covers thc clne to be tucked. As thc spike is moved aktng in

t h c l a 1 -o l ' t h e r o p e t h e e n d s h o u l d l a l l i n t o t h e i n s i d e o l ' t h c w i r c .
A t t h i s p o i n t u , ew i l l h a v c t o d e c i d ew h e t h e r t h e e n d s s h o u l d b c
m a d c t o c r o s s b c l ' o r ed i s a p p e a r i n g i n s i d e t h e w i r e , o r s i m p l l ' l i e s i d e
h r s i d c i n s t c a do l c r o r s i n g .
t l
l - r ( , .. . 1 1 ( B u r r i n g t h c [ ' n d .
T h i s p o i n t w i l l b e d c t c r m i n e db y t h e f o r m a t i c t no 1 ' t l r es t r a n d s
themselves.
I f t h e w i r e so 1 ' as t r a n da r e t w i s t e du p i n t h c o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n
to the lay ol the rope. then thc ends should be made to simplld i s a p p e a ri n t o t h c w i r e w i t h o u t c r t t s s i n gl,b r m i n g w h a t i s k n o w n a s
a "llat .joint".
On the other hand. if the wires are twisted up in the same
d i r e c t i < l na s t h e l a ' r ' o f a r o p e . t h e e n d ss h o u l d b c c r o s s e dt o 1 ' o r ma
round.joint.
1 1a' r o u n d j o i n t i s t o b e m a d e . t w o s p i k e sw i l l b e r e q u i r c dt o
m a k e a s h a r p .n c a t " c r o s s " .
P i c k u p t w o s t r a n d sI r o m o p p o s i t cd i r e c t i o n s ,o n e a c h s i d e o l
t h e l a y w h e r e t h e e n d i s t o d i s a p p e a r .a n d l e t t h e s t r a n d w h i c h i s
a b o u l t o b e t u c k e d l i c b e t w e e nt h e e n d s o f t h e t w o s p i k e s .
B v m r x ' i n g t h e s p i k e si n o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n st h e s t r a n d w i l l b e
c r u s h c di n t o t h e w i r e . W h e n w e l l c l e a ro l ' t h ej o i n t , o n e o l ' t h c s p i k e s
m a v b e t a k e n o u t a n d t h e r e m a i n d c ro 1 ' t h ct u c k i n gd o n e w i t h t h e
s p i k e w h i c h c o v e r st h e e n d b e i n g b u r i e d .
W h e n a l l t h e e n d s h a v e b e e n b u r i e d . a l i t t l e h a m m e r i n ga n d
t w i s t i n g w i l l p u t t h e w i r e i n t o s h a p ea n d i t w i l l t h e n b e r e a d y l b r
u s l n ga 8 a l n .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I ] A I
17
W i r e G r o m m e t s A s t r a n de x t r a c t e dl ' r o m a l e n g t ho l l l e x i b l e
.
s t c c lw i r e i s t h e b e s t m a t e r i a lw i t h w h i c h t o m a k c g r o m m e t s A
. h i c hi s t h e m o s t
c o m p l c t e dg r o m m e ts h o u l dc o n t a i nf i l ' e s t r a n d sw
t h a t c a n b e l a i d u p b v h a n d .c o n s e q u e n t l tvh. e l e n g t ho l t h e s i n g l e
ol'thc
strand should bc at lcast fivc times the circuml'erence
" l a y ' " o l t h c u ' i r c w i l l u s e u p s o n l co 1 ' t h i s
p r o p o s e dg r o m r n e t .T h c
l e n g t h .a n d e x l r a n t u s ta l s o b e a l l t l w e dl ' o r l i n i s h i n gt h e e n d st l l f .
'l'herelore.
a h o u t l i r , e - a n d - a - h a ltll'r s i r t i m e s t h e c i r c u m l e r e n c c
would bc a good nlciisurcmcnl.
I t i s n r r r c hb c t t e rt o h a v ep l e n t t ' o le n d t h a n t o l i n c lo u t l a t e rt h a t
i 1i s t o o s h o 1 1 .
S t a r t t h e g r o m m c t w i t h a n o r " c r h a n dk n o t . t a k i n g c a r et h a t t h e
" 1 a 1" . W h e n a f e w t u r n s h a v e b e e nl a i d
s t r a n dc r o s s e si n a n a t u r a l
u p . t h e c i r c l ec a n b e t e s t e dl ' o r s i z e .b e a r i n gi n m i n d t h a t p a r c c l l i n g
o r s e r \ i n gw i l l r e d u c et h e i n s i d ec i r c u m l e r e n cset i l l m o r e . I . a y t h c
s t r a n du p l r o m l e l t t o r i g h t .
V a r i o u s m e l h o d sm a l b c c m p l o y c d
F i n i s h i n go f f t h e E n d s
i l ' t h eg r o m m e ti s
l i r r f i n i s h i n go l l t h c e n d s .b u t t h e s i r n p l e swt a v
t
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.
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and
to be served is
l c t h < l di s t o b u r v t h e c n d s i n t h c s a n l e
e n c l .A n r o r c s u b s t a n t i a m
m a n n e r a s l u r a l o n g s p l i c c .i n w h i c h c a s ee x t r a l e n g t hw r l l b e
r e q u i r e di n t h c o r i g i n a l e n g t ho l t h e s t r a n d .
Another method is to halvc each end. crtlssthc parts. thcrl
d i s p o s eo l t h e m b i , 't u c k i n g o v e r o n c a n d u n d e r o n e.
S t r o p p i n gB l o c k s( w i t h R o p e ) O n l l ' s m a l l b l o c k sa r e l i k e l y t' o
r e c l u i r cs t r o p p i n g .a n d t h e v a r e t o o s m a l l 1 < t ra s t r o pj o i n e d w i t h a
s h o r t s p l i c e .s o i t w i l l b e n e c c s s a rtvo m a k e a g r o m m e t .
W h c n n r c a s u r i n gt h e l e n g t ho l ' s t r a n dr c q u i r c df o r t h e g r o m m e t .
t h c s a m er u l e m a v b e u s e da s f o r w i r e : t h a t i s . o n c er t l u n c lt h e b l o c k
a n d t h i m b l e 1 o r c a c h s t r a n d o l t h c c o m p l e t e dg r o m m e t . A
t h r e e - s t r a n d erdo p e w i l l g i l ' c u s t h r c c t i m c s r o u n d c r . ' c r v t h i n gb.u t
t h e l a r o 1 ' t h er o p ei s s h o r t c rt h a nt h a l t t l a w i r e .s o i l i s b e s t t l a l l o w
a n a d d i t i o n a-l l 0 0 m m ,i n c a s ci t i s r e q u i r e d .
C ' a r es h o u l d b c t a k e n t o a l l t t w l i r r s e r v i n g( i l ' i t i s t o h e p u t t l n ) .
r e n c eq u i t e a l o t .
a s t h i s w i l l r e d u c et h e i n s i d ec i r c u m l e
I - a r g e - s i z c db l o c k s m a y ' b e
Stropping Blocks (with Wire)
. ut the onlv
l i t t e d w i t h a s t r o pj o i n e d b v m e a n so l a s h o r t s p l i c e b
b l o c k sl i k e l l ,1 o b e s l r o p p e da r c s o s m a l l t h a t i t w o u l d b e n c c e s s a l n '
l o r n a K ca g r ( ) m m e t .
A s p l i c e ds l r o p i s m o r e e c o n o m i c a lb, u t a g r o m m e tm a d ew i t h a
. helength
s i n g l es t r a n dh a st h c a d v a n t a g oc 1 ' l o o k i n gm u c h n c a t c r T
o l r . l i r c r e c l u i r e dc a n b e m c a s u r e dw i t h a p i e c e o 1 ' s m a l l s t u f f o l
s i m i l a rt h i c k n e s tso t h e s t r a n dw h i c h w i l l b e u s c t l .a n d t h i s s h o u l d
78
b e u n l a i d f ' r o m a l c n g t h o l ' s i x - s l r a n d e df l e x i b l e s t e e l w i r e . T h e
g e n e r a lr u l c f o r m e a s u r e m e n its o n c e r o u n d e v e r y t h i n gl i r r e a c h
s t r a n d o l ' t h e c c l r n p l e t e gd r o m m e t .
F i v c t i m e s i s t h e m o s l t h a t i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l et o " l a 1 ' u p " t h e
s t r a n d .l - h e r e f o r et.h e m e a s u r e m e nwt i l l r u n a s f o l l o w s l i v e t i m e s
round the block and five times round the thimble. plus abclut
3 0 0 m me x t r a 1 o a l l o w l ' o r t h e s e n ' i n g .
When startingthe first I'ewturns ol thc grommet. great care
s h o u l db e t a k e nt o s c ct h a l i t u ' i l l b e l a r g ec n o u g h .b e a r i n gi n m i n d
t h a l t h e s c r v i n g .w h e n p u t o n , w i l l r e d u c et h e i n s i d ec i r c u n r f e r e n c e
o l t h e s t r o pa g o o d d e a l .
Fixing the Strop
P l a c et h e s t r o p r o u n d t h e b l o c k i n s u c h a
m a n n e rt h a t a n y ' s l i g hltu m p i n e s w
s i l l b e b e t w c e nt h e b l o c k a n d t h e
t h i n r b l ew h c r e t h c s e i z i n gi s t o b e a p p l i e d .I f ' a r i g g i n gs c r e wi s
a v a i l a b l ei t s h o u l d b e u s e d f c l r h e a v i n gt h e p a r t s c l o s e i n t o t h c
t h i m b l c .b u t l a i l i n g t h a t a S p a n i s hW i n d l a s sw i l l b e l o u n d h a n d r .
'T'o
s i r n p l i l r ' m a t t e r tsh c b l o c k s h o u l d b e h u n g u p w i t h a l a s h i n g
t h r o u g ht h c t h i r n b l ca n d a n o t h c rt h r o u g ht h e s w a l l o wo l t h c b l o c k .
T h i s w i l l k e e pl h e s t r o pi n p o s i t i o nw h i l c t h e s e i z i n gi s b e i n gp a s s e d .
[ ) o n ' t l o r g e t t o p l a c ea p i c c co l c a n v a sa r o u n d b o t h p a r t st o p r e v e n t
o r c u t t i n gi n t o t h e s e r v r n g .
t h e s e i z i n gs c p a r a t i n g
Worming
A m c t h o d o l ' f i l l i n g i n t h e g r o o v c s b e t w e e nt h c
s t r a n d so 1 ' ar o p c w i t h m a r l i n eo r o t h e rs m a l ls t u l l ' .l t i s s c l d c l m
seenr
n o w a d a v s .b u l w a s o n c e r n u c h u s e d o n l ' i r e - b u c k e th a n d l e sa n d
m a n r o p e so n a c c ( ) m m o d a t i o n
ladders.
Parcelling
l h i s s e n c s t h e d o u b l e p u r p o s co f k c c p i n gt h e
w e a t h c ro L l to l a w i r e . a n d h e l p st c l l e v e lo 1 ' 1
s e a rt h c
a n v u n e \ e n n e sn
r c g i o n o l a s p l i c e .O l d b a g g i n go r b u r l a p m a k e sg o o d p a r c e l l i n g i;t
s h o u l d b e c u t i n k r n g s t r i p s a b o u t t h r e e i n c h e sw i d e a n d r c l l l e du p
r e a d y l o r u s c i n t h c s a m em a n n e ra s a b a n d a g e .A t h i c k c o a t i n go l
t a l l o u ' i s p u t o n t h e w i r c , a n d t h c p a r c e l l i n gi s l a i d o n i n t h e s a m e
m a n n e ra s a s o l d i e r ' sp u t l e e . f o h o l d i t i n p l a c ea l e n g t ho f ' s a i l
t w i n c i t s l i i t c h e da l o n g t h e l ' u l l l e n g t h o f t h e b u r l a p . l 1 ' a n o t h e r
c o a t i n go l t a l l o w i s n o w a p p l i e do v c r t h e b u r l a p ,i t w i l l b o t h h e l pt o
assist hc mo\,emeno
t 1 ' t h es c r v i n g - b o a r da n d k e e pt h e w e a t h e ro u t
aswell.
I ) o n ' t f b r g e tt o p u t t h e p a r c e l l i n go n w i t h t h e " l a y ' " o f t h e r o p c .
'l
P a r c e l l i n gS t a y s
h e i d ea o f p a r c e l l i n gi s t o k e e pw a t e r o u t o l
t h e w i r e . l h e r e f o r e .w h e n w o r k i n g o n a s t a y i t s h o u l d b e p u t o n
w i t h t h e " l a l ' " . s t a r t i n ga t t h e s p l i c eo n e a c hs i d ea n d l ' i n i s h i n go 1 ' l ' a t
thc middleof the ey'e.
T h e o v e r l a p p i n gk e e p s w a t e r o u t , a n d f o r t h e s a m e r e a s o n .
s w i f t e r s .s h r o u d sa n d s t a y sa r e p a r c e l l e du p w a r d s .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I
79
Serving
This is the finishing touch which makes all the
d i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e na n e a t j o b a n d a n e y e s o r eA. l t e r a n e y eh a s b e e n
s p l i c e di n a w i r e . t h e p a r t w h e r e t h e e n d s h a v e b e e n c u t s h o r t i s
p a r c e l l e da n d s e r v e d N
. o t o n l y d o e st h i s k e e pt h e w e a t h e ro u t . b u t i t
a l s o p r o t e c t st h e h a n d s { ' r o m t h e s h o r t . s h a r p e n d s o f t h e c u t
s tr a n ds .
T w o - o r t h r e e - s t r a n d em
d a r l i n e i s i n v a r i a b l yu' s e df o r t h i s j o b ,
a n d t o b i n d i t o n t h e w i r e s u f f i c i e n t l yt i g h t a s e r v i n g - b o a r ids u s e d .
round and flat. The latter is the most
T h e s ea r e o f t w o k i n d s
p o p u l a r t 1 ' p e i, t i s g r o o v e do u t o n o n e s i d et o t a k e t h e s h a p eo f t h e
wrre.
Before starting, remember that serving must be put on against
t h e " l a y " o l ' t h e r o p e ,t h e r e f o r ei t w o u l d b e s t a r t e da t t h e e n d o f t h e
s p l i c ca n d w o r k e d t o w a r d st h e e y e i t s e l f .
T h e w i r e t o b e s e r v e ds h o u l db e h u n g u p a t a c o n v e n i e nht e i g h t .
a n d t h e p e r s o n ss e r v i n gs h o u l ds t a n dw i t h t h e e y eo f t h e w i r e o n h i s
r i g h t - h a n ds i d e .T h e p e r s o nw h o i s a s s i s t i n gb y p a s s i n gt h e b a l l o f
t h e m a r l i n ea r o u n d t h e w i r e s h o u l d s t a n d o n t h e o p p o s i t es i d e .T o
b e g i n .u n l a y t h e e n d o f t h e m a r l i n e a b o u t h a l f - a n - i n c ho r s o , a n d
put a few turns on by hand. The end will be under the first few
t u r n s . a n d b e i n g u n l a i d w i l l n o t l e a v ea b u l g e .T h e s e r v i n g - b o a r d
. h e r e l b r e t, h e g r o o v e d
s h o u l dw o r k a w a v f r o m t h e p e r s o ns e r v i n g T
p a r t i s l a i d a g a i n s t h e w i r e w i t h t h e r o u n d e dp a r t t o w a r d st h e b o d y .
T h e m a r l i n e i s l a i d u p t h e r o u n d e ds i d e I r o m t h e b o t t o m , g o e s
r o u n d t h e h a n d l e ,b a c k d o w n t h e s a m es i d ea n d i s t h e n l e d u p t o t h e
h a n d l e ra g a i n .W h e n w o r k i n g , t h e m a r l i n er u n s t h r o u g ht h e f i n g e r s
t o r e g u l a t et h e s t r a i np u t o n t h e t u r n s .T h e l a s tf o u r t u r n s a r e m a d e
l a r g ee n o u g ht o a l l o w t h e b a l l o f m a r l i n et o p a s st h r o u g h ,s o t h a t
when pulled tight again an ordinary whipping is formed. An
o v e r h a n dk n o t i s s o m e t i m e sw o r k e d d o w n f l u s h w i t h t h e s e r v i n g
before cutting off.
say
When the marline is nearly finished
Joining Serving
lay end of new ball along the wire
about a metre from the end
, ass
a n d s e r v eo v e r i t f o r l 0 0 m m . W h e n o l d s t u f f i s f i n a l l y f i n i s h e d p
remainderunder new marline and carry on servingover the old end.
Wire Serving-Board An ordinary type of serving-boardis of
l i t t l e u s e w h e n s e i z i n g i s e m p l o y e d . I n f a c t , t h e p r a c t i c ei s s o
u n c o m m o n t h a t n o s p e c i a lb o a r d i s k e p t f o r t h e p u r p o s ea n d o n e
usualll' has to be improvised.
Take a piece of hard wood about 40 X 5 X 3cm and bore three
holes.each 6mm in diameter.in the following order: the first about
30mmfrom the end.and the secondabout50mm.The third oneshould
be spacedslightlymore than the diameterof the articleto be served.
80
T H F B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
CANVAS
Canvas
The word canvasis thought to be derivcd lr-onr
c a n n u h i sa. l a t i n w c l r df o r h e m p .w h i c h w o u l d s c e mt o i n d i c a t et h a t
i n t h e e a r l v d a 1 ' so l i t s h i s t o r y i t w a s m a d e I r o m t h a t m a t c r i a l .T h c
E g y p t i a n s a n d t h e P h o e n i c i a n sa r e a l s o b e l i e v e dt o h a v ' e u s e d
c a n \ , a sa. n d w e r c p r o b a b l v t h e o r i g i n a t o r so f t h i s t y p c o f c l o t h .
C o n s t r u c t i o n A t t h e p r e s e n t i m c c a n v a si s m a d el r o m h e m p .
f l a x . c o t t o n . t o w a n d j u t e . o r a m i x t u r e o l ' t h e s c m a t e r i a l s .B r i t i s h
c a n v a si s m a d ef r o m l l a x , b u t i n A m e r i c ac o t t o n i s m o s t l y u s e d .a n d
t h i s g i v e sr i s e t o t h e t e r m " A m e r i c a n c o t t o n c a n v a s " .B e s t q u a l i t l
B r i t i s h c a n v a si s m a d e w i t h " a l l l o n g 1 1 a x " .B a g g i n g ,t a r p a u l i n a n d
c a n v a s i.n t h e o r d e r n a m e d ,I ' o r ma n a s c e n d i n gs c r i e so f c l o t h sa s t ' a r
a s f i n e n e s si s c o n c e r n e d .
'fhe
t h r e a d sr u n n i n g l e n g t h w i s ea l o n g t h e c a n v a sa r e k n o w n a s
t h e " w a r p " . w h i l e t h o s e r u n n i n g a c r o s st h e c l o t h a r e c a l l e d t h e
"wcli".
On account of the rough usageit gets, and thc strong
p r e s s u r eist m u s t s t a n d ,a l l f l a x c a n v a si s m a d e w i t h a d o u b l e w a r p .
T h e f i n i s h e de d g e o l t h e c a n v a si s c a l l e dt h e s e l v c d g ea. n d t h e
c o l o u r e dt h r e a dw o v e n n e a r i t i s u s e da s a g u i d ef o r t h e s e a mw h c n
s e w i n g l c n g t h s o l c a n v a st o g e t h e r .a n d i s k n o w n a s t h e s e l v c d g e
s t r ip e .
O n t h c o u t s i d eo l ' e a c h b o l t o 1 ' c a n v a st.h e l e n g t ht o t h e n e a r e s t
-I'hc
width is
q u a r t e r o f a 1 ' a r d w i l l b e f o u n d s t c n c i l l e dt h e r e o n .
600mm.
Most grades are proofed to prevent water
Waterproofing
p e r c o l a t i n gt h r o u g h t h e w o v e n m a t e r i a l ,a n d t w o m e t h o d so f d o i n g
t h i s a r e i n g e n e r a l u s e . I n t h e f i r s t . t h e f ' i b r e sa r e c h e m i c a l l y
dn
i m p r e g n a t c da. n d i n t h c s e c o n da w a x p r o o f i n g i s s u p e r i m p o s e o
t h e m a r e r i a li t s e l f .
T h c f o r m c r i s p r o b a b l y t h e b e s t .a s t h e a c t i o n o f t h e s u n a n d
c o n t i n u a lI b l d i n g w i l l d e s t r o yt h e e l ' l i c i e n c yo 1 ' t h ep r o o f i n g i n t h c
casc clf the wax surfacetype.
Hundreds o1'dilferent types and sizeso1'
Grades and Uses
c a n v a sa r c t o b e I ' o u n do n t h e m a r k e t ,b u t t h a t i n g e n e r a lu s ei n t h e
" M e r c h a n t N a v y C a n v a s " ,a n d i s
M e r c h a n t S e r v i c ei s k n o w n a s
s u p p l i c di n s c v e ng r a d e s .E a c hg r a d ei s k n o w n b y a n u m b e r I r o m 0
t o 6 , a n d e a c h i s u s e df b r a p a r t i c u l a rp u r p o s e ,a s u n d e r :
N o . 0 i s a v e r y s t o u t c a n v a su s e dp r i n c i p a l l yf o r m a k i n g c a n v a s
ashshoots.
N o . I i s u s c dl o r a w n i n g s .
N o . 2 i s u s c d l b r a w n i n g s ,b o a t c t l v e r s ,w i n c h c o v e r s ,e t c .
N o . 3 i s u s e df o r a w n i n g s .b o a t c o v e r s .w i n c h c o v e r s .c t c .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I
8l
N o . 4 i s u s e df o r a w n i n g s .v e n t i l a t o rc o v c r s ,s c r e e n se, t c .
N o . - 5 s o f t . c h e a pl i n e u s e df o r a n v t h i n g .p r i n c i p a l l l "p a t c h i n g .
N o . 6 s o f t . c h c a pl i n e u s e df o r a n y t h i n g .p r i n c i p a l l yp a t c h i n g .
A l l a b o v em a t e r i a l sa r e 6 0 0 m m w i d e .
S a i l N e e d l e s S i z cr u n l r o m 6 t o 1 6 .
6 t o I 3 a r e r o p i n gn e e d l e s .
l 4 t o l 4 t / : a r e s e a m i n gn c e d l e s .
l 6 u r cd u c k n e e d l c s .
A s a g e n e r a lr u l e t a r p a u l i n c a n v a si s
Tarpaulin Canvas
r o u g h e r a n d c o a r s c rt h a n o r d i n a r v c a n v a s .l t i s w e l l p r o o l ' e dt o
w i t h s t a n dw a t e r a n d i s m a d ef r o m s e c o n d - g r a dlel a x . A l t h o u g h n o t
o l s u c h g o o d q u a l i t y a s o r d i n a r l c a n v a s ,y e t s o m e o l ' t h e l ' i n e s t
g r a d e so 1 t a r p a u l i n a r e o { ' b e t t e rt e x t u r e t h a n t h e l o w e r g r a d e so 1 '
c a n v a s .l t i s m a n u f a c t u r e di n b o t h g r e e n a n d w h i t e . i n w i d t h s o f
7 5 0 n i ma n d 9 0 0 m m .
Y a c h t C a n v a s A l t h o u g h t h e t e r m s s a i l c k l t ha n d c a n v a sa r e
s v n o n v m o u s i.t i s r e a l l y o n l y y a c h t c a n v a so r m a t e r i a lf o r l i f e b o a t
s a i l s w h i c h i s s p o k e n o f a s s a i l c l o t h .T h i s i s s u p p l i e di n 3 0 0 m m ,
4 0 0 m m a n d 5 0 0 m m a p p r o x i m a t ew i d t h s , b u t " t e r y l e n e " i s n o w
b e i n g u s e di n c r e a s i n g l lyi r r s a i l sf o r y a c h t s .
C o t t o n ( l a n v a s l - i k e o t h e r t y p e sc r fc a n v a s t. h c c o t t o n v a r i e t y '
c a n b e o b t a i n e di n m a n l ' g r a d e sa n d s i z e s .l t i s m a n u f a c t u r e da n d
u s e dp r i n c i p a l l vi n A m e r i c a .A s a g c n c r a lr u l c , i t i s h a r d c r t o s e w
than llax canvas.
Duck
T h i s i s a v e r y l i g h t t y p e o f c o t t o n c a n v a s .I t i s
m a n u l a c t u r e di n h u n d r c d so f d i f f e r e n tg r a d e sa n d s i z e sa, n d i s o n l y
u s e di n b c s tc l a s so f w o r k . w h e n a m o r e p l e a s i n ge f f e c to n t h e e y e i s
required.
( l a n v a sW o r k
A p a r t f r o m n e a ts t i t c h i n g ,t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n l
p o i n t t o w a t c h i n c a n v a sw o r k i s m e a s u r e m e n tB. y a l l o w i n g t h e
c o r r e c t a m o u n t l b r s h r i n k a g ea n d s t r e t c h i n g .e v e n a n a m a t e u r
s h o u l d t u r n o u t a c r e d i t a b l ej o b . S a i l m a k e r sa l l o w o n e i n c h t o t h e
f o o t f b r " s t r e t c h " w h c n m a k i n g a w n i n g s ,b u t f o r b o a t c o v e r so r
t a r p a u l i n st h e s a m ea m o u n t w o u l d b e a l l o w e df o r s h r i n k a g e .
F o r s m a l l e r a r t i c l e s .l e s s t h a n o n e i n c h t o t h e f b o t i s o f t e n
a d v i s a b l eb. u t t h i s i s p u r e l y a m a t t e r o f j u d g m e n t .a n d d e p e n d so n
t h c a r t i c l eb e i n gm a d c .
A n o t h e r p o i n t t o w a t c hi s t h e l a c t t h a t t h e b o t t o m c l o t h a l w a y s
c r c c p si n o r s h o r t e n sw h e n t w o c l o t h sa r e b e i n g s e w e dt o g e t h e r .I f
b o t h w e r ec u t t h e s a m el e n g t h ,t h i s s h o r t e n i n gw o u l d p r o b a b l ys p o i l
t h c j o b ; t h e r e f o r ea
, n a l l o w a n c em u s t b e m a d e t o c o u n t e r a c t h i s .
The overlapping of flat seams must also be taken into
c o n s i d e r a t i o nf,o r t h e r e w o u l d b e c o n s i d e r a b l el o s s i n t h i s r e s p e c t
82
MANT]AtTHE BOATSWAIN'S
83
o n a b i g . j o bs u c ha s a n a w n i n g ,a n d e v e nw i t h s m a l l a r t i c l e st h e l o s s
would be important.
Strike tJp M a r k s
P e n c i l m a r k s a c r o s sa s e am before it is
sewn.II' thesem o v e a p a r t " c r e e p " i s o b v i o u s .
l\
."-"\[
ll*7\
""ooo"'""o"""""\'
""'"'
| ,/
L . 1" o o o o o . o o o o . o o o ]
I
I
I
F r < ; .. . ] 9
\=l tr
F l a t S e a m s h o w i n gS t r i k c l l p M a r k s .
'I'wo
Sewing Canvas
round and
different types of seams
flat
are used when sewing canvas.The tvpe of work, as well as
t h e p u r p o s et h e m a t e r i a li s i n t e n d e d1 ' o r ,w i l l d e t e r m i n ew h i c h o n e
shouldbe used.
Flat Seams Overlap two strips (cloth) of canvasas far as the
c o l o u r e d m a r k i n g t h r e a d , a n d s e w o n b o t h s i d e s .T h i s m a k e s a
double row of stitchesand a very strong seam.
W h e n s e w i n ga n y a r t i c l ew h i c h w i l l b e e x p o s e dt o t h e w e a t h e r ,
the seamsmust be overlappedso that they will not catch any wind
o r r a i n . i n t h e s a m em a n n e r a s s l a t e so n a r o o f .
Begin sewing on the right and work to the left. Fig. 39.
Round Seams
T h i s i s t h e q u i c k e s tm e t h o d o f j o i n i n g t w o
pieces of canvas. The stitches have to be made on what will
eventually be the inside of the article; therefore, the parts are
reversedbel'oresewing together.
T u r n d o w n a b o u t h a l f - a n - i n c ho f e a c h e d g e ,a n d r u b i t d o w n
with the handle of a knife (or anything hard), to form a sharp,
d i s t i n c tf o l d .
Place the two parts of canvastogether, side by side, vertically,
with the short ends or folds turned away from one another.
Sew from left to right. When finished, open out the canvasand
r u b t h e s e a md o w n t o f l a t t e n i t o u t . F i e . 4 0 .
F t < ; .4 0
Round Seam.
"turn in" or
Tabling
Nearly all articlesare finishedo f f w i t h a
"tabling".Fig. 41.
is
known
as
a
fold sewn along the edges.This
T h e d o u b l e t h i c k n e s so f c a n v a s g i v e s a good strong edge,
especiallyiI' eyeletsare to be stampedrn, or i f r o p i n g i s t o b e s e w n
on.
Frc. 4 |
Tabltng.
Stitches Very neat sewing requiresabout five or six stitches

t o t h e i n c h , b u t f o u r i s t h e c o m m o n e s tn u m b e r i n o r d i n a r y w o r k .
"Homeward
Anything lessthan that would give the appearanceof
"Dog's
Teeth" (e.g. big, careless,hurried
Bound Stitches" or
s t i t c h e)s.
85
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANTJAL
T H E B O A ] ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A I -
Beeswax
Before using twine for sewing it is usually rubbed
d o w n w i t h b e e s w a xo r s o a p .T h i s s m o o t h sd o w n t h e f i b r o u ss u r l a c e
o l ' t h e t w i n e a n d h e l p st o m a k e a m o r e w a t e r t i g h ts e a m .
U n s m o o t h e do r u n w a x e dt w i n e w i l l q u i c k l y w e a r t h r o u g h a n d
b r e ak .
A l k a l i i n s o a p i s i n j u r i o u st o t w i n e i f u s e dt o o f r e e l y .l n f a c t , i t
s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d u n l e s sa b s o l u t e l yn e c e s s a r y .
S t a r t i n gt h e S t i t c h e s A m o n g " o l d - t i m e r s "i t i s c o n s i d e r e dt o
b e b a d f o r m t o s t a r t s e w i n gw i t h a k n o t i n t h e e n d o f t h e t w i n e .
T h e p r o p e r w a y , t h e y s a y ' i.s t o l e a v ea s h o r t e n d ( a b o u t 4 0 m m ) ,
t u c k t h i s i n a l o n g t h e s e a m ,t h e n s e w r o u n d r t .
Joining Thread
Various ways of joining thread after
r e t h r e a d i n gt h e n e e d l ca r e i n g e n e r a lu s c .b u t t h e f o l l o w i n g m e t h o d
rs as good as any:
L e a v e a b o u t I % i n c h o l ' e n d t o t h e c a n v a sw h e n c u t t i n g t h e
n e e d l ea d r i f t . t h e n u n p i c k t h e l a s t h a l l ' o f t h e s t i t c h . B e g i n s e w i n g
a g a i n b y s t i c k i n gt h e n e e d l et h r o u g h t h e h o l e l e f t b y t h i s u n p i c k e d
s t i t c h l l ' a s h o r t e n d i s l e l l o n t h e n e w l e n g t ho 1 ' t w i n e w
, e will now
h a v e t w o s h o r t e n d s c o m i n g t o g e t h e ri n s i d et h e s e a m .T w i s t t h e s c
e n d st o g e t h e r .l a y t h e m j u s t i n s i d et h e s e a ma n d s e w a r o u n d t h e m .
A n o t h c r m e t h o d i s t o p r c l c e e da s b e f o r e .k n o t t h e f r e s h t w i n e .
a n d c o n t i n u e s e w i n g a r o u n d t h e e n d l r o m w h i c h t h e n e c d l eh a s
b e e nc u t .
Eyelets
l'hose used in canvas are ol metal and the)' are
h a m m e r e di n w i t h a s p e c i a lp u n c h .
W < l r k i n ga n E y e l e tH o l e
M a k e a s m a l l g r o m m e t a n d p l a c ei t
a r o u n d t h c h o l e . C o m m e n c es e w i n ga t t h e p o i n t f u r t h e s tf r o m t h e
p e r s o nb y s t i c k i n gt h c n e e d l ed o w n t h r o u g h t h e c a n v a sa n d p a s s i n g
i t u p t h r o u g h t h e h o l e . A l t e r n a t es t i t c h e sa r e c a r r i e dw e l l o u t f r o m
t h e h o l e a n d t h e g r o m m e t m u s t b e c o m p l e t e l yc o v e r e d .
RepairWork
A c u t o r t e a r i n t h e c a n v a sw h i c h i s n o t w o r t h
patching is drawn.together by "Herringboning"or "Cross
Stitching".
(.ross Stitching
At the left-hand end clf the tcar. stick the
n e e d l e( w i t h a k n o t i n e n d o f t w i n e ) u p t h r o u g h t h e f a r s i d e o f
c a n v a s ,a n d t h e n s t i c k t h r o u g h a n d d o w n o n t h e n e a r s i d e .a n d t o
t h e r i g h t . g i v i n g t h e t w i n e a w i d c a n g l e .t h e n a c r o s st o t h e f a r s i d e
and up through.alsoat a wide angle.
L e a d t h e t w i n e b a c k a c r o s st h e f i r s t s t i t c h a t a n e v e n a n g l e ,t o
i o r m a n e a t X . t h e n p u s h t h e n e e d l eb a c k a t t h e s a m ea n g l eu n t i l i t
c m e r g e sa g a i n a t t h e s a m e p l a c c a s t h e t w i n e . N e x t , t a k e a n o t h e r
s t i t c ht o t h e r i g h t a n d c a r r y o n a s b e f o r e .
B y r e v e r s i n tgh e p r o c e d u r e
i t i s p o s s i b l et o w o r k f r o m r i g h t t o l e f t .
H e r r i n g - b o n i n g S t a r t i n gf r o m t h e n e a rs i d eo l t h e t e a r .a n d a t
t h e r i g h t - h a n de n d . m a k e t h e f i r s t s t i t c h u p t h r o u g h t h e o p p o s i t e
s i d e ,a t a n a n g l e t o t h e l e f t , a n d t h e n l e a d b a c k t c l t h e n e a r s i d c .
p u s h i n gt h c n c e d l ed o w n t h r o u g h a n d b r i n g i n gi t u p o n t h c r i g h t o l
t h e c r o s s i n gs t i t c h .l - e a da c r o s st o t h e f a r s i d ea t a n a n g l ea g a i n .a n d
s o o n . f o r t h e r e q u i r e dd i s t a n c e .F i g . 4 2 .
84
h t < ; .4 2
H c r r i n gB o n i n g .
W h e n c o v e r i n gr a i l s .t h i s s y s t e mc o u n t e r a c t tsh e t e n d e n c yo f a n
ordinary seam to spiral around the rail. through continually'
d r a w i n gt o o n e s i d e .
'fhis
i s d o n e i n t h e s a m ew a y a s d a r n i n gs o c k s .b u t
Darning
c a n o n l v b e u s e dw h e n t h e h o l e o r t e a r i s a v e r v s m a l l o n e .
Roping
H o l d t h e r o p i n g o n t h e f a r s i d e o f t h e c a n v a s .S t i c k
t h e n e e d l et h r o u g h t h e c a n v a sa n d t h r o u g h a s t r a n d ,l e a dt h e t w i n e
d o w n b e t w e e nt h c l a y s o f t h e r o p e . t h e n t h r o u g h t h e c a n v a sa g a t n
a n d t h r o u g ht h e n e x t s t r a n d ,w o r k i n g f r o m l e l i t o r i g h t . C a r r y o n i n
t h i s m a n n e r .a n d t o f i n i s h o f f a n e n d o f t w i n e .s t i c k t h c n e e d l eb a c k
o n c e i n t h e o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o nl ' r o m w h i c h i t c a m e .t h u s f o r m i n g a
short nip. Fig. 43
F r r ; .4 3
R o p in g
86
very seldomto a
R o p i n g i s i n v a r i a b l y s e w e dt o a t a b l i n g
selvedgeedge.
S t o w i n gA w a y C a n v a s O n n o a c c o u n tm u s t c a n v a sb e s t o w e d
a w a y w h i l e w e t , o r e v e nd a m p , f o r i t w i l l q u i c k l y r o t .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m a r k i n g sw h i c h s h o u l d b e o n t h e o u t s i d e 'i f
t h e a r t i c l ei s m a d e u p p r o p e r l y ,t h e r e s h o u l d a l s o b e t a g s w i t h t h e
p r o p e r m a r k i n g st i e d o n a s w e l l .
B O S U N ' SC H A I R
A b o s u n ' sc h a i r a n d g a n t l i n ei s u s e d i n a l l
LoweringHitch
w o r k d o n e a l o f t , a n d t h e g a n t l i n ei s a l w a y sa t t a c h e dt o t h e c h a i r b y
m e a n so f a d o u b l e s h e e tb e n d ,w i t h t h e e n d s t o p p e ds e c u r e l yt o t h e
"Riding Stays"'
standingpart of the strop. When painting topmastsor
another man always attends the gantline and lowers the one who is
painting, but when working on the lowermast, a sailor is expectedto
lower himself by means of a lowering hitch. This takes the form of a
reef-knot on the chair itself. It is formed as follows (Fig. 44):-
87
t h r o u g h h e s t r o p o l ' t h e c h a i r t o w a r d st h e p e r s o n .p a s s e do v e r t h e
h e a d . a n d a l l o w e d t o d r o p b e h i n d t o t h e l ' e e t ,w h i c h a r e p a s s e d
b e h i n d i t . W h e n t h e s i d e so f t h i s l o n g b i g h t h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t t o
t h e f r o n t o f t h e p e r s o n ,t h e s l a c ko n t h e h a u l i n gp a r t i s p u l l e dt i g h t ,
a n d t h i s f o r m s a r e e l - k n o t o n t h e s t r o p o f t h e c h a i r i t s e l f .W h e n
r e a d y t o l o w e r a w a v , t h e w r a c k i n gi s c a s t o f f , s o m e s l a c k i s p u l l e d
u p . a n d t h e p a r t s a r e m a d e t o r e n d e rr o u n d , w h i c h t h e y w i l l d o
e a s i l ye n o u g ht h r o u g h t h e w e i g h t o f t h e m a n i n t h e c h a i r .
I n s t e a do f u s i n g a w r a c k i n g , m o s t s e a m e ns i m p l y p u l l a l i t t l e
s l a c k t h r o u g h t h e s t r o p a n d l e a d i t u p t o t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t , b o t h
partsol'which they hold in one hand whileforming the hitch with
t h e o t h e r . T h i s i s a q u i c k m e t h o d ,b u t i t s h o u l d n o t b e a t t e m p t e d
u n t i l t h e I ' o r m i n go f t h e h i t c h i s t h o r o u g h l y u n d e l s t o o d ,a n d h a s
b e e np r a c t i s e da l c w t r m e s .
A n o t h e r g o o d m e t h o d o 1 'l o w e r i n g o n e s e l f ,w h e n s i t t i n g i n a
b o s u n ' sc h a i r , i n s t e a d o 1 'u s i n g t h e u s u a l l o w e r i n g h i t c h . i s t o
"eye" or an ordinary
e m p l o y a g o o d s i z eh o o k , e i t h e r o n e w i t h a n
m e a t h o o k , o r e v e na s t r o n g p o t h o o k . F i g . 4 5 .
t:
I
t
I
'\, 1,
'\: 'i,
i)
')
,\
,,,,
Ftc. 44
Lowering Hitch.
When hoisted high enough, a wracking is passedaround both

parts of the gantline, and this holds the weight while the hitch is
being made. When ready, a long bight of the hauling part is pulled
Fr<,.45
A l t c r n a t i r cM e t h o d f o r I - o u c r i n gH i t c h .
T h e i d e a i s t o 1 ' a s t etnh e h o o k { ' i r m l yt o t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t o f t h e

g a n t l i n es o t h a t t h e h a u l i n gp a r t c a n b e p a s s e du n d e r t h e s t r o p , u p
a n d o v e r t h e h o o k , u n d e rt h e s t r o p o n c em o r e .t h e n u p a n d o v e r t h e
h o o k I ' r o m t h e o p p o s i t es i d e .
88
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A I -
"eye"
T h e s t a n d i n gp a r t o l t h e g a n t l i n em a y b e r o v e t h r o u g h t h e
i
t
o 1 ' a h o o k , i f s o f i t t e d . a n d m a d e f a s t w i t h a b o w l i n e ,o r m a y b c
s i m p l l 's e i z e di n p l a c ew i t h a p i e c eo f m a r l i n ep a s s c dt h r o u g h t h e l a y
a s w c l l a s a r o u n d t h e g a n t l i n e .W i t h a m e a t h o o k o r p o t h o o k t h e
p o i n t s h o u l db e r u n t h r o u g h t h e l a y a n d s e i z e di n t h a t p o s i t i o n .S e e
alxt Fig. 45.
This operation is often
Lowering a Telescopic Topmast
"striking
thc topmast". Apart from an accident,
r e f e r r e dt o a s
p e r h a p st h c o n l y t i m e i t i s e v e rn e c e s s a rtyo l o w c r o n e d o w n i s w h e n
b o u n d u p t h e M a n c h e s t e rS h i p C a n a l . A s i t i s s o s e l d o m d o n e .
e v e r l ' t h i n gi s u s u a l l yc o v e r e do v e r w i t h p a i n t a n d r u s t , a n d i t m a y
b c n c c e s s a r tyo c h i p s o m e a w a y i f e v e r y t h i n gi s t o w o r k s m o o t h l y .
A l l g e a r . s u c h a s t h e l b r e t o p m a s t s t a y , b a c k s t a y sa n d J u m p e r
s t a y s h o u l d b c s l a c k e n e du p . a n d t h e w i r e l e s sa e r i a ll o w e r e dd o w n
a l t o g e t h e r .l t w i l l a l s o b e n e c e s s a r yt o s e n d d o w n t h e m a s t h e a d
l a m p g e a r i f i t i s f i x c d t o t h e t o p m a s t . A h e c l - r o p em u s t n e x t b e
r o v e o v e r t h e s h e a v eo n t h e s i d eo 1 ' t h el o w e r m a s t t, h r o u g h a s h e a v e
i n t h e h e e lo l ' t h e t o p m a s t .a n d t h e n s h a c k l e dt o a l u g o n t h e f o r e s i d e
o 1 ' t h e l c l w e r m a s t .A s m a l l l e n g t h o f w i r e i s a l w a y s k e p t r o v e
p e r m a n c n t l ys, o t h a t i t i s o n l y n c c e s s a rtyo m a r r y t h e h e e lr o p e t o i t .
p u l l t h r o u g h a n d s h a c k l et h e l u g . W h c n t h e m a s t c o a t h a s b e c n
r e m o v e d ,a n d t h e w e d g e sb e t w e e nt h e t o p m a s t a n d l o w e r m a s ta r e
t a k en o u t , t h e w e i g h t i s t a k e n o n t h e h e e l r o p c . a n d t h e I ' i d w h i c h
s u p p o r t st h e w c i g h t o f t h e t o p m a s ti s t h e n w i t h d r a w n .T h e t o p m a s t
i s t h e n l o w e r c dr i g h t d o w n i n s i d et h e l o w e r m a s t .
A n y l e n g t h o 1 'r o p c w i t h t h e e n d s j o i n e d
Making Strops
togetherwill form a strop. A temporary one may be made by
l u r p o s ea r e
k n o t t i n g t h e e n d s ,b u t t h o s c i n t e n d e df o r s o m e s p e c i a p
a l w a y ss p l i c e d .A s h o r t s p l i c ei s u s e d ,a n d t h e e n d s a r e t u c k e d t w o
o r e v e nt h r e e t i m e s e a c hw a y , a c c o r d i n gt o t h e s t r a i n i t i s i n t e n d e d
t o t a k c . B e f o r es p l i c i n g t, h e r o p e s h o u l db e s t r e t c h e da l o n g t h e d e c k
a n d a l l t u r n s t a k e n o u t , o t h e r w i s et h e c o m p l e t e ds t r o p w i l l c o n t a i n
" k i n k s " . I ' h e l e n g t h o f a s t r o p i s t h e l e n g t hw h e n
a fcw pcrmanent
s p l i c e d .A s a i l o r s e n t t o m a k e a t w o - f a t h o m s t r o p w o u l d r e q u i r ea
l i t t l e o v e r f o u r f a t h o m s .w h i c h w o u l d a l l o w e x t r a f o r t h e s p l i c e .A
good. strong strop can be made in a hurry by joining the ends
t o g e t h e rw i t h a s h r o u d k n o t .
A sailor sent to reeveoff new running gear
Marrying Ropes
would not unreeve the old rope first, and then perhaps have to
"marry" the
c l i m b a l o f t t o r e e v et h e n e w g e a r . I n s t e a d ,h e w o u l d
e n d o f t h c n e w s t u f f t o t h e e n d o f t h e o l d , i n s u c h a m a n n e rt h a t t t
. s h e u n r e e v e st h e o l d g e a r h e w o u l d
w o u l d p a s st h r o u g h a s h e a v eA
" M a r r y i n g " m u s t b e d o n e n e a t l yo r i t
a u t o m a t i c a l l yr e e v et h e n e w .
THE BOATSWAIN'SMANUAI-
89
is liable to jam in the sheave.Before marrying, each end must be

f i r m l y w h i p p e d , a n d t h e n a l o n g r o p e y a r n i s p a s s e dt h r o u g h a
s t r a n do n o n e o 1 ' t h ee n d s .P u l l t h e y a r n t h r o u g hu n t i l b o t h e n d sa r e
equal. With the two rope ends butted together,passthe two yarns
a c r o s sa n d u n d e r n e a t ha s t r a n d o n t h e o t h e r r o p e . R e p e a tt h i s
o p e r a t i o nt h r e e o r f o u r t i m e s , t h e n s e p a r a t et h e y a r n s a n d b i n d
t h e m r o u n d a l l p a r t s , c r o s s i n gt h e m a t e a c h t u r n , a n d w o r k i n g
towards the opposite rope where they are made fast together.
MOORINGS
Mooring Ropes
About three or four mooring ropes,and the
same number ol' wires at each end ol' the vesselis the normal
number usually carried,and for conveniencethey are alwayscoiled
d o w n n e a rt h e w a r p i n gw i n c h o r m o o r i n g b i t t s ,b u t n e v e ro n a b a r e
i r o n d e c k . T h i c k d u n n a g e o r p r o p e r l y c o n s t r u c t e dg r a t i n g s a r e
p l a c e du n d e r t h e m , a n d t h e y a r e k e p t w e l l c l e a r o l a n y e x p o s e d
s t e a mp i p e s .F i g . 4 6 .
J
I#/
\
V I|
t,t I
lr
\_--t
1 I
j
Oâoar*,*"
I
t l
t-t i
F r < ; .4 6
Moonng RoPcs.
Kinks
A m u l t i t u d e o 1 'k i n k s w i l l f o r m i n a r o p e i f i t l s
c o n t i n u a l l y led over the top of a winch barrel. but this can be
avoided if the winch is occasionallyreversedand the rope led
underneath. Kinks in the after lines can be easily removed by
90
T H i : B O A ' T S W A I N ' SM A N U A T -
t o w i n g o v c r t h e s i d e ,b u t p e r m i s s i c l tno d o t h i s i s n o t a l w a y sg i v c n .
W h c n h e a v i n gt h c b a r e e n d o n b o a r d , h c a v et h e e y e r i g h t o v c r t h e
barrel, if time permits, otherwisea l'ew kinks will needlesslybe lclt
in the rope.
S u r g e I ' h i s i s a n o r d c r f r e q u en t l y g i r " e nt o a m a n h e a v i n go n a
r o p e .T o d o t h i s .t a k e a t u r n o f l ' t h e b a r r e l ,a n d l e t t h e h a u l i n gp a r t
h a n g s l a c k i n t h e h a n d s .T h i s a l l o w st h e b a r r e l t o r e v o l v ew h i l c t h e
r c l p er e m a i n ss t a t i o n a r v .M a n - m a d ef i b r e r o p e sm a 1 "m e l t o w i n g t o
t h e h c a t g e n e r a t c db y l ' r i c t i o na n d g r c a t c a r em u s t b e t a k c n t c l a v o i d
accidents.
Riding
W h e n t u r n s o n t h e b a r r e l b e c o m cc r o s s c da n d l e a d
o v e r o n e a n o t h e r .t h e w i n c h m u s t b e r e v e r s e dt o c l c a r t h e m .
V e r y o f t e n ,t h r o u g h a b a d l e a dt o t h e b a r r e l ,a n
I n s i d eT u r n s
i n s i d ct u r n h a s t o b e t a k e n t o a v o i d r i d i n g . 1 - h i sb r i n g st h e h a u l i n g
p a r t t o t h e i n s i d eo l t h c b a r r e l a n d t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t t o t h e o u t s i d e .
P u t t i n gO u t a B i g h t
A l i e r a v e s s eils h o v e a l o n g s i d eh e r b e r t h
a n u m b e r o l r o p e sa n d w i r e s a r e p u t o u t t o m a k e h e r f a s t . a n d i n
a d d i t i o nt o s i n g l ee n d s .a b i g h t o l t h c s a m er c l p ei s o l ' t e np u t o u t a s
w e l l . T o d o t h i s . h e a v et h c s i n g l ee n d f a i r l y t i g h t , a n d t a k e a f c w
t e m p o r a r yt u r n s o n t h e b i t t s . p a s st h e b i g h t a s h o r e .b u t m a k e s u r e
t h a t t h c h a u l i n g p a r t i s i n t h e s a m e l e a d a s t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t . a n d
t h a t t h e t h i r d p a r t i s i n a s e p a r a t cl e a d .o t h c r w i s eo n c m o v i n g p a r t
w o u l d . j a m t h e o t h e r . W h e n r e a d y .t h r o w o l ' 1t h e t e m p o r a r vt u r n s
a n d h e a v ea l l p a r t s t i g h t .
R o p e S t o p p e r s I n o r d e r 1 o t r a n s l ' e ra m o o r i n g l i n e f r o m t h e
w i n c h t o t h e b i t t s , i t m u s t b e " s t o p p e r e do f f ' t o h o l d t h e w e i g h t .
w h i l e t h e t r a n s l ' e ri s b c i n g m a d e .
T o a t t a c h t h e s t o p p e r ,a s i n g l eh a l f ' h i t c h w i t h t h e e n d b a c k e d
t w o o r t h r e e t i m e s i s v e r y o f t e n s u l 'ifc i e n t .
Chain St<lppers
As a rope stopper cann()t grip a wire
'I'o
p r o p e r l y .a c h a i n s t o p p e ri s a l w a y su s e df o r t h e p u r p o s e .
makc
f a s t . e i t h c r t w o o r . t h r e e h a l f h i t c h e sa r e l b r m e d , a b o u t l 8 i n c h e s
a p a r t . a n d t h e t a i l i s b a c k c da r o u n d t h e w i r e i t s e l f .
"cow
hitch".
Note
lt is better to form a widely-spaced
o t h e r w i s e t. w o h a l f h i t c h e sa r e l i a b l e t o s l i p t o g e t h e ra n d . j a m .
"Come l'p to the Stopper"
A s s o o n a s t h c s t o p p e ri s m a d c
I ' a s t t, h i s o r d e r i s g i v e na s a s i g n a lt o t h e m a n a t t h c w i n c h t o l e t t h e
r o p e g o , b u t h e m u s t d o t h i s v e r y g e n t l y ,f o r a s u d d e nj e r k w o u l d
p r o b a b l yp a r t t h e s t o p p e r .I n f a c t , i t i s a m u c h b e t t e rp l a n t o r e v e r s e
t h e w i n c h , e s p e c i a l l yi f a h e a v ys t r a i n i s o n t h e r o p e .
Messengers When a heavy wire or rope, which will not go
r o u n d t h e w i n c h b a r r c l ,i t i s t o b c h o v ei n . a s m a l l e r o p e k n o w n a s a
m e s s e n g ci sr m a d ef a s t t o t h e l a r g e ro n e .w h i c h i s h o v ei n b i t b y b i t .
I H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM N N I ] A I
9t
M o o r i n g l i n e sl c a d i n ga c r o s ss h a r ps u r l a c e sa r c
C h a f i n g( i e a r
p a r c c l l c do v e r w i t h t h i c k b a g g i n go r b u r l a p t o p r c v c n tc h a f ' e .
A s t h e l i n e i s l i a b l ct o s t r e t c ho r s l a c k e np. a r c c l l i n gs h o u l db c
dr c a . t o a l l o w f o r a n v
c a r r i e dw c l l a b o v ea n d b e l o u ' t h e a l ' l ' e c t ea
a l t c r a t i o no f p o s i t i o n .
S i n g l i n gt l p
S o m et i m e b e l o r cl c a r . i n gd o c k . a l l l i n e sw h i c h
c a n b e d o n e w i t h o u t a r e h o v e o n b o a r d .L J s u a l l y ' t hme o o r i n g sa r c
r e d u c e dt o a s i n g l eh e a d l i n ea n d b a c k s p r i n gl b r w a r d a n d a s i n g l c
s t e r nl i n ea n d b a c k s p r i n ag l ' ts o t h a t n o t i m c i s l o s tw h e ni l c o m e st t r
sailing.
A s a p r c c a u t i ( ) t l a r )r t l e i t s u r c .
l,ashing M<loring Ropes
m o o r i n g r o p e sa r e o l ' t c nl a s h c dd o w n o w i n g t o w e a t h c rc o n d i t i o n s .
a n d f ' o r t h i s p u r p o s er o p e s t o p p e r sa n d h e a l ' i n gl i n e s a r c m o s t l l
u s e d . I - h c s ea r c p a s s e du n d e r a s m u c h o l t h e r c l p e .a n d a r o u n d a s
m a n v n e a r b l s t a n c h i o nasn d s u c hl i k e .a s p o s s i b l el .n a d d i t i o n t. h e
t o p c y c o 1 ' t h er o p e i s p l a c e do v e r t h e n e a r c s tb i t t s .
S t o w i n gA w a y
A t s e a .w h e n n o t i n u s c .a l l m o o r i n g r o p e sa r c
s t o w e db c l o w d e c k s .b o t h l o r t h e p u r p o s co l p r e s e r l ' i n gt h c m . a n d
a l s o t o k e e p t h e d e c k s c l e a r . A l l s t o p p e r s .l e n d e r s .h e a r " i n gl i n e s .
m e s s e n g e rest.c . .a r e u s u a l l yt h r o w n o n t o p . s o t h a t t h e v w i l l b e
h a n d i u h c n u u n t c da g a i n .
Making Up Gear
T o o m u c h e m p h a s i sc a n n o t b e l a i d o n t h c
f ' a c t h a t g e a ro 1 ' a l kl i n d ss h o u l db e " m a d eu p s m a l l "( c . g .l o l d e do r
c o i l e da s t h e c a s em i g h t b e ) .
S p a c e i n s t o r e r o o m sa n d l o c k e r s i s a l w a y s l i r n i t e d .a n d g c a r
w h i c h i s o n l y u s e do c c a s i o n a l l lw" i l l t a k c u p l e s ss p a c ci l n t a d c u p
s m a l l a n d n e a t .( ; e a r o f t h i s t y p c ( g a n t l i n e s\.t a g r e - r o p c us u
. nings.
c t c . ) s h o u l d a l w a v s h a r . ' cl a b e l s a t t a c h c d1 o p r c v c n t u n n c c e s s a r ) '
m i s t a k c sw h e n s e a r c h i n gf r l r s o m e t h i n gt h a t i s r e q u i r e di n a h u r r v .
F t < , .4 7
M o u s i n g H o t t k a n d S h a c k l eP t n
92
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I I A L
M o u s i n g T o p r e v c n ta h o o k j u m p i n g o u t o f a n c y e b o l ta l o f t .
a f c w t u r n s o f s p u n y a r n i s p a s s e da r o u n d f r o m t h c p o i n t t o t h e
b a c k o f ' t h e h o o k . a n d m a d e I ' a s tt i g h t l y . F i g . 4 1.
l l ' t h e m o u s i n g i s t o b e p e r m a n e n t ,a s t r a n d o f s e i z i n gw i r e
w o u l d b e u s e d i n s t e a do f s p u n y a r n . M u c h t h e s a m et h i n g i s d o n e
w i t h s h a c k l e sw h i c h a r e i n c l i n e dt o b e s l a c k .A f e w t u r n s a r e t a k e n
t h r o u g h t h c h o l e i n t h e p i n a n d p a s s c dr o u n d t h e s i d co f t h e s h a c k l e .
SOME SAILORISING JOBS
N o t i c e M 8 9 8 s e t s t h e m i n i m u m s t a n d a r df o r
Pilot Ladder
p i l o t l a d d e r sa n d t h e i r r e p a i r .
A b o u t 2 0 m m h e m p o r m a n i l a i s t h e u s u a ls i z eo f r o p e u s e d ,a n d
t h i s s h o u l d b e w e l l s t r e t c h e dl ' o r a b o u t t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s b e f o r e
b e i n gu s e d .T h c t w o p a r t s o f r o p e o n e a c hs i d eo f t h e l a d d e ra r e a l l
o n e p i e c ew i t h t h e b i g h t a t t h e b o t t o m , t h e r e f o r e t. h e f u l l l e n g t ho 1
r o p e r e q u i r e dw i l l b e d o u b l et h e l e n g t ho f t h e p r o p o s e dl a d d e r .T w o
m e t r e sm u s t a l s o b e a d d e d t o t h i s l e n g t h f o r u s e a s a l a n y a r d t o
h a n g t h e l a d d e rb y .
B e g i nt h e l a d d e rb y m e a s u r i n go f f t h e l a n y a r do n e a c hs i d er o p e .
a n d m a r k t h e p l a c ew i t h s a i l t w i n e . T h e o t h e r e n d o l ' t h e s i d e r o p e
s h o u l dt h e n b e b r o u g h t l e v e lw i t h t h i s m a r k , a n d i f t h i m b l e sa r e t t t
b e f i t t e d t o t h e b o t t o m . n o w i s t h e t i m e t o s e i z et h e m i n t o p l a c e
W h e n t h i s i s d o n e , r e e v ea l l t h e s t e p so n t h e s i d er o p e s .a n d t h e y w i l l
n o w b e r c a d y 1 o r s p a c i n ga n d s e i z i n g .
For convenience
i n w o r k i n g , t h e l a d d e rs h o u l d b e s t r e t c h e do u t
t i g h t w i t h a t a c k l e a t t a c h e dt o t h c l a n y a r d e n d s .a t a h e i g h t a b o v e
the deck ol about I metre.
A s e i z i n gw i l l b e r e q u i r e do n e a c hs i d eo f a l l t h e s t e p s ,a n d o n c e
t h c p r o p e r l e n g t h o 1 s e i z i n gi s f o u n d , a l a r g e n u m b e r m a y b e c u t
r e a d y f o r u s e .I f t h e c o m p l e t e dl a d d e r i s t o l o o k u n i l ' o r ma n d n e a t .
t h c s a m en u m b e r o f t u r n s m u s t b e m a d e i n e a c hs e i z i n g .
T w o m e n w o r k i n g o p p o s i t eo n e a n o t h e r i s t h e b e s t m e t h o d a t
this stagea
. n d e a c hs h o u l db e p r o v i d e dw i t h a l e n g t ho l ' w o o d c u t t o
t h e s i z e a l l o w e d b e t w e e nt h e s t e p s .s o t h a t t h e y m a y b e m e a s u r e d
accuratell'.
W h e n t h e l a s ts t e pi s i n p l a c e .t h e s h o r t e n d so f t h e s i d er o p e sa r e
s p l i c e d i n t o t h e l o n g e r o n e s , w h i c h a r e t h e l a n y a r d s ,a n d t h e s e
s h o u l d b e f i n i s h e do f f w i t h p a l m a n d n e e d l ew h i p p i n g s .
M o s t m o d e r n v e s s e l sh a v e d i s p e n s e dw i t h
Rattling Down
r a t l i n c sa l t o g e t h e r b, u t w h e r et h e y a r e s t i l l f i t t e d , c o n s t a n ta t t e n t i t t n
i s r e q u i r e di 1 ' a c c i d e n tasr e t o b e p r e v e n t e dt;h e r e l o r e ,o l d o n e sm u s t
b e r c p l a c e df r o m t i m e t o t i m e a s o c c a s i o nd e m a n d s .
T H E B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N T J A L
93
T o r en e w a r a t l i n eo n t h e p o r t r i g g i n g .t a k e t h e c n d o l a c o i l o 1 '
l l l - o r 2 l - t h r e a d r a t l i n e s t u f l a l o f t a l t e r s p l i c i n ga s m a l l e 1 ' ei n t h e
e n d . M a k e a l o o s ec l o v eh i t c h o n b c l t ht h e s e c o n da n d t h i r d s h r o u d s
l l . u r n1 ' o r w a r d( k c c p i n gt h e s e c o n dp a r t o { ' t h e h i t c h o n t h e b o t t o m ) .
a n d l c a v ee n o u g he n d t o s t r e t c ht o t h e f o u r t h . T h c e y c o n t h e e n d i s
n o w m a d e l ' a s tt o t h e a l ' t e rs h r o u d w i t h m a r l i n e ,a n d i s k e p t i n a
h o r i z o n t a lp o s i t i o n u n t i l t h e s e i z i n gi s f i n i s h e d .M a k e t h e m a r l i n e
f ' a s t o t h e e 1 " ep. a s si t a r u u n d t h e s h r t l u dt o t h e o p p o s i t es i d eo f t h e
e 1 ' c t. h e n b a c k w a r da n d f o r w a r d i n l i k e m a n n e ru n t i l a s u b s t a n t i a l
s e i z i n gi s f o r m e d . T h e e n d i s f i n i s h e do l ' l ' b y h i t c h i n g b e t w e e nt h c
eyc and the shroud.
W i t h t h c a f t e r - s e i z i nfgi n i s h c d ,t i g h t e nu p t h e r a t l i n ea n d c u t o [ ' l '
by the forward shroud, after allowing enoughto spliccanother
s m a l l c y c . l ' h i s e n d i s a l s o s e i z e dt o t h e s h r o u d i n t h e s a m em a n n e r
as the alter one.
In thc starboard rigging the ratline will be started on the
1 ' o r w a r ds h r o u d .
R e e v i n gR e l i e v i n gT a c k l e s F o r s m a l l v e s s e l rse l i c v i n gt a c k l e s
m a y b e u s e dt o t a k e t h e s t r a i no f f t h c q u a d r a n ta n d s t e e r i n g - e n g l n e
d u r i n g b a d w e a t h e r .H e a v ys c a ss t r i k i n gt h e r u d d e r .c o m b i n e dw i t h
" p l a y " o n v a r i o u s p a r t s . w o u l d s o o n c a u s ca
a c e r t a i na m o u n t o l '
brcakdown.
W h a t m a y 'b e d e s c r i b e da s t w o t a c k l e sa r e u s e d 'o n e o n e a c hs i d e
-l'he
f a l l i s r o v e t h r o u g h a l l t h c b l o c k s 'a n d w h e n
ol the quadrant.
set up gclod and tight, permits the quadrant to movc withtrut
" p l a l ' " , t h e f ' r i c t i o n i n t h e s h e a v e sa c t i n g a s a s h o c k
exccssive
a b s o r b e r .F i g . 4 t 3 .
FI(,. 4ll
Rcering Reiicring I ackle
W h i l e a d e r r i c k i s u p i n p o s i t i o n ,i t i s
R e e v i n gR u n n e r sA l o f t
o f t e n n e c e s s a rtyo u n r e e v ea n o l d c a r g or u n n e ra n d p u t i n a n e w o n e
in its nlace.
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I
THE BOAI SWAIN'SMANTJAI
I o d o t h i s p r o p e r l y ,a. h e a v i n gl i n e i s m a r r i e dt o t h e e n d o f t h e
o l d o n e b e l b r e i 1 i s u n r o v c .t h e n t h e l i n e i s m a r r i e dt o t h e n e w o n e .
so that it can be hove up and pulled through the block. A good
l o r c c m a v b e n c c e s s a r tyo p u l l i t t h r o u g h , s o t h a t t h e l i n e m u s t b e
m a r r i e dv e r v f i r m l - t t-o t h e r u n n e r . a n d t h e b e s tw a t " t o d o t h i s i s a s
lbllows:
[ ] n l a v a b o u t l 0 0 m m o f t h e r o p e , f b r m a w a l l . b u t t t h e e n d sa n d
l a l t h e s t r a n d sa l o n g t h e w i r e . a n d t h c n s e n ' ct h e m o r " e rt i g h t l ! ' w i t h
a varn.
l . w o m e t h o d so 1 b e n d i n ga b o s u n ' sc h a i r t o a
Riding Stays
g a n t l i n ea r e i n g e n e r a lu s e w h e n r i d i n g s t a , " ' 'T
s .h c l ' i r s t i s t o m a k e
t h e g a n t l i n cf a s t w i t h a d o u b l e b l a c k w a l lh i t c h . l e a v i n ga l o n g e n d
w h i c h i s p a s s e dt h r o u g h t h e s h a c k l co n t h e s t a y ' a n dm a d e f a s t c l n
t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t . l ' h e s a l c s tm c t h o d i s t o p u t a g o o d s e i z . i nogn t h e
s t r o p t o f o r m a s r n a l l" e y e " .b e n dt h c g a n t l i n ct o t h c s t r o p b e l o l l t h e
s e i z i n ga. n d s h z r c k lteh e c v c d i r c c tt o t h e s t a y .F i g . 4 9 .
is
B e . / i t r e . s e n d ian gt h a i r a l o ft , n t a k es u r ( I h e h o v ' o f l h e . s h a c k l e
r i d i r t go n t h ( . \ t u . t ' ,i n s t t ' u do . ft h e 1 t i t t v, h i c h n t a . r ' r e v t t l vaen d t t t n t t '
a t t a c h e dt o a s t a g e. b u t s o m a n v v o u n gs e a m c ne x p e r i e n c de i l l ' i c u l t v
w i t h t h i s m e t h o dt h a t a n e a s i e a
r n d q u i c k e rw a v o l d o i n g I h e s a r n e
h i t c h i s g i v e n h e r e .F i g . 5 0 .
94
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F i n d t h e m i d d l eo 1 ' t h cs t a g er o p e ,t h e n s t a n da t t h c s i d co l ' t h e
s t a g cl a c i n g t h e h o r n , w i t h t h e e n d o 1 ' t h es t a g eo n t l i c l e l t .
H o l d a p a r t c l ft h e b i g h ti n e a c hh a n d .t h e nt a k ea t u r n u n d er t h c
s t a g ca n d i n s i d et h e h o r n w i t h r h c p a r t h e l d i n t h e l e l ' th a n d .
B r i n g b o t h p a r t s t o g e t h e ra n d c r o s st h e n t b l , t a k i n g t h e r i g h t
p a r t o v e r t h e l e l t i n t h c s a m c w a v a s f i r r a n o v e r h a n dk n o t .
D r o p t h e r i g h t - h a n dr o p e . t h c n p i c k u p t h e a d j a c e n tl e l t - h a n d
o n e . L e a d i t o v e r t h e p a r t j u s t d r o p p e da n d p a s si t o v c r t h c e n d o f
t h c s t a g e .A d j u s t a n d t i g h t e n b 1 'p u l l i n g o n b o r h e n d s .
\
F r r , .4 9
R i d i n gS t a y : .
R i g g i n gS t a g e s P r a c t i c a l l ya n v s i z el i n e c a n b e u s e cal s a s t a g e
r o p c . b u t 2 0 m m i s t h e h a n d i e s t I. t m u s t b e l o n g e n o u g ht o r c a c ht h c
w a l e r l i n eo n t h e b i g h t w h e n p a i n t i n gt h e s h i p ' ss i d e . a n d i f t h e
b o o t - t o p p i n gi s t o b e d o n e . i t w i l l r e q u i r et o b e s t i l l l o n g e r .
A l a r g em a r l i n e - s p i k eh i t c h l b r m e d o n t h e b i g h t o l a s t a g cr o p c
a n d s l i p p c do r , ' c rt h c h o r n s i s t h c u s u a l m e t h o d b y ' w h i c h r o p e sa r e
F r < ; 5. l
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R
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A n o t h e r e a s vm c t h o d i s t o m i d d l c t h e r o p c a s b e l u r c a n d s t a n d
w i t h t h e e n d o 1 ' t h es t a g ct o w a r d s t h c p e r s o n . l - a v t h e s i n g l c p a r t o l '
96
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bight acr0ssthr: stage.on thc l'ar side o1'the horn. crtlss both parts
u r i r i , : r n c a t h .b r i n g t h e n r u p c a c h s i d e . , 1 ' t h e s t a g e ( o n n e a r s i d c o l
horn) and crossigain on top. t-ili thc lirst bight. dip over cnd ol
s t a g ei i n d h a u l t i g h t . F i g . 5 1 .
l l t h c s t a g e s h t t u l d b c a n e x t r a t l o n g o n e . i t i s a d r " i s a b l et o r l g a
c c n t r c l i n c 1 o p r c v e n t i t s a g g i n gi n t h e m i d d l c .
I n s t c a d o 1 c l i n i b i n g o n b o a r d e a c h t i m e t h e s t a g c r eq u r r c s
loucring. it is somelimes possiblc to pass the ropcs around a
s t a n c h i 6 n r t r r a i l a n d l 6 w c r 1 ' r 9 mt h c s t a g e i t s el l ' . T h e b e s t r i g o l a l l i s
t u o t a i l - b l o c k sa n d s i n g l c - p a r ts t a g c r o p c s . i f t h c s c c a n h e p r t r c L r l . ' d
I - a i l i n gr h i s . a l i z a r d o r a s h a c k i c a n d a l a n v a r d w i l l b c l o u n d q u r t c
el'l'cct ive .
'l
hesc are usually nladc speciallv lor
Rope-1'arn Swabs
u c r t i r r gu . r , , d c nd c e k t r . r i t he i t u \ t i (( o r o l h c t \ l r ( ) l l t lc l c a n l n ga g c n t ) '
r , , , h c nt h e l a r c t o b e b a r b c r i s e d . J - h e r t a k e t h c p l a c c o l o r d i n a r r
m ( ) p s .a s l h c s e w o u l d s o o n b c r u i n c d b 1 t h e a c t i t l n o l l h e a c i d '
l ' a k c a l i g h t p o l c a b o u t l 5 0 0 n l n . rl o n g a n d c u 1 a g o o d . d c e p
nolch arottnd one end. I his wrll be thc shalt.
I l o p e - r ' a r n s a b o u t l J ( X ) n l ml tr l n g a r c a g o o d h a n d r s i z c t o u s e. b u t
thcr nra\ bc longcr or shortcr i1'desircd.
S c p a l a t c t h c v a r n s . n l a k e t w t l b u n c h e s .a n d l a l t h c m a l o n g t h e
p o l c a g a i n s t t h c n o 1 c h .s o t h a t t h c v o l ' e r l a p t h e e n d a b o u t 4 0 0 n l m '
i ' a s s t i r e c g o o d s e i z i n g st o h o l d t h c n l i n p l a c c . t u r n r e r n a i n d c ro l
c n c l sd o i . r n . a n d w h i l e h o l d i n g t h c r n l i r n l l l i n p l a c c . l i n i s h o 1 ' 1u i t h
t w ( ) r ' n o r cs c i z i n g s .
'l
A skein o1 tl"inc is maclcup
Sail wine - Preparing for tlse
in thc sitrne\\av as uool whcn it lirst comes on board. bu1 tl
r c q L r i r c st o b e p u t i n h a n d i e r s h a p c b c l i r r e i t i s r e a d l ' l i l r u s e . S t r e t c h
t h c s k c i n 1 ( )i t s l u l l e s t c x t c l l t . C u t a n d m i d d l e i t . t h c n n l a k e t h r c c
b r a n c h e sr ' 1 ' t h c t w i n c a n d p l a i t t h e s c l t t o s c l l t t l g e t h e r . I ) u t a l i g h t
s e i z i n ga t t h e b o t l o m t o h t i l d t h e c n d s . a n d o n c t l n t h c b i g h t t o h a n g
i t u p b 1 . S i n g l e t h r e a d s a r e p u l l e d t l u t 1 ' r o mt h e h r g h t .
l'he block is usualll
Sending Tail Block and Gantline Aloft
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l l ' t h c c l i m b i s t . t o tt o o h i g h t h e g a n t l i n c i s r t l v c i n t h e b l o c k a n c l a
f i g u r c - o l - e i g h tk n o l m a d c i n t h c c n d .
A l t c r n a t i v e l l " .b o t h m a v b c s e n t u p o n t h e s i g n a l h a l l i a r d s .
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l ' o r m a l a r g e o v e r - h a n d k n o t o r a n v k i n d o l ' h i t c h b y ' u s i n ga b i g h t t l l
tlic gantline. in orcler 1tl prevent the block hitting the deck when it
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I -
97
r u n s d o w n t h e g a n t l i n ea t s p e e d T
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to thedeck.
S e n n e t O u t o l ' t h e m a n y k i n d so f s e n n e ti t i s p o s s i b l et o m a k c .
o n l y t w o t y p e sa r e o c c a s i o n a l l ys e e no n b o a r d s h i p , t h e o t h er s a r e
p u r e l y o r n a m e n t a l ,a n d o n l y u s e d1 ' o rf ' a n c yw o r k .
'I'hree
Flat Sennet
k i n d s o 1 ' f l a ts e n n e ta r e i n g e n e r a lu s e ,t h e
only diff'erence
b e i n g t h e n u m b e r c l f e n d s u s e d .A l m o s t a n y o d d
n u m b e r o f e n d sc o u l d b e e m p l o y e db u t t h r e e ,f i v e a n d s e . u , ewno u l < j
m a k c s e n n e tw i d e e n o u g h f o r a l l o r d i n a r y p u r p o s e s T
. he metho<j
u s c d i s t h e s a m ew h e n p l a i t i n g w i t h t h r e ee n d s :t h e o u t s i d ee n < Jo n
t h c s i d e c o n t a i n i n gm o s t s t r a n d si s b r o u g h t t o t h e c e n t r c ,w h i c h
m e a n st h a t e a c h s i d e a l t e r n a t c l yc o n t r i b u t e sa s t r a n d t o w a r d s t h e
c e n t r c .F u r i n s t a n c c w
. h e n w o r k i n g w i t h f i v e e n d s ,t h r e e w o u l d l i e
o n o n e s r d e a n d t w o o n t h e o t h e r . T h e o u t s i d eo n e o l t h e t h r e e
w o u l d t h e n b e b r o u g h t a c r o s st o t h e s m a l l e rg r o u p o f t w o . w h i c h
w o u l d n o w o f c o u r s ec o n t a i nt h r e e .a n d t h e n t h e o u t s i d es t r a n d o f '
t h i s g r o u p w o u l d b e t a k e n a c r o s st o t h e o t h e r s i d e a n d s o o n .
R o u n d S e n n e t l a k e s i r e n d so l ' e q u a ll e n g t ha n d w h i p t h e m
I i r m l v a t o n e e n d . P i c k o u t t h r c c a l t c r n a t ee n d sa n d h o l d t h e m u n i n
a v e r t i c a lp o s i t i o n .T h i s l e a v e sa n c n d h a n g i n gd o w n b e t w e e ne a c h
o f t h e ' " ' e r t i c ael n d s .a n d b v c c l n t i n u a l l yi n t e r l o c k i n gt h e s co p p o s i t e
n u m b e r st h e r c l u n ds e n n e ti s f o r m e d .S t a r t w i t h a v e r t i c a lc n d a n d
l e a d i t o v e r t h e r i g h t - h a n de n d h a n g i n gd o w n . t h e n d c l t h e s a m e
w i t h t h c t w o r e m a i n i n gv e r t i c a le n d s . F o l l o w o n i n t h i s m a n n e r
u n t i l t h e r e q u i r e dl c n g t h i s r e a c h e d .
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cor"ering
t h e e v eo f a r o p e . l t i s s e l d o mu s e de x c c p tb y s e a m e nw h e n
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g a n d l e sf r t r t h e i r o w n u s e .T w o e n d sm a y b e
w o r k c d b u t i t w i l l b e l ' o u n dt h a t t h r e el i e sm u c h n e a t e r .A l w a y ss t a r t
at the middle ol the eye and work down. or along each side.
M a t e r i a lu s e di s a c c o r d i n gt o s i z co l ' r o p et o b e c o v e r c da n d i s i n t h e
s a m cp r ( ) p o r t i o na s s e r ri n g a r ( ) p c .
( a ) 7 ' v ' of , n d s T a k e t w o l e n g t h so l ' s m a l l s t u l f a n d a t l a c h t h e
m i d d l e p a r t t o t h e o u t s i d ec r o w n o l ' t h e e y e w i t h a l i g h t t e m p o r a r y
s e i z i n g .K e e pt h c c r o w n t ( ) \ . , , a r d1so u , p u l l t h c h i t c h t i g h t o , y n u g , i .
a n d w o r k a w a y f r o m t h e p e r s o n :w h e n o n e s i d e i s f i n i s h e d ,c u t t h e
t c m p o r a r vl a s h i n ga n d w o r k a l o n g t h e o t h c r s i d e .
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Lav left-handend acrosstowards right side. l_ead
r i g h t - h a n den d a c r o s si t t o t h e l e l i a n d l b r m a h a l f - h i t c ho n t h e r o p e
itself. l-ead thc hitched end back to the right again. Pass the
l e l t - h a n de n d a c r o s si t t o t h e r i g h t a n d a g a i n f o r m a h a l l - h i t c ho n
t h c r o p e i t s c l f . K e e p r e p e a t i n gt h i s p r o c e d u r eu n t i l t h e d e s i r e d
l e n g t hi s o b t a i n e d .
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arc uscd.
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c e n t r ec n < j a c r o s si t ( t o w a r d s r i g h t ) a n d l o r m a h a l l - h i t c h o n t h e
r o n c i r s e l l . I ' u l l l e l ' t - h a n de n d t o w a r d s c e n t r e . I - e a d c e n t r e e n d
o . . . , r , i t ( t o w a r d s l e f t ) a n d a g a i n f o r m a h a l f - h i t c ho n t h e r o p c
i t s c l l ' .R e p e a tt h i s p r o c e d u r eu n t i l o n e s i d eo f t h e e y e i s c o v e r e d c. u t
t em p o r a i v l a s h i n ga n d c o m p l e t es e c o n ds i d eb y 'w o r k i n g i n t l p p o s i t e
dircction.
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the deck.
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t a k c n . l o r m a n ' r a r l i n eh i t c h w i t h t h e h a u l i n g p a r t a n d s l i p o v e r t h e
c n d o l ' a h a n d s p i k .e b u t b e f c l r et a k i n g a g o o d h e a v ea p p l v a l i t t l e
g r c a s et o h c l p t h c p a r t s t t l r c n d e r . W h e n s u f f i c i e n t l rt'i g h t t h c e n d
i h o u l c lb c p a s s c dt h r o u g h t h e m i d d l c o { ' t h el a s h i n g .w r a p p e dt i g h t l y
a r o u n t j a l l p a r t s a n < jl i n i s h c d o f l w i t h a h a l l - h i t c h .t h e e n d b e i n g
s t o p p c ctlr i t h e l a s h i n gi t s e l l ' w i t hs a i l t w i n e .
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s u i t a b l el c a d t o a w i n c h c a n b e l t t u n d .b u t t h i s i s s e l d o mt h e c a s c .
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o l ' l i n g t h s w i l l s l i d c o u t o f t h e s l i n g . e n d a n g e r i n gm e n ' s l i r ' e sw h o
, r . t " , b . u n d c r n c a t h .T t l p r e v e n tt h i s . s m a l l p i e c c ss h t l u l d b c l a i d
a c r i r s st h c l e n g t h so l ' t i m b e rn c a rt h e e n d sw h i l c i t i s b e i n gb u i l t u p .
i n o r < j e rt h a t p r c s s u r ew i l l b e c o m m u n i c a t e dt o t h e n l i d d l e o l t h e
s l i n gw h c n t h c s t r o Pt i g h t en s .
A r o u n c l t u r n s h o u l c lb e t a k c n a r o u n d t h e w h o l c l t l a d b e l o r c
r c c r i n gt h c c n d .
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h e s er c m i t r k sa p p l y 't o a l l s l i n g sc o n t a i n i n gl o n g p o l e s .r o d s o 1 '
I l l c l i r la n d p i r r t i c u l a r l t5( ) p l n c \ .
S h o r t e n i n g( ' h a i n S l i n g s P u l l s l a c ko f ' c h a i nt h r o u g h b i g r i n g
t o l i r r n - ra b i g h t . P a s so n e h a n d t h r o u g h t h e b i g h t . c a t c h h c l l d o 1
s t a n d i n gp a r t , l e t e v e r y ' t h i negl s ed r o p a n d p l a c cs t a n d i n gp a r t o \ c r
t h e c a r g o h o o k r e a d l 'l i r r h c a l i n g .
99
ShorteningRope Slings(or Strops) Make a simple overhand

k n o t w i t h t w o b i g h t s I ' o r m e do n t h e s p a r ce n d o f t h e s t r o p i t s e l l ' .
H a n g b o t h b i g h t so n t h e c a r g oh o o k . F i g . 5 2 .
Ftt,.52
S h o r t c n i n gS t r o p .
Fittinga Tail to a Wire

S o m e t i m c st h e en d o 1 ' aw i r e a t t a c h e d
t o a t o w i n g " s p r i n g " i s l ' i t t e dw i t h a l o n g r o p c t a i l f r o m 6 t o 1 2
l a t h o m s i n l e n g t h .a n d i n v i e w o l ' t h e l ' a c tt h a t i t m a 1 ,h a v e t o b c
r e n e w c d o c c a s i o n a l l y ,t h e s i m p l c s t w a y t o { ' i t i t i s t o f o r m a
coxcomb b1,,working the rope strands around the wire itsell'.
P r o c e c da s f o l l o w s i n t h e c a s eo l ' a 4 - i n c hw i r e w i t h a 3 % - i n c hr o n e
ta i l .
M a k e a h a l l - h i t c hw i t h t h e t a i l a b o u t 8 i n c h c sf r o m t h e c n d o l '
t h e w i r e a n d l e a v ea b o u t 7 l ' e c to l ' e n d .
P a s sa g o o d l ' i r m s e i z i n go n e a c hs i d eo f t h e h a l l - h i t c h ,t h e I i r s t
o n e a b o u t 3 i n c h e sf r o m t h e e n d o f t h e w i r e a n d t h e s e c o n do n c
a b o u t 6 i n c h e sp a s tt h e h i t c h .
U n l a v 6 f e e to l e n d a n d b e g i nc o x c o m b I 2 i n c h e sl ' r o mt h e h i t c h
( 6 i n c h e sf r o m t h e l a s t s e i z i n g ) .
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l i r r m t h e c o x c o m b , a r r a n g et h e e n d s s o t h a t t h e v e m e r g c
f r o m t h e u n d e r s i d eo f t h e r o p e a n d l e a d u p t o w a r d st h e l e f t .
T a k c t h e l o w e s t( o r t h e o n e f u r t h e s tl r o m t h e c n d ) . l e a c li t o v e r
t h e o t h e r t w o a n d l i t r m a h a l l - h i t c ho n t h e w i r e b y p a s s i n gt h e e n < j
a r o u n di n a c l o c k w i s ed i r e c t i o n .
l ' h c s t r a n dw h i c h w a s f i l r m c r l v t h e m i d d l e o n e w i l l n o w b e t h e
I o r v e s ta. n d t h i s i s d i s p o s e do f i n t h e s a m em a n n e rb y l e a d i n gi t o v c r
t h e o t h c r t w o a n d l b r m i n g a h a l f - h r t c ha s b e l i l r e .
K e e p r e p e a t i n gt h i s p r o c e d u r ea n d . a s t h e h i t c h e sa c c u m u l a t e
a l o n g t h c w i r e . i t w i l l b e f o u n d t h a t t h e s t r a n d sw i l l l a v u n i n t h e
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T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A I
f o r m o f a r o p e w i t h a l i t t l e p e r s u a s i o nb, u t c a r e m u s t b e t a k e n t o
keep the hitchesin a s t r a i g h tl i n e a l o n g t h e w i r e o r t h e y w i l l d e v e l o p
a spiral efI'ect.
M a k e l 0 h i t c h e s ,t h e n l a y u P t h e e n d sa s a i nf o r a d i s t a n c co l ' l 2
i n c h e s ,w h i p n e a t l y a n d c u t .
T h i s e n d h a v i n g b e e n f o r m e d i s s e c u r e dt o t h e w i r e w i t h t w o
s e i z i n g so. n e n e a r t h e e n d o 1 ' t h er o p e a n d t h e o t h e r a b o u t 4 i n c h e s
I r o m t h e l a s th i t c h .
A n o t h e r m e t h o d p r c l ' e r r e db y s o m e w h e n f i t t i n g a t a i l t o a u ' i r c
i s t o p r o c e e da s b e f o r e .s t a r t i n go f f a n d l ' i n i s h i n gi n t h e s a m c w a y '
b u t l b r m i n g a d i l f e r e n tt y p e o f c o x c o m b ' a s u n d e r :
W i t h t h e s t r a n d sl y i n g i n t h e s a m e p o s i t i o na s b e l o r e .
l , a y r i g h t - h a n de n d t o w a r d sc e n t r eo f w i r e
L e a d c e n t r ee n d a c r o s si t ( t o w a r d sr i g h t ) a n d l b r m a h a l f - h i t c h
o n w i r e i t s c l l ' b vp a s s i n gt h e e n d a r o u n d i n a n a n t i - c l o c k w i s e
direction.
L e a d l e f t - h a n de n d t o w a r d sc e n t r e .
[ - a y ' c e n t r c e n d a c r o s si t ( t o w a r d s l e l t l a n d a g a i n f o r m a
h a l l - h i t c ho n t h e w i r e i t s e l l 'b y p a s s i n gt h e c n d a r o u n d i n a
c l o c k w i s ed i r e c t r o n .
R e p e a t h e p r o c e d u r el i r r a n i -r e q u i r e dd i s t a n c et h e n l i n i s h o f ' l i n
t h e s a m em a n n e r a s b c f o r e .
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F i t t i n g H o s e C o u p l i n g s F i r s t o f a l l i t i s n e c e s s a rtvo
j o b u p " i n a m a n n e rw h i c h w i l l b e m o s t c o n v e n i e n ft o r w c l r k i n g A
ui.. it out of the question1or holding the coupling f'irmly in
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m e t h o d i s t o l a s h a h a n d s p i k ci n a h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n . a t a
. i r h c rt o a r a i l o r ( ) l h e rc r r n r e n i e npt l a c c .( ) r i t n l a J
s u i t a b l eh e i g h t e
b e h e l c li n t h e j a w s o 1 ' av i c e i n s t e a do f ' l a s h i n g .
T h e c o u p l i n gc a n n o w b e s l i p p e do v e r t h e e n d o f t h e h a n d s p i k e .
t h e n t a p p e d ' t i g h t l l ' t oj a m i t i n p o s i t i o nt o k e e p i t l r o m t u r n i n g '
a f t e r w h i c h t h e h o s e i s p u l l e d i n t o p l a c eo v e r t h e c o u p l i n g '
B e 1 ' o r cp a s s i n gt h c s c i z i n ga s t r i p o 1 ' t h i n l e a t h e ro r a p r e c co l '
2t/t incheswide must be placedaround the hosc,in thc
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e x a c t p l a c e w h e r e t h e w i r e s e i z i n gw i l l l i e , i n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t t h e
s u r l ' a c io f t h e h o s ei t s e l lI ' r o mt h e w i r c . w h i c h w i l l b i t e i n t o i t i 1 p u t
on firmly, as it shouldbe.
I t w i i t b e n o t i c e dt h a t m o s t n e w h o s e sw h e n t h e y c t l m el ' r t l mt h c
m a k e r sa r e s e i z e dw i t h t h i n c o p p e rw i r e , b u t i t i s n o t l i k e l y t h a t t h i s
w i l l b e o b t a i n a b l eo n b o a r d t h e a v e r a g ev e s s e ls, o o r d i n a r y s e i z i n g
w i r e w i l l h a v et o b e u s e d .
A s i n g l e s t r a n d f r o m a l e n g t h o f s e i z i n gw i r c w o u l d d o v e r 1 "
n i c e l y .b u t t h i s w o u l d m e a n s p o i l i n ga b o u t 2 5 f e e t o l ' w i r e . s o t h i s
T H F B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N T I A I
IOI
m e t h o d i s s e l d o n 'ur s e d .T h e u s u a lp r a c t i c ei s t o t a k e a s m a l l g a u g c
s e i z i n gw i r e . u r . i l o n l ' r ' ah e a r ' 1 ' t y pies o b t a i n a b l eh. a l r , ei t .
For an ordinan 5-inch hose about lJ feet o1'wire will bc
r e qu rr e d .
B e g i ni n t h c u s u a lu ' a vb r s c n ' i n go v e rt h c c n d o l ' t h ew i r e w h i c h
s h o u l db c u n u s u a l l l " l o n gs.a v a b o u t l 2 i n c h e s a. n d w o r k l o w a r d s
t h e c n d o l 't h c h o s e .
P a s sa b o u t I i v e t u r n s ,t h c n t w i s t u p t h c s t a n d i n gp a r l w i t h t h c
s h t i r t e re n d ( a b o u ts i x t w i s t s ) C
. a r r r o n s e r v i n go v e r t h e s h o r te n d
a g a i n .p a s s i n ga n u t h e rf i v e t u r n s .t h e n I ' i n i s ho 1 ' lb v t w i s t i n gb o t h
p a r t st o g c t h e r( a b o u ts i x t w i s t s ) (. ' u t a n d h a m m e rt h e e n d d o w n t o
p r e \ c n t p o s s i b l ei n l u r r t o t h e h a n d s .
T h i s m e t h o de n s u r e tsh a t i l a n v p a r t o l ' t h e s c i z i n gb r e a k so. n l r
o n e - h a l l ' o | i tw i l l c o m e a d r i f ' t .
P u l l i n g S e i z i n gW i r e T i g h t
I ' o p u l l s e i z i n gw i r c t i g h t i s
s o n r e t i m edsi l fi c u l t .F u r o n e t h i n g .i t i s s m a l lt o h o l d . a n d t o r n a k c
m a t t e r sw o r s c . i s o l t c n g r e a s - yA. n o r d i n a r l , h a n t n t c irs t h c b c s t
r e n r e d vf o r t h i s .L a y t h e h a n d l e( n e a rt h e h c a d )o n t h c h a u l i n gp a r t .
m a k c a r o u n d t u r n w i t h t h e f r e cc n d . a n d p u l l t i g h t .l n t h i s w a v t h c
l ' r e ec n d i s j a m m c d a g a i n s t h e h e a db v t h c s t a n d i n gp a r t . l o r n t i n g a
s o r l o 1 ' b l a c k w a lhl i t c h . a n d a g o o d p u l l c a n b e t a k c n o n t h c w i r c
w r t h o u ll c a r o f i t s l i p p i n g e s p e c i a l li yl t h c s p a r ec n d i s h e l di n t h c
hand.
[ ; n l a y i n g S e i z i n gW i r e
l t i s o l ' t e nn c c e s s a r t\ o t a k e o n c o r
m u r c s t r a n d so u t c l 1a l o n g l e n g t ho l s e i z i n gw i r e . T h e b c s t w a v t o
d o t h i s i s t o u n l a va b o u t6 0 0 m ma t o n c c n d .t h c n h o l d a p a r t l o o s e l r
t n e a c h h a n d s o t h a t b o t h p a r t sa r e l r c c t r t r e ' " ' o l . u ' c .
A n o t h c rm a n a t t h e o t h e re n d o l t h c w i r c ( w h i c hi s s t r e t c h c od u t
t o i l s l u l l l e n g t h )s h o u l dt h c n b e n dt h e c n d t o r n a k ca s m a l lh a n d l e .
a n d t h i s h c w i l l t u r n w i t h t h e r i g h t h a n d .w h i l es t e a d y i n igt w i t h t h c
l e ft . l ' h e " t u r n s " c o m m u n i c a t e d
t o t h e o p p o s i t ee n d w i l l q u i c k l r
unlat the strands.
Strain on Hoses
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h y d r a n t w i t h a h o s cr i g g e d1 ' r ' o m
s h i p t o q u a - vt-h. c d i s t a n c eb e t w e e n
m a ' ub e c o n s i d e r a b l et ,h e r e b vp u t t i n g a g o < l dd e a l o l s t r a i n o n t h e
h o s c .[ ] s e a h e a v i n gl i n e t o l a k e t h c w e i g h t .p a s s i n gi t a r o u n dt h e
h c l s ei n l o n g s p i r a l s .
Wracking
T h i s i s a m c t h o d o f h o l d i n g t w o r o p e st o g e t h e r
w h e n t h e y m o v c i n o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n s A
. s u b s t a n t i apl i e c co f s m a l l
s t u f l ' m u s t b e u s e di l ' t h e r e i s a n y g r e a t s t r a i n o n t h e p a r t s .F i r s t o l
a l l , p a s sa b i g h t a r o u n d b o t h p a r t st o g e t h e r t. h e n p a s st h e w r a c k i n g
a r o u n d b o t h p a r t s a n d b e t w e e nt h e m w i t h e a c h t u r n . i n f i g u r e - o l e i g h t l a s h i o n . S o m e t i m e st h c t w o e n d s a r e s e p a r a t e da n d p a s s c d
IO2
around in the same manner, but each in opp:'site directions.

Whichevermethod is adopted the effect is the same. and as a
w r a c k i n gi s u s u a l l yj u s t a t e m p o r a r ym e a s u r e t,h e e n d sa r e f i n i s h e d
o 1 ' lw
' i t h t w o h a l l - h i t c h e sT
. h e n u m b e r o l t u r n s d e p e n d su p o n t h c
a m o u n t o 1 ' s t r a i no r p u l l o n t h e p a r t s w r a c k e do f f .
Wracking Off a Fall
S o m e t i m e si t i s n o t p o s s i b l et o u s e a
s t o p p e ro n a 1 a l l ,i n w h i c h c a s ea w r a c k i n gs e i z i n gi s a p p l i e dt o a n v
t w o " p a r t s " w h i c h a r e m o v i n g i n o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n s .
CHAPTER IV
D E C K S T O R E SA N D G E A R
Accommodation Ladder. Blocks. Shackles.Tackles.Purchases.
Thimbles. Hooks. Cargo Gear. Hatches.Derricks'
ACCOMMODATION LADDER
en the end ol'the accommodation
Bridle
An iron crosspieco
l a d d e rt a c k l e ,t o e a c he n d o 1 ' w h i c hi s a t t a c h e dt w o c h a i n l e g sw h i c h
a r c s h a c k l e dt o t h e l a d d e ri t s e l f .T h e p r i n c i p a lf u n c t i o n o f a b r i d l e ,
apart f'rom holding the weight o1'ladder,is to keepthe legsthe same
d i s t a n c ea p a r t a s t h e w i d t h o l ' t h e l a d d e r , s o a s t o a l l o w a c l e a r
p a s s a g ci n b e t w e e n t h e m .
F O R EG U Y
B U L W A F ] KD O O F
OF CUTTING
- ffiTJ.,".'^'"'+
a8o{.r.
--lN."a/es
I ADDER
EXTENSION
G U E S TW A F P
Ft<;. I
Accttmmttdation l-adder.
Platform
A hinged platform which, when lowered level, is
s u p p o r t e d u n d e r n e a t hb y a l b r k s l o t t e d t o t h e s h i p ' s s i d e . T h e
a c c o m m o d a t i o nl a d d e r i s h i n g e dt o t h e p l a t f o r m .
On the larger vesselsit is necessaryto f it an
Lower Platform
e x t e n s i o n - p i e cteo t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o nl a d d e r ,i n o r d e r t h a t i t w i l l
l0l
IO4
r c a c ht o t h e w a t e r ' se d g e ,a n d w h e n t h i s i s d o n e a n o t h c rp l a t l o r m i s
f i t t e d t o t h e b o t t o m p a r t o f t h e t o p l a d d e r , a n d t h e e x t e n s i o ni s
c o n n e c t e tdo t h i s l o w e r p l a t l o r m .F i g . l .
Folding Platform
This is the lblding stepor platform near
t h c w a t e r ' se d g e .a n d l r o m i t p a s s e n g e resn t e r o r l e a v eb o a t s l y i n g
alongside.
S t a n c h i o n s S t e e l p o s t sf i t t i n g i n t o l u g s o n e a c h s i d e o l ' t h e
g a n g w a vo r a c c o m m o d a t i o nl a d d e r ;t h r o u g h h o l e si n t h e t o p e n d s
o f t h e s t a n c h i o n sm a n r o p e sa r e r o v e t o a c t a s g u a r d r a i l s .
M a n r o p e s R o p e sr o v e t h r o u g h s t a n c h i o n so n t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o n I a d d e r . ' I h e y ' a r cu s u a l l vc o v e r e dw i t h c a n r , ' aasn d a r e a l w a y s
f i n i s h e do 1 ' 1 ' w i t h
a m a n r o p ek n o t a t o n c e n d .
Crow's Feet
A s u b s t a n t i a ls t e e l r i n g w i t h f o u r c h a i n l c g s
s h a c k l e dt o t h c f o u r c o r n c r so l t h e l o w e r p l a t f o r m . f o r l o w e r i n gi t
d o w n t o . o r h e a v i n gi t u p l ' r o m . t h c s o c k e t so n t h c s h i p ' s s i d e i n
which it rests.
S c r e e n s C ' a n v a ss c r e e n sl a s h e dt o t h c h a n d r a i l sa n d s t e p s .o n
b o t h t h e o u t b o a r da n d i n b o a r ds i d es o { t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o nl a d d c r .
'I-o
Spur (or Horn)
prevent small cral't getting .jammed
u n d c r n e a l hi t n a c c o m m o d a t i o nl a d d e r ,i t i s u s u a l t o b o l t a l o n g
p i e c eo l w o o d t o t h e o u t b o a r ds i d e .i n s u c h a w a v t h a l i t c x t c n d s
welldown into thc water.
BI,O(]KS
( . o n s t r u c t i o no f B l o c k s O a k a n d c l m h a r " es u c hg o o d w e a t h c r
r c s i s t i n gq u a l i t i e s ,a n d s l a n d s u c h a l o t o l w c a r a n d t e a r . t h a t m o s t
b l o c k s a r c m a d c f r o m t h e s em a t e r i a l s .B l o c k s a r e m e a s u r e db y t h e
l e n g t ho l t h e s h e l l .a n d s h e a v c sb y t h e i r d i a m e t e r .1 . h cv a r i o u sp a r t s
are as ltlllows:
Shell
T h e o u t s i d ec a s e .
@@@@
Ft<;.2
Sheares.
'fhe-"
S h e a v e T h e g r o o v e dw h e e lo v e r w h i c h t h e r o p e t r a v e l s .
arc made ol cither phosphor bronze. steel or lignum vitac,
a c c o r d i n gt o t h e t y p e o f b l o c k t o w h i c h i t i s f i t t e d . l - i g n u m v i t a c i s
IO5
a n e x c e e d i n g l yh a r d w o o d w i t h s e l f - l u b r i c a t i n gq u a l i t i e s .a n d i t
makes the best sheave of any. Sheaves are measured by the
diameter.
R o l l e r S h e a v e A n o r d i n a r ys h e a v ew i t h m e t a lr o l l e r sf i t t e d t o
t h e b u s h w h i c h w o r k r o u n d t h e s h e a v ep i n . B a l l b e a r i n g sa r c o l t e n
u s e df o r t h e s a m c p u r p o s e .
Bush
T h e m e t a l c c n t r e o 1 a s h e a v et h r o u g h w h i c h t h e p i n
p a s s e sI.n l a r g eg i n b l o c k sa n o i l r e s e r v o i ri s f i t t e d r o u n d t h e b u s h .
A s t e e la x l e p i n p a s s i n gt h r o u g h t h c s h e l l a n d
S h e a v eP i n
t
h
e s h e a v er e v o l v e s .
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
sheave.
S c o r e T h e g r o o v eo n t h e o u t s i d es h e l lo f a w t l t l d e nb l o c k t c l
t a k e a w i r e s t r o p . T h e s c o r ei s d e e p e sat t t h e b o t t o m o r t a i l o f t h e
block to take the splice.
The top o1the block.
Crown
Tail
Bottom of the block.
S w a l l o w A n o p e n i n gb e t w e e nt h e c h e e k so f t h c s h el l t h r o u g h
which the ropepasscs.
C h e e k s T h e s i d e so l t h e s h e l lo n e a c h s i d c o 1 t' h c s w a l l o u ' .
Clump Blocks Thescare cut frtlm the solid piecetll wood and
a r e v e r y r o u n d e di n s h a p e .I ' h e y a r c s e l d o ms e e nn t l w a d a y s .
A s t h e n a m c i m p l i e s .t h e s ca r e b u i l t
Made or Built Blocks
f r o m s e p a r a t ep i e c e sc u t f r o m t h e p l a n k . ' I ' h e c h e c k sa r e r i v e t e d
t o g e t h c rw i t h a p i e c eo 1 ' w o o db e t w c c nt h e m a t e a c he n d t o f o r m t h e
s w a l l o w .a n d i n t o t h i s t h c s h e a v ei s f i t t e d .
A b u i l t b l o c k w h i c h ' i n p l a c eo 1 ' a w i r c
S t e e lB o u n d B l o c k s
s t r o p ,i s I ' i t t e dw i t h a h e a v ys t e e ls t r o p o r b a n d .T h i s r u n s r o u n d t h c
o u t s i d eo f t h e s h e l lt o g i v e i t a d d e ds t r e n g t h .l - h e s h e a v ep t n g o e s
t h r o u g h b o t h s t r o p a n d s h e l l .A h o o k o r e y e i s f i t t e d t o t h c s t e e l
s t r o p a t t h e c r o w n o l ' t h e b l o c k , a n d s o m e t i m e sa s m a l l o n e a t t h c
t a i l a l s o ,s o t h a t t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t o f a t a c k l ec a n b c s h a c k l e dt o i t .
A popular type of' built block
I n t e r n a l S t e e lB o u n d B l o c k
I
'
o
r
k
s
h
a
p
e
d
s
t
r
o
p i n s e r t e dd o w n t h r o u g h e a c h
with a removable
s i d eo l ' t h e s h e l l .O n e o f t h e l b r k s i s u s u a l l yl o n g e r t h a nt h e o t h c r ' s t r
t h a t i t m a y e x t e n dt h r o u g ht h e b o t t o m o f t h e b l o c k a n d f o r m a l u g '
t o w h i c h i s s h a c k l e dt h c s t a n d i n gp a r t o f t h e f a l l . H o l e si n e a c hl b r k
c o i n c i d ew i t h o t h e r si n t h e s h e l lt o t a k e t h e s h e a v ep t n .
A s p e c i a tl y p c ( ) f b l o c k u s e dm o s t l yl o r
N o n - T o p p l i n gB l o c k
t a r t . a n d t h i s p e r m i t sa l a l l
l i l ' e b o a tf a l l s . T h e t a i l i s t h e h e a v i e s p
" r o u n d e du p " f r o m t h e w a t e r ' se d g ew i t h o u t
with no loadon it to be
t o p p l i n go v e r o r b e c o m i n gj a m m e d .F i g s . 5 , 6 .
S m a l l s t r o n gs t e e lb l o c k s w i t h a h i n g e ds i d e S n a t c hB l o c k s
T h i s p e r m i t sa f a l l t o b e p u t o v e r t h e s h e a v et h r o u g h a n o p e n i n gi n
t h e s i d e ,w i t h o u t r e e v i n gt h e e n d t h r o u g h .L l s e da s l e a d b l o c k st h e l
r06
t0l
T'HF BOATSWAIN'S MANL]AT-
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
a r e v e r v u s eu
f l w h e n m o v i n g c a r g o o n d e c k o r w h e n l a s h i n gc a r g o .
l - a r g e rs i z e sw i l l t a k e m o o r i n g r o p e s .
o l t h e s a m es i z e .a l 2 - i n c h l e a d b l o c k c o u l d . f o r i n s t a n c e b. e u s e d
a l o n g w i t h a l 4 - i n c h c a r g o b l o c k a n d t a k c t h e s a m es i z e dw i r e . T h e
c o m p l c t cr a n g co 1 ' s i z eisn l e a d b l o c k si s : 6 . t 3 .1 0 . l 2 a n d l 4 - i n c h .
@
Frt;..1
S c r c l r l I r p c s o 1 W o o t l I l l o c k su i t h l ) i l l e r c n t F i r t i n g s
Lead Blocks
A n v t y p c o l ' b l o c k m a 1 ,b e u t i l i s e d a s a l e a d
block. but a proper one is always litted when gear is rigged
p e r m a n e n t l v .F o r i n s t a n c e w
. h c n t h e h a u l i n gp a r t o l ' a t o p p i n g l i l ' t
l a l l h a s t o b e l e d t o a w i n c h . t h e l ' a l l w i l l b e l ' o u n dr o v e t h r o u s h a
lead block shackled to the deck at a convenient ansle.
Fr<;.4
lrpcs ol Stcel Bound lllocks.
A l s o , w h e n a h c a v y l i l i d e r r i c k i s w o r k i n g , t h e g u y l ' a l l sh a v e
usuallvto be led through one or more lead blocks to a distant
'fhe1,
winch.
a r c m a d e o { ' s t e e l a, n d h a v ee i t h e ra s w i v e le y e o r h < t o k
I ' i t t e dt o t h c c r o w n . a n d a s t h e s h e a v e sa r e w i d e r t h a n c a r s o b l o c k s
l rt,.5
O r d i n a r r I 1 ' p cW c l i n
\on-toppling I oucr Blttck.
F r < , . 6 W c l i nI ) . ( ' .T l P c
N o n - t o p p l r n gl . o u c r B l o c k
&&ffi@
['l<,. 7
IvPcs o1 Mctal Blocks
l t i s u s e dp r i n c i p a l l ya l o i t w h e n a g a n t l i n eh a s t o
Tail Block
b e r o v e o f f f o r a n v p u r p o s e .A s m a l l w o o d e n s i n g l es h e a v eb l o c k
. i l l b e f o u n d b c s t .F i g . 9
w i t h a l o n g t a i l o f r o p e( a b o u to n e l ' a t h o m )w
F u n n e l B l o c k s A n u m b e r o f ' s m a l ls t e e lb l o c k sm a 1 'b e f o u n d
s h a c k l e da r o u n d t h e t o p r i m o l t h c l u n n e l . ( i a n t l i n e s a r c r o v e
t h r o u g h t h c m | o r e i t h e r f u n n e l b o a r d s o r b o ' s u n ' sc h a i r s w h e n
p a i n t i n go r r e p a i r w o r k i s i n p r o g r c s s .
H . o k B l o c k s W c l o d e nb l o c k sw h i c h . i n s t e a dr r l r s h a c k l eo r
s t r o p . e i r eI ' i t t e dw i t h a b i g i r o n h o o k s o t h a t t h e y m a ' ' i i c h u n g o n
t h e r i m o l a l u n n e l .T h e l -a r e m e a n tt o t a k e t h e p l a c eo f m e t a lf u n n e l
b l o c k s a s t h e s ea r e n o t a l w a y ss a l e a l t e r a f e w y e a r a l o f t w i t h o u t
- ay'be hung in
p r o p c r a t t e n t i o n .O n c b i g a d v a n t a g ei s t h a t t h e - rm
a n y r c q u i r e dp o s i t i o n .F i g . 1 0 .
A s m a l l s n a t c hb l o c k c u t o u t l r o m a s o l i d
ButterflyBlock
. h e y ' a r cs e l d o ms e e no n
p i e c eo f w o o d . w i t h a s h o r t t a i l a t t a c h e d T
m o d c r n s h i p s .b u t w e r eu s e da t o n e t i m e l ' o r h a u l i n gi n t h e d e e ps e a
lead.
r0u
I-HE I]OATSWAIN'S MANTJAI
109
These are made with a steel framc' with

Coaling Gins
s e l l - l u b r i c a t i n sgh e a v ea n d s w i v e lh o o k o r e y e .a n d a r e u s e dc h i e l l v
f o r w o r k i n g c o a l . l - i k e c a r g og i n st h e . "a- r e k n o w n b - vt-h-e d i a m e t e ro l
t h e s h e a v et,h e l ' u l l r a n g eo l s i z e si s f r c l m l 5 0 m m t o 4 0 0 m m .F i g . l 2 '
A l l b l o c k s m u s t b c o t e r h a u l c dp e r i o d O v e r h a u l i n gB l o c k s
i c a l l l ' .t h e t i m e l i m i t d c p e n d i n go n t h c t y p e o f b l o c k a n d t h e a m o u n t
of work it perlorms.
F tt,. il
Stroppcd Block
l-r<,.9
Iail Blocl
Frt;.l0
F u n n c l W o o t l e n[ J l o c k
'I'wo
c a r g o g i n s a r e l ' i t t e dt o e a c hd e r r i c k ;o n e a t
CargoGins
t h c h e a d .w h i c h i s v a r i o u s l vk n o w n a s a h e a d b l o c k . g i n b l o c k . o r
cargo block. and the other a1the bottom known as a heel block.
T h e 1 ,a r e m a d e o f s t e e l a n d c o m e i n l r l r m u c h w e a r a n d t e a r .
r e q u i r i n g t o b e I r c q u e n t l v o i l e d a n d o v e r h a u l e d .T h e v h a v e
s c l l - l u b r i c a t i nsgh e a v e as n d a s w i v e le y c . F i g . I l .
I ) r r r c h a : r 'I l l o c k s 1 o t H e i t r r l t l l s
F t < , .I I
( rrgo (iin.
I - t < , l. l
( ' o a l i n g( i i n s .
T h e d i a m e t e ro 1 ' t h e s h e a v ei s s t a m p e do n t h c s h e l l o f ' e a c h
b l o c k . a n d i t i s k r r o w nb y t h a t s i z c ,t h e f u l l r a n g eo 1 ' w h i c hi s 6 . U , 1 0 .
12.14.l6 and ltJ-inch
Heel Blocks
The onll' differencebetweena heel block and a
c a r g o g i n i s t h e m e t h o d b y w h i c h t h e y a r e f i t t e d i n t o p l a c e .I n s t e a d
o l a n e y c .t h e l h a v ea s m a l l s w i v e la t t a c h m e n tw h i c h k e e p st h e m a t
r i g h t a n g l e st o t h e " t a b l e " . A l s o t h e s h e a v e sa r e w i d e r t h a n t h e s a m c
s i z e dc a r g og i n . b u t a r e s t a m p e dw i t h t h e d i a m e t e ro f t h e s h e a v eo n
t h e s h e l l ,a n d i t i s k n o w n b y t h a t s i z e .T h e r a n g eo f s i z e si s l 5 0 m m
to 360mm.
l h e s h e a ' " ep i n m u s t b c p u n c l i e d o u t w i t h a
Wooden Blocks
spikc or other sharp instrument. and all working parts grcascd.
S o l i d i l - i c d r , ' a s c l i n ei s t t f l c n t r s e d l i l r t h i s p u r p o s c i n p l a c e o l
blacklead and tallow.
('argo gin blocks on tht- dcrlicks comc in
Steel Gin Blocks
l b r t h e m o s t a t t en t i o n . a n d a r e f ' r e q u e n t l yo r " er h a u l e d .
W h e n t h e s h e a v c p i n i s r e m o v c d a n d t h e s h c a r " e st a k c n o u t - t h e r
are l'irst scraped and then coated with a mixture of blacklead and
t a l k r l l . I ' h e i n s i d e c h e e k s t l l t h e g i n s h o u l d a l s o b e c ( ) , t : ( ' cwl i t h t h e
m i x t u r e . O n t h e s h e a v ei t s e l fw i l l b e f o u n d a s m l r l l s c r r : \ \i l J t i n g a s a
p l u g t o t h e o i l r e s e r v o i r .T h i s { e e d st h e s h e a v ep i n t h r o u g h t h c b u s h .
Remove the pin and fill the rescnu'otr.
Whilc on the job it is as well to removc and oil the dislance
p i c c c . i f t h i s h a s n o t a l r e a d y b e e n d o n e . l o r t h c p u r p o s eo l t a k i n g
ou1 the shea\'e.
T h e s w i v e l a t t h c h e a d o 1 ' t h eb l o c k w i l l p r o b a b l y b e q u i t e s t i l ' f t c r
"lrozen up" altogether, and it might require liberal
move. or el'cn
doscs of parafl'in to free it. beforc applying lubricating oil.
IIO
T H E I ] O A I S W A I N ' SM A N U A I -
SHACKLES
S h a c k l e s S i z c sa n d t y p e sc o v e r a w i d e v a r i e t y ,r a n g i n gf r o n r
a b o u t I i n c h i n l e n g t h t o a s i z eo l ' c a p a b l el i f t i n g m a n y t o n s . T h e v
a r e m a d e o f w r o u g h t - i r o no r c a s t s t e e la n d a r e u s e dl b r a l l j o i n i n g
purposes.
F o r s o m ec l a s s e o
s l ' w o r k , s u c h a s s t a n d i n ga n d r u n n i n g r i g g i n g
a n d t h e h a n d l i n go 1 ' c a r g o .o n l v t e s t e ds h a c k l e sa r e u s e d .O n t h e s c
t h c " s a l ' ew o r k i n g l o a d " i n t o n s w i l l b e f o u n d s t a m p e di n r o t h c i r o n .
t h u s :S . W . l - (. 5 ) l .
S h a c k l e ss m a l l e rt h a n % i n c h a r c n e v e rt e s t e da n d t h c l s ei n u s e
for cargo work rangefrom about 5 to l0 tons. Anything heavier
t h a n t h a t w o u l d b e l ' o r s o m e s p e c i a lp u r p o s e .s u c h a s t h e h e a r . ' r , '
l i f i i n g d e r r i c k . m o o r i n g w i r e so r o i l r i g a n c h o r s .
H a r p o r B o w S h a c k l e s A l o n g w i t h D s h a c k l e st h e s ea r c t h e
t w o p r i n c i p a lt 1 - p e st < l b e s e c no n a l l v e s s e l s .
F t < , .1 . 1 H a r p S h a c l l c s .
D Shackles
ts
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I - r t , l - 5 ." 1 ) " S h a c k l c s .
rn ,I
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a r c s l o t t e df o r t h e i r I ' u l ll e n g t ha n d c o i n c i d ew i t h a s l o t o n t h e l u g c l I
the shacklew
. h i c h e n a b l e sa w i r e t o b e p a s s e dt h r o u g h t o l c l c kt h e
pin.
A n c h o r S h a c k l e s l . a r g eh e a v ys h a c k l e sw h i c hj o i n t h e a n c h o r
t o t h e c a b l e . l ' h e v a r e h e a v i e rt h a n t h e s h a c k l e sw h i c h j o i n t h e
d i l ' f c r e n tl e n g t h so l c a b l e t o g e t h e r .b u t t h e p i n s ( w h i c h d o n o t
p r o j e c t b e y o n dt h e g r e a t e s w
t i d t h o l t h e s h a c k l e ) a, r e h e l d i n p l a c e
w i t h a b r a s sp l u g w h i c h i s h a m m e r e dt h r o u g ht h e l u g sa n d p i n a l s o .
Fig. ltt.
( . a b l e S h a c k l e s T h e s e a r c l ' r e q u e n t l yo f t h e p a t e n t l u g l e s s
t y p e .F i g . 1 9 .
A w n i n g S h a c k l e s O r C i n a r yD t y p e w i t h a t h i m b l es e ta t r i g h t
a n g l e st o t h c c r o w n o l ' t h c s h a c k l c T
. h e s ea r e u s e df o r s h a c k l i n ga n
a w n i n g t o a r i d g e w i r e . a n d t h e t h i m b l e p e r m i t sa n o t h e ra w n i n gt o
b e m a d e f a s t t o t h e s a m e s h a c k l e sw i t h r o p e " s t o p s " .T h i s t y p e i s
o n l v e m p l o v e dw h e n r i d g ew i r e sa r e l ' i t t e di n p l a c eo 1 ' w t ' r o d esnp a r s .
Fig. I6.
Frr; I(r.,\uning Shacklc:
O n c c l l t h c t w o p r i n c i p a lt , r - ' p ei ns g e n e r a lu s eF i g .
M o o r i n g S h a c k l e s A l a r g e .h e a v yt,y p e w i t h a b o w h a n d l ct o
t h e p i n w i l l b e f o u n d o n m o s t s h i p s . 1 ' h e 1 'a r c u s e d a l n t o s t
e x c l u s i v e l yf o r a t t a c h i n gm o o r i n g w i r e s t t r t h e r i n g r , ' ni i b u o y o r
w h a r l , a n d a l s oI ' r t rh e a v yl i f t w o r k . w h e n t h e s l i n go r s t r < t p sa r o u n d
t h e " l i t t " ( o r w e i g h t ) h a v e t o b c s h a c k l e dt o t h e p u r c h a s eb l o c k o 1 '
t h e h e a v vl i l t i n g d e r r i c k .F i g . 1 7 .
Pins
I n s t e a do f .t h e u s u a ls c r e wt y p e . s o m es h a c k l e sa r e l ' i t t c d
w i t h a n e a s v - l ' i t t i np
g i n w h i c h i s k c p t i n p l a c ew i t h a f o r c l o c k .
C ) t h c r sa g a i n h a v e e i t h e r a s q u a r es o c k e t ,r t r a s l o t o n t h e p i n
s i m i l a rt o t h a t o l ' a s c r e wh e a d .i n w h i c h c a s ea s p e c i a sl h a c k l ek e y i s
r e q u i r e dt o s c r e wt h e p i n o u t . T h i s t y p e i s o l i c n u s e di n c o n n e c t i n g
u p c a r g o r u n n e r si n o r d e r t h a t t h e p r o j e c t i n ge n d o 1 ' a s h a c k l ep i n ,
w h i c h i s i n c l i n e dt o c a t c h o n o t h e r o b j e c t s .i s d i s p e n s e dw i t h . - 1 5 - 5 0
a n d 7 5 t o n s h a c k l e so f t e n h a v e a n u t a n d b o l t a s a p i n . A s p l i t p i n
s t o p st h e n u t w o r k i n g b a c k .
F l u t e d S h a c k l e s O n c a b l e - l a y i n gv e s s e l sa b o u t l 5 t y p e s o l '
s h a c k l ca r e i n c o n s t a n t u s e , a n d a l t h o u g h o l ' d i l ' l ' e r c n ts i z e sa n d
t y p e s .t h e v a l l h a v eo n e t h i n g i n c o m m o n a s r e g a r d st h e p i n s . l - h c s e
III
F r ( , .l 7
Mooring Shacklcs
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Anchor Shacklc:
l - t < ; .l 9
[ - u g l c s sS h a c k l e
TA(]KI,ES AND PTIR(]HASES

Tackle
A s i m p l e d e v i c ew h i c h g i v c s i n c r e a s e dp o w e r b y a
c o m b i n a t i o no l b l o c k s a n d r o p e s .T h e n u m b e r o f s h c a v e si n t h e
b l o c k . t h e m a n n e ri n w h i c h t h e r c l p eo r f a l l i s r o v e t h r o u g h t h e m .
a n d w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t i s m a d e l ' a s tt o t h e t o p o r
bottom block arc all distinguished
l ' e a t u r e so f t h e v a r i o u st y p e so |
t a c k l e .T h e t h e o r e t i c a p
l o w e r i s g a i n c d a s p r o p o r t i o n a t ew i t h t h e
n u m b c r o l s h e a v e si n t h e t a c k l ea n d v a r i e sl ' r o m t w o t o n i n c t i m e s
a c c o r d i n gt o t h e t y p e o f t a c k l eu s e d .
Top Block
T h e o n e t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e h a u l i n gp a r t r u n s i s
i n v a r i a b l yt h e t o p b l o c k .
Bottom Block
T h e o p p o s i t eb l o c k t o t h a t h a v i n gt h e h a u l i n g
p a r t . a n d t h e o n e w h i c h i s u s u a l l ys h a c k l e dt o t h e d e c k .
S t a n d i n gP a r t
T h e p a r t m a d ef a s t t o t h e b l o c k .
n2
.IHE
I H L I I O A ' r S W A I N ' SM A N t i A l
A n o t h e rn a m c I ' o rt h e l a l l . t t r t h c p a r t w h i c h i s
H a u l i n gP a r t
h
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a
r
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g.
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manned herr
W h e n b l o c k s a r e h t t r , ec l t t s et o g c t h c r t h c v a r e
Tw<lBlocks
saidto be "twri blocks".
O v e r h a u l i n g l h e a c t o l s t r c t c h i n gb l o c k s f a r t h e r a p a r t b y
p u l l i n gi n t h e o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o nt o t h a t t a k e n w h e n h e a v i n g .
A t e r m w h i c h i n d i c a t e st h a t o n e p a r t o l ' a f a l l
Choked l.uff
h a s . j a m m e du n d e r n e a t hi t s n e i g h b o u r .t h c r c f o r ep r c v e n t i n gf u r t h c r
mo\,ement.
T h < l r o u g h f o o t S o m e t i m e st h e b o t t o m b l o c k b e c o m e sa c c i d e n t a l l yd i p p e d t h r o u g h t h c l ' a l l .T h i s c a u s e st h c p a r t s t o c r o s sa n d
i s k n o w n a s a t h o r o u g h f o o t .T o c l c a r i t t h e b l t l c k m u s t b e d i p p e d
b a c k a g a i n i n t h c o p p t t s i t e d i r e c t i c l nt o w h i c h t h e t u r n s t a k e .
O b s o l e t et e r r n .
-ffi--
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fi
KJ
S i n g l cW h i p
B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I
'l'his
S i n g l eW h i p
i s s i m p l l 'a r o p c r o v e t h r o u g ha t a i l - b l o c k
w i t h a s i n g l es h c a v e .N o p o w c r i s g a i n e d .i t m e r e l va c t s a s a l e a d
b l o c k .F i g 2 0 .
Double Whip
l'o "double up" a singlc r"'hip.recve the
standing part through a hoclk block and make the end fast
alongside
t h c t a i l b l o c k . ' l - h ep o w e rg a i n e di s t w o t i m c s .F i g . 2 1 .
G u n T a c k l e T w o s i n g l eh o o k b l o c k s .P o w e rg a i n c di s t w i c e
0 r l h | e t ' t i m c \F i g . 2 2 .
H a n d y B i l l y o r J i g g e r A d o u b l eb l o c k w i t h a t a i l . a n d a s i n g l e
h o o k b l o c k t o w h i c h t h c s t a n d i n gp a r t i s m a d c l a s t . ' f h i s g i v e sa
p o r , " cgr a i n o l t h r c c o r l o u r t i m e s .F i g . 2 3 .
..<'.
v,j
rl
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away "two
blocks"
Rounding Up
S m a l l t a c k l e sa r e s t o w e d
w i t h t h e f a l l c o i l e dn e a t l yo n t o p . P u l l i n g t h e s l a c kt h r o u g h u n t i l t h e
"rounding up the fall".
b l o c k s c o m e t o g e t h e ri s k n o w n a s
Lifting Power of Tackles Take the weight that a singlepart o1'
r o p e i s c a p a b l eo f s u s p e n d i n ga n d m u l t i p l y i t b y t h e n u m b e r o l
l e i g h tt h c
p a r t s a t t h e m o v a b l eb l o c k . T h i s w i l l g i v e t h e t h e o r e t i c aw
t a c k l ec o u l d l i f t b u t r o u g h l y o n e - t e n t ht h e w e i g h tm u s t b e d e d u c t e d
f o r f r i c t i o n a t e a c hs h e a v es o t h a t i n t h e c a s eo f a l u f f ' t a c k l er o u g h l y
o n e - l o u r t h m u s t b e s u b t r a c t e dt o g i v e t h e a c t u a l w e i g h t t h e t a c k l e
c o u l d s a f e l vl i f t .
Ftc. 22
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F r r , .2 l
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Ftt;.2l
Handy Bil11.
W a t c h or Luffi f T a c k l e T h e s a m ea s a h an d 1 'b i l l y ' .b u t h av l n g

t w o h o o k b l rr c k si n s t c a do l ' o n et a i l b l o c ka n d a h o o k b l o c k .P o w e r
g a i n e d i s t h r e e o r l o u r t i m e s . l t i s u s e df o r a l l p u r p o s e sw h e r e a n
e x t r a p u l l i n ex c c s so l t h e m a n - p o w e ra v a i l a b l ei s r e q u i r e d .F i g . 2 5 .
Double Luff Tackle
T w o d o u b l e h o o k b l o c k sw i t h a n o w c r
gain of' four t-r f i v e t i m e s .F i g . 2 6
Three-fold P u r c h a s e T h i s g i v e sa p o w c r g a i n o l s i x o r s e v e n
t t m c s . a n d i s t h e t y p e o f p u r c h a s eu s e d( b r t h e l o w e r i n ga n d h o i s t i n g
o f l i l ' e b o a t sW
. h c n u s c df o r t h i s p u r p o s eo n a d a v i t . i t w i l l b e I o u n d
t h a t t h e l a l l i s i n v a r i a b l l ,l 'e d t h r o u g h t h e c e n t r es h e a v e
I H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A I -
l ' H E B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I -
R e e v i n gT h r e e - f o l dP u r c h a s e L a y t h e t o p b l o c k A w i t h o n c
c h e e kt o t h e d e c k .a n d m a k e s u r ei t i s t h e s i d ew i t h t h e b e c k e t .N e x t .
I a v t h e b o t t o m b l o c k B a l s o o n t h e d e c k , w i t h t h e s w a l l o w su p a n d
d o u ' n .a n d w i t h t h e b o t t o m o 1 ' b o t hb l o c k sf a c i n go n c a n o t h e r .
Four-fold Purchase
Four-lirld blocks (and over) are only
u s e d o n ' J u m b o " d e r r i c k s f i r r v e r y h e a v v l i l ' t s .t h e p o w e r g a i n e d
b e i n ge i g h t o r n i n c t i m e s .
Gyn Tackle (or three and two tackle)
I'hc latter name is
p e r h a p sm o r e g c n e r a l l yu s e dt h a n t h e c o r r c c to n e ,p r o b a b l yb e c a u s c
i t i s e a s i c rt o r e m e m b e rt h e t y p e o l t a c k l cr e q u i r e di l ' t h e n u m b e ro 1 '
s h e a v c sa t c a c h c n d a r e m e n t i o n e d . I n f a c t . i t w o u l d b e a n
a d v a n t a g eo f a l l t a c k l e sw c r e d e s c r i b e di n a l i k e m a n n c r .F i g . 2 7 .
T h i s t v p e i s u s c dc x t e n s i v e l va s a l o p p i n g t - i 1 'T
t acklc
II4
II5
THIMBI,ES
Frt,.14
I h r c c i i r l t i P u r c h a s c( [R' o r ct hr o u g h ( ' e n t r c ) .
F i r s t . r e e v et h r o u g h t h c m i d d l e s heearv e o l t h c b l o c k A l r o m r i g h t
t o l e f t , d o w n t h r o u g h t h e l e l t - h a n dshhc, a v e cr l b l o c k B . t h r o u g ht h c
b o t t o m s h e a v eo f A f r o m l e f t t o r i g hhtt u n t h r o u g ht h c r i g h t - h a n d
s h e a v co f B , t h r o u g h t h e t o p ( o r u p p e: rrm o s t )s h c a v eo l A f ' r o mr r g h t
t o l e f t . d o w n t h r o u g h t h e r n i d d l es h eaav e o 1 B a n d t h e n c eu p t o t h e
l ' t an e y e h a s b e e ns p l i c c di n
b e c k e tw h e r ei t w i l l b e s h a c k l e do n aI'ter
t h e e n d w i t h a t h i m b l e a s i n d i c a t e db vy t h e nu m b e r e da r r o w s o n t h e
p a r t s( ) l l h c f ' a l lb c l o $ .
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W a t c h o l L u l l f a c k l e.
T h i m b l e s J ' h c r c i s n o s t a n d a r dm e t h o d o l d i s t i n g u i s h i n g
or
e v e nn a m i n gt h e v a r i o u ss i z c sa n d s h a p c so f ' t h i m b l e sc; o n s e c l u c n t l l ' .
s o m ep e o p l em e a s u r eb y l e n g t h .a n d o t h e r sb y w i d t h . I ) a v c y& C o .
L t d . . t h e I - o n d o n m a n u f a c t u r e r ss. t a t c t h a t t h e y c o n s i d e rt h e b e s t
m e t h o d i s t o m e a s u r eb 1 ' w i d t h . l b r t h e r e a s o nt h a t t h e w i d t h o 1 ' a
t h i m b l e i s t h c s a m ea s t h e c i r c u m l ' e r e n coel ' t h e r o p e w h i c h i t w i l l
t a k e. F o r i n s t a n c ea, t h i m b l e I [ - i n c h w i d e h a s a s c o r ew h i c h t a k e s
a r o p e o f l % i n c h c i r c u m l - e r e n cIcn. m e t r i ct e r m st h e i n t e r n a lw i d t h
o 1 ' a t h i m b l e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l yt h r e e t i m e st h e n o m i n a l d i a m e t e ro l '
t h e r o p e i t w i l l t a k e i n i t s s c o r c .a 7 0 m m t h i m b l e w i l l t a k e a 2 6 m n t
ropc.
l s ea r c m a d ef r o m g a l v a n i s e d
T h i m b l e si n g e n e r a u
s t e c l .b u t t h e y
w i l l a l s o b e f o u n d i n b r a s sa n d g u n m e t a l .
S i z e sr a n g e f r o m l e s s t h a n t / z i n c h t o l 2 i n c h e s .w h i c h i s t h e
largest ype likelyto be Ibund alloat. Fig. 28.
I
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Frc. 28
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This is the type which is used for practically

Heart Thimbles
a l l p u r p o s e so n b o a r d , a n d o t h e r v a r i e t i e sa r e m o s t l y a n a d a p t a t i o n
. o r i n s t a n c e s, o m e w i l l b e f o u n d t o b e
o f t h i s t o s u i t s p e c i a lc a s e s F
e x t r a l o n g , w h i l e o t h e r sm a y h a v e e x t r a w i d t h .
Lanyard Thimbles Theseare really heart thimbles broadened
o u t a t o n e e n d u n t i l t h e y a r e t r i a n g u l a ri n s h a p e .T h i s a l l o w sm a n y
m o r e t u r n s o f a l a n y a r d t o b e p a s s e dt h r o u g h t h e t h i m b l e t h a n
usual.
Extra w i d e a n d s t r o n s s t e e lh e a r t t h i m b l e s
Hawser Thimbles
h
a
w
s
ers.
f
o
r
h
e
a
v
y
designed
are sometimes called
Solid Heart Thimbles
" d e a d e y e s " ,p r o b a b l y b e c a u s et h e y t a k e t h e p l a c e o f t h e o l d " d e a d e y e "o n t h e s h r o u d s .
f a s h i o n e dw o o d e n
T h e y a r e u s u a l l y o 1 ' g a l v a n i s esdt e e l ,w i t h a l a r g e h o l e n e a r t h e
centre of the wide end. l'o this a bottle screw is attached when
s e t t i n gu p t h e s h r o u d s .A t t h e n a r r o w e n d a n o t h e r h o l e t a k e s t h e
bolt from the sheerpole.
In order that they will fit more snuggly to
Sail Thimbles
c a n v a s .a l l s a i l t h i m b l e sa r e m a d e r o u n d , a n d m a y b e o f g a l v a n i s e d
m a t e r i a l .g u n m e t a l ,o r b r a s s .T h e f o r m e r w i l l a l w a y s b e f o u n d i n
a w n i n g s ,w h i l e t h e t w o l a t t e r a r e o n l y f o u n d o n y a c h t s .
HOOKS
These are used for lifting out the heavy steel
Beam Hooks
beamsfitted inside hatch coamings.They usually take the form of a
s u b s t a n t i ailr o n r i n g ( R i n g C l e w ) w i t h t w o w i r e l e g ss p l i c e di n t o i t
and theseare attachedto the beamsby meansof a hook on eachleg.
NoIe
S h a c k l e sm a y a l s o b e u s e di n p l a c eo f h o o k s .
IIl
Cargo Hooks
A very heavy hook with a swivel ring, which is
s h a c k l e do n t h e e n d o f a c a r g o r u n n e r w h e n h e a v i n gc a r g o o u t o f
h o l d s .W h e n t w o r u n n e r sa r e u s e d( U n i o n P u r c h a s eM e t h o d ) ,t h e y
a r e e a c hs h a c k l e ds e p a r a t e l tyo a s h o r t l e n g t ho f c h a i n w i t h a s w i v e l
o n w h a t i s k n o w n a s a U n i o n H o o k . T h e s w i v e l sp r e v e n tt u r n s o r
k i n k s f o r m i n g i n t h e r u n n e r s .F i g . 2 9 a n d 3 0 .
Tlt
j
Frc.3l
F I t ; . J2
S t c v e d o r e 'H
s and Hook.
C h' a i n H o o k
Chain Hooks
Heavy chain such as anchor cable is very
awkward to handle so long hooks about I metre in length are
always provided for the purpose.They will always be found near
t h e c h a i n l o c k e r .F i g . 3 2 .
Sister Hooks
lf, through shaking or flapping about
(particularly with sails), an ordinary hook is liable to become
disengaged,sister hooks may be used with safety. They are made
f r o m w r o u g h t i r o n , w i t h s h o r t , w i d e h e a r t t h i m b l e st o t a k e h e m p
rope. A mousing gives added security.
&&v
Frc. 3l
FIc. 29
Cargo Hook
[ ] n i o nH o o k
S i s t e rH o o k s
Hook Blocks
See Blocks.
Hook Chair
A Bo'sun'schair with a substantialhook seized
to the strop, and used principally when painting samson-postsand
fish-plates.When hooked in a convenient position, it takes the
weight of the legs and arms, and allows free play with the hands.
Hook Rope
A length of line with any kind of hook attached
may be describedas a hook rope. As the name applies,it is usedfor
hooking anything up from overside.
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I -
These are only found on vesselshaving

Plug Hatch Ropes
rel'rigeratedcargo space,and are used lor liliing plug or insulated
h a t c h e sA
. l t h o u g h v e r y m u c h s m a l l e r .t h e y a r e s i m i l a r i n d e s i g nt o
beamhooks.Fie. 34.
Dunnage Mats
Straw mats usedfor protection ol cargo.
Dunnage Wood
A cheap line of timber used I'or manv
p u r p o s e si n t h e s t o w a g eo f c a r g o .s u c h a s t h e p r o t e c t i < t n
of cases.
levelling o1'f uneven tiers and ventilation. The different sizes are
k n o w n s i m p l y b v t h e i r t h i c k n e s s .F o r i n s t a n c c ,5 0 m m X 5 0 m m .
7 5 m mX 7 5 m m . a n d l 5 0 m m X 2 5 m m a r e a m o n gt h e s i z e sg e n e r a l l y
met with.
B u t t e r a n d E g g B a t t e n s S m a l l s i z ep i e c e so l ' d u n n a g ew o o d .
Both types are made specialll'for use when stowing these
commodities.
T r i a n g u l a rs h a p e db l o c k so f w o o d . T h e y a r e p l a c e d
Quoins
u n d e rt h e b i l g e so r e n d so f c a s k st o p r e v e n t h e m r o l l i n g a b o u t ,a n d
keep the bilge "free".
C a r g o R u n n e r s F l e x i b l ew i r e r o v e t h r o u g ht h e h e a da n d h e e l
b l o c k so f a d e r r i c ka n d a t t a c h e dt o a w i n c h f o r h e a v i n gc a r g o< t u to f
h o l d s .T h e l e n g t hv a r i e sa c c o r d i n gt o r e q u i r e m e n t s .
"whipping"
Whip
R o p e f a l l r o v e t h r o u g h a g i n a n d u s e df o r
out cargo.
Scotsman A metal tube which fits over the lbre or main stay
to protect it from the chafe of the cargo runner.
"sling"
in a strop is
Cargo Net
Cargo which is too smallto
t h r o w n i n t o a c a r g o n e t . T h i s i s a l a r g er o p e n e t I ' i t t e dw i t h s t r o p s
1 ' o ra t t a c h i n gi t t o t h e c a r g o r u n n e r .
SaveAll
Designedto answerthe samepurposeas a cargo net.
A s i t i s c o n s t r u c t e dw i t h c a n v a s .i n s t e a do f n e t t i n g ,i t w i l l n o t a l l o w
"saves
anything to fall through. therel'oreit
all".
Snorters(or Snotters) A single-piecesling, up to a couple ol'
fathoms in length,with an eye at each end. T'heyare used for
"slinging"
cargo.
Wool Snorters A bunch of 1'oursnortersknotted togetherat
one end, so as to leavcfour legsfor lifting four balesof wool at the
s a m et l m e .
Thc two ends of any single piece of rope spliced
Strops
"slung"
t o g e t h e rw i l l l ' o r m a s t r o p . C a r g o i s
w i t h t h e s es t r o p s ,a n d
t h e y a r e u s e df o r m a n y o t h e r p u r p o s e se, s p e c i a l l yw h e n a t a c k l eo r
hook has to be attachedto any object.
Wire Snorters(or Slings) Theseare made in the sameway as
a rope snorter and perform the same function, particularly where
machinery is concerned.
Are used mostly for slinging machinery, or
Wire Strops
a n y t h i n ge l s el i a b l et o c u t t h r o u g h a r o p e s t r o p .
Many lengthsand sizesof chain slings will be
Chain Slings
I'ound.They come in useful for slinging machinery or as lashings.
I18
F r < , . . 1 4 [ ' l u g H a t c hH o o k s
&
F r r ; .3 5
I a c k l eH o o l r
Pot Hooks
A n o r d i n a r y h o o k s h a p e dl i k c t h e l e t t c r S , a n d
u s e df o r h a n g i n gp o t s o f p a i n t i n a c o n v e n i e n tp o s i t i o n .
S m a l l , s h a r p - p o i n t e dh o o k w i t h a s w i v e l e y e
Sail Hooks
a t t a c h e dt o a l a n y a r d ,a n d m a d e f a s t t t t a s a i l m a k e r ' s t o o l . l t h o l d s
t h e c a n v a si n p l a c ew h i l e t h e s a i l m a k e ri s s e w i n g .
Sizes are governedby the
Tackle Hooks (with thimble)
l e n g t ho 1 ' t h eh o o k . w h i c h i s m a d e f r o m f o r g e d i r o n . T h e t h i m b l e i s
u s u a l l ym a d e s h o r t a n d w i d e t o t a k c h e m p r o p e . F i g . 3 5 .
H c a v y c a r g o h o o k w i t h s w i v e lr i n g t o w h i c h
lJnion Hooks
two short legs o1 chain are I'itted.
A c a r g o r u n n e r i s s h a c k l e dt o e a c h l e g w h e n h a n d l i n gc a r g o b y
t h e " t J n i o n P u r c h a s em
" e t h o d .F i e . 3 0 .
CARGO GEAR
C o a l i n g B a s k e t s R a t t a n c a n e f r o m t h e D u t c h E a s t I n d i e si s
g e n e r a l l ye m p l o y e d f o r t h e w e a v i n g o f c a r g o b a s k e t sf o u n d o n
m e r c h a n tv e s s e l sA. t o n e t i m e t h c s cb a s k e t sw e r e u s e df o r h a n d l i n g
a l l c l a s s e os 1 ' c a r g ob. u t m o d e r na p p l i a n c e sh a v es u p p l a n t e dt h e m t o
s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t t h e y a r e n o w u s e d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l yf o r
h e a v i n gr u b b i s h o u t o l ' h o l d s . o r w o r k i n g c o a l .
T h e s i z e si n g e n e r a lu s ea r e : l , 2 , 3 a n d 5 c w t s , b u t l 0 a n d 2 0
c w t s i z e sc a n a l s o b e o b t a i n e di f r e q u i r e d .
Trays
S o m e t y p e s o f c a r g o a r e d i s c h a r g e dw i t h h e a l l
w o o d e n t r a y s , w h i c h a r e l i f t e d w i t h a f o u r - l e g g e db r i d l e , h o o k i n g
o n t o a l u g i n e a c hc o r n c r .
II9
120
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A L
TH E BOAI'SWAIN'SMANIJAL
t2l
one larger than the othcr

There is a large egg link at each cnd
the other' Stlmetimes a
t
h
r
t
l
u
g
h
r
o
v
e
e
n
d
m
a
1
'
b
e
so that ttne
hook is f itted to one end instead of a link.
Length ol'chain with an cgg link at each end.
Collar Slings
Length of chain with a ring at one end and a
Single Slings
hook at thc othcr.
Largc ring with two lengths of chain having a
Double Slings
hook on each.
('an Hooks
A simplc and ell'ectire nlcans ol lilting hear"l
.l
casks. wo broad hotlks. running lrcc on the bight ol a rope tlt
chain sling. are hottked under thc the chime ol the cask at each cnd.
Thcy arc quickly'adjustedto suit anv size ol cask. thc wcight trl
which holds the hooks in position. Fig. -16.
C a s k s r ; o n t a i n i n gl i q u i d a r e u s u a l l v s l u n g w i t h a r o p e s t r o p .
F t < ; .1 7
S l i n g i n gB a r r c lo n F n d
HATCHES
Frt, lt,
( rrr H,'ol.
M a n l c a r g t l e sa r c n o w s t r a p p e dt o a p a l l e t t o r e a s eo 1
Pallet
h a n c l l i n gh v l i r r k - l i l i t r u c k s . I h e d o u b l c w o o d e n b a s c m c a n st h a t
n o d u n n a g ei s r e q u i r e d .
S n l a l l h a n d h o o k u s e db y s t e v e d t l r c s
S t e v e d o r e sH' a n d H o o k
w h c n h a n c l l i n gb a l e sa n d b o x e s .l - i g . 3 0 .
Placc the singlcbight ol' a slrop
Slinging Barrel on End
a c r o s sa n d u n d e r t h e b o t t o m o 1 ' a b a r r e l s t a n d i n go n e n d . T h r o w a
h a l l - h i t c ho v er t h c t o p h a l l ' w i t h e a c hp a r t . s o t h a t t h e t w o s t a n d i n g
p a r t s w i l l b e d i r e c t l y o p p t l s i t eo n e a n o t h e r .l - h i s w i l l l c a v ea s t r o p
a b o l e t h e b a r r e lw h i c h c a n b c h o o k e d t o t h e c a r g o r u n n e r . F i g 3 7 '
Another mcthod is ttl take an ordinary end ol ropc. placea
b i g h t u n < J etrh c l o w e r e n d a n d m a k e a n t l v e r h a n dk n o t a c r t l s st h c
t o p . O p e n o u t t h e o v e r h a n dk n o t o r c r < l s s e pd a r t s u n t i l b i g e n o u g l t
t o s l i p o r , ' etrh e t o p o f t h e b a r r e l .A d j u s t a n d s e 1t i g h t . a n d m a k e t h e
s h o r t e n d f a s t 1 o t h e h a u l i n g p a r t . a t a s u i t a b l eh e i g h t a b o v e t h e
b ar r c l . w i th u h o u l i n e .
B a t t e n i n gD o w n H a t c h e s T o s h i p t h e h a t c h b e a m s .p u t t i n g
o n t h c w o o d e nh a t c h c o v e r s ,s p r e a d i n gt h e t a r p a u l i n sa n d w e d g i n g
t h e m t o t h e c o a m i n g s ,i s k n o w n a s " c o v e r i n g u p " o r " b a t t e n i n g
down".
Hatch Beams (British Standard 4263)
Beams must be
s h i p p e di n t h e i r p r o p e r p l a c e so r t h e w o o d e n h a t c h c o v e r sw i l l n o t
f i t p r o p e r l y .E a c h o n e h a s n u m b e r s t a m p e do n t h e s t e e ll ' l a n g ea t
o n c e n d , a n d a l s o l e t t e r si n d i c a t i n gw h e t h e ri t i s t h e e n d w h i c h g o c s
to port or starboard.
A s a r u l e t h e s ep a r t i c u l a r sa r e p a i n t e d o n t h e b e a m t o m a k e
t h c m m o r e p r o m i n e n t ,a n d i n a d d i t i o n ,a l a r g eg r e e na n d r e d p a t c h
i n d i c a t e st h e r e s p e c t i v e n d s .
N o . I b e a m i s u s u a l l yt h e l b r w a r d o n e i n e a c h h a t c h .
Wooden Hatch Covers(British Standard 4268)
For identific a t i o n e a c h h a t c h b o a r d i s n u m b e r e dw i t h a I ' i g u r ec u t i n t o t h e
w o o d b u t i n t h e o l d d a y s t h e y w e r e s e l d o mp u t o n i n t h e i r p r o p e r
o r d e r m o s t l yb e c a u s e
t h e e n d sb e c a m es o b a d l y w o r n t h a t t h e y w e r e
p u t o n w h e r et h e y w o u l d b e s tf i t . H o w e v e r ,s i n c e 1 9 4 6i t h a s b e e n
c o m p u l s o r y u n d e r B o a r d o l ' T r a d e R u l e s t o l ' i t g a l v a n i s e dp r o t e c t i o nt o t h e e n d s .
122
T h e h a t c h b o a r d sa r e u s u a l l ya b o u t 9 f e e t i n l e n g t h , 2 %i n c h e si n
t h i c k n e s sa n d 1 8 i n c h e s i n w i d t h , b e i n g m a d e u p o f t w o 9 - i n c h
boards laid side by side and joined near each end by iron rods
p a s s i n gt h r o u g h h o l e sd r i l l e d t h r o u g h t h e t w o b o a r d sf r o m s i d e t o
s i c l e .I - h ee n d sa r e s t r e n g t h e n ebdy 3 - i n c hg a l v a n i s e di r o n b a n d sa n d
h a n d l e sa r e f o r m e d b y g o u g i n go u t h e m i s p h e r i c ahl o l e s ,a n i r o n b a r
b c i n g s c r c w e da c r o s st h c r e c e s s .
Insulated hatch beams
Distinguishing Colours for Hatches
a n d p l u g h a t c h e sf i t t e d t o a n u m b e r o f d e c k s w i l l o f t e n b e c o m c
h o p e l e s s l ym i x c d a l i e r a l o n g s t a y i n p o r t .
" s h i p p i n gt h e m " , i t i s a g o o d
T ' o p r e v e n tt h i s , a n d t o f a c i l i t a t e
plan to use a difl'erentcolour for the plugs, beamsand coamingsof
c a c hd c c k . a s u n d e r :
' t w e e nd e c k
Red.
Upper
' t w e e nd e c k
White.
Middle
'tween
Black.
Lower
deck
Other.
Lower hatch deck
Tarpaulins are made from a special
Spreading Tarpaulins
t a r p a u l i nc a n v a s ,a n d a r e s o m e t i m e sg i v e n a c o a t o f S t o c k h o l mt a r
e s p e c i a l l yo n t h e W e s t e r n
to make them more weatherproof
Ocean route. Thc particular cover for each hatch is easily
d e t e r m i n e db y e x a m i n i n gt h e f o u r c o r n e r s .
One or more of them will have a number ol small eyelets
s t a m p c di n t o c o i n c i d ew i t h t h e n u m b e r o f t h e h a t c h .A n o t h e r g u i d e
t o t h e s p r e a d i n g o f c o v e r s i s t h e s e a m s . S o m e t i m e st h e y r u n
fore-and-aft.and sometimesathwartship. Once you have acquired
t h i s i n l ' o r m a t i o ni t w i l l a l w a y s b e a g u i d e o n t h a t p a r t i c u l a rs h i p .
W h e n t h e s e a m sr u n a t h w a r t s h i p si t s h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e dt h a t ,
like an awning the loose end of a seam is always the after part, so
t h a t i t w i l l n o t c a t c h a n y w a t e r s w e e p i n go v e r i t f r o m f o r w a r d .
T h e s h i p ' sc a r p e n t e ru s u a l l ys u p e r v i s etsh e s p r e a d i n gt,u c k i n g i n
and wedgingof the tarpaulins,and the nature of the voyage,as well
a s p r o b a b l e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s ,w i l l d e t e r m i n et h e n u m b e r a n d
o r d e r o l ' t h e t a r p a u l i n st o b e u s e d .
It would be safe to say that a deep loaded vesselinvariably has
"light", only
l hich is
t h r e c t a r p a u l i n st o e a c h h a t c h , w h i l e a v e s s e w
has one,or at most,two.
Whcn threc are used, orders may be given that the newestone
w i l l g o o n t o p , w i t h t h e o l d o n e sb e l o w .
Tucking In
The trouble when three tarpaulins are usedis that
they will not all fit snugly in the cleats;therefore, it is a common
practiceto fold either the first or secondone (usually the oldest) in
a l t h e e d g eo f t h e c o a m i n g s .
123
T w o t a r p a u l i n sm a y b e t u c k e d i n t o g e t h e r ,b u t i t i s b e t t e r t o
t u c k c a c h o n e s e p a r a t e l ys, o t h a t . a t t h e c o r n e r s ,t h e c a n v a sw i l l b e
m o r e e v e n l yd i s t r i b u t e d .
A t t h e c o r n e r s ,t h e t a r p a u l i n m u s t b e f o l d e d a w a y f r o m t h e
d i r e c t i o ni n w h i c h h e a v ys e a sa r e l i k e l l " t o c o m e a c r o s st h e d e c k .
S h i p p i n gt h e B a t t e n s T h e " t u r n u p " o f a c o v e r s h o u l dj u s t
t o u c h t h e b o t t o m o f ' a c l e a t .l l ' t h e b a t t e ni s a l l o w e dt o r e s t o n a
b i g h t o l ' c a n v a s ,d a m a g et o t h e c a n v a sw i l l b e t h e r e s u l t .
W e d g e s T h e s ea r e m a d el ' r o mt o u g h w o o d ss u c ha s c l m w h i c h
w e a t h e r sw e l l a n d t e n d st o s w e l la n d g r i p t i g h t e rw h e n t h e v b e c o m e
w e t i n b a d w e a t h e r .T h e y s h o u l d b e p l a c e di n t h e c l e a t sw i t h t h e
l o n g e s ts i d e n e x t t o t h e c o a m i n g s o
. t h e r w i s et h e s h a r pe d g e so f t h e
c l e a t sw o u l d c u t i n l o t h e g r a i n o l ' t h e w o o d w h e n h a m m e r e dt i g h t .
LockingBars
W h e n b a t t e n e dd o w n . s t e e lb a r s o r e q u i v a l e n t
m u s t b e p r o v i d e dt o s e c u r ee a c h s e c t i o no l ' t h e h a t c h c o v e r s .T h e v
l o c k i n p l a c ea n d a l s o p r e v e n tu n a u t h o r i s e de n t r y .
Stripping Hatches
Before cargo can be worked through a
h a t c h w a y .t h e t a r p a u l i n s ,h a t c h c o v e r sa n d h a t c h b e a m sm u s t b e
t a k e n o f l . T h i s i s k n o w n a s " s t r i p p i n gh a t c h e s " .
W h e n t a k i n g o 1 ' lh' a t c h c o v e r s ,b e g i n i n t h e c e n t r e l i n e o l ' t h e
m i d d l e s e c t i o na n d w o r k o u t t o t h e s i d e so f t h e h a t c h .l ' h e c o v c r s
s h o u l d b e s t a c k e dn e a t l y n e a r t h e c o a m i n g s ,a n d s h o u l d n o t b e
t h r o w n a b o u t t o o m u c h o r d a m a g ew i l l r e s u l t .
H a t c h b e a m sl a n d e d o n t h e d e c k i n v a r i a b l y r e q u i r c d u n n a g e
w o o d u n d e r n e a t ht h e m , e i t h er t o p r o t e c tt h e d e c k i f a w o o d c n o n e .
o r t o f a c i l i t a t ec a s t i n gt h e b e a m s l i n g sa d r i l t .
Tarpaulins may be made up in any manner which suits a
p a r t i c u l a rh a t c h , a n d s h o u l d b e t h o r o u g h l y d r y i f t h e y a r e t o b e
s t o w e da w a y f o r a l e n g t h yp e r i o d .A r o p e y a r n s h o u l d b e a t t a c h e d
w i t h a n u m b e ro f k n o t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o t h e n u m b e ro f t h e h a t c h .
T h i s w i l l m a k e t h e i r i d e n t i t ym u c h e a s i e r .
Watertight Steel Hatches
As a result o1'the International
C o n f ' e r e n coen L o a d L i n e s , 1 9 6 6 .v e s s e l fsi t t c d w i t h w o o d c n h a t c h
c o v e r sa r e b y t h e N e w L o a d L i n e R e g u l a t i o n sn o w i n f o r c e , n o t
allowed to load as deeply as vesselsfitted with steelhatch covers.
T h o u g h n o t o b s o l e t et h e w o o d e n h a t c h c o v e r sa r e r a p i d l y b e i n g
s u p c r s e d e db y s t e e l s e c t i o n a ls l a b h a t c h e s s u c h a s h a v e b e e n
peri'ectedby MacGregor & Co., I-td.
B y c o m b i n i n g t h e b e a m s a n d c o v e r s ,g r e a t s t r e n g t hh a s b e e n
a c h i e v e da n d p o w e r - o p e r a t e d
m e c h a n i s mw h i c h m a y b e h y d r a u l i c
o r b y w i r e a n d w i n c h ,g i v e sa n e a s ya n d q u i c k m e a n so f s e a l i n gt h e
hold with a sal'ewatertight cover whether of the single pull or
f o l d i n g t y p e . A l l t h e s t e e lc o v e rs e c t i o n sr o l l o n w h e e l si n a c h a n n e l
t24
o n t h e c o a m i n ga n d p i v o t a 1t h e e n d o f t h e c o a m i n gi n t o a v e r t i c a l
s t o w a g ep o s i t i o na g a i n s tt h e w i n c h i s l a n d so r m a s t h t l u s eb u l k h c a d .
I n t h e c l o s e dp o s i t i o nt h e s t e e lc o v e r sa r e s e c u r e db y s c r e wc l e a t s
o r b 1 " c l a ml o c k i n g c l e a t sf i t t e d a t i n t e r v a l sr o u n d t h e c o a m i n ga n d
w h c n t i g h t e n e dt h e s e c o m p r c s st h c r u b b e r j o i n t i n g o n w h i c h t h e
c o v e r r e s t st o l o r m a w a t e r t i g h ts e a l .T h e h a t c h c a n j u s t a s q u i c k l y '
be opened up either fully or in parl and as the covers are
s el 1 - s l o w i ntgh e r ei s a c o n s i d e r a b lsea v i n go f t i m e a n d l a b o u rw h i l s t
t h c d e c k sa r e l e l ' tc o m p a r a t i v e l yc'l e a r f o r w o r k i n g .
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.DERRI(]KS ANI) GEAR

Derricks
l)erricks are also known as cargo booms and are
p r o r i d e ds o l e l l ' 1 o trh e p u r p o s eo f l o a d i n ga n d d i s c h a r g i ncga r g oo r
s t o r c ss ( )t h a t t h e n u m b e r t o e a c h h a t c h w i l l d e p e n du p o n t h e c l a s s
o l ' s h i p o r t h e t r a d e i n w h i c h s h e i s e n g a g e d .T - h e o r i g i n a l t y p e
k n o r , " na s t h e M a l r n e s m a nT ' u b u l a rl ) e r r i c k i s m a d e u p t t l ' s e a m l e s s
s t e c lt u b e s o r p i p e s .s t e p p e do n e w i t h i n t h e o t l . r e rs o t h a t t h e e n d
d i a r n c t c irs t w o - t h i r d st h e d i a m e t e ra t m i d - l e n g t h .
The top of the derrick is knovu'nas the head and about l2 inches
belo*, tl.re top a lnetal collar or spider band is fitted carrying
lugs. The tn'o sidc ones are for the guy pennants.whilst
eqLrispaced
the uppcr one takes thc span or the topping-lift block and the
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1 ' r e cl r o m g r i t a n d t h a t t h e c o a m i n ga n d d r a i n a g cc h a n n e l sa r e k e p t
c l c a n .S c c u r i n gc l c a t sm u s t b c k e p t g r e a s e da n c ls h o u l d b e c h e c k e d
f i r r t i g h t n e s su ' h e n a 1 s e a .( S e e F i g s . 3 t t . 3 t t a ) .
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127
u n d e r n e a t ho n e t a k e st h e c a r g c gl i n . ' l ' h e l o w e r e n d o l t h e d e r r i c k i s
c a l l c dt h e h e e la n d i s h e l d i n p o s i t i o nb v a g o o s e n e c kl ' i t t i n gw h i c h
l i t s i n t o a s w i v e l l i n gc o l l a r a t t a c h e dt o t h c m a s t h o u s eo r s a m s o n p o s t . l m m c d i a t e l yb e l o w t h e c o l l a r i s a s w i v e l l i n gl u g w h i c h t a k e s
t h c h e e lb l o c k , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e c a r g o r u n n e r p a s s e s .
l ' h e S . W . L . ( S a f eW o r k i n g l . o a d )o f a d e r r i c km u s r b e p a i n t c d
o r s t e n c i l l e do n i t a n d a l l t h c g e a r u s e d s u c h a s t t r e c a r g o h o o k .
s h a c k l e sa n d b l o c k sm u s t e a c hh a v c i t s S . W . t _ .s t a m n e do n i t . l n
s o n r ec a s e st h e d e r r i c k m a v h a v e t w o s c t so l l ' i g u r c si n r . l h i r hc a s c
t h e s e c o n do n e .o f t e n i n d i c a t e db y , S . W . l . (. t J ) .r e f e r st o r h e I j n i o n
P u r c h a s eM e r h o d o 1 'w o r k i n g d e r r i c k sa n d m e c t st h e r c q u i r c m e n t s
o l t h e A u s t r a l i a nS a l ' e t vR e g u l a t i o n s .
I n m o s l d r v - c a r g ov e s s c l st h c r e a r e a m i n i m u m o l t w o d e r r i c k s
p e r h a t c h w i t h a t l e a s to n c h e a v l , d e r r i c k( o r " - f u n t b o "d e r r i c k )a t
t h e r n a i n h a t c h l i r r h e a v v l i l ' t s ,w h i l s t i n l a n k e r s w i t h o n l r l i c l u i d
c a r g o e s1 t l c o p e w i t h t h e y a r e l i r - n i t e dt o t w o a m i d s h i p s o
. nc each
s i d e t o h a n d l e t h e p i p e l i n c sf r o m t h e s h o r c a n < ja n o r h e r a f t l i t r
t a k i n gi n s t o r e s .
[ . i n i o nP u r c h a s e ] - h i s i s t h e m t t s tp o p u l a rm e t h o do l h a n d l i n g
c a r g o w i t h t w o d e r r i c k si n w h i c h o n c d e r r i c k p l u n . r b tsh e s q u a r co l
t h e h a t c h a n d t h : o t h e r p l u m b s t h c w h a r l. T h e c a r g o r u n n e r sa r c
. l o i n e dt o g e t h e rb y m e a n so l a u n i o n h o o k . ' f h i s a l l o w sa s l i n go 1
c a r g ot o b e h o i s t e do u t o 1 ' t h eh o l d b y ' m e a n so l ' t h e l ' i r s td e r r i c ka n d
h o v e o v ' e r t h e s h i p ' s s i d e b e t w e e nt h e t w o r e a d v t o b e f ' i n a l 1 1 ,
l o w e r e df r o m t h c s e c o n dd e r r i c k .( S e eF i g . 3 0 p . l l 6 ) . ' l h i s m e t h o d
h a s a l r e a d yb' e e nr e l ' e r r e dt o i n t h e p r e v i o u sp a r a g r a p h .
S i n g l eD e r r i c k
T o h a n d l e c a r g o w i t h a s i n g l ed c r r i c k i s a
l a b o r i o u ss y s t e mo l ' c o n t i n u a l l yh e a v i n gt h e d e r r i c k i n b o a r d a n d
o u t b o a r d .u n l e s st h e r e h a p p e n st o b e s u f f i c i e n tw i n c h e st o r i g t w o
s t c a mg u y s .
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Swinging Derricks
W i t h t w c t d e r r i c k s a v a i l a b l c ,a n o t h e r
f a i r l v f a s t m e t h o d o l ' w o r k i n g c a r g o i s t o r i g a s w i n g i n gd e r r i c k o n
t h e d i s c h a r g i n gs i d e .a n d l e a d i n ga n i n b o a r dg u y t o t h e h e a do f t h e
o t h e r d e r r i c k w h i c h i s k e p t s t a t i o n a r vo n t h e o p p o s i t cs i d e o l t h e
hatchway.
I n s t e a do f a n i n b o a r dg u y o n t h e s w i n g i n gd e r r i c k ,a w i r e r u n n e r
i s s h a c k l e di n i t s p l a c e a n d r o v e t h r o u g h t h c c a r g o b l o c k o n t h e
s t a t i o n a r yo n e . T o t h i s . a t a s u i t a b l eh e i g h t .w e i g h t sh e a v ye n o u g h
t o p u l l t h e d e r r i c ki n b o a r da r e a t t a c h e d(. 1 - h ew e i g h t sa r e k n o w n a s
t h e " D e a d M a n " . I n p l a c eo f t h e u s u a lo u t b o a r dg u y , a s i n g l ep a r t
w i r e s t e a mg u y i s f i t t e d , a n d t h i s w i l l h e a v et h e d e r r i c k o u t b o a r d .
f r o m w h i c h p o s i t i o ni t w i l l b e p u l l e d b a c k a g a i n b y t h e w e i g h t so n
r28
129
t h c s t a t i o n a r rd e r r i c k . i l b o t h h a v e b e e n a d j u s t e d t o s u i t a b l e
p o s i it o n s .
A n y ' t h i n gs. u c h a s c o i l so 1 ' w i r ea n d c a r g o b l o c k s .e t c . m a ) ' b e
u s e da s u e i g h t s .a n d a s t h e y d o n o t t o u c h t h e d e c k a t t h e l o w e r e do r
inboard position. there is no l'ear of damage to them.
At the main hatch (usuallv \o. 2). a
H e a v " r -L i f t i n g D e r r i c k s
".lurnbo';
c i c r r i c k < l e s i g n e dt o l i f t h e a l l ' w e i g h t s w i l l b e l ' o u n d
s t a n d i n g o n e n d . a n d c l a n t p e dt o t h e l < l r e m a s t .
'l
h c w c i g h t i t i s c a p a b l eo l I i f t i n g s a l ' e l l ' w i l lb e s t a m p e d t h e r e o n .
a s u i r h o t h e r d c r r i c k s . a n d t h e a v e r a g cl o a d w i l l r a n g e l r o m a b o u l
l0 to 40 tons. Howcr,er. with mcldern equipment such as the
"StLilckcn"
mast and derrick. lifts o1 up to 300 lons are possible.
I t . l c c t r i c a l l l ' - d r i v e nc r a n e s h a r e b c eo m e p t ) p u l a r
Deck ('ranes
and arc ol'tcn used in conjunctitln with the ordinarr derricks. Thel
liar.c lhe atlvantage ol being ctlrnpletell'scll-contained and are
sirnple and casv t0 oPeralc.
-l
h e o n l l t o p p i n g l i fl s l ' o u n d o n b o a r d a r c
Topping Lifts
t l i o s e r i g g e c io n d e r r i c k s . s o u n d i n g b t l o n l s . l t l g b o c l m s . l i g h t b o o m s .
b o a l b o o l } t ' a n d o n t h c r n a i n m a s t g a l ' I . I - h c v L r s u a l l Vt a k e t h e l i r r n l
o l a w i r e p c n d a n t . w i t h a t a c k l c a t t a c h c d l ' t l r h o i s t i n g p u r p o s e s .a n d
i t u i l l b c l o u n d t h a l w h i l c t h e l i g h t a n d b o a t b t l t ' t t . t . at sr c g e n c r a l l t '
l ' i t t c c il n t h i s n r a t l c r . t h c s o u n d i n g b o o n r . l o g b o o n t a n d g a 1 1a r e . a s
a r u l e . . i u s t s r n g l e i l i r c s r , r h i c hh o l c l t h c r e s p c c l i l e b t l o n t s a 1 a s c t
anglc.
l n t h c c a s eo l d er . r i c k t .t l t r c e t t p c s a r c i n g en c r a l u s c " b u t n c i t h er
one appeirrs to bc nrttrc popular tharr the tlther"l'hev arc iis
l o l l o ws .
'l
I h c l i r s t . a l t h o t r g h l l ( ) t l l c c e\ \ a r r l i t h c
ackle I opping Lifis
b e s t .i s i r t l c k l c I i t t e d b e t w e en t h e h c a d o l ' t h c d er r i c k a n d t h c t t p p e t '
r a h l c .u r t h r h c h a u l i n g p a f t l e d l h r o u g h a l e a d b l o c k o n d c c k t o t h e
n c a r c s l ' ! \l l l c l l .
't'ackle
I hc sccond tvpc hus a hear\ \^llc spilll
Span and
r ea c h i n g l r o n r t h e c l e r r i c k h e a d ( w h c n l o w er c d ) . t h r o u g h a l ea t l
b l o t k o t t t h c u p p c r t a b l c . a n d i m r n c d i a t e l l ' b c l t l ut h c b l o c k a t a c k l c
i s r r n : r c h c d t. l i c o t h c r c n d o 1 u h i c h i s s h a c k l c d t o t h e d e c k . I n t h i s
c a s e r h c h a L r l i n gp a r t i s l c d l r o r n l h c h o l t < t m b l t l c k s t r a i g h t l o t h c
r.r'inch t' rg. 40
.l
he third rig i: sinlilarto lhe last
Span and ( hain Preventer
1 \ p c a \ I u 1 a s t h c s p a n i s c g l t c c r n e d .[ t r t i n s t ea d 9 1 a l a c k l t -t h c r c t s a
s i n g l cw i r e b u l l r o p e h a n g i n g t o t h e c n c l o l l h c s p a n . w h i c h i s e i t h c l
t a k c n < l i r e c tt o t h c u i n c h o t . i n s o t t l c c a s c s .i 1 u ' i l l p a s s t h r o u g h a
lcatl hlock lirsl Fig. 4l .
7'
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a.i'
Fr(i ,l()
S p a na n d l a c k l c l o p p i n g l . i l r .
W h e n t a c k l e sa r e f i t t e d . t h e w e i g h to 1 t h e d e r r i c k h a n g so n t h e
t a c k l e .b u t a b u l l r o p e i s o n l v a m e a n so 1 ' h ea v i n g t h e s p a nd o w n t o
t h e d e c k l b r t h e p u r p o s eo f s h a c k l i n go n a c h a i n p r e v e n r e rA
. {'ter
t h i s i s d o n e , t h e d e r r i c k i s l o w e r e d t o a c o n v e n i e n th e i g h t l ' o r
w o r k i n g c a r g o .a n d t h e l o w e r e n d o f t h c p r e v e n t e rs h a c k l e dt o t h e
I3O
d e c k . I n t h i s c a s e t h e w h o l e w e i g h t o 1 't h e d e r r i c k h a n g s o n t h e
prcVcnter.
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Sending Up Topping Lifts

Topping lift spans are seldom
t a k e n d o w n a t s e aa n d s t o w e da w a y l i k e t h e r e s to f t h e d e r r i c kg e a r ;
they are simply hove tight with a lanyard made fast to the nearest
s h r o u d o r s w i f t e r .W i t h a g a n t l i n e ,r o v e t h r o u g h a t a i l b l o c k m a d e
f a s t t o t h e s p a n i t s e l f ,t h e t a c k l ei s h o i s t e di n p o s i t i o nf o r s h a c k l i n g
o n ; b u t b e s u r et o m a k et h e g a n t l i n ef a s t a r o u n d a l l p a r t s ,j u s t b e l o w
t h e b l o c k . A l t h o u g h i t w i l l b e a l l r i g h t f o r h o i s t i n gl i k e t h i s i n s o m e
c a s e si,n o t h e r s ,a c c o r d i n gt o c i r c u m s t a n c e ist, w i l l b e b e t t e rt o s e i z e
t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t o f t h e g a n t l i n et o t h e s i d e o f t h e b l o c k , t o k e e pi t
upright.
ReevingTopping Lift Wires
When rove off, the standingpart
o f a t o p p i n g l i f t w i r e i s s h a c k l e dt o a l u g o n o n e o f t h e b l o c k s ,b u t
h a v i n g a t h i m b l e s p l i c e di n t h i s e n d i t c a n n o t b e r o v e t o w a r d st h e
l u g i n t h e s a m ew a y a s a p l a i n e n d . I n s t e a d t, h e p l a i n e n d o f t h e w i r e
is rove off the opposite way round, which leavesthe standing part
c l e a rf o r s h a c k l i n go n .
With a heaving line married to the end of the wire, and rove
through a sheavealoft, the parts are pulled through one at a time,
but instead of climbing aloft each time to reevethe line, it can be
bent to a part moving up to the top block, whereit will be rove
again by a man stationedhere.
Oiling Topping-Lift Wires
Marry an old gantline
preferably a topmast one
to the end of the hauling part of the
wire, unshacklestandingpart from the block at head of derrick and
lead it to a winch, through a snatchblock if necessary.Make fast on
centredrum and oil the wire as it is being hove on. When finished
oiling, take the gantlineto another winch and heavethe topping lift
back through the blocks again, finally shackling the standing part
back in its place.
Shackling on Guys
There is little differencein the size or
length of guy pendants or falls, but in some casesthe outboard
pendant, on account of bearing a greaterstrain, is made of slightly
h e a v i e rw i r e . S h a c k l ep i n s s h o u l d b e s e c u r e dw i t h a m o u s i n g ,a n d
s h o u l d b e p l a c e ds o t h a t t h e t o p o f t h e s p i n i s u p p e r m o s tw h e n t h e
derrickis in the air.
PreventerGuys
When the union purchasesystemof working
cargo is being used, the outboard guys on both derricks are fitted
with a wire shackledto the pendantor passedover the derrick head.
This is made fast on deck to act as a safetymeasurein casethe guy
s h o u l dp a r t .
ReevingCargo Runners New cargo runnersinvariably have a
thimble splicedin the end, and as this will not passthrough any of
the sheaves,the other end is rove instead.Startins with the head
t32
block, it is next rove through the lizard,or a roller (if any),then

through the heel block to the winch, where it is made i'ast
temporarily,as it cannot be run on the winch barrel until the
d e r r i c kh a s h e e nl i f t e d .
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I33
Marrying Cargo Runners

To reeveofl'a new cargo runner
t h e e n d o l ' t h e o l d o n e m u s t b e u n r o v ef r o m t h e h e e lb l o c k a n d t h e
e n d o f t h e n e w o n e m a r r i e dt o i t . B y t h i s m e a n st h e n e w r u n n e r i s
c a s i l yp u l l e d t h r o u g h t h e h e a d b l o c k .
T o m a r r y t h e m f i r m l y , t a k e t h e b i g h t o f a l e w y a r n sa n d s l i p a
m a r l i n e - s p i k eh i t c h o v e r t h e e n d o 1 o
' n e o f t h e r u n n e r s ,b e y o n dt h e
s e r v i n gt o p r e v e n ti t s l i p p i n go f f . L e a d b o t h p a r t s a c r o s st h e e n < jo f
t h c w i r e a n d o v e r h a n dk n o t t h e m t o k e e p b o t h t i g h t l f i n p l a c e .
D o t h e s a m e w i t h s e c o n dr u n n e r , t h e n t a k e t h e s u r p l u se n d s
I r o m e a c h r u n n e r a n d r e e l - k n o tt h e m t o g e t h c r .
l - h e r u n n e r sa r e n o w u n i l e d a n d r e a d y f o r r e e v i n g .
Doubling tlp
W h e n a l i f t i s c o n s i d e r e dr a t h e r h e a v yf o r a n
o r d i n a r y c a r g o r u n n e r t o h a n d l e .i t i s " d o u b l e d u p " t o g i v e g r e a l e r
l i f t i n g p o w e r A c t u a l l y , t h e r e i s n o 1 e n o u g hl e n g t h i n t h e o r d i n a r y
runner to do this, so an extra long "doubling-up wire". kept
s p c c i a l l yf o r t h e p u r p o s e .i s r o v e i n s t e a d .W h e n a l e w f a t h o m sh a v e
b e e np u l l e dt h r o u g ht h e b l o c k , t h e e n d i s p a s s e da r o u n dt h e h e a do 1 '
t h e d e r r i c ka n d s h a c k l e dt o t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t o 1 ' t h cw i r e . b u t i 1 m u s t
b e d o n e i n s u c h m a n n e rt h a t t h e t u r n s w i l l n o t s l i p d o w n t h e
d e r r i c k . ' f o p r e v e n tc h a f e a n d s c a r so n t h c p a i n t . a t h i c k l a y e r o 1
b a g g i n gi s a l w a v s p l a c e d u n d e r t h e w i r e . W e n o w h a v e a b i g h t
h a n g i n gf r t t m t h e d e r r i c k h e a d . a n d o n i t a s n a t c hb l o c k i s h u n g
w i t h t h e h o o k h a n g i n gd o w n . s o t h a r i t m a y b e a t r a c h e dr o t h e
s l i n g so n t h e l i l t . T h e h a u l i n gp a r t l e a d st o t h c w i n c hi n t h e o r d i n a r l
way throughthe hcelblock. Fig. 42.
Rigging Heavy Lift Derricks
J h e p r i n c i p a l d i f fi c u l t l - w i t h
h e a v y ' l i f to r " . l u m b o " d c r r i c k s .i s t h a t t h c y ,h a v et o b e r i g g e dw h i l e
c l a m p e dt o t h e l r l r c m a s t ,i n a v c r t i c a lp o s i t i o n .
A l l " J u m b o s " a p p e a rt o b e r i g g e di n m u c h t h e s a m es t l r l e .I h e v
h a v c a t o p p i n g l i l j t a c k l e s t r e t c h i n gf r o n r t h e d c r r i c k h e a d t o t h c
f o r e m a s t .a n d a p u r c h a s ct a c k l eh a n g i n g1 ' r o nt h e d c r r i c k h e a d .t h e
b o t l o m e n d o l w h i c h i s a t t a c h e dt o t h e h e a v yl i f r .
l - h e t h r e e b l o c k sw h i c h h a v et o b e s e n t a l o l ' ta r e h o i s t e dw i t h a
w i r e g a n t l i n e r o v c t h r o u g h a l e a d b l o c k o n t h e l i r r e m a s t .S o m e
v e s s e l sh a v e a s p e c i a e
l y e b o l to n w h i c h t o s h a c k l ct h i s l e a d b l o c k .
o l h e r w i s ea r o p e o r w i r e s t r o p m u s t b e u s e d .l ' h e p r i n c i p a lr h i n g t o
w a t c h w h e n a s t r o p i s u s e d .i s t h a t i t w i l l b e h i g h e n o u g ht o a l l o r . r
p l c n t vo 1 d' r i f l f i l r m a n o c u v r i n g
t h c b l o c k si n t o p o r i t i o n .
l l t h c l e a d b l o c k i s a h e a v vo n e . i t w i l l b e n e c e s s a rtvo r i g a t a i l
b l o c ka n d g a n t l i n ea. n d t h i s c a n a l s ob e u s e df r l r s c n d i n gu p t h e e n d
ol thc wircganlline.
A l t c r r e e v i n g o l ' l t h e t o p p i n g l i f ' t a n d p u r c h a s ef a l l s . b o t h
h a u l i n gp a r t s a r e l c d t o t h e c e n t r eb a r r e l o 1 ' t h e w i n c h c s e
. ither
'tHE
134
THE BOATSWAIN'SI\,IANUAI-
I]OATSWAIN'S MANUAI-
t h r o u g h h e e l b l o c k s i n t h e c a s e o f s m a l l v e s s e l so, r s p e c i a ll e a d
b l o c k sb o l t e dt o t h e d e c k i n b i g s h i p s .T h i s e n a b l e sb o t h t h e d e r r i c k
and lift to bc hovc up or lowered down at anv moment while
h o i s t i n gt h e l o a d o n b o a r d . l n s o m ec a s e st h e p u r c h a s eh a u l i n gp a r t
ROPL
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TO
Y\,IN(H
I35
l e a d sl ' r o m t h e b o t t o m b l o c k , t h r o u g h a l e a db l o c k n e a r t h e d e r r i c k
h e a d .a n d t h e n d o w n t o t h e s p e c i a l e a d t h e n c ct o t h e w i n c h .
O w i n g t o i t s v e r t i c a lp o s i t i o n ,t h e d e r r i c k m u s t b e l o w e r e du n t i l
t h e t o p p i n g l i f t t a k e s t h e w e i g h t .a n d t h i s i s d o n e w i t h a w i r e l c d
f r o m t h e l o r e c a s t l eh e a d t o t h e t o p o l ' t h c d e r r i c k . E v e n w h e n t h e
c l a m p a n d l a s h i n g sa r e r e m o v e d .i t m a v b e n e c e s s a rtvo p u l l d o w n
o n o n e o 1 ' t h eg u y st o s t a r tt h e d e r r i c kl o w e r i n ga w a y .F i g . 4 3 .
S e n d i n gU p D e r r i c k s I ' h e f i r s t t h i n g t o d o i s t o m a k es u r et h e
l a s h i n go n t h e d e r r i c k h c a d a n d c r u t c h i s c a s t a d r i l ' t .T h i s i s v e r y '
o l ' t c n l ' o r g o t t e n .a n d m i n o r d a m a g e u s u a l l y ' r e s u l t s l r o m t h e
omission.
I t i s n c l t a l w a y sn e c e s s a rtyo s p r c a db o t h g u y s .u n l e s st h e v e s s e l
i s a t s e a a n d r o l l i n g s l i g h t l y 'o. r t h e d e r r i c k h a s t o b e k c p t c l e a r o l
, tc.Very olicn in port. il
t h e f r o n t o f t h e b r i d g e .w h i s t l el a n y a r d s e
o n a n e v e nk e e l .t h e g u y s a r e s p r e a da l i e r t h c d c r r i c k i s o n e n d . a n d
t h i s s a v e sm u c h u n n e c e s s a rlya b o u r a s w e l l a s t i m e . A s a r u l e . t h e
w e a t h e rg u y , o r o n e o n t h c h i g h s i d e( i n t h e c a s eo f a l i s t e dv e s s e l )i ,s
s u f f i c i e n t l o r s t e a d y i n g p u r p o s e s ,b u 1 e v e r y t h i n g d e p e n d s o n
crrcumstances.
W h e n a v e s s c il s r o l l i n g m o r e t h a n s l i g h t l y 'i,t i s a g o o d p l a n t o
p a s sa r o p c o v e rt h c d c r r i c k c n d , m a k e o n e p a r t f a s t t o a r i n g b o l to n
t h e c o a m i n g sa
, n d p a y ' o u t o n t h e o t h e r p a r t a s t h e d c r r i c k g o e su p .
T h i s w i l l p r e v e n ta n v v i o l e n t s w i n g i n ga n d t a k e t h e w e i g h t o l f t h e
g u y s .a n d a s o n l y a b i g h t i s o v e r t h e d e r r i c k e n d t h c r o p e i s e a s i l v
u n r o v ea g a l n .
I l ' w i r e p r e v e n t e r sa r e t o b e u s e d ,t h e y m u s t b e s h a c k l e dt o t h c
p e n d a n t sb e f o r eh e a v i n gt h e d c r r i c k o n e n d .
W h e n t h e h a n d sa t t h e g u y s a r e r e a d y .t a k e t h e t o p p i n g l i f t f a l l
t o t h e w i n c h a n d h e a v ea w a y . b u t m a k e s u r e t h e e n d o l t h e c a r g o
runner is last or it will go up with thc derrick.When the runncr
p l u m b s t h e s e c t i o no f t h e h a t c h w h i c h i s t o b e w o r k e d ,t h e t o p p i n g
lilt l'all is stopperedofl', made l'astttn thc crossheador cleats,and
l h e g u y ss p r e a di n t h e i r p r ( ) p e rp o s i t i o n s .
S h o u l dt h e t o p p i n gl i f t b e t h e s i n g l cs p a nt y p e ,w h i c h h a n g st o a
c h a i n p r e v e n t e ro n d e c k . t h e c n d o f t h e s p a n w i l l h a v et o b e h o v e
d o w n t o t h e d e c k t o m a k e t h e c o n n e c t i o na. f t e r w h i c h t h e d e r r i c ki s
l o w c r e dt o t h e r e q u i r e dp o s i t i o n .a n d t h e p r e v e n t e ri s s h a c k l e dt o
t h e l u g o n d e c k a t t h e n e a r e s tl i n k .
lf derricks are to be lowereddown rcady
Lowering Derricks
f o r s e a ,a n d t h e g e a ri s t o b e s t r i p p e da n d s t o w e da w a y .i t i s e a s i e tr o
u n r e e v et h e r u n n e r sb e l o r e l o w e r i n g ,u n l e s st h e v e s s eils r o l l i n g , i n
w h i c h c a s et h e s l a c k o f t h e r u n n e r i s h o v e i n a s t h e d e r r i c k c o m e s
d o w n t o p r e v e n ti t s w i n g i n ga b o u t .
l-16
B e s u r e t u l o w e r t h c p r o p c r o n e I ' i r s t ,o t h e r w i s e .i n t h e c a s eo l '
d e r r i c k sw h i c h c r o s s ,t h e v w i l l n o t f i t i n t h e c r u t c h e sp r o p e r l ' , .
1 ' h e p r o c e d u r ea s r e g a r d sa c t u a l l o w e r i n g i s d i f f e r e n t i n e a c h
s h i p . l n s o m e c a s e st h e f a l l i s s l a c k e da w a y o n t h e c r o s s h e a do r
cleats where it is made fast. while some are "stopperedoff".
t r a n s l c r r e dt o a w i n c h e n d . o r r u n o n t h c c e n t r cb a r r e la n d l o w e r e d
b1 r.o
l r k i n g t h e s t c a m I a l v e a n d r c l ' e r s el e v e r .
I l a s i n g l es p a n a n d c h a i n p r e v e n t e ri s f i t t e d . t h e d e r r i c k w i l l
h a r . ct o b c h o l e u p f i r s t . s o t h a t t h e s p a n w i l l c o m c d o w n t o t h e
deckl'orunshackling
t h c p r e l ' c n t e rW
. hen aboutto drop into thc
c r u t c h .i 1 i s u s u a l l vn e c e s s a rtvo p u l l t h c h e a d b l o c k a n d r u n n e r
c l e a r .a n d t h c m a n d o i n g s o s h o u l di m m e d i a t e l lp a s sr h c l a s h i n gi f
it is to be put on.
O n c et h e d e r r i c ki s l a n d e d .i t w i l l b e s a l et o t a k e t h e l a l l o l ' l ' t h e
w i n c h .a n d i f ' t h e t o p p r n gl i l t i s a t a c k l es h a c k l e dr o t h e d c c k n e a r
t h e b u l w a r k s .i t w i l l p r o b a b l - vb-e l a s h e du p a n d d o w n t o o n e o { t h c
shroudsb
. u t i l ' p l a c e dn e a r t h c m a s t .t h c h a u l i n gp a r t i s w r a p p e d
a r o u n d i t s o l l ' n p a r t s .a n d t h e l o t i s b o w s e dt o a n e a r b vc l e a to r p i n .
W h e n r o p c f a i l s a r c i n u s c a c e r t a i na m o u n t o l ' s l a c ks h o u l db e
a l l o w e dl i r r s h r i n k a g ei n w e t w ea t h e r . o t h e r w i s ct h e d e r r i c k m i g h t
l i ft o u t o l t h c c r u t c hi 1 t' h i s i s n o t d o n e.
1 1a c l e r r i c ki s n o t t o b c s t r i p p e dt h e r u n n e ri s h o o k c dt o t h e h c e l
b l o c k .o r m a d el a s t w i t h a g o o d s t r a n do l ' r ' a r n ca n d h o v c t a u t o n
'l
t h c w i n c h . h e g u y s a r c a l s < sl h a c k l e do n i n t h e s a m cp l a c c .h o v c
t a u t b r h a n d . m a d e l a s t . a n d t h c e n c l sc o i l e do . " , ear l l p a r t s .
l , a s h i n gD e r r i c k s
No. I hatch cargo derricksarc situated
r i g h t l i r r w a r d s o t h e v a r e n a l u r a l l l e x p o s e dt o a n v s e a sb r e a k i n g
o ' u ' e rt h e l o r e c a s t l eh c a d . F o r s a l e t l ' . e x l r a l a s h i n g sa r e p a s s e d
a r o u n d t h c n t : t h c s e a r e u s u a l l v r r t v e t h r < l u g hr i n g b o l t so n t h e
L r o a m r n g sa . l o u n d t u r n i s t a k e n a r o u n d e a c h d e r r i c k . a n d t h e
l a s h i n g i s w o r k c d l r o m o n c s i d co l t h e h a t c h1 o t h e o t h e r a s m a n \
t i m c s a s m r g h t b c r e q . u i r e dA. l l p a r t s a r e l r a p p e d u n d e r n c a t ht h c
d c n . i c k st r r m a k c t h e n r m o r e s e c u r c a, n d o l d b a g g i n go r b u r l a p i s
p l a c e di n b c t w c e nt h c l a s h i n ga n d t h e t a r p a u l i n st o p r e v e n la n \ ,
chae
l .
-l'his
Frapping
i s a r n c t h o do 1 ' t i g h t e n i r rugp a I a s h i n g . ' l ' h c
s p a r cc n d ( o r s o n r e t i r n eas p i e c eo l s n t a l l s t u l ' 1i -s)p a s s c da l o u n c lt w o
( ) r n r o r c p a r t s a n d h a u l e dt i g h r . c s p c c i a l l yw h e r c t h c r c i s a I o n g
d r i l t . t ' r a p p i n gc l o u b l etsh c c 1 ' f i c i c n covl a l a s h i n g . 'hl i s i s e v en n t o r c
s o i n t h c c a s co 1 b a r r c l s I. l t h c l a s h i n g a
s r c i n a l n ' w a \ s l a c kb a r r e l s
v e r \ s o o l t w o r k l o o s ea n d g e t a d r i l ' t .
I)riving Winches
An)' pcrs()n unacquainted with the
o p c r i t l t o no l a l l , i n c h e i t h e r s t c a n tr t r e l e c t r i c s h o u l d n c v c r
S ANUAL
137
attempt to take over the controls until they have received

i n s t r u c t i o n sa s t o t h e p r o p e r w a y o 1 ' h a n d l i n gt h e m . C a r e l e s s n e si ns
t h i s d i r e c t i o nh a s r e s u l t e di n m a n y n a s t va c c i d e n t s .
C o m p l e t ed e t a i l sc o n c e r n i n gt h e d r i v i n g o f a l l t y p e so { ' w i n c h e s
c a n n o tb e g i v e nh e r e .n o r w o u l d t h e v b e m u c h u s ew i t h o u t p r a c t i c a l
demonstration.
THE BOATSWAIN'SMANT]AL
C ] H A P T E RV
TANKERS AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
General Tanker Knowledge and Procedure. Refrigerated Ships.
Modern trends in other Cargo Equipment. Containerisation.
Unitisation. Palletisation. Roll-on, Roll-off. Future Trends.
GENERAI, TANKER KNOWLEDGE

Tankers
More than one-third of the world's merchant vessel
t o n n a g ec o n s i s t so l t a n k e r sl o r t h e c a r r i a g eo f c a r g o i n b u l k w h i c h ,
Frr;. I
l . l i o r c c a s l l ew i t h c a p s t a n sa n d c a b l c l i f t e r s .
2 . I i o r e m a s t .c a r r v i n g n a v i g a t i o n l i g h r a n d o u t l c t s l i r r g a s l i n e s .
3. Mooring winch.
4. Flying bridge.
5 . P r p em a n i l b l d .
6. l'ank lids.
7 . M i d s h i p s a m s o n - p o s tws i t h 5 - t o n d e r r i c k st o h a n d l ep i p c l i n e s
t1.Orcrdeck pipelines.
9. Pumproom.
1 0 . N a v i g a t i o nb r i d g e .
I I . ( o m p a s sp l a t f o r m .
1 2 . M a i n m a s tf i t t e d w i t h n a v i g a t i o na n d s i g n a ll i g h t s i n a d d i t i o n
t o r a d a r s c a n n e ra n d r a d i o a e r i a l s .
1 3 . A l ' t e rs a m s o n - p o s tws i t h d e r r i c kf o r h a n d l i n gs t o r c s
1 4 . [ ) o c k i n gb r i d g e .
t-IJ
I39
{ ' o r t h e m o s t p a r t . i s c o n c e r n e dw i t h o i l i n i t s v a r i o u s s t a g e so f
refinement. They vary in size from small coastal tankers to the
largestvesselsthat have yet beenbuilt. The many difl'erenttypes of
l e s i g n sb, u t , r e g a r d l e sos f t h e s ep o i n t s ,
l i q u i d c a r g o e sn e e ds p e c i a d
a l l t a n k e r sh a v ec e r t a i ns i m i l a r i t i e s .
All tankers have the enginesplacedaft to avoid the difficulty of
making the shaft tunnel oil-tight. They were mostly of the
t h r e e - i s l a n dt y p e w i t h f o r e c a s t l ep, o o p a n d a m i d s h i p sn a v i g a t i o n
b r i d g es p a c e ,b u t m a n y t a n k e r sn o w h a v et h e b r i d g ep l a c e do n t h e
fore-endo1'thealter housing to leavethe main deck clear for carg<l
working. (See sketch p. 138).The main deck cargo pipelines,
g a s - l i n e sa n d r e l a t i v e l ys m a l l t a n k l i d s . i n d i c a t et h e k i n d o f c a r g o
carried.
Frc;.2
I h e a b o v es k e t c hs h o w st h e m a i n f e a t u r e so f a c r o s s - s e c t i oonf a
tanker.
L o n g i t u d i n a lf r a m e s ( l ) r u n n i n g l e n g t h w a y sa l o n g t h e u n d e r
s i d e o f t h e d e c k p l a t i n g a n d t h e i n n e r s i d e o f t h e s h e l la n d b o t t o m
p l a t i n g , t o g e t h e rw i t h t h e t w o l o n g i t u d i n a l b u l k h e a d s( 2 ) a n d a
h e a v yc e n t r e - l i n ew e b s t r u c t u r e( 3 ) , a l l c o n t r i b u t et o t h e l o n g i t u d inal strensth.
140
I - H E B O A - | S W A I N ' SM A N T J A L
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A T -
S t r e n g t ha c r o s st h e h u l l i s p r o v i d e db y t h e t r a n s v e r s cb u l k h e a d s
( 4 ) a n d t h e w i d e l y ' s p a c e dt r a n s v e r s ew e b s ( 5 ) . S t r i n g e r p l a t e s( 6 )
s t r e n g t h e nt h e w i n g t a n k s a n d v e r t i c a ls t i f l ' e n e r(s7 ) a r e s h o w n o n
t h c t r a n s v e r s eb u l k h e a d . B o t h t h e s e s 1 ' s t e m m
s u s t b e s e c u r e dt c r
e a c h o t h e r t o e f f ' e c t i v e lsyp r e a dt h e l o a d a t a n , \ p
' oint.
( i a r g < lT a n k s
T w o o i l - t i g h t l o r c a n d a l i b u l k h e a d se x t c n d i n g
t h e f u l l l c n g t ho l t h e s h i p ' sc a r g oc a r r y i n gs p a c el ' o r m a l a r g ec e n t r e
tank with smallcr port and starboardtanks at the side. Manv
b u l k h e a d sp l a c e da t h w a r t s h i p sf.o r t h e l ' u l l w i d t h o l t h e s h i p , f o r n t
'i-hc
s e t so l t a n k s .
a v c r a g et a n k e r h a s n i n e t l r c l c ' u ' csne t s .m a k i n g a
t o t a l c l i 2 7 o r - l - lt a n k s . I n l a r g ec r u d e o i l - t a n k e r ss. o m e w i n g t a n k s
a r e n ( ) t n e e d c df r t r c a r g o ,i n w h i c h c a s et h e s et a n k s a r e i s o l a t e da n d
p r o r " i d e dr . l ' i t ht h e i r o w n p u m p i n gs y s t e mt o b e u s e ds o l e h { b r w a t e r
ballast.
E c o l o g i c a lD i s a s t e r s D i s a s t e r sc a u s e db y o i l p o l l u t i c l nh a l ' c
l c a d t o d e m a n d st h a t t a n k e r ss h o u l d a t l c a s th a r , ' ed o u b l e b o t t o m s
s i r n i l a r t o c a r g o s h i p s W i t h t h e i r w i n g t a n k s d e d i c a t e dr o w a r c r
b a l l a s tn
. c u t a n k e r sw i l l b c d c l u b l ch u l l c d .
D i r e c t P i p e l i n e f t u m p - r o o n t si.f s i t u a t e dw i t h i n t h e r a n g e< 1 1 '

c a r g o t a n k s . i n c l u d e. f o r p u r p o s e s o l ' e l f i c i e n c v a n d s a t e t l ' .
p u m p sf o r d i s c h a r g i n gc a r g o .C c n t r i l ' u g apl u m p sh a v e
reciprocating
p u m p s .b u t r e q u r r e
a m u c h h i g h e rd i s c h a r g er a t e t h a n r e c i p r o c a t i n g
p o r . l c r l ' urlo t a t i n gm a c h i n e r vt o d r i v e t h e m . F o r t h i s r e a s o nt.a n k e r s
u s i n gs u c hp u m p sh a v et h e m s i t u a t e da t t h e e x t r e m ea f t c r e n do f t h e
. d r i v i n g - s h a fits t h e n p t l s i t i o n e dt o
c a r g o - c a r r v i n cg o m p a r t m c n t sA
c o u p l e t h e p u n r p st o t h c i r a s s o c i a t e d r i r ' e m o t t t r s s i t u a t e da t t h e
I i r r r . l a r dc n d o l t h c en g i n e - r t t o n t .h e r o t a t i n gd r i v c p a s s i n gt h r o u g h
b u l k h e a d sw i t h a n o i l - t i g h ts c a l .
- !t-lr
I4I
-r
' [ t, r l- ,J lt -. li l tI t r l l
,MP i0ttr\
I tt' .1
PIPELINE SYSTEMS
T h e r c a r e m a n v v a r i a t i o n so l t h r e e m a i n s v s t e m s F
. or claritl'.
o n l v t h e p i p e l i n e sa r e s h o w n i n t h e l ' o l l t t w i n gd i a g r a m s , b u r i t
s h o u l db e r e m c m b e r e d
t h a t e a c ht a n k i n b o t h t h e R i n g M a i n a n d
t h c D i r e c t P i p e l i n es y s l e m sw i l l h a v e a r a n k s u c t i o nc < t n n e c t etdo
the prpehne.
Ring Main
This consists of pipeline loops from the
p u m p - r o o m sp l a c c dw i t h i n t h e r a n g eo i ' t h e t a n k s .C r o s s o v elri n c s
c o n n e c t h e p o r t a n d s t a r b o a r ds i d c so l ' t h e M a i n R i n g a t e a c hs c t o l
t a n k s . B y o p e n i n g v a i v e si n t h e s ec r o s s o r , ' el irn e s . t h e c a r g o r i n g
c i r c u i t sm a 1 - ' b cr e d u c e dt ( ) c n c o m p a s si i l e s s e rn u m b e ro f t a n k s e t s .
W i t h t h c t w ( ) p u m p - r o o m sf o r m i n g p a r t o f c o l l ' e r d a m st.h i s s 1 ' s tm
e
l e n d s i t s e l l t r . l t h c e i s v s e p a r a t i o no f p a r c e l c a r g t ) e so n g c n e r a l
p u r p o s et a n k e r s .
RING
Ihis svslem is used br largc crude oil

Freeflow Svstem
t a n k e r s c n g a g c d i n t h e c a r r i a g c o l o n c c l a s so l o i l a t a t i n r e . I ' h c
p i p e l i n c i s d i s p e n s c dw i t h . a n d v n h ' c s a r c s e 1 i n t h e b u l k h e a d s t t r
a l l o u a l r e c 1 - l o * o 1 o i l l ' r o n r l o r w a r d t o a l t t o t h c t n a i r t s t l c t l ( ) t t sl l l
thc altcr centrctattk.
+<l- -
Bu\-r' HLoD
vALvt\
MAIi.I
PuviP
Fr r , l
RoOviS
c'.,r,rifjr*,,l punrps rcquirc to he prirlcil bv a

Stripping l,ines
s L r l l i c i e n th c a d o l o i l i n t h c t a n k l o b c d i s c l r a r g e .c jo t h c r u i s e t h c
p u n r p i r r p c i l c r r . r i l la c c c l c r a t ea. n d t h i s n r a r l e a d t o s c r l t t u st l a n t a g e .
S u c h p u n r p s A r e n o l s u i t a h l e l i r l d i s c h a r g i n gt h c l a s l l o o t o 1 o i l i n
t l ' t cl u n k . s o t h a t a s c p a r a t cs t r i p p i n g p i p c l i n c o 1 s n r a l l c rd i a n t c t c r i s
f i t t c t i. u n c l t h c t a n k s a r e t h e n d r a i n e d h v a s m a l l I ' c c t p r o c a t i n g
p u n r p . l \ 4 o r c r e c c n t l - v -c. c n t r i l r - r g a l p u r n p s h a r c b e c n f i t t e d w i t h
s p c c i i r Jp r r r n i n gd c r i c c s s o t h a t t h c r n r a r h e t r s c dl o d r l t t n t h c l l r n k s .
t42
I TIFI]OA'SWAIN'S MANTJAI
'I
Deck Lines
h e c a r g o l i n e s .a l r e a d yd e s c r i b e dp. a s sa l o n g t h e
t a n k b o l t o m t o t h c p u m p - r o o m .P u m p p r e s s u r et h e n c a u s e st h e
l i q u i d c a r g o t o p a s su p w a r d st o o t h e r c a r g o l i n c s a t t h e m a i n d e c k
l c r e l . r . l , h i c hc o n v e y t h c c a r g o o v c r t h e d e c k t o t h e a m i d s h i p s
m a n i l o l dt o u h i c h f l e x i b l es h o r el i n e sa r e c o n n e c t e d .
V a l v e s O i l l l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e m a i n l i n e ss i t u a t e da b o v et h e
t a n k b o t t o n t i s c o n l r o l l e d b y s l u i c e r , ' a l v e s l.- h e s e v a l v e s a r e
o p e r a l c dl r o m t h e m a i n d c c k l e v e lb v s p i n d l ec x t e n s i o n sl .h c u p p e r
p a r t o 1 t h c s p i n d l e p r o j e c t sa r e a s r l n a b l cd i s t a n c eu p t h r < l u g ht h c
n ' r a i nd e c k b r t h e u s e o l ' o i l - t i g h t g l a n d s . a n d a h a n d w h e e l i s
attached.
T h e : , u c t i o nv a l l ' e s( S ) c o n t r o l t h e f l o w t o a n d l r o m t h c t a n k .
M a s t e rr a l r e s ( M ) d i r c c t t h e f ' l o wa l o n g t h e m a i n l i n e s .l n t h e r i n g
m a i n s v s t e m t. h c l l o w a c r o s st h e v e s s edl e p e n d so n c r o s s o v evr a l v c s .
'fo
c n a b l cs c a - u a t c rt o b r -u- s c da s w a t e r b a l l a s t .s e av a l v e sa r e f i t t e d
i n t h e p u n t p - r o o m b e t u , e e nt h c s c a a n d t h e p i p e l i n e .O t h e r s l u i c e
v a l ' u ' casr e l i t t e d i n t h e d e c k l i n e sa n d t h e m a n i l o l d .
MANTJAI
I H T ]B O A T : J W A I N ' S
143
P o r t t a n k s u c t i o nv a l v c .
S t a r h o a r dl a n k s u c l i o n' ua l v e .
C e n l r c t a n ks u c t i o n " a l v c.
Red
( i r c en
.... Black
M aslcr r alrcs
. White
S c a r i rl r c s
. . Bluc
(.offerdams
T h e s e s p a c e sl o r r r a f u l l - u i d t h s e p a r a t i o n
b e t u ' e c nt a n k \ \ ' s l c m so r b e t w c c nc a r g ot a n k s a n d t h c e n g i n e - r < l o m .
P u n i p - r o o m sa r e b u i l t i n t o s u i t a b l ec o l l c r d a m s .
Pump-rooms
l n a d d i t i < l nt o t h c c a r g o p u n t p s .t h c p u r n p r o o n rc o n l a i n ss t r i p p i n gb i l g cp u m p sa s w e l l a s a c o m p l c t ep i p c a n d
valrc svstcm lo transler thc cargo to the rnain deck level. A
p u m p - r o o mi s l i t t e d i n t h c l o r w a r d c o l l c r d a m .u , h i c hh a s a d u a l
p u r p o s c .F i r s t l r . a p u m p i s l ' i t t c dt o t r a n s f ' c fr u c l o i l l r o m t h e
l o r w a r d d e e pt a n k sa n d s c c c l n d l l a. s e p a r a t ep u n i p i s u s c dt o b a l l a s t
t h c l : o r e l ) c a ka n d t o p u m p t h c b i l g c sT. h i s p u m p m a \ a l s ob c u s e d
a s a n c m e r g e n c lvi r e p u m p
|"\
\
;-t,
7,.
TI
l' ll
Ft<,.7
;l
Frr,.6
Colour (.odes
T o i d e n l i f y t h e v a l v e s ,t h e v a l v e w h e e l sa r e
painted to conform to a colour code, which may vary from
c o m p a n yt o c o m p a n y A s a n e x a m p l e .t h c f o l l o w i n g c o d e h a s b e e n
used:
'l
Tank Lids
a n k l i d s s t a n da b o u t t h r e el ' e e th i g h a n d p r o i . ' i d c
a p f o t e c t c d a c c e s st o t h e c a r g o t a n k . T h e r c a r e m a n v d i l l e r e n t
t y p c s .b u t a l l o l t h e m h a v et h c l c a t u r e ss h o w ni n t h e a b o v es k e t c h .
I h c l i d o l t h e h a t c hi s r n a d ef l u i d a n d v a p o u r - p r o o f ' b ya c h a n n e lo f
g r e a s vp a c k i n g w
. h i c hi s p r e s s c ldi r m l y , o nt h e c o a m i n go l ' t h ch a t c h
w h e n t h c l i d i s s e c u r e l yb a t t c n e dd o w n b y t h e u s eo 1 ' a t t a c h e w
d ing
n u t s .A s i g h t i n gp o r t i s s e ti n t o t h e l i d . V a r i o u sm e a n so f r a i s i n gt h e
l i d a r c i n u s e .b u t t h e w o r m - s c r c u ' m e l h oi ldl u s l r a l e d
i n t h e s k c t c hi s
c o n r m o n l vc m p l o v c d .F i g . 7 .
G a s - l . i n e s V a p o u r r e l c a s e dl r o m t h c s u r l ' a c eo f o i l w i t h i n a n r , '
t a n k i s v c n t e dt o t h e a t m o s p h e r ev i a s m a l lp i p e sa b o u t s i r i n c h e si n
'fhcsc
d i a m c t c rc a l l e dg a s - l i n e s .
c o u p l ee a c ht a n k h a t c hc o a m i n gt o
a l a r g e rg a s - l i n e w
. h i c h p a s s e su p t h e m a s t . A t a s a l c h e i g h t ,t h i s
t44
l a r g e r g a s - l i n ct c r r n i n a t e si n a s p a r k - p r o o l 'v e n t i l a t o r . I n d i v i d u a l
v a l v e sa r c f i t t e d t o s e p a r a t ev a r i o u s s e c t i o n so 1 ' t h e s eg a s - l i n e sl.n
addition. pressure-vacuum
v a l v e sa r e f i t t e d t o p r o v i d e a u t o r n a t i c
c o n t r o l o l p r c s s u r ci n s i d et h e t a n k t o w i t h i n p r e - s e tl i m i t s .
F ' l y i n gB r i d g e
T h i s s t r u c t u r ep r o v i d e ss a f e p a s s a g el i r r t h c
c r e u ' b e t w e e n t h e a l ' t e r s c c t i o n s o f t h e l ' e s s e lt o t h e a m i d s h i p
s u p e r s t r u c t u r ea. n d t h e n l b r w a r d l r o r n t h e a m i d s h i p s t r u c t u r et o
t h e l i l r e c a s t l eA
. t a n k e r w h e n t u l l v l o a d e d i n a s e a w a yl ' r e q u e n t l l s h i p sh e a v l s e a so n t h e m a i n d e c k .b c c a u s es h e i s p e r m i t t e dt o l o a d
t o a d e e p e rd r a l ' tt h a n a n o r d i n a r v d r y - c a r g ov c s s e o
l f s i m i l a rs i z e .
-Ihe
The provision ol' salety lirr thc crew is thus essential.
u n d e r n e a t ho f t h e r a i s e df l y i n g b r i d g ec o n v e n i e n t l vp r o v i d e sa s a f e
p o s i t i o n l u r u a s h d e c k l i n e s . s t e a m p i p e s , c o m p r e s s e da i r l i n e s .
e l e c t r i c acl a b l e sa n d s i m i l a rs e r l ' i c e st .h u s a v o i d i n ga c l u t t e ro l ' p i p e s
on the maindeck.
'I'o
m e a s u r et h e w e i g h to l o i l . i t i s n e c e s s a r y
Oil Measurement
t o k n < l wt h c v o l u n r ea n d d e n s i t vo l ' t h e o i l . l t i s t h e n a s i m p i cc a s eo 1 '
multiplication.
W c i g h t o l o i l - V o l u m eo 1 ' o i lX l ) e n s i t yo' 1 ' o i l .
l h e ' " ' o l u m eo f ' e a c h t a n k i s c a l i b r a t e db y ' t h e s h i p b u i l d e r1 o r
e v e r \ ' 3o r 6 i n . o 1 ' d e p t ho 1 ' t a n ka. n d s o .t o o b t a i nt h e r . ' o l u r noel ' o i l .
i t i s o n l y ' n e c e s s a rt o
v m c a s u r et h e d e p t h o l t h c o i l . T h i s c a n b e d o n e
b y l o w e r i n g a w e i g h t e dl a p e t o t h e b o t t o m c l l 't h c t a n k t o g i v e a
d i r c c t m e a s u r e m e n ot r , a l t e r n a t i v c l y .t h e u l l a g e o r h e i g h t o l t h e
s p a c ca b o r e t h c o i l c a n b c l i r u n 6 5 , l o w e r i n ga m e a \ u r i n tlla p c ( ) r
u l l a g es t i c k t o t h e s u r l a c cc l f t h e o i l . T h e u l l a g ei s m e a s u r e db el o w a
I ' i x c dp o i n t . w h i c h i s u s u a l l \ t h e t o p o f ' t h e u l l a g ep o r t . ' l - h eu l l a g eo r
d c p t h o l o i l i s c o n . , e r t e tdo v o l u m c b y ' u s i n gt h e t a b l e ss u p p l i e db t
thc shipbuilder.
M o r e s o p h i s t i c a t em
d e t h o d so f o i l m e a s u r e m c nat r e n o w i n u s e .
l n o n e s v s t e m .t h e u l l a g ei s m e a s u r e db v r e a d i n ga s t e e lt a p e i n a
g a u g eo n d e c k . T h e t a p e i s s p r i n g - l o a d e da n d e x t e n d st o a f l o a t o n
t h e s u r l a c eo 1 t h e o i l . A n e w e rs y s t c mu s e sp r e s s u r eg a u g e st o g l v e
b o t h t h e u l l a g c a n d a d i r e c t r e a d i n go f t h e w e i g h t o l ' t h e l i q u i d
T h e s en e w s y s t e m st,o g e t h e rw i t h t h e d c v e l o p m e n to f c o m p r e s s c d a i r a c t u a t o r sw h i c h o p e n a n d c l o s ev a l v e s .h a v e l c d t o c e n t r a l i s e d
c o n l r o l s y s t e r n sw. h i c h . i n t u r n . h a v e i n c r e a s e dt h c e f f i c i e n c vi n a l l
t a n k o p e r a l i o n s .a n d e 1 l ' c c t i v c l lr-c d u c e d t h e a m c l u n t o f l a b o u r
involved.
l - o f i n d t h e t h e d e n s i t y ' o 1 ' t h eo i l . a c a r g o s a m p l e
f)ensity
"dip can". A
from any particularcargo is obtained by using a
h y d r o m e t e r1 - l o a t cidn t h e s a m p l ee n a b l c st h e s p e c i f i cg r a v i t y o l t h e
s a m p l e t o b c o b t a i n e d . ' l ' h e s p e c i l ' i cg r a v i t y o f t h e c a r g o i s t h e
MANIIAI
THF BOATSWAIN'S
145
numbcr ol timcs thc oil is hcavicrthan an equal volume ol purc

w a t e r . O i l b e i n g l i g h t e r t h a n u i i l e r . t h e r c a d i n g u i l l a l u ' a v sb c a
d c c i n r a l .a n d t h e d c n s i t r o l t h c o i l i s e q u a l t o t h e d e n s i t \ o f p u r e
w a l c f r n u l t i p l i c d b 1 t h e s p ec i f i c g r a r i. t v o l t h e o i l . C h a n g c s o l
t e n r p c r a t u r e a f ' l e c t t h c d c n s i t r a n d a s l a n d a r d t c ' n t p e r a l u r c( ) 1 ' 6 0 "
'l
Fahrcnheit has bccn lixcd br thc Oil Industru ableshave becn
p u b l r s h c d a n d a r e a l u a ' u ' sa l a i l a b l c . s o t h a t t h c s p e c i l i cg r a v i t v o l '
t h c s a m p l c c a n b c a d . i u s t c col r c o r r c c t c c ll o r t e m p c r a t u r e d i l l ' c r e n c c s
o b s e r r c d b e t u ' c e nt h a t o l t h c s a m p l c a n d t l i e s l a n d a r c li n u s e .
Thc oil hvdrometer is madc ol glass and the instruntenl is
w e i g h t e d t o 1 ' l o a tu p r i g h t i n l i q u i d s o l a p a r t i c u l a r r a n g e o l s p c c i f i c
g r a r i t r . w h i c h i s i n d i c a t e do n a s c a l co n t h c n a r r ( ) \ \ .h o l l o w s t e m
l b r m i n g t h e u p p e r p a r l o l t h c i n s t r u m c n t . S c t s o l h r d r o n t e t e r sa r e
s u p p l i e d t o c o \ c r t h c r . a n g et o b c c a r r i c d o n t h c s h i p .
Loading
llclirrc loading. ltre amount o1 cargo rcquircd to
load thc vessed
l o w n t o t h e l o a d - l i n e i s c s t i r n a t c d s. o t h a t a l o a d i n g
p l a n c a n b c p r c p a r c d t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e l ' e s s e l .w h e n i o a d e d . s h o u l d
b e o n a n c r e n k e e l w i t h o u l o r " c r s t r e s s i ntgh c h u l l .
A l ' t c r d i s c h a r g i n ga n 1 ' b a l l a s t1 ' r o mt h e l a n k s ( . t c t , p a g c 1 4 7 ) .t h c
s e a - ra l v c s a r e c l o s e d a n d s c a l e d . A l l t a n k s a r c i n s p e c t c d b r a
r e p r e s e n t a t i V Co l t h e c a r g o o w n e r o r s h i p p e r ' . a n d w h e n t h c
i n s p e c t o ri s s a t i s l i e dt h a t t h e s h i p ' st a n k s a r c p r o p e r l r d r a i n e d a n d
o t h e r w i s c i n a r e a s o n a b l ec o n d i t i o n 1 o r t h e c a r r i a g c o 1 ' t h e c a r g o
s p e c i fi c d f o r l o a d i n g . t h e t a n k l i d s a r c s e c u r e da n d t h c g a s - l i n es e t t r r
a l l o ' " 1 ' t h eg a s t o f l o u o u t t h r o u g h t h e m a s t l i n e . l h c c a r g o r , ' a l ' " ' c s
a r e a c l j u s t e ds o t h a t t h e o i l m a v f l o w t o t h e t a n k s r c q u i r e d .F l e x i b l e
s h o r e p i p e l i n e sa r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e m a i n d e c k r n a n i f o l d a n d . w h c n
t h e s h i p i s r e a d ' u , t oc o m m c n c c l o a d i n g , t h e s h o r e a n d m a n i l b l d
146
I H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I
v a l v c sa r e o p e n e d .A t f i r s t . t h e l l o w i s r e s t r i c t e dT. a n k s a t e a c he n d
o f t h e t a n k s y s t e r na r e o p e n e da n d . w h e n i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e l i n e s
h a v eb e e no p e n c dc o r r e c t l y .o t h e r t a n k s a r e o p e n e da n d t h e l o a d i n g
r a t c i n c r e a s e dt o t h e m a x i m u m p e r m i t t e d .C ) p e nu l l a g e p o r t s a r e
c o v e r e dw i t h w i r c g a u z e .
The order in which thc tanks are loaded will dependon the
u s u a lp r a c t i c ec l ft h e c o m p a n ya n d w i l l t a k e i n t o a c c o u n to f t h e t y p e
o 1 'c a r g o .t h e r a t e o 1 'l o a d i n g a n d t h e p o s s i b l es t r e s s e os n t h e h u l l .
O n e t a n k a m i d s h i p su. s u a l l yN o . 6 c e n t r e w
, i l l b e t h e l a s tt a n k t o b e
l o a d e d ,a n d t h e l o a d i n g r a t e i s r e d u c e ds o t h a t t h e l o a d i n gc a n b e
s t o p p e d a s s o o n a s t h e l o a d - l i n e s h o w s t h a t t h e v e s s e li s f u l l y
loaded.
S i n c et h e s h o r e - l i n em a y b e c l e a r e do f o i l b y b l o w i n g t h r o u g h
t h e l i n ew i t h c o m p r e s s e a
d i r , t h e t a n k v a l v em u s t n o t b e c l o s e du n t i l
t h c s h o r es t a l ' li n d i c a t et h a t i t i s s a l - et o d o s o .
O i l m e a s u r e m e ncto m m e n c e sa s s o o n a s a t a n k i s f i l l e d . [ J l l a g e s ,
t e m p e r a t u r ca
s n d s p e c i f i cg r a v i t y a r e o b t a i n e d .l ' h e w a t e r c o n t e n ti s
e s t i m a t e db 1 ,l o w e r i n ga r o d c o v e r e dw i t h w a t e r - f i n d i n gp a s t et o t h e
b o t t o m o l ' t h e t a n k a n d m e a s u r i n gt h c l e n g t ho f d i s c o l o u r e dp a s t e .
T h e d i p i s c o n v ' c r t e di n t o w a t e r - t o n sa n d s u b t r a c t e df r o m t h e o i l
tonnage.
W h e n t h e o i l m e a s u r e m e n ti s c o m p l e t e d , t h e s h o r e - l i n e i s
r e m o v e da n d a l l v a l v e sc l o s e d .U l l a g ep o r t s a r e c l o s e da n d s e c u r e d .
P r e s s u r ev, a c u u m v a l v e s w i t h i n t h e g a s - l i n e s ,w h i c h w e r e l i f t e d
b e f o r el o a d i n g ,a r c n o w s e tt o t h e w o r k i n g p o s i t i o n .T h e d r a u g h ti s
r e a d a n d . w i t h t h e p a p e r - w o r kc o m p l e t e d t, h e v e s s eils r e a d yt o s a i l .
Cargo Heating
Many oil cargoesin a less-refinedstate are
v i s c o u sa t o r d i n a r . vt e m p e r a t u r e sS. o m e h e a v i e rg r a d e sc a n n o t b e
p u m p e d u n l e s st h e i r t e m p e r a t u r ei s r a i s e d .P r e c i s ei n s t r u c t i o n sa r e
i s s u e db y t h e o i l c o m p a n ya b o u t a n y c a r g o - h e a t i n ga. n d t h e s em u s t
b e c a r e f u l l y1 ' o l l o w e <H
J .e a t i s s u p p l i e db y s t e a m p a s s i n gt h r o u g h
m e t a l c o i l sf i t t e d t o t h e b o t t c l mo f ' t h e t a n k . T h e t e m p e r a t u r ec l f t h e
oil must be taken at regular intervalsand the steamvalvesadjusted
accordingl1,.
Discharging
Whilst the shore-linesare being connectedand
t h e s h i p ' sp i p e l i n e ss e t l o r d i s c h a r g e a
, l l t h e u l l a g e s ,t e m p e r a t u r e s
a n d w a t e r - d i p sa r e t a k e n . L a t e r , t h e a m o u n t o l c a r g o o n b o a r d o n
a r r i v a l w i l l b e c h e c k e da g a i n s tt h e t o t a l l o a d e d .
Ullage ports are opened to prevent any partial vacuum in the
tank, and the opening covered with wire gauze. Heating coils are
s h u t o l l ' e i t h e ra t t h e c o m m e n c e m e not f t h e d i s c h a r s eo f t h e t a n k o r
I H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I
t41
Just bcforethc lcvel ol the cargo is broughtdown to the hcating

coils.
'J'hc
o r d e r o l d i s c h a r g ci s c a r e l u l l yp l a n n e dt o g i l c t h c l a s t c s l
a n d m o s t e l ' ifc i e n td i s c h a r g eI.n m o s t c a s c st.h c f i n a l d r a i n i n go l t h c
t a n k sh a s a m a j o r i n l ' l u e n coen t h e o r d c r o l d i s c h a r g cF. a c ht a n k i s
discharged
b 1 ' t h c m a i n c a r g o p u m p s t o t h c l o w e s tp o s s i b l cl e l e l .
a n d t h e d r a i n i n g sa r c s t r i p p e di n t o o n e t a n k c a l l e dt h e s l o p t a n k .
I d e a l l r .o n l v a s h o r tp e r i o do l ' t i r n cs h o u l ds e p a r a t teh e c o r n p l e t i o n
o f t h c d i s c h a r g be 1 ' t h er n a i np u n t p s t. h e c o m p l e t i o no 1s t r i p p i n gt h c
t a n k s a n d t h e d i s c h a r g eo l ' t h e s l i t p t a n k .
A s s o o n a s t h e c a r g o i s d i s c h a r g e de. a c ht a n k i s d i p p e d t o l i n c j
t h e a m o u n t o l c a r g c 'wr h i c h i t h a s b e e ni m p o s s i b l et o p u m p o u t o l
t h e t a n k . T h i s r e s i d u a cl a r g o m a r , b e d u e t o t h e o i l l e v e lh a . " i n g
f a l l c nb e l o wt h c l e v e lo f t h e s u c t i o ns t r u m b o x . l i m b e rh o l e si n t h c
l i r r e a n d a l l o r a t h w a r t s h i pg i r d e r w o r k b c i n g b l o c k c d . o r t h c
a m o u n t o 1 'o i l i n t h e t a n k h a v i n g f o r m e d i n t o a s l u d g c .A s h r l r c
r e p r e s c n t a t i vw
c i l l c h c c k t o e n s u r ct h a t c a c h t a n k i s a s c m p t v a s
p o s s i b l eT. h e s h o r e - l i n em a v t h c n b e r e n t o v e da n d t h e p i p e l i n e ss c t
I'orballasting.
'l'ankers
Ballasting
a r e e n g a g e di n t h c c a r r i a g co f c a r g o l i r r
a b o u t a h a l l o l t h c i r o p e r a t i n gt i m e . w h i c h m e a n st h a t w a l e r b a l l a s t
musl be carried lbr the rcntainingperiod when the vcsselis
p r o c e e d i n gl ' r < l ma d i s c : h a r g e
port to thc next loading ternrinal.
S i n c e t h e w a t e r b a l l a s ti s t a k e n a b o a r d a t t h e d i s c h a r g cp o r t . t h e
c a r g o t a n k s u s e d f o r b a l l a s t p u r p o s e sw i l l s t i l l b e c o n t a m i n a t e d
w h e n o n v o y a g et o t h e l o a d i n gp o r t . ' l ' h e b a l l a s ta b o a r di s c h a n g e d
d u r i n g p a s s a g eb y p u t t i n g c l e a n s e a - w a t e irn t c l o t h c r t a n k s w h i c h
h a v eb e e nc l e a n e da n d d i s c h a r g i n gt h e i n i t i a l b a l l a s ti n t o t h e s e ao r
l n t o a s l o p t a n k . S o m e l a r g e r s h i p s h a v e s c v e r a lt a n k s r e s e r v c d
s o l e l vf o r t h e c a r r i a g eo l b a l l a s t .S u c hp e r m a n e n b
t a l l a s t a n k sh a v e
t h e a d v a n t a g eo l r e d u c i n gt h e a m o u n t o f ' c l e a n i n gr e q u i r e d .T h c
a m o u n t o l ' b a l l a s t u s e d .t o g e t h e rw i t h i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n .s h o u l d b e
s u f l i c i c n t t o m a k e t h e v e s s e lm a n a g e a b l ei n a s e a w a yw i t h o u t
c a u s l n gu n n e c e s s a rhyu l l s t r e s s e s .
T h e b a l l a s te n t e r i n gc a r g o t a n k s a t t h e d i s c h a r g ep o r t b e c o m e s
"dirty"
b a l l a s tb y c o n t a m i n a t i o nw i t h t h e r e m a i n so 1 ' t h ep r e v i o u s
c a r g o .W h e n a l l t h e t a n k s w i t h o u t b a l l a s th a v eb e e nc l e a n e da n d t h e
p t p e l i n e sw a s h e dt h r o u g h ," c l e a n "b a l l a s ti s i n t r o d u c e di n t o s o m eo l
t h e w a s h e dt a n k s .W i t h t h i s o p e r a t i o nc o m p l e t e t. h e o r i g i n a lb a l l a s t
t s p u m p e d o v e r b o a r da n d t h e t a n k c l e a n i n gr e s u r n c d1. ' h i sp r o c e s s
r s n o t s o s i m p l ea s i t m a y a p p e a r ,b e c a u s en o t o n l v m u s t t h e v e s s e l
b e s u i t a b l vb a l l a s t e da t a l l t i m e s , b u t i t i s a n o f f e n c et o d i s c h a r g e
I48
I HE BOAISWAIN'S MANUAI
oil-contaminated water into the open oceans. in addition to all

c ( ) a \ t l i n c \a n d n c i g h b o u r i n g w a t c r s .
i'
il
A{
'
r" i,i
i { i
f$
iYtr
149
e n d sr o t a t ea t t h e s a m et i m e i n a v e r t i c a lp l a n e .T h u s , p o w e r f u lj e t s
o l w a t e r a r e d i r e c t e dt o a l l p a r t s o f t h e t a n k . T o m a k e s u r et h a t t h i s
is carried out ell'cctively.it is usual to wash at three dil'l'erentlevels
lor a setperiodof from 20 to 90 minutes.
T h e t e m p e r a t u r eo l t h e w a t e r u s e d1 ' o rt a n k c l e a n i n gw i l l v a r y
w i t h t h e t y p e o 1 ' c a r g op r e v i o u s l yc a r r i e d .a n d t h o u g h , i n g e n e r a l ,
most of the washing uses cold water. 1'or a hot watcr wash,
p a r t i c u l a r l ya f t e r c a r r v i n gc r u d e o i l , t h e t e m p e r a t u r eo f t h e w a t e r
m u s t b e m a i n t a i n e da t a b o u t 1 5 0t o l l J 0 oF a h r e n h e i t .
When the oil has been washedfrom the tank. the various
p i p e l i n e sa n d p u m p s m u s t a l s o b e w a s h e dt h r o u g h b y a s o m e w h a t
c o m p l i c a t e dp r o c e d u r e w
. h i c h e n s u r e st h a t e v e r y s e c t i o no l ' l i n e i s
cleaned.
Hose connected
t o h y d r a n to n
t l y i n gb r i d g e .
T a n k S u c t i o nV a l v e
open to drain
w a s h i n g ' ts"
t\
i
a
i=-1-zl
'
I
Frt,.9
Tank Washing -z
Machine al//
lwo levelsa
[ J t l t l c r u o r t hI a n k c l t - a n r n gA p p a r a t u s .
(With
\ctllon,'l
Li\lll!
lqn1,rrcd).
T a n k ( i l e a n i n g O n t h c o u t w a r d p a s s a g et o t h e I o a d i n gp o r t .
t h c i m p o r t a n to p e r a t i o no l ' t a n k c l e a n i n gm u s t b c c a r r i e do u t . O n
t h e m a i n d e c k a b o v ee a c hi n d i v i d u a lc a r g o t a n k , c i r c u l a rp l a t e sa r c
b o l t c d d o w n . R e m o v a lo f t h c n u t s . t o g e t h e rw i t h t h e p l a t e . r e v e a l s
a n o p e n i n g a b o u t l 5 i n . i n d i a m e t e r .t h r o u g h w h i c h p a t e n t
t a n k - c l e a n i n ga p p a r a t u s m a v b e i n t r o d u c e d .T h e " B u t t e r w o r t h "
t a n k - c l e a n i n al p p a r a t u ss h o w n i n F i g u r e s9 a n d l 0 i s e x t r e m e l y '
popular.
S i m p l et o u s ea n d e a s vt o m a i n t a i n ,s u c ha p p l i a n c c rse d u c et h c
number of man-hours which would otherwise be required to
s a t i s l a c t o r i l !c' l e a n t a n k s . T h e t a n k - w a s h i n ga p p a r a t u si s a t t a c h e d
t o t h e e n d o l a s t o u t r u b b e r h o s e a n d l o w e r e di n t o t h e t a n k . T h e
weight of the complcte mechanismis supported on a crutch,
mounled concentricto the circular deck holes. Water at high
p r e s s u r ec a u s e dt h e m a c h i n e st o r o t a t e h o r i z o n t a l l l - w
, hilst the jet
./,t
,'/
To Pumps..
To WingTank,
-r""0
.''.""f,1!
i11,n*.n'.n,.
l.Jsingthe ship's cargo as a washing
Crude Oil Washing
medium through fixed washing machines has considerable
a d v a n t a g e sW
. a s h i n gc o m m e n c e sd u r i n g d i s c h a r g ea n d m o s t o f t h e
d e p o s i t s ,s l u d g e sa n d w a x e s a r e s e n t a s h o r ew i t h t h e c a r g o . T h e
t a n k s a r e k e p t f u l l o l ' i n e r t g a s t h r o u g h o u tt h e o p e r a t i o n .
Gas l'reeing
The tank-washingwill not have clearedall the
o i l f r o m t h e c o m p a r t m e n t .l 1 ' h o t w a t e r h a s b e e nu s e df o r c l e a n i n g
p u r p o s e st,h e n o i l w i l l h a v e b e e nm a d e t o v a p o u r i s ei,n a d d i t i o nt o
t h e n o r m a l v a p o u r i s a t i o nc a u s e db y a g i t a t i o n f r o m t h e w a s h i n g -
I5O
T ' H E B O A T ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
m a c h i n ej e t s . T h e o l d e r m e t h o do f s e t t i n gu p w i n d s a i l st o c l e a rt a n k
gas was efl-ective.but has recently been consideredtoo slow and
c u m b e r s o m eA
. q u i c k e r m e t h o d i s t o u s e p o r t a b l e I ' a n sd r i v e n b y
compressea
d i r o r w a t e r .I f u s e di n p a i r s p e r t a n k , t h e s p e e do f " g a s
f r e e i n g "i s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e dW
. hen usedin this way, one machine
t n t r o d u c e sc l e a n a t m o s p h e r i ca i r t o t h e t a n k t o p . w h i l s t t h e o t h e r
extracts air I'rom the tank bottom by means of a long pipe
e x t e n d i n gt h e f u l l d e p t h o f t h e t a n k . A n e x p l o s i m e t e ri s u s e d t o
c h c c k t h e g a s c o n t e n t b y d r a w i n g a s a m p l eb y m e a n so l b e l l o w s
t h r o u g h a t u b e a n d t h e n c et o t h c m e t e r , w h i c h w i l l i m m e d i a t e l y
r e g i s t e rt h e p r e s e n c eo f g a s . T h i s m e t e r s h o u l d a l w a y s b e u s e d
b e f o r ea n y p e r s o ni s a l l o w e dt o e n t e r a t a n k .
O n c : et h e t a n k s h a v e b e e n m a d e g a s - f r e e a. w o r k i n g - p a r t yc a n
f i n i s h o l l t h e f i n a l s t a g e so f c l e a n i n gb y r e m o v i n ga n y s l u d g eo r r u s t
s c a l e .w h i c h c a n b e p u t i n t o b u c k e t sa n d h o i s t e dt o t h e d e c k . T h e
g a s l e v e lm u s t b e c h e c k e da t r e g u l a ri n t e r v a l sw h i l s t t h i s w o r k i s i n
progress.
SAFETY
T h e d a n g e r si n v o l v e d i n t h e c a r r i a g c o l ' o i l c a r g o e sa r c w e l l
k n o w n . T a n k e r o w n e r sa n d o i l i n s t a l l a t i o no p e r a t o r si s s u ed e t a i l e d
s a l ' e t yp r e c a u t i o n st o c o v e r a l l f o r e s e e a b l ec o n d i t i o n s a n d c o n t i n g e n c i e sT. h e f o l l o w i n g i n d i c a t e ss o m e o f t h e m a i n r e q u i r e m e n t s :
During Cargo Handling
Strict compliance is necessarywith
a n y r u l e s c o n c e r n i n gs m o k i n g o n b o a r d o r t h e u s e o f t h e g a l l e y
f i r e s .o r o l ' a n y s h i p ' se l e c t r i c aal p p l i a n c e F
. i r e a p p l i a n c e s h o u l db e
p l a c e dr e a d ya t h a n d ,e . g .h o s e sw i t h s p r a yn o z z l e ss h o u l d b e r i g g e d
i n t h e v i c i n i t y o 1 ' t h e m a i n d e c k m a n i f o l d , s u p p l e m e n t e db y
two-gallon foam extinguishersplaced on the flying bridge.
O i l s p i l l a g em a y b e a p o t e n t i a ls o u r c eo 1 ' d a n g e ra, n d s h o u l d b e
d e a l t w i t h a s p r o m p t l y a s p o s s i b l eb y h a v i n g s u i t a b l ee q u i p m e n t
r e a d va t h a n d .
A c c o m m o d a t i o n o p c n i n g ss h o u l d b e k e p t c l o s e d o r a t l e a s t
c o v e r e dw i t h s p a r k p r o o fg a u z . ea, n d s i m i l a rg a u z es h i e l d ss h o u l db e
p l a c e do v e r a n y o p e n u l l a g eo r s i g h t i n gp o r t s d u r i n g c a r g ow o r k i n g .
A l l s c u p p e r so n t h e m a i n - d e c ks h o u l d b e p l u g g e dt o r e d u c er i s k o f
o i l e n t e r i n gt h e h a r b o u r a r e a .
A potential sourceof danger exists if the tanker is at a dil'l'erent
e l e c t r i c a lp o t e n t i a l t o t h a t o f t h e o i l j e t t y , w h i c h c o u l d c a u s ea n
e l e c t r i c a l d i s c h a r g el e a d i n g t o a n e x p l o s i o n . T o a v o i d t h i s , a
b o n d i n g w i r e f r o m t h e j e t t y i s c l a m p e do n t o t h e s t e e i w o r ko f t h e
s h e e r s t r a k teo p r o v i d e a n e a r t h .
I5I
F i n a l l y , t o c o v e r t h e c a s e o f a n e m e r g e n c yo c c u r r i n g w h i c h
w o u l d r e q u i r et h e t a n k e r t o b e t o w e d f r o m t h e b e r t h .t o w w i r e sa r e
r r g g e db o t h I o r w a r d a n d a f t a t t h e m o o r i n g s t a t i o n so n t h e o f f s i d e .
T h e o u t b o a r d e n d s o f t h e s et o w w i r e s h a v e a n e y e s p l i c ea n d t h e
inboard ends are turned up on the bits. The towing wires when
p o s i t i o n e d a r e o f a d e q u a t el e n g t h s o a s t o n e a r l y r e a c h t h e
waterline.
'l-his
During Tank Cleaning
i s a p e r i o d o f s o m ed a n g e rw i t h
l a r g eq u a n t i t i e so f g a s b e i n gd r i v e n f r o m t h e t a n k s a n d t h e m i x t u r e
o l g a s a n d a i r i n t h e t a n k s a t i t s m o s t e x r l k t s i v el e v e l .A b a n o n
s m o k i n g a n d o t h c r p r e c a u t i o n sm a l b e n e c e s s a r ve v e n i n t h e
a c c o m m o d a t i o nT. h e t a n k - c l e a n i n p
g a r t y , i n p a r t i c u l a r .m u s t a v o i d
c a u s i n ga s p a r k .C i g a r e t t cl i g h t e r sa n d a n y s i m i l a ri t e m ss h o u l dn o t
b e c a r r i e dw h i l s t w o r k i n g o n d e c k .T h e t o o l s u s e do n t a n k - c l e a n i n g
e q u l p m e n ts h o u l db e m a d e o l ' a m a t e r i a ls u c ha s b r o n z e .w h i c h w i l l
n o t c a u s ea s p a r k i I d r o p p e d o n t o t h e s t e e l w c t r ko f t h c s h i p . F o r
t h i s r e a s o n .s t e e lt o o l s s h o u l dn e v e rb e u s e du n d c r s u c hc o n d l t i o n s .
T o p r e v e n t a s t a t i c e l e c t r i c i t yc h a r g e ,w h i c h m a y ' h a v e b e c n
p r o d u c e db y t h e w a t e ri n t h e h o s c .c a u s i n ga d a n g e r o u sd i s c h a r g ei n
t h c t a n k , t h e t a n k - c l e a n i n gm a c h i n ei s a l w a v sc a r t h e dt o t h e d e c k
b y m e a n s o l ' a b o n d i n g w i r e . A s a I ' e t yw i r e i s a t t a c h e dt o t h e
m a c h i n ei n c a s ei t b e c o m e sd i s c o n n e c t e1d' r o mt h e h o s e .
P e t r o l e u mG a s
P e t r o l e u mg a s i s t o x i c . N o m a n s h o u l de n t e r
any compartmentwhich contains gas unless he is wearing a
-fhe
s e l l - c o n l a i n e db r e a t h i n ga p p a r a t u s .
p r e s e n c eo f g a s c a n b c
a s c c r l a i n e db y a n e x p l o s i m e t e rb, u t i n t h e a b s e n c eo f s u c ha m e t e r .
t t w o u l d b e s a l ' e rt o t a k e f u l l p r e c a u t i o n sI.n t h e e v e n to f a m e m b e r
o 1 ' t h e c r e w b e c o m i n go v e r c o m e b y g a s . i t i s e s s e n t i a tl h a t h i s
r e s c u e rs h o u l d w e a r a s u i t a b l e b r e a t h i n ga p p a r a t u s .- f h e v i c t i m
should be removed to a position free l'rom gas and artificial
r e s u s c i t a t i o na,m y l n i t r a t e .a m m o n i ac a p s u l e so r o x y g e na p p a r a t u s
applied.
Inert Gas
A l i r e o r e x p l o s i o nn e e d s( l ) f u e l . ( 2 ) s u f f i c i e n t
o x y g e n ,a n d ( 3 ) a s o u r c eo f i g n i t i o n . U s u a l l yt h e r ei s p l e n t y o l f u e l
o n b o a r d a t a n k e r . M o s t s a f e t yr e g u l a t i o n ss, u c h a s r e s t r i c t i o n so n
s m o k i n g , a r e a i m e d a t p r e v e n t i n gi g n i t i o n b e i n g a p p l i e d t o a
m i x t u r e o 1 ' f u e l a n d o x y g e n . I n e r t g a s s y s t e m sr e d u c et h e o x y g e n
c o n t e n t o f t h e m i x t u r e t o a s a l ' el e v e l ,w h e r e t h e r c i s i n s u f l ' i c i e n t
o x y g e nt o s u p p o r tc o m b u s t i o n .
I n m o s t i n e r t g a ss y s t e m st,h e h o t f l u e g a s es f r o m t h e b o i l e r sa r e
p a s s e dt h r o u g ha s c r u b b e r H
. e r et h e g a s e sa r ec o o l e da n d c l e a n e do f
c o r r o s i v ep r o d u c t s .l - h e c o o l , c l e a n .i n e r t g a s i s d e l i v e r e db y m e a n s
o f a f a n t o t h e t a n k s . T o p r e v e n t g a s e sl l o w i n g b a c k a l o n g t h e
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANTJAI-
T H E B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N L J A I -
gas-linesfrom the tanks to the machinery space,a walerseal and

n o n - r e t u r nv a l v e( N . R . V . ) i s f i t t e d .T h e o x y g e nl e v e lo f t h e i n e r t g a s
i s c h e c k e db o t h i n t h e s u p p l y l i n e ( S e e F i g . l l ) a n d b y t a k i n g
r e a d i n g si n e a c ht a n k . I f t h e o x y g e nc o n t e n t h a s r i s e na b o v e a s a t e
l e v e lt h e n t h e i n e r t g a s c o n t e n t i s i n c r e a s e du n t i l t h e v a p o u r i n t h e
tank is asainsafe.
F ' l a s h - P o i n t F l a s h - p o i n ti s t h e l o w c s t t e m p e r a t u r ca t w h i c h
t h e o i l w i l l g i v c o f l ' s u f f i c i e n tv a p o u r t o p r o d u c e a n e x p l o s i v c
m i x t u r e w h e n m i x e d w i t h a s u l 'ifc i e n tq u a n t i t y o f ' o x y g e n .
152
OXYGEN
ANALYSER
N O NR E T U R N
VALVE
I53
C I , A S S I F I ( ] A T I O NO F C A R G O E S
C l a s sA
O i l s w i t h a f l a s h p o i n r b c l o w 7 3 .F . ( C r u d e o i l s .
m o t o r a n d a r i a t i o ns p i r i t se. t c . ) .
Class B
O i l s w i t h a f l a s h - p o i n t b e t w e e n7 3 o t o 1 5 0 . F .
( K e r o s e n ew. h i t e s p i r i ta n d s o m ec r u d c o i l s ) .
C l a s sC
O i l s w i t h a f l a s h - p o i n ra b o ' " , e1 5 0 " F .( G a s a n d d i e s e l
o i l s .1 ' u eol i l s a n d l u b r i c a t i n so i l s ) .
REFRIGERAI'ED SHIPS
FIc,.ll
Inert (ias SYstem.
F i r e A p p l i a n c e s( A m e n d m e n t )R e g u l a t i o n s1 9 8 5a n d 1 9 9 3i s t h e
t i t l e o f t h e S t a t u t o r y I n s t r u m e n tw h i c h a p p l i e s .
Besidesthe specialequipmentrequiredfor the
GeneralSafety
o i l t r a d e ,t a n k e r sc 4 r r y t h e u s u a l e q u i p m e n tr e q u i r e dt o b e c a r r i e d
b y o t h e r t y p e so 1 v e s s e l s .
TERMS USED
Black oils are those which are roughly classified
Black Oils
b y c o l o u r a n d i n c l u d e c r u d e o i l s , f u e l o i l s , c e r t a i n d i e s e la n d g a s
oils.
Clean oils are thosewhich are almostcolourless
CleanOils
d u e t o r e f i n i n g ,s u c h a s l u b r i c a t i n go i l s , p e t r o l a n d k e r o s e n e .
Crude oils are the natural product obtained from
Crude Oils
the oil-wells. The characteristicsof crude oil vary greatly between
the dill'erentfields.
Refrigeration
Vesselsfitted for the carriagc ol refrigeratcd
cargo. i.c. lrozen or chilled cargo such as mcat. or where
t c m p e r a t u r ec o n t r o l i s e s s e n t i aal s i n t h c c a s eo l t h e c a r r i a s eo l '
l r u i t . a r e u s u a l l y e q u i p p e dw i t h a v a p o u r - c ( ) m p r e s s i osny \ t ; o l
r e _ l ' r i g e r a t i .uns i n g c a r b o n d i o x i d c g a s o r I ' r e o na s t h e r e f r i g e r a n t .
T h e g a sp a s s e tsh r o u g ha c o m p r e s s ow
r h e r ei t i s c o m p r e s s e dt h, e n c e
t o t h e c o n d e n s ew
r h e r e i t i s c o o l e db y s e a - w a t ear n d l i q u e l ' i e da n d
t h e n c e b y a n e x p a n s i o nv a l v e ( t h c o p e n i n g o r c l o s i n g o f w h i c h
c o n t r o l st h e t e m p e r a t u r et)o t h e e v a p o r a t o rw h e r ei t e v a p o r a t e sb y
extracting its latent heat of vapourisation from brine i;
s u r r o u n d i n gb r i n e p i p c s .I n t h i s w a y t h c b r i n e m a y b e c o o l e dt o a n y
t e m p e r a t u r ed o w n t o 0 o F a n d b e c o m e st h e r e f r i g e r a n It ' o r c o o l i n g
t h e c a r g o s p a c e sb y t h e " G r i d " o r " A i r B a t t e r y "s y s t e m s .
CalciumChloride
A s o l u t i o no l ' c a l c i u mc h l o r i i l ea n d w a t e r
r n t h e r a t i o o f 3 % l b so l ' c h l o r i d et o c a c hg a l l o n o f I ' r e s hw a t e r i s t h e
basis o1'the brine referred to above ancl has a freezing point of
2l'5" F. Other chemicalsarc added as a protection against
c o r r o s i o nt r o u b l e sa n d l i m e i s u s e dt o n c u t r a l i s ea n y t e n d e r r c yt o
a c i di t y .
G r i d S y s t e m I n r h i s s y s t e mt h c c a r g os p a c e sa r e l i n e d w i t h l t / t
i n c h d i a m e t e r p i p e s a t a b o u t 4 i n c h c e n t r e sa n d d i v i d e d i n t o a
n u m b e ro f i n d e p e n d e nct i r c u i t s .l ' h e c o l d b r i n e a s t h e r e f r i g e r a n ti,s
p u m p c d t h r o u g h t h e s ep i p e st c l c o o l t h e c a r g o s p a c e sa n d a n y h e a t
w h i c h m a y b e a b s o r b e db y t h e b r i n e .i s e x t r a c t e di n t h e e v a p o r a t o r
a s t h c b r i n e c i r c u l a t e sr o u n d .
I n t h e l i n a l s t a g e so f l o a d i n g ,g r i d so f p i p i n g a r e c o n n e c t e du p i n
.
t h e s q u a r eo f t h e h a t c h t o c o m p l e t et h e c i r c u i t sa n c ia s t h e r r r o d u c c
r s a l r e a d yI ' r o z e no r c h i l l e d d o w n t o t e m p e r a t u r c t, h e h a t i h e s a r e
t54
I'HE BOATSWAIN'S MANI.JAL
t h e n s e a l e da n d i n s u l a t e dt o a v o i d t h e i n g r e s so 1 ' h e a t .l ' h e r e i s n o
v e n t i l a t i o no r c i r c u l a t i o no f a i r .
A i r B a t t e r y S y s t e m T h i s s y s t e m o l . r e f"live"
rigerationisthemos.t
cargo givesoff
cl'ficient I'or the cirriage of lruit which being a
c a r b o n d i o x i d e g a s a n d t e n d s t o r a i s e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e .T h i s i s
c o u n t e r a c t e dt r y i t r e a i r i n t h e h o l d b e i n g b r o u g h t t o a c o n t r o l l e d
t e m p e r a t u r ea n i c i r c u l a t e dt h r o u g h t h e c a r g o b y m e a n so f . f a n s '
i - h e a i r i s f i r s t c o o l e d b y p a s s i n go v e r a c l o s e l ys p a c e db a n k o 1
b r i n e p i p e sa n d t h e n f e d t h r o u g h a s y s t e mo f d e l i v e r ya n d s u c t l o n
t r u n k s b y t i r e I ' a n st o e n s u r eu n i l ' o r md i s t r i b u t i o n .T h e a m o u n t o 1
c a r b o n d i o x i d e w i l l i n c r e a s ea n d i s m e a s u r e db y s p e c i a lC a r b o n
D i o x i d e I n d i c a t o r s .T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o ns h o u l d n o t b e a l l o w e d t o
rise above2Vr bel-oreventilation is startedto changesome o1'theair'
T h i s s y s t e mc a n b e u s e d e q u a l l y a s w e l l a s f o r l r o z e n c a r g o
u s u a l l yc a r r i e da t a h o l d t e m p e r a t u r eo f l 4 o t o l 6 o F c l r l o r c h i l l e o
c a r g o u s u a l l yc a r r i e d a t a b o u t 2 8 ' 5 ' F a n d l b r t h i s r e a s o ni s b e i n g
fitted in most new constructlons.
T e m p e r a t u r e s l n c a r l i e rd a y s a c t r n s i d e r a b al em ( ) u n lo l t i m c
s h i c h w a s a m a n u a lp r t l c e s s
w a s t a k c n u p i n c h e c k i n gt e m p e r a t u r e w
w h e r e a st o d a l - a' l l r e f r i g e r a t i o ns y s t e m si n c t l r p o r a t ed i s t a n t . r e a d i n g
t y p e .T h e l e a d s
t h e r m o m c t e r io f a n e l e c t r i c aol r a l i q u i d - e x p a n s i o n
arenowbroughtt()acentralpointwhichisusuallyinthe
c o m p r e s s o r o o m s o t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n i s i m m e d i a t e l ya v a i l a b l ef o r
a l l n a r t s o f t h e v e s s e l .T h i s a l s o a p p l i e s t o t h e C a r b o n D i o x i d e
I n d i c a t o r su s e di n t h e A i r B a t t e r yS y s t e m '
F o r e f f i c i e n to p e r a t i o ni t i s e s s e n t i atlo a v o t d a s
Insulation
m u c h a s p o s s i b l ct h e i n g r e s sc l f h e a t f r o m o u t s i d et o t h e c o o l e d
.o.g,r rpo..s and this can only be carricd out by the use of.good
i n s i l a t i n g m a t c r i a l s .T h e m o s t c o m m o n m a t e r i a l sa b o a r d s h i p a r e
g r a n u l a t J dc o r k a n 6 w h a t i s k n o w n a s g l a s sw o o l . A t t h e s i d e so l
i n e s h i p t h e r ei s a b o a r d e du p s p a c eo f u p t o l 2 i n c h e so r s o w h i c h i s
I ' i l l e dw i t h g r a n u l a t e dc o r k i n d t h e s a m e a p p l i e st o t h e d e c k s 'T h e
plug hatchis are usually filled with glass wool and in a nonp.rilun.nt way bags tll' sawdust may be used to complete the
i n s u l a t i o ni n t h e h a t c h w a Y s .
A s i m i l a rt y p e t o t h o s eu s e di n a b u t c h e r ' ss h o p
Meat Hooks
t
h
e
s a m ep u r p o s eo n v e s s e l cs a r r y i n gc h i l l e dm e a t .
f
o
r
a r ee m p l o y e d
MeatChainsFrozenmeatcarcasesbeing|rozensolidare
ose
s t o w e d s o l i d b u t c h i l l e d m e a t i s a l w a y s h u n g . F o r t h "i ss ipnugrl p
e "o r
a
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
r
e
c
h
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
a
n
d
h o o k s a n d c h a i n sa r e u s e d
" d o u b l e " a c c o r d i n gt o t h e i r l e n g t h .
Bu||BarsF-orthecarriageol.chilledmeat,galvanisediron
b a r sa r e f i t t e d i n b e t w e e nt h e h a t c h b e a m sa n d o n t h e s et h e c a r c a s e s
155
a r e h u n g t o c o m p l e t ew h a t w o u l d o t h e r w i s eb e w a s t e ds p a c ei n t h e
hatchways.
Plug or Insulated Hatch Covers
Refrigeratedcargo spaceis
r n s u l a t e dt h r o u g h o u ta n d p l u g h a t c h e sa r e f i t t e d u n d e rt h e o r d i n a r y
h a t c h c o v e r st o i n s u l a t et h e s p a c ei n h a t c h w a y sw h e n l o a d i n g i s
finished.
Refrigerated Containers
The lleets of rcfrigerated ships
carrving lrozen meat and dairv produce I'rom the southern
h e m i s p h e r et o E u r o p e h a v e a l m o s td i s a p p e a r e df.h e i r c a r g o e sc a n
n o w b c c a r r i e d i n i n s u l a t e dc o n t a i n c r s T
. h e r e a r c t w c l m e t h o d so f
m a i n t a i n i n gt h e c o r r e c tt e m p e r a t u r eo. n e i s t c t b u i l d a s m a l lf r e e z e r
u n i t i n t o e a c hc o n t a i n e rf o r w h i c h t h e s h i p s u p p l i e se l e c l r i cp o w e r ,
t h e o t h e r i s t o s u p p l yc o l d a i r 1 ' r o mt h e s h i p sb a t t e r yo f r e f r i g e r a t e d
pipes.
MODERN TRENDS IN CARGO EQTJIPMENT'
I n t h c d a y s o 1 ' s a i lt.h c m a s t sw e r et h c m e a n so i ' t r a n s r n i t t i n gt h e
m o t i v e - p o w eo
r f t h c w i n c it o t h e h u l l o l ' t h e v e s s eal n d c o n s e q u e n t l y ,
s a f e t v d e m a n d e d a c o m p l i c a t e ds y s t c m o f s t a n d i n g r i g g i n g t o
s u p p o r t t h e m a s t s a g a i n s ta l l p o s s i b l es t r e s s e sT. o d a y t h c m u c h
m o r e p o w e r l u l d r i v i n g p o w e r i s c o n t a i n e dw i t h i n t h c h u l l . l e a v i n g
t h e m a s t sa n d d e c k f i t t i n g s i n g e n e r a l1 ' o rt h e s o l e p u r p o s eo l ' t h e
q u i c k l o a d i n ga n d d i s c h a r g i n go l c a r g o .
A s a r e s u l t i t b e c a m et h e p r a c t i c et o h a v e a s t r o n g l o w e r - m a s t
s u p p o r t e db y s h r o u d sa n d a s t a y . w i t h a k r w e r - m a s t a b l e t o l a k e
t h e h e e l so f t h e d c r r i c k sa n d a s e c o n do u t r e a c ho r t a b l e e x t e n d i n g
each side o1' the lower-masthcad to take the blocks o1' the
t o p p i n g - l i f t ss u p p o r t i n gt h e h e a d so 1 ' t h ed c r r i c k s .l - h i s u p p e r t a b l e
"
is still oiien called thc "crosstreesb
u t w h e r e a si n t h e p a s t t h e
p u r p o s eo f t h e c r o s s t r e e w
s a s t o s p r c a d t h e r i g g i n g o 1 't h e m a s t s
a b o v c ,t h e s o l e p u r p o s en o w i s a n " o u t r e a c h "f o r t h e d e r r i c k g e a r .
I n a d d i t i o nt h e r ew a s a s h o r t t o p m a s t( u s u a l l yt e l e s c c t p i sc u) p p o r t c d
b y a l i g h t t o p m a s ts t a y a n d t w o b a c k s t a y so, n e e a c hs i d e .
I n p o r t . w h e n w o r k i n g c a r g o ,t h e s p a c e so n t h e d e c k a d j a c e n t o
t h e h a t c h e sw e r ec l u t t e r e dw i t h t h e p o r t a b l eb e a m sa n d t h e w o o d e n
hatch covers whilst the standing rigging generally interl'eredwith
b e i n g a t r l et o s w i n g t h e c a r g o a c r o s st h e d e c k . " s c o t c h m e n "w h e r c
fitted to take the chafc on thc staysbut it was often a caseo1'time
t a k e n u p i n l e t t i n gg o a n y o f t h e r i g g i n gw h i c h w a s i n t h e w a v a n d
t h e s e t t i n gu p o f a d d i t i o n a lp r e v e n t e rs t a y s .
O v e r t h e y e a r st h e n u m b e r o l s h r o u d sa t t h e s i d e o f t h e m a s t s
h a v e b e e nr e d u c e da n d s h i p sh a v e b e e no p e r a t i n gw i t h a m i n i m u m
156
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A I ,
o { ' s t a n d i n gr i g g i n gb u t t h e l a t e s tt r e n d i s l b r a m a s ts t r u c t u r es t r o n g
s ithout the needfor any
e n o u g ht o s t a n d u p t o a l l r e c l u i r c m e n tw
"bipod"
s u p p o r t i n gr i g g i n g .T h i s i s w e l l c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e v a r i o u s
providc
g
i
v
e
g
r
e
a
t
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
strength
m a s t s t r u c t u r e sw h i c h n o t o n l y
m e a n so f v e n t i l a t i o no f h o l d s a n d a r e s u i t a b l ef o r u s e w i t h v a r i o u s
h e a v y ' - w e i g hatn d s p e c i a ld e r r i c k s y s t e m s .
F u r t h e r m o r e ,t h c a d v e n t o f t h c s e l f - s t o w i n gs t e e lh a t c h c o v e r s
a n d t h e r a i s i n go f t h e w i n c h e st o a s p e c i a lw i n c h d e c k h a s c l e a r e d
t h e d e c k sa n d a d d e dg r e a t l y ' t ot h e s p e e da n d e f f i c i e n c yi n w o r k i n g
cargo.
'fhis
i s e s s e n t i a l l ya b i p o d m a s t s p e c i a l l y
T h e S t i i l c k e nM a s t
i n t e n d e d l ' o r s h i p s c a r r y i n g h e a v y a n d v e r y h e a v y w e i g h t s .T h e
d e r r i c k w h i c h i s i n c o r p o r a t e dw i t h t h e m a s t s t r u c t u r eh a s i t s h e e l
centrally between the two parts, so that it can just as
easily serr"ea hatch either forward or abaft its position without
having to shift the heel of the derrick. There being no
shrouds,the derrick can handle weights of up to 300 tons at a tlme
157
o n o n e s i d e o r t h c o t h c r w i t h o u t a n y a d j u s t m e n to 1 ' t h eg e a r .T h e
s t r u c t u r e c a n a l s o a c c o m m o d a t et h c o r d i n a r y d e r r i c k s w i t h o u t
interl'ering
w i t h t h e h e a v yd e r r i c kw h i c h i s k e p t t o p p e du p w h e n n o t
'fhe
in use.
c o n t r o l l e rp l a t f o r m so r c a b sa r e b u i l t i n w i t h t h e m a s t s
a n d a r c h i g h c n o u g ht o g i v e a c l c a rv i e w l i r r a l l w o r k i n g o p e r a t i o n s .
T h e H a l l e n S w i n g i n gD e r r i c k
T h i s e q u i p m e n tc a n b e u s e d
w i t h m o s t m a s t s t r u c t u r e so | t h e p o l e o r b i p o d t y p e f - i t t e dw i t h
s t r o n g o u t r e a c h e st c l t a k e t h c t w o t o p p i n g l i f t s b y m e a n so l ' w h i c h
t h c d e r r i c k i s t o p p e d a n d s w u n g .T o e n s u r es t a b i l i t yw h e n s l e w i n g
o u t b o a r d a h e a v yf o r e - a n d - a f "t D " f r a m e i s f i t t e d s o t h a t w h e n t h e
d e r r i c k i s o u t b o a r d ,t h e o l l ' s i d ei n n c r g u y p e n n a n ti s i n c o n t a c tw i t h
t h e I ' a c eo f t h e " D " I ' r a m er o m a i n t a i na w o r k i n g a n g l e .I 1 i t i s n o t
d e s i r e d t o f i t t h e s c h e a v y I ' r a m e s ,t h e " [ J n i v e r s a l "t y p e H a l l e n
a c h i e v e tsh c s a m es t a b i l i t yb y t h e a l t e r n a t i v em e t h o do f m a i n t a i n i n g
a c o n t r o l l i n g a n g l e b e t w e e nt h e g u y s b y t h e i n t r o d u c t i o no f t w o
u n r v e r s asl w i v e lo u t r i g g e rr o d s w h i c h a r e a t t a c h e dt o t h e y a r d a r m
ol the outreaches.
il-:rtJilrldaiiag-+
.*l
ser*61
-'s"-*
Frr;. l.l
H a l l e n U n i r e r s a lS w i n g i ; r gD e r r i c k .
l h e t w o h a u l i n gp a r t s o l ' t h e t w o - t o p p i n g . s l e w i n g u y s a r e l e d
f r o m t h e d e r r i c k h e a dt h r o u g h l e a d b l o c k so n t h e m a s tt r u n k t o t h e
b a r r e l so l ' t w o w i n c h e sw h i c h a r e s i m u l t a n e o u s lcyo n t r o l l e db v o n e
Str,rlrlcn Mrrt
158
'Joystick" type lever. This one lever completelycontrols the raising

or iowering of the derrick head and at the same time the slewing to
the right or left and a third winch with remote lever control
op..utLt the hoisting and lowering of the load. As in the caseof a
"iu.r., o.t. man has complete control and because of the great
flexibility is able to spot-placethe cargo on both ship and quay
which makes it very suitablefor dealing with containersor pallets.
Hydraulic or electrically driven cranes are
Deck Cranes
tending to replace some of the derricks and it is becoming
increasingly .o.ttrnott to find a hatch served by just one of the
modern types of derrick together with one such crane'
The ji-b is usually of the level-luffingtype which allows the jib to
be raise-dor lowered but ensuresthe weight remains at the same
level until hoisted or lowered by the normal control. These cranes
may have a large reach and angle of slew and be fixed centrally or
may be set on rails so that they can be positionedat one corner or
the other of the hatch whilst working. They are controlled from a
cabin which gives a clear view of the working area and are simple
and easyto operate.
Coniaineri - Containers have been used to a limited extent for
m a n y y e a r sb u t i t i s o n l y q u i t e r e c e n t l yt h a t t h e c o n t a i n e r .a s i t i s
now known. has come into real prominence and has created a
completelynew concept in the transport of cargo.
oock, rail car o. /.tlorm

tie d0wn lll,nd
Frc. l4 I
kail.r
Containercorner fitting'
3 i:"t"si?ilH:lTi-1:I';:The main advantage in using containers is the reduction in

handling the individual cargo whether it is in boxes, cartons or
crates. ttre ideat concept is that in which a manufacturer will fully
load a containerat his own factory and it will then be shippedto the
purchaserof his product who will open and empty it' During th.e
whole of the tranishipment time the cargo within the containerwill
not be subjectto any individual handling thereby reducing the risk
:"
Bus being loadedusing ships gear.
Liquid tank prepared for container style transportation
S ANUAT
r59
o f d a m a g eo r p i l f e r a g e P
. a r t l o a d sa r c n o w b e i n gh a n d l e da t i n l a n d
a s s c m b l ya r e a sa n d f u l l . c o n t a i n e r sm a d e u p f o r e v e n t u a sl h i p p i n g .
T h e v a l u eo f a c o n t a i n e ri s o b v i o u s l vd e p e n d e nut p o n t h e u f
i fi i y
t o m o v c i t f r o m t h e p l a c co f o r i g i n t o i t s d e s i i n a t i o nw l i t h o u tr t
neing
o p e . n e da n d t h i s h a s p r o d u c e dp r o b l e r n so f b e i n g a b l e t o
handlE
s u c h l a r g ea n d h e a v yl o a d s .
T h e o r i g i n a lc . n t a i n e r w a s b u i l t t o b e 2 0 1 'xt I J f tx g 1 i ,b u t u n d e r
m e t r i c a t i o nt h i s i s n o w b u i l t t o m e t r i c m e a s u r ea n d i s s t a n d a r d i s e d
a t 6 ' I n r ' X 2 . 4 m X . 2 . 4 m t h o u g h i t m a y ,s t i l l b e r e f e r r e dt o
as the
2O-f.oter. ln the same way, thc rirgest contarner has
been
s t a n d a r d i s eadt 1 2 ' 2 m X 2 ' 4 mX 2 ' 6 m . b u t m a v s t i l l b e r e f c r r e c r
to as
the 40-1iloter.
Ftr;. I5
V i e u l o o k i r r gu p l l r r n h o l d i n c o n l a i n e rs h l p . I h e r c
are nine
c o n t a i n c r . c e r irrsr l h i s g r . u p . s u b t r i ' i d c di n t o t h r c e
s e c t i o n so | t h r e cc c i l :
e a c h .S h i p b o a r dc o n t a i n e rc r a n ei-s l o u , c r i n gc o n t a i n c r
into a cell.
A n o t h e r p r o b l e m w h i c h a r o s e f r o m t h e i n c r e a s e du s e
of
c o n t a i n e r sw a s t h e d e s i g n. f c o r n e rf i t t i n g sf o r t h e p u r p o s eo f
lifting
or of locking them togetherand whiih would be accepted
al
standard. l-he Internationar Standards organization
with
h e a d q u a r t e r isn ( i e n e v a ,s e l e c t e dt h e M H - 5 . o . n . l f i t t i n g
which is
a d a p t a b l ea n d w i l l t a k e a s t a n d a r d3 0 - t o nh . o k , a s t a n d a r i
shackle.
a t w i s t l o c k o r t h e s p e c i a lh o o k d e s i g n e df o r c o n t a r n e rw o r k .
160
Much research has been carried out on methods of lifting

containers which may have off-balance or off-centre loads. The
outcome has been the development of electrically controlled
automatic self-levellingspreaderbeams.They are designedto pick
up a container and to level it automatically as soon as the weight is
taken so that locating containersone on top of another no longer
presentsany difficulty. These beams are now so efficient that a
containercan be made to take up an identical angle fore-and-aftto
that of the vessel so that the container does not bind in the
channel-wayswhen being loaded or discharged.
Naturally the increased use of containers has called for the
design of specialisedships to handle them. New types of ships are
now rapidly being built to carry at relativelyhigh speedsof 23 knots
or over not only a large number of containerspart of which may be
relrigerated, but also other special cargoes. Stowage of large
numbersof containerson theseships calls for cellular arrangements
such as ten rows athwartships, seven deep below decks with
possiblyelevenrows or more in the fore and aft direction according
to the spacesavailable.In addition containersmay be carried two
or more deep abovedeck as a deck cargo. The containersare held in
place by channel-waysand may be locked togetherby useof conical
dogs and the special corner fittings already referred to and as
illustrated. Containers are usually built with standard fork-lift
pockets for use as neededthough it is the practice to land them
directly on to the truck or carrier which is to take them on the next
s t a g et o t h c i r d e s t i n a t i o n .
Pallets
The constant search for improved and more
economicalcargo-handlingtechniquesis not limited to containers
and as an alternative, an earlier method of unitisation has been
considerablydevelopedin the past few years.This is the systemof
handling small units of cargo on pallets with the object of the
consolidationof numbersof small packetsinto larger but fewer unit
loads.Thesepalletsare small compared with containersand usually
consistof single or double wooden platforms on which the cargo is
stowedand which providespocketsor spacesat the bottom for easy
handling by fork-lift trucks or machines used both ashore and
aboard ship. The size of pallets have been metricatedand more or
l e s ss t a n d a r d i s e a
d t ( a ) l m X 1 . 2 0 m ,a n d ( b ) l . 2 0 m X 1 . 6 0 m ,t h o u g h
these may vary to suit the particular trade. In the speciallyconstructedships the height to which pallets are stowed is 1.8m.
These figures closely follow those already given in imperial
measure.Pallets may be of metal and used over and over again by
the shipper, or if of wood, may be quite easily kept in repair for
Containerswinging into position.
Cargo Dock with feeder ships berthed alongside.
I6l
c o n t l n u o u s u s e o r r n a v b e c o n s i d e r c da s e x p c n d a b l ea s p a r t o l t h e
unit load.
-.--=>7A
Ft<, Ii
l l l u s t r a t i n g ' i : , I T f i , , 1 ' I T i s i l r ! r s ) s t e n r \l o r r n c c h a n i s c t l
l . \ ' i a S i d cp o r t s .
2 . \ ' i u I ' a l l c tI . i l t sa n d R o l l c r( ( , n \ e \ , , r \ .
[ ) c r r i c k sr n r i ( r a n c s .
3. \'il l.ilting(iear
l h e I u l l d e v e l o p m e not f t h e s y s t e mi n v o l v e st h e u s eo l s p e c i a l l y
built fully mechanised
s i d c - p o r tv e s s e l si . e . v c s s e l sw i t h s i d e d o o r s
a n d p o s s i b l ys i d c h a t c h e st h r o u g h w h i c h p a l l e t i s e d( u n i t i s e d )c a r g o
c a n b e p a s s e di n e i t h e rd i r e c t i o na n d f r o m d e c k t o d e c k b y m e a n so l '
I b r k - l i f t t r u c k s . A n a d d i t i o n a ls y s t e mo 1 'r o l l e r c o n v e y o r sa n d c a g e
l i f t s o r c l e v a t o r sm a y b e i n s t a l l e df o r m o v i n g t h e p a l l e t sn o t o n l y
f r o m d e c k t o d e c k b u 1 t o a w o r k i n g p l a t l o r m a t t h e s h i p ' ss i d e
w h e r ct h e c a r g o u n i t s c a n b e d i r e c t l yp i c k e du p b y s h o r eb a s e dI ' o r k
t r u c k s . l ) i s c h a r g i n go r l o a d i n g c a n a l s o t a k e p l a c e b y t h e u s u a l
r n ea n s o f t h e s h i p ' sd e r r i c k so r c r a n e ss o t h a t w i t h a l l o l ' t h es e t h r e e
r r r c t h o d isn o p e r a t i o na t o n e a n d t h e s a m et i m e , a n e x t r e m e l yf a s t
'l'he
r r n df l e x i b l et r a n s p o r t a t i o ns e r v i c ec a n b c p r o v i d e d .
fork-trucks
, r r rb o a r d a r e f i t t e d w i t h s i d e l i f t e r ss o t h a t t h e u n i t s c a n b e s t o w e d
t r r : l r t l ya n d t h c c a r g o i s s e c u r e db y m e a n so f w i r e s t a y w a l l s a n d
r r rllu l a b l er u b b e rc u s h i o n s .
A s c a r g o c a n b e p a l l e t i s e db y t h e s h i p p e r a t t h e I ' a c t o r y ,
r r r r i t i s a t i obny ' t h e u s eo f p a l l e t sn o t o n l y r e d u c c st h e p o s s i b i l i t yo f
t , r l l el a g eb u t a s i t i n v o l v e sl e s sh a n d l i n go 1 ' s h i p m e n tdsu r i n g t r a n s i t
r (r c i s l e s sl i k e l i h o o d o t b r e a k a g e sa n d a c o n s i d e r a b l es a v i n gi n
162
163
I'HE BOATSWAIN'S MANTJAI-
l a b o u r c o s t s .J ' h e u s eo f p a l l e t sm a k e sf o r s p e e d i elru r n - r o u n d t i m e
a t t h e p o r t s a n d t h o u g h s p e c i a sl h i p sh a v e b e e na n d a r e b e i n gb u i l t ,
t h e p r e s e n tc o n v e n t i o n a ld r 1 ' - c a r g ov e s s c lc a n b e c o m p a r a t i v e l y
e a s i l yc o n v e r t e dt o h a n d l et h i s u n i t p a l l e t s y s t e m .
'fhis
s y s t e mw a s d e v e l o p e da n d h a s
Roll-nn Roll-off System
p r o v e d s u c c e s s l uol n a n u m b e r o l ' s h o r t ( - o n t i n e n t a lr u n s . I n t h i s
c a s e .I o a d e dv e h i c l e sa r e d r i v e n a b o a r d t h e v e s s e tl h r o u g h s p e c i a l
s t e r n o r b o w d o o r s a n d a r e t h e n p r o p e r l y s e c u r e df o r t h e p a s s a g e .
sa r e r e l e a s e da n d a r e
C ) na r r i v a l a t t h e p o r t o f d i s c h a r g et,h e v e h i c l' e
I'rain
and car lerries
t
h
e
i
r
f
'
u
r
t
h
e
r
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
driven ashoreto
o p c r a t co n t h e s a m ep r i n c i p l ew h i c h g i v e sa v e r y r a p i d t u r n - r o u n d .
T w o t r a g i c a c c i d e n t sh a v e l e d t o c a l l sf o r t h e r e - a p p r a i s aol f t h e
s t a b i l i t y o f v e s s e l sw h i c h f o l l o w i n g a n i n c i d e n t m a y h a v e a l a r g e
q u a n t i t l " o f l ' r e e s u r l ' a c ew a t e r o n a n o p e n g a r a g e s p a c e . T h e
s t r e n g t ho f d o o r c l o s u r e sh a s b e c o m es u s p e c ta s t h e s h i p s a n d t h e
d o o r s h a v e i n c r e a s e dI n s r z e .
P r e s e n tT r e n d s S h o r e - b a s e hd a n d l i n ge q u i p m e n th a se n d e a v oured to keep pacc with thc container revolution and complex
c r a n e sh a v eb e e nd e v e l o p e dt o s p e e du p t h e s h i p t t l s h o r em o v e m e n t
o 1 'c v e n t h e l a r g e s t c o n t a i n e r s .C o m p l e t e l y a u t o m a t e d c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e dw a r e h o u s e sh a v e b e e n d e s i g n e dw i t h i n t c g r a l c o n v e y o r
o r l i f t i n g c q u i p m e n t 1 ' o rs t o r a g ea n d r e t r i e v a lo 1 a c o n t a i n c r i n a
t i m c o [ l c s st h a n [ w ( ) m l n u t c s .
W i t h t h c l ' u l l d c v e l o p m e n to f ' t h e s y s t e m .f c w e r o f t h e s e f a s t
s h i p s w i l l b e n e e d e dt o c a r r y t h c c a r g o a v a i l a b l ea n d
containerised
w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e ds p e e do f l o a d i n g a n d d i s c h a r g i n gt.h e s h i p sw i l l
b e i n a l m o s t c o n t i n u o u ss e r v i c ea s i s t h c c a s c w i t h t h e l a r g e b u l k
o lp e r a t i o nm a y l ' i n a l l yb e c o m ea q u e s t i o n
c a r r i e r ss o t h a t s u c c e s s l ' u
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
m
aintenance.
o f l h c n c c dl i r r
A t t h i s s t a g ct h e d e r e l o p m e n t isn c o n t a i n e r st .h c s h i p st t t c a r r y
thern and the handling equipment both ashore and afloat, is
p r o c e e d i n gr a p i d l y b u t t h e r o l l - o n r o l l - o f f s y s t e ma n d t h e u s e o f
p a l l c t sI o r c e r t a i nt r a d e si s l i k e l y t o b e e x t e n d e d .
T h e r e h a v e b e e n o t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t so { ' w h i c h t h e m o s t
" L A S H " c o n c e p ti n w h i c h
i n t c r e s t i n gw a s t h e L i g h t e r A b o a r d S h i p
a
b
o
a r d a p a r e n ts h i p w h i c h i s
b a r g e so f u p t o 3 0 0 t o n s a r e c a r r i e d
f i t t e d t o d i s c h a r g et h e m a t t h e m a i n p o r t . T h e y a r e t h e n l e l i t o b e
t o w e d e l s e w h c r eo r o t h e r w i s e f o r t h e c a r g o c o n t e n t s t o b e
d i s c h a r g e db y o r d i n a r y m e a n s a n d f i n a l l y a r e a g a i n l o a d e d w i t h
c a r g o p r i o r t o b e i n g r e - l o a d e da b o a r d t h e p a r e n ts h i p . T h i s s y s t e m
l ort
h a s t h c a d v a n t a g eo f b e i n gs i m p l c a n d a s i t r e q u i r e sn o s p e c i a p
I ' a c i l i t i e ist c o u l d b e u s e dt o s e r v el e s sd e v e l o p e da r e a s .I n t e r e s th a s
a l s o b e e n t a k e n i n t h e b u i l d i n g o f a v e s s e lw i t h l o a d e d c a r g o
s e c t i o n sw h i c h c a n b e f l o a t e do u t , a n d i n w h i c h p r e - l o a d e ds e c t i o n s
c a n b e f l o a t e di n . w h i c h w o u l d a l l o w m u c h l a r g e rc a r g o u n i t s t o b e
handled.
The carriage of heavy lifts has brought forward new vessels
which are sea-goingfloating docks. They submergeunder the lift
a n d p u m p o u t t h e i r b a l l a s tt o a s s u m et h e i r s e a - g o i n gt r i m w i t h t h e
.u.gn on- deck. This is particularly useful if the lift is a damaged
b a r g eo r b r o k e n d o w n c o a s t i n gs h i p .
Very largc containershiP.

Page I 64
Note the non-standardheightcontainersand
diagonallashingson the after deck.
Pagc 165
Totally enclosedlifeboat.Capacity50 pcrsons.on trial
Page 166 Freelall lit'eboatwrth recoverygearriggcd.

Notc rigid intlatablerescueboat on starboardside
Pagc 167 l-if'eboatin davits.

Note propellerguard.floodlight and boardingladder'
Man overboardlifebuoy and light on brrdgc.
Floodlight.net and lilebuoy at gangway.
164
165
t66
167
#s
W@
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I J A I
CHAPTERVI
BOATS AND INFLATABLE LIFERAFTS
Lifeboats. Types. Parts and Equipment. Inflatable Liferafts.
Operation and Equipment. Boat Stations. Launching. Handling in
Heavy Weather. Distress Signals. Boat Covers and Falls. Bnats
Under Oars. Boats Llnder Sail.
The Merchant Shipping Life-saving Appliances Regulations
1 9 8 6 .T h c s e R u l c s c a m e i n t o o p e r a t i o na s f r o m l s t J u l 1 "1 9 8 6 .a n d
w h i l s t s o m e o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t sc a n o n l l ' b e i m m e d i a t e l ye f f c c t i v e
w i t h n e w c o n s l r u c t i o n ,a n y e x i s t i n ga l t e r n a t i v e sm u s t b c a p p r o v e d
b y t h e M S A . T h e I ' o l l o w i n gp a r a g r a p h so n l y t a k c i n t o a c c o u n tt h c
p r o v i s i o n s o l ' t h e s e n e w R u l e s a s t h e y a l ' l ' e c tt h e m a j o r i t y o 1
l i r r e i g n - g o i n gc a r g o a n d p a s s e n g esr h i p s .
All foreign-goingcarSo
Number of Lifeboats and Liferafts
v e s s e l (sC l a s sV I I ) m u s t h a v ee n o u g hT o t a l l y F n c l o s e dl i f e b o a t sf o r
a l l o n b o a r d o n b o t h s i d e so f t h e v e s s eal n d i n a d d i t i o n ,I i f e r a l i sl b r
t h a t s a m e n u m b e r o l p e r s o n sc a p a b l eo f b e i n g l a u n c h e d< l nc i t h e r
s i d eo l ' t h e v e s s e l .
I n l i e u o 1 ' t h ea b o v ca v e s s eol f c l a s s v l l m a 1 'c a r r y a l i f e b o a to r
I i l ' eb o a t st o a c c o m m o d a t ea l l o n b o a r d f i t t e d f o r l r e e - f a l lI a u n c h i n g
o v e r t h c s t e r n a n d i n a d d i t i o n l i f er a l i s o n e a c h s i d e o f t h e s h i p f o r
a l l t h e p e r s o n so n b o a r d . I n t h i s c a s et h e l i f e r a l ' t so n o n e s i d eo 1 ' t h e
s h i p s h a l l b e s e r v e db y l a u n c h i n ga p p l i a n c e s .
E v e r y s h i p o f C l a s s V l l m u s t c a r r y a R e s c u eb o a t . a l i l ' e b o a t
m a y t a k e t h e p l a c eo f t h i s R e s c u eb o a t p r o v i d e dt h a t i t c o n l o r m st t r
t h e s p c c i f i c a t i o nos f a R e s c u eb o a t .
P a s s e n g esrh i p se n g a g e do n l o n g i n t e r n a t i o n avl o y a g e s( C l a s sI )
m u s t h a v e o n e a c h s i d e o f t h e v e s s e le n o u g h T o t a l l y F . n c l o s e d
l i f e b o a t so r [ ] a r t i a l l y E n c l o s e dl i f e b o a t sf o r 5 0 % ,o f t h e p e r s o n so n
b o a r d a n d i n a d d i t i o n l i f e r a f t s f o r 2 5 L I o f t h e p e r s o n so n b t l a r d '
t h e s el i f e r a f t st o b e s e r v e db y a t l e a s to n e l a u n c h i n ga p p l i a n c eo n
e i t h c r s i d eo l t h e v e s s e l .
I n l i c u o f t h e a b o v ea v e s s eol f C l a s sI m a y c a r r y l i f e r a { i sf i t t e d
u n d c r l a u n c h i n g a p p l i a n c e si n p l a c e o l ' a n a g r e e d n u m b e r o l
lil'eboats.The 25c,1additional lil'eraftsmust still be carried.
A l l p a s s e n g esrh i p so f C l a s sI m u s t c a r r v a R c s c u eb o a t o n c a c h
srdc.
16tt
t69
Lifeboats
L i l ' e b o a t sa r e b u i l t t o M S A s p e c i f i c a t i o n sT.h c y
c o u l d s t i l l b e b u i l t o f t r a d i t i o n a lm a t e r i a l sb u t t h e m a j o r i t ya r e b u i l t
o f g l a s sr e i n f o r c c dp l a s t i c .C i R P m a t e r i a li s n o t i n h e r e n t l yb u o y a n t
b u t a l l l i l ' e b o a t sa r c r e q u i r e dt o b e . T h i s i s a c h i e v e db y b u i l d i n g
e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l m c l u l d sa n d l ' i l l i n g t h e s p a c eb e t w e e nw i t h
p l a s t i cf o a m . A l l m a t e r i a l su s e di n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o nm u s t b e e i t h e r
l ' i r e - r e t a r d a notr n o n - c o m b u s t i b l eA. d d i t i o n a l b u o y a n c ya t t h e r a t e
o l ' 2 l l 0 n e w t o n so l b u o y a n tI o r c ep e r p e r s o nt h e b o a t i s p e r m i t t e dt o
a c c o m m o d a t em u s t b c b u i l t i n t o t h c h u l l . l ' h i s i s u s u a l l yd o n e b y
s h a p i n gt h e i n t e r n a l m o u l d t o f o r m s c a t i n gf o r t h c s u r v i v o r sa n < J
f i l l i n g t h e s p a c cs c rl b r m e d ,w i t h l ' o a ma s b e l i r r c .A l l l i l ' e b o a t u
snder
t h e s cr u l e s m u s t b e m o t o r b o a t s N o l i l ' e b o a ti s o e r m i t t e dt o c a r r v
m o r c t h a n 1 5 0p c r s o n : .
Lifeboat Markings
The nante of the ship and the porr of
Registry is required to be shown on each lif-eboat.In addition.the
d i m e n s i o n so f t h e b o a t . i t s c u b i c c a p a c i t y .a n d t h e n u m b e r o 1 '
p e r s o n si t i s d e s i g n e dt o c a r r y m u s t a l s ob e c u t i n t o t h e i n b o a r ds i d e
o l t h e s t c m o r g u n w a l e .l ' h e b c l a tm u s t b e i d e n t i f i a b l ef r o n i t h e a i r .
t h e f i r s t a n d l a s tl e t t e r so f t h e s h i p ' sn a m ea n d t h e b o a t ' sn u m b e ra r e
u s u a l l yp a i n t e di n a c o n t r a s t i n gc o l o u r o n t h e r i g i d c o v e r s .
.I-akc
To Find the Cubic Capacity
t h e o u t s i d el e n g t hi n f e e r
a n d r n u l t i p l y i t b 1 t h e o u t s i d eb r e a d t ha n d t h e i n s i d ed e p t h . t h c n
m u l t i p l yt h e r e s u l tb y ' 0 ' 6 . ' f h i sw i l l g i v et h e c a p a c i r yo 1 ' t h eb o a t i n
c u b i c f e e t o r i t c a n c l t h e r w i s eb e l i l u n d b y c a l c u l a t i o nb a s e do n
S i m p s o n ' sR u l e s .
Note
T h e s h a p eo f a b o a t i n r e l a t i o nt o a c u b i c b l o c k o f t h c
s a m e d i m e n s i o n si s k n o w n a s t h e c o e f f i c i e n to f I ' i n e n e s a
snd is
c x p l c s s e db v a d c c i m a lw h i c h i n t h i s c a s ei s 0 . 6 .
I n t h e c a s c o f a m e t a l o r l ' i b r e g l a s sb o a t t h e c o e f f i c i e n ti s
tncrcased
t o a t l e a s t0 ' 6 4 a n d i n a n y c a s et h e r e s u l t i n gc a p a c i t ym u s t
b c r e d u c e db y t h e v o l u m e o c c u p i e db y t h e m a c h i n e r yi n t h e c a s co f
t h e m e c h a n i c a l l y - p r o p e l l ea dn d m o t o r - b o a t s .
Number of PersonsBoat Will Carry
[..lnderthe old ruleseach
p e r s o n w a s a l l o w e d I 0 c u b i c l ' e e to l ' s p a c e b u t t h e I 9 8 6 R u l e s
r e q u i r e t h a t t h e s e a t i n g s p a c e sa r c m e a s u r e da c c o r d i n g t o t h e
p u b l i s h e dd i a g r a ma n d m a r k e d i n d i v i d u a l l yi n t h e b o a r . I n T o t a l l y
E n c l o s e db o a t s e a c h s e a t i n gp o s i t i o n m u s t b e f i t t e d w i t h s a f ' e t y
straps.
NumberingBoats
N u m b e r sa l w a y ss t a r t o n t h e s t a r b o a r d
s i d e f o r w a r d . O p p o s i t eN o . I o n t h e s t a r b o a r ds i d e w e h a v e N o . 2
o n t h e p o r t s i d e ,t h c n N o . 3 w o u l d b e f o u n d a b a i t N o . I o n t h e
s t a r b o a r ds i d ea n d N o . 4 a b a f t N o . 2 . a n d s o o n .
I70
I H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A T -
Merchant Shipping Nottce

Manning of Survival Craft
P
e
r
s
o
n
s ,t h e s e m a y b e e i t h e r D e c k
C
e
r
t
i
l
'
i
c
a
t
e
d
t
o
M 1 2 0 7r c f e r s
o I ' l ' i c c r so r h o l d e r s o f I - i f e b o a t m e n ' sc e r t i f i c a t e s o r h o l d e r s o f
C e r t i fi c a t c so f P r o l ' i c i e n c yi n S u r v i v a l C r a f t .
I n p a s s c n g e rs h i p s a n d c a r g o s h i p s t h e r e m u s t b e t w t r
c e r t i fi c a t e d p . i r o n r a i l o c a t e dt o e a c h l i l e b o a t . I n a d d i t i o n , i l ' t h e
g r i p e s c a n n o t b e l et g o l ' r c l m t h e i n s i d e t h e l i l ' e b o a t a n o t h e r
i e r i i l ' i c a t e dp e r s o nm u s t b e r c s p o n s i b l ef o r t h e g r i p e so f o n e o r t w o
l i l ' e b o a t so n d i f t h . b o a t c a n n o t b e l o w e r e df r o m i n s i d et h e l i f e b o a t
a n a d d i t i o n a l c e r t i f i c a t e d p e r s o n m u s t b e r e s p o n s i b l el o r t h e
l o ue r t n g .
A certificated person must be allocated to every liferal't plu-s
anolher certificatedperson for every lil'eraftdavit and every liferalt
t h r o w o v e rp o s i t i o n .
'fhe
n u m b e r o 1 ' c e r t i f i c a t e dp e r s o n s d e s c r i b e da b o v e s h o u l d
e n a b l ea c a r g o s h i p t c t b e a b a n d o n e di n l 0 m i n u t e sa n d a p a s s e n g e r
s h i p t o b e a b a n d c l n e idn 3 0 m i n u t e s .I I ' t h e s et i m e sa r e e x c e e d e dt .h e
n u m b e r o f c e r t i l i c a t e dp e r s o n sm u s t b e i n c r e a s e ds o t h a t t h e t i m e s
are not exceeded.
T h e s i g n a lf o r s u m m o n i n g p a s s e n g e rtso
E m e r g e n c yS i g n a l
nf more than six short
t h e a s s e m b l ys t a t i o n ss h a l l b e a s u c c e s s i o o
b l a s t sf o l l o w e d b y o n e l o n g b l a s t o n t h e w h i s t l eo r s l r e n '
l n p a s s e n g esr h i p s ' m u s t e r sa n d d r i l l s o l '
M u s t e r sa n d D r i l l s
c r c w s h a l l t a k c p l a c e w e e k l y , a n d i n c a r g o v e s s e l sI ' o r t n i g h t l yt o
e n s u r et h a t a l l m e m b e r so f t h e c r e w u n d e r s t a n da n d a r e d r i l l e d t n
t h c i r r e s p e c t i vdeu t i e si n t h e e v e n to f a n y e m e r g e n c yT. h e M e r c h a n t
S h i p p i n g ( M u s t e r s a n d T r a i n i n g ) ( A m e n d m e n t ) R e g u l a t i o n s1 9 9 3
appl)'
TYPES
Various types o1 boats will be found in difl'erent classesof
v e s s e l ,b u t t h e D c l T r e q u i r e m c n t sa r e t h e s a m e i n a l l c a s e s .l t i s
m o s t l y i n t h e m e t h o d o f c o n s t r u c t i o nw h e r e t h e y d i f l t r '
A boat with the edges of the planks
Clincher Built
" c l i n c h e rb u i l t " .
o v e r l a p p i n gi s s a i d t o b e
When the edges of the planks are butted
Carvel Built
"carvel
a
s
n t o o t h s u r f a c et h e b o a t i s s a i d t o b e
f
o
r
m
t o g e t h e rt o
built".
"carvel built" but the
These boats are
Diagonal Built
o
b
l
i
q
u
e l y a c r o s st h e t i m b e r s .
r
u
n
s
planking (in twct thicknesses)
a
l
l
w
ooden boats carrytng
f
o
r
i
s
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
This construction
I]I
m o r e t h a n 6 0 p e r s o n sa n d c o m p u l s o r yf o r l a r g e r w o o d e n b o a t s
c a r r y i n gm o r e t h a n 8 5 p e r s o n s .
1'o do away with the use o1 oars these
Hand-PropelledBoat
b o a t sa r e f i t t e d w r t h a p r o p e l l e rw o r k e d b y s i m p l eg e a r - w h e e l sT.h e
gearing is operatedby a number of vertical leversplaced between
t h e t h w a r t s i n t w o r o w s . B y m e a n s o f a s m a l l r e v e r s el e v e r t h e
coxswain is able to go aheador astern,and the speedof the boat is
about 3% knots in smooth water for t/amlle.
T h e s cb o a t sm a y b e f o u n d i n e x i s t i n gs h i p sb u t a r e n o t a l l o w e d
in the l9tl6 Regulations.
The average tramp steamer always carried a
Jolly-boat
j o l l y - b o a t w h i c h w a s i n v a r i a b l yc l i n c h e rb u i l t . l t w a s u s e di o r s u c h
p u r p o s e sa s r o w i n g t h e m a s t e r a s h o r e ,r u n n i n g l i n e s t o b u o y s .
p a i n t i n gt h e s h i p ' ss i d e ,e t c . T h e y h a d n o i n t e r n a lb u o y a n c yt a n k s
and were not counted as lil'eboats.
[ . ] n d e rt h e 1 9 8 6R u l e sa l l s h i p s 'l i l ' e b o a t sm u s t
Motor Boats
b e f i t t e d w i t h c o m p r e s s i o ni g n i t i o n ( d i e s e l )e n g i n e sc a p a b l e o f
p r o p e l l i n gt h e l ' u l l y l o a d e d b o a t a h e a da t s i x k n o t s i n c a l m w a t e r
and at two knots when towing a fully loaded 25 man liferaft.
Sufl'icientfuel must be carried to run the fully loadedlil'eboatat six
knotsfor 24 hours.
C e r t a i n p a s s e n g esr h i p s ' l i f e b o a t sa r e l i t t e d w i t h R a d i o T c l c g r a p h I n s t a l l a t i o n sa c c o r d i n gt o a s c a l eb a s e do n t h e n u m b e r o f
p e r s o n so n t h e s h i p ' sP a s s e n g eCr e r t i f i c a t eo, t h e r b o a t sa r e I ' i t t e dt o
f a c i l i t a t et h e u s e o f P o r t a b l eR a d i o E q u i p m e n t .
Boats constructedof alurniniurn alloy
Aluminium Boats must be equally as strong as wooden boats and though it has the
advantageof being a light material not affectedby exposureto the
e l e m e n t sc, a r em u s t b e t a k e n t o e n s u r et h a t n o g a l v a n i ca c t i o nt a k e s
p l a c eb e t w e e nd i s s i m i l a rm e t a l sb e i n gu s e df o r f i t t i n g s .P a i n t o n a n
a l u m i n i u m s u r f a c em u s t h a v e a z i n c b a s ea n d o n n o a c c o u n tm u s t
paint be used.
lead-based
They are constructedwith two single sheetsof
Steel Boats
s t e e ls t a m p e di n t o s h a p ea n d r i v e t e dt o g e t h e r .T h e j o i n i s i n t h e
centre line ol' the boat. The buoyancy of a steel boat must be nttt
l e s st h a n t h a t o f a w o o d e n o n e o f t h e s a m ec u b i c c a p a c i t y ,s o t h e
volume of the watertight air-caseshas to be increasedat the ratc of
l % c u b i c f e e t f o r e a c hc w t o l s t e e l .
GRP is light. strong, free
Glass Reinforced Plastic Boats
f r o r n c o r r o s i o no r r o t t i n g a n d l e n d si t s e l l ' t om o u l d i n gp r o c e s s ebsy
w h i c h b u o y a n c y c a n b e b u i l t i n t o t h e h u l l . I t i s u n a f f e c t e db y
e x t r e m e so f t e m p e r a t u r ea n d m o s t d a m a g er e p a i r sc a n b e q u i c k l y
172
I H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A L
a n d e i f e c t i v e l yc' a r r i e d o u t s o t h a t m a i n t e n a n c ec o s t s a r e a l m o s t
negligible.
'I'hese
Inflatable Boats
are carried in some small ships where
t h e p r i n c i p a l m c a n so f a b a n d o n i n gs h i p s i s b y l i l e r a f i s .T h e y m u s t
b e a t l e a s t3 ' 8 m e t r e sl o n g a n d m u s t c a r r y a t l e a s ts i x p e r s o n s .
Theseare compositecrali with a rigid
Rigid Inflatable Boats
l o w e r h u l l u s u a l l ym a d e o f G R P , t h e s i d e sa r e i n l l a t e dt u b e sw h i c h
g i v e a r e s e r v eo f b u o y a n c y .1 - h e s eb o a t s c a n b e u s e d o n p a s s e n g e r
s h i p sa s R e s c u eB o a t s ,i n w h i c h c a s et h e y m u s t n o t b e l e s st h a n 3 ' 8
m e t r e so r m o r e t h a n 8 5 m e t r e si n l c n g l h .
In addition to the general
Partially EnclosedLifeboats
r e q u i r c m e n t sl b r l i 1 ' e b o a t st h. e s eb o a t s h a v e r i g i d c o v e r se x t e n d i n g
fnr ncrt lessthan 211tiiof the boat's length I'rom the bow and from
t h e s t e r n . T h e o p e n p a r t s o f t h e b o a t h a v e p e r m a n e n t l ya l t a c h e d
f o l d a b l ec a n o p i c s .
In addition to thc general
Totally Enclosed Lifeboats
r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r l i l ' e b o a t st h e s e b o a t s h a v c a r i g i d w a t e r t i g h t
superstructurw
e h i c h c o m p l e t e l ye n c l o s e st h e b o a t .
These Totally
Lifeboats with Self-containedAir Support
E n c l o s e dL i f c b o a t sh a v ea n a i r s u p p l yw h i c h . w h e n a l l t h e e n t r a n c e s
are closed and the engine is running. keeps the atmospheric
p r e s s u r ei n s i d e t h e l i f e b o a t a b o v e t h e o u t s i d e p r e s s u r eb u t n e v e r
e x c c c d si t b y m o r e t h a n 2 0 m i l l i b a r s .T h i s s v s t e ma l l o w sa t l e a s t l 0
m i n u t e st o g e t c l e a r o f s m o k e o r g a s .
These J'otally Enclosed Lil'eboats
Fire Protected Lifeboats
w h e n w a t e r b o r n ca r e c a p a b l eo f p r o t e c t i n gt h e s u r v i v c l r si n s i d ef o r
a p c r i o d o f n o t l e s st h a n e i g h t m i n u t e sw h e n t h c b o a t sa r e s u b . y e c t e d
t o a c o n t i n u o u so i l f i r e t h a t e n v e l o p st h e m . T h e y a r e I ' i t t e dw i t h s e l l
p r i m i n gf u m p s w h i c hs u p p l rs e a - \ ^ a t et or a 5 p 1 o ,s \ s t e mc o r c r i n g
the exterior.
These Totally Enclosed Lifeboats are
Free Fall Lifeboats
s t o w e do n a s l o p i n gt r a c k w a ya t t h e s h i p ' ss t e r n .T o a b a n d o ns h i p ,t h e
c r e u e m b a r k .t h e c n g i n ei s s t a r t e da n d t h e n s t o p p e da. n d t h e h a t c h e s
a r e c l o s e d .W h e n a l l i s r e a d y t h e c o x s w a i nr e l e a s etsh e b o a t f r o m
i n s i d ea n d i t r u n s d o w n t h e t r a c k a n d o f f i n t o t h c s e a .T h e r ei s a n A
f r a m ed a v i t f o r l o w e r i n gt h e b o a t i n c i r c u m s t a n c ewsh e n s p e e di s n o L
o f p r i m c i m p o r t a n c ea, n d r e c o v e r i n tgh e b o a t i f c o n d i t i o n sa l l o w .
F r e e F a l l L i l e b o a t sa r e n o t a l l o w e di n l t a s s e n g esr h i p s .
PARTS OF A WOODEN BOAT
Apron
P a r t o 1 t h e s t e m a n d s t e r n p o s t s .T h e m a t e r i a lu s e di s
Britishoak. teak or ash.
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I ] A I
173
Bilge
T h e l o w e r p a r t o 1 't h e r o u n d e d s i d e w h i c h t h e b o a t
w o u l d r e s t o n i f a l l o w e dt o l a l l o v e r o n h e r s i d e .
Block Span
A l i g h t w i r e s p a n s t r c t c h i n gb e t w e e nt h e t w o
l o w e r p u r c h a s eb l o c k s t o p r e v e n tt h e l ' a l l st w i s t i n g w h i l e t h e y a r e
"roundedup".
B o t t o m B o a r d s A f r a m e w o r ko f l i g h t b o a r d si s f i t t e d t o t h e
b o a t ' sb o t t o m t o p r o t e c tt h e b o a t a n d k e e pt h e l e e l d r v w h c n w a t e r
is lving there.
B o w S h e e t s T h c r a i s e dp l a t l o r m i n t h e b o w s .
B u o y a n c yT a n k s
O n l y t o u g h n o n - c o r r o s i v cm e t a l sa r e u s e d
f o r b u i l d i n g t h e s et a n k s . B r a s s ,c o p p e r ,m u n t z o r y e l l o w m e t a l a r c
t h e m o s t p o p u l a r .I n w e i g h ti t m u s t b e a l e a s tl 8 o z sp e r s q u a r e1 o o 1
of surface.
C h a i n P l a t e s E v e b o l t sf i x c d t o t h e g u n w a l e .a n d t o w h i c h t h c
s h r o u d so r b a c k s t a y sa r e m a d e { ' a s t .
C l e a d i n g T h e w o o d c n c a s i n g sa t t h e s i d e o l t h e b o a t b c h i n d
w h i c h t h e i n t e r n a lb u o y a n c l 't a n k s a r e f i t t e d .
"turning
C l e a t s F o u r c l e a t sa r e f i t t e d i n s i d et h c g u n w a l eI o r
u p " t h c s h e e t sw h e n s a i l i n g .
A p i e c e c l f w o o d u s e d i n t h e s t r u c t u r eo 1 't h c
Deadwood
l i r r e f o o ta n d m a d c f r o m B r i t i s h o a k o r a s h .
Forefoot
l - h e r o u n d e dp a r t w h e r et h c s t c mj o i n s t h e k e e l .
'l'he
p l a n k so n e a c h s i d e n e x t t o t h e k e e l .
G a r b o a r dS t r a k e
G u d g e o n s A s o r t o l ' s o c k e to n t h e s t e r n - p o s itn t o w h i c h t h c
p i n t l co n t h e l u d d c rl i t s .
G u n w a l e 1 - h et o p c d g eo f t h e b o a t i n t o w h i c h t h e c r u t c h e sa r c
-l'hey
a r e u s u a l l ya b o u t 5 i n c h e sd e e p a n d m a d c o f e i t h e r
shipped.
A m e r i c a ne l m . t c a k . o a k o r a s h .
K e e l A k e e lm u s t b e a l l o n e p i c c ca n d e i t h e ro 1 A m e r i c a no a k
o r e l m o r A u s t r a l i a ns p o t t e dg u m .
p i e c ef i t t e d t o t h e t o p o l t h e k c c l .
Keelson A strengthening
-I'he
m a s t s t e pi s s e c u r e dt o i t .
Life Rings
Rings I'ittcd at intcrvalsof 2 feet around the sides
o f t h e b o a t , o n t h e u n d e r s i d e o l t h e r u b b e r . T o t h e s er i n g s t h e
g r a b - l i n e sa r e m a d e I a s t .
-I
Lifting Hooks
l ' h o s e t o w h i c h t h e b l o c k sa r e h o o k e d . h e
p o i n t sm u s t f a c ea m i d s h i p sa. n d t h e y a r e s e c u r e dd o w n t h r o u g ht h e
k e c l a n d k e e l s o nb y m e a n so f k e e l p l a t c sa n d b o l t s .
Lower Thwarts Scatswhich fit in betweenthe sidecasingslirr
p a s s c n g e rtso s i t o n , a n d l i r r o a r s m e nt o b r a c et h e i r f e c t c l n . ' l ' h e y
a r e r e m o v a b l c .s o t h a t i n j u r e d p e o p l em a y b e l a i d i n t h e b o a t .
Mast Clamp
A h i n g e d s c m i - c i r c u l a ri r o n b a n d w i t h a
r e t a i n i n gp i n w h i c h k e e p st h e m a s t i n a n u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n .
I]4
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A T -
A w c t o d e ns o c k e to n t h c k c e l s o ni n t o w h i c h t h e
Mast Step
'fhe
stepmay be of metal.
h e e lo l ' t h e m a s t i s s t e p p e d .
P i n t l e s T h e p r o n g a r r a n g e m e not n t h e r u d d e r w h i c h f i t s i n t t l
a g u d g e o n o r s o c k e t o n t h e s t e r n - p o s t .t h e r e b y f o r m i n g w h a t i s
p r a c t i c a l l la
' h i n g e.
P l a n k i n g A s a r u l e l a r c h o r y e l l o w p i n e i s u s e df o r p l a n k i n g .
P l u g H o l e s( o r D r a i n i n g H o l e s ) A s l c a s to n e p l u g h o l e w i l l b e
f ' o u n ctl o w a r d st h e a f t e r e n d o f t h c b o a t . W h e n t w t l a r e f i t t e d t h e y
m a l ' b c p l a c e do n e a c h s i d e o 1 ' t h c k e e l ,o r o n c o f t h e m f o r w a r d .
R o o v e o r R o s e b u r S m a l l w a s h e rI ' i t t e do v e r a c o p p e rn a i l f o r
r i v e t i n gb o a t p l a n k s t o g e t h e r .
-fhe
h a l f - r o u n dw o o d e n m o u l d i n g a t t h e b o t t o m o l
Rubber
t h c g u n w a l ew h i c h i s m e a n t t o a c t a s a t e n d e r .
S h e e rS t r a k e T h e p l a n k so n c a c h s i d e i m m e d i a t e l vu n d e r t h e
gunu'ale.
A m e t a l b a n d r u n n i n g l ' r o m t h e s t e m h e a dt o a
Stem Band
l i t t l e a b a l ' tt h e f o r e l t l o t . w h i c h i t b o t h p r o t e c t sa n d s t r e n g t h e n s .
Stem-Post
Is rnadefrom British oak. teak or Australian
s p o t t e dg u m .
ls made lrom British oak, teak or Australian
Stern-Post
s p o t t e dg u m .
S t e r n S h e e t s T h c r a i s e dp l a t l o r m i n t h e s t e r n .
Thwarts
l-he seatswhich extend from one side of the boat tc'r
the other.
T h c s e m a y b e l i k c n e d t o r i b s . T h e y a r e s p a c e dn o t
l'imbers
l e s st h e n 6 i n c h e sa p a r t a n d e x t e n d f r o m s i d e t o s i d e i n o n e p i e c e .
T h e u s u a l m a t c r i a li s r o c k e l m . o a k . a s h o r t e a k .
GENERAI- LIFEBOAT EQTIIPMENT
S u f f i c i e n tb u o v a n t o a r s t o m a k e h e a d w a yi n c a l m s e a s .
A s u r v i v a lm a n u a l .
T h o l e p i n s o r c r u t c h e sf o r e a c h o a r . a t t a c h e dt o t h e b o a t b y
l a n y a r do r c h a i n .
A b u o 1 , 3 n b1 a i l e r .
Two buckets.
B i n n a c l ew i t h i l l u m i n a t e do r l u m i n o u sc o m p a s s .
Two painters twice the length measured from the stowed
p o s i t i o n t o t h e w a t e r l i n eo r l 5 m e t r e sw h i c h e v e ri s g r e a t e s t .O n e
a t t a c h e dt o t h e q u i c k r e l e a s ef i t t e d i n t h e b o w , t h e o t h e r s t o w e da t
o r n e a r t h e b o w r e a d yf o r u s e .
T w o h a t c h e t so n e a t e a c he n d o l t h e b o a t .
T H F B O A ] ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
115
T h r e el i t r e so f f r e s hw a t e r p e r p e r s o n (. O n e l i t r e m a v b e r e p l a c e d
b y a d e - s a l t i n ga p p a r a t u s ) .
T h r c c r u s t p r o o lg' r a d u a t e dd r i n k i n g v e s s e l s .
F o o d . N o t l e s s t h a n 1 0 . 0 0 0k i l o j o u l e sp e r p e r s o n ' i n a i r t i g h t
p a c k a g e si n a w a t e r t i g h tc o n t a i n e r .
F o u r r o c k e t p a r a c h u t ef l a r e s .
Six hand flares.
T w o b u o y a n ts m o k es i g n a l s .
O n e w a t e r p r o o fe l e c t r i ct o r c h s u i t a b l el o r M o r s e s i g n a l l i n g .
Spare batteriesand bulb for the torch, in a waterproof
contalner.
O n e d a y l i g h ts i g n a l l i n gm i r r t l r w i t h i n s t r u c t i o n s1 o r u s e .
O n e c o p y o f t h e M S A R e s c u eS i g n a lT a b l e .
O n e w h i s t l eo r e q u i v a l e n ts o u n d s i g n a l .
A First Aid outfit.
s se d i c i n ea n d o n e s e a s i c k n e sbsa g
S i x d o s e so 1 'a n t i - s e a s i c k n e m
per person.
A j a c k - k n i f ea t t a c h e dt o t h e b o a t b y a l a n y a r d .
Threctin openers.
T w o b u o y a n t r e s c u eq u o i t s e a c h a t t a c h e dt o n o t l e s st h a n 3 0
m e t r c so 1 'b u o y a n t l i n e .
A m a n u a l b i l g eP u m P .
A s e t o f f i s h i n gt a c k l e .
S u f f i c i e n tt o o l s l i r r m i n o r a d j u s t m e n t st o t h e e n g i n e a n d i t s
a c c esso r i e s .
T w o p o r t a b l e f i r e e x t i n g u i s h e r ss u i t a b l ef o r e x t i n g u i s h i n go i l
1i r e s .
A s e a r c h l i g htto i l l u m i n a t ea n o b j e c ta t 1 8 0m e t r e s .
A n c l l i c i e n t r a d a r r c f l e c t o r ,u n l e s sa r a d a r l r a n s p o n d c ri s
stowed in that lil'eboat.
T h e r m a l p r o t e c t i v ea i d s f o r l \ V c o f t h e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n st h e
b o a t i s p e r m i t t e dt o a c c o m m o d a t e .
IN I.'LATABLE LIFERAFTS
lnflatable liferafts must be made of a flexible material which
will be serviceablu
e n d e r s e a g o i n g c o n d i t i o n si n a i r t e m p e r a t u r e s
f r o m 3 0 C t o * 6 5 C a n d s e at e m p e r a t u r efsr o m l C t o t 3 0 C . T h e y
m u s t b e r o l - p r o o l . c o r r o s i o n r c s i s t a n ta n d a b l e t o w i t h s t a n d
e x p o s u r et o s u n l i g h t .
The main buoyancy tubes must be divided in two with a
n o n - r e t u r nv a l v e .I n t h e e v e n t o f o n e h a l f b e i n g d e f l a t e dt h e o t h e r
m u s t s u p p o r t t h e p e r s o n st h e r a { i i s d e s i g n e dt o c a r r y . T h e r e m u s t
t76
t'71
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N L J A I -
b e a c a n o p yo f h i g h l y v i s i b l ec o l o u r a n d o 1 ' d o u b l el a y e r e dm a t e r i a l
w i t h a n a i r g a p b e t w e e nT
. h e b o t t o m c l ft h e r a f t m u s t a l s o b e d o u b l e
s o t h a t i t c a n b e i n i l a t e dt o p r o v i d et h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n .
A r a l i m u s t c a r r y a t l e a s ts i x p e r s o n sa n d i f i t c a r r i e su p t o 2 5
p e r s o n si t m u s t n o t w e i g h m o r e t h a n 1 8 5 k i l o s u n l e s si t h a s t o b e
l a u n c h e db y a d a v i t . A l i l ' e r a l if o r 2 5 p e r s o n so r l e s sw h i c h i n l l a t e s
i n t h e i n v e r t e dp o s i t i o n m u s t b e b r o u g h t b a c k u p r i g h t b y o n e m a n .
I-i1'erafts1'or more than 25 persons shall have righting {'acilities
a p p r o r c dh y t h c M S A .
L i l ' e r a l ' t sa c c o m m o d a t i n gm o r e t h a n e i g h t p e r s o n sm u s t h a v e
t w o d i a m e t r i c a l l yo p p o s e de n t r a n c e sa t l c a s t o n e o l ' w h i c h m u s t
h a v e a s e m i - r i g g e db o a r d i n gr a m p t o e n a b l ep e r s o n st o b o a r d t h e
lilcral't 1'romthe sea.
L i l ' c r a l i sa t t h r o w o v e r p o s i t i o n sa r e u s u a l l y c o n t a i n e di n r i g i d
G R P c o n t a i n e r sT. h c y a r e f i t t e d w i t h h y d r o s t a t i cr e l e a s etso e n a b l e
t h e m t o f l o a t c l e a r i l ' t h e s h i p s i n k s . F o r t h i s r e a s o nt h e p a i n t e r
w h i c h i s a l s o t h e a c t i v a t i n gl i n e m u s t b e s e c u r e l ym a d e l ' a s tt o t h e
ship at all times.
I ' h c g a s u s e dt o i n i l a t c t h e l i l ' e r a l im u s t b e n o n - t o x i e .
F o u r r o c k e t p a r a c h u t el 1 a r e s .
Six hand flares.
T r . l ob u o v a n ts m o k es i g n a l s .
O n e w a t e r p r o o l ' e l e c t r itco r c h s u i t a b l ef o r M o r s e s i g n a l l i n g .
S p a r eb a t t e r i e sa n d b u l b l i l r t h e t o r c h .
A n e l ' l ' i c i e n tr a d a r r e f l e c t o r . u n l e s s a r a d a r t r a n s p o n d e ri s
stowed in that lil'eraft.
O n e d a y l i g h ts i g n a l l i n gm i r r o r w i t h i n s t r u c t i o n sl o r u s e .
O n e M S A R e s c u eS i g n a lT a b l e .
O n e s e t o 1 ' f i s h i n gt a c k l e .
F o o d . N o t l e s s t h a n 1 0 . 0 0 0k i l o j o u l e sp e r p e r s o n .i n a i r t i g h t
p a c k a g e si n w a t e r p r o o lc' o n t a i n e r s .
W a t e r . l 5 l i t r e s o f f r e s h w a t e r p e r p e r s o n .0 ' 5 l i t r e s m a y b c
r e p l a c e db y d e s a l t i n ga p p a r a t u s .
O n e r u s t p r o o ld r i n k i n g v e s s egl r a d u a t e di n m i l l i l i t r e s .
e se d i c i n ea n d o n e s e a s i c k n e sbsa g
S i x d o s e so 1 ' a n t i - s e a s i c k n m
per person.
I n s t r u c t i o n sp r i n t e d i n E n g l i s ho n h o w t o s u r v i v e. I n s t r u c t i o n s
f o r i m m e d i a t ea c t i o n .
O n e r c p a i r( ) u t f i lf o r r c p a i r i n gp u n c t u r c \
O n c t o p p i n g - u pp u m p o r b e l l o w s .
T h e r m a l p r o t e c t i v c a i d s 1 < t r l 0 % o f t h e p e r s t l n st h e r a f t i s
p e r m i t t e dt o a c c o m m o d a t e .
A l i f e r a f te q u i p p e da s a b o v ew i l l b e m a r k e d S O L A S A P A C K
SOLAS B PACK
O t h e r sm a y b e m a r k e d
DOTIJK C PACK
clr
DOTUK D PA('K
or
a c c o r d i n gt o t h e t y p e o f s h i p a n d t h e t r a d e i n w h i c h i t i s e n g a g e d .
MARINE ESCAPE SYSTEMS

A m a r i n c e s c a p es y s t e mp r o v i d e sa c o m p l e t ee v a c u a t i o ns y s t e m
l i r r s u r v i v o r s .I t c o n s i s t so f a n i n l l a t a b l ee s c a p ec h u t e .a n i n f l a t a b l e
l l o a t i n g b o a r d i n g p l a t l i r r m . a n d a n a g r e e dn u m b e r o f i n f l a t a b l e
li1-eraf'ts.
INT'I,ATABI,E I,IFERA}'T EQUIPMENT
O n e b u o y a n tq u o i t w i t h n o t l c s st h a n 3 0 m e t r e so l b u o y a n t l i n e .
C ) n eb u o y a n t s a f - e t yk n i l ' e s t o w e d n e a r t h e e n t r a n c ew h e r e t h e
p a i n t e ri s m a d e f a s t .
A sccondsat-etyknil'e il the li1'eraftcan accommodatemore than
l3 persons.
O n e b u o y a n t b a i l e r i n a l i l ' e r a 1fio r l e s st h a n l 3 p e r s c l n so r t w o
b u o y a n t b a i l e r sf o r m o r e t h a n l 3 p e r s o n s .
1 - w os p o n g e s .
T w o s e a - a n c h o r so.n e t o b e d e p l o v e da s t h e l i f e r a l i i n l l a t e s ,t h e
other to bc spare.
'l'wo
b u o y a n tp a d d l e s .
T h r e e t i n - o p e n e r s( m a y b e p a r t o l ' t h e s a f e t yk n i v e s ) .
A First Aid outl'it.
O n e w h i s t l c o r e q u i v a l e n ts o u n d s i g n a l .
BOAT PROCEDTIRE
A I I t h c o l d s t y l ed a v i t s ,r a d i a l o r q u a d r a n t a l ,w h i c h r e q u i r e da
grcat deal ol' manuallabour to swingthem ou1will now only be
f o u n d i n t h c o l d e s ts h i p s .l f t h e d a v i t sa r e m a r k e dw i t h a r e d b a n d .
" e l o w e r e dw i t h a l a u n c h i n gc r e w .
t h c b o a t m u s t o n l ) ,b
S o m e o l t h e e x i s t i n gg r a v i t yd a v i t sw e r ed e s i g n e dt o a l l o w l b r a
I i s t o 1 ' f i f t e e nd e g r e e sa n d a t e n d e g r e et r i m , b u t i n n e w s h i p st h e
r e q u i r e m e n li s f o r a g r a v i t y d a v i t t o s w i n g t h e b o a t o u t a g a i n s ta
t h i r t y d e g r e el i s t a n d a t e n d e g r e ct r i m . l 1 ' a g r a v i t yd a v i t h a s r o l l e r s
r u n n i n g o n a t r a c k w a y ,t h e t r a c k m u s t b e a t a n a n g l e o f a t l e a s t
t h i r t y - f i v e d e g r e e st o t h e h o r i z o n t a l .F o r s o m e s h i p s s u c h a s g a s
c a r r i e r sa n d c h e m i c a lt a n k e r st h e r e q u i r e m e n t sm a y b c e v e n m o r e
stringcnt.
178
S ANUAI-
S ANUAL
179
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l-rackuar Darit.
T h e r o l l e r t r a c k d a v t t i s d e s i g n e di n a c c o r d a n c ew i t h t h c l a t e s tI M O r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r
g r a v i N ' l o w e r i n ga n d p o w e r e dh o i s t i n go l a l l s u r v i v a lc r a f t . ' f h e d a r i t c a n b e w e l d e d
to the bulkheadas shown. leavinsa free deck.
F r e e - f a l lB o a t l ) a v i t '
Frt;. 2
i s d e s i g n e dp r i m a r i l l l o r l r e c l a l l - l a u n c h o f t h e s u r v i v a l t ' - r a l t .
The davit s_r-stem
' A ' f r a m e a n d w i n c h , w h i eh , . e h 1 ' d r a u l i c a l l a
l ' c t i v a t e df o r l a u n c h i n g
i n c o r p o r a t e sa n
a n d r e c o v e r i n go l t h e s u n ' i v a l c r a f t b y I a l l s .
r80
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, OATSWAIN'SMANL]AI
STEERINGBY STARS
A l l s e a m e ns h o u l d b e a b l e t o s t e e ra n a p p r o x i m a t cc o u r s eb y
m e i i n so 1 s' t a r ss o t h a t , i n t h e e v e n to l a l i l ' e b o a ct o m p a s sb e c o m i n g
d a m a g e dt.h e v w i l l n o t b e a l t o g c t h ehr e l p l e s as s a r e s u l t .F i g . 4 .
1 ' h e i m p o r t a n t g r o u p s l i l r t h i s p u r p o s ca r e t h e B i g a n d L i t t l c
B e a r w h i c h c o n t a i nt h e N o r t h P o l e S t a r . a n d t h c S o u t h e r n( ' r o s s
whichindicatcw
s h e r et o l o o k I o r s o u t h .
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S t o r e d p u w e r p i l o t D a , , . i ft o r R e s c u eI l o a t . l v p e S . p . R .
T h l : j , a r . i tr r d e s i g n c dt o r . u l r rc o m p l y w i t h t h e I M O a n d . r ' fs h . r e r e q u i r e m e n t s
and is
s u r t a n r cr . o rg r a \ r r \ r ( ) u c . n g a r r dp o w e r c dh o i s t r n go r a r e s c u cb o a t .
t _ uffi n g - c l u its b r
m e a n so 1 a s p r i n gl o a d c d s t o r e dp o w e r u n i t .
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Slars.
N o r t h S t a r A I i n ed r a w n t h r o u g ht h c t w o c n d s t a r so l t h e t l i g
B c a rp o i n t st o t h c t a i l s t a ro l ' t h eL i t t l c B e a rw h i c hi s t h c N o r t h P o l c
S t a r i t . , e l.l T h c B i g B e a r c a n b e s e e n a s 1 ' a r a s 3 0 "S . s o a n
a p p r o x i m a t cb e a r i n go f t h e N o r t h S t a r c a n b c o b t a i n e di n t h o s c
latitudes.
S o u t h e r nC r o s s A l i n e d r a w n l c n g t h w i s ct h r t l u g ht h e t t l p a n d
" C r o s s " l o r a d i s t a n c eo f l ' o u r l e n g t h s i.n d i c a t c s
b o t t o m s t a r so l ' t h e
w h e r et o l o o k l i r r S o u t h .
T h e S o u t h e r n( ' r o s s c a n n o t b e s e e nm u c h f u r t h e r t h a n 2 3 o N .
Hold an ordinarywatch in a horizontal
Method by Watch
p o s i t i o n .w i t h t h e l ' a c cu p p c r m o s ta n d t h e h t l u r - h a r r dp o i n t i n g t t r
thc sun.
'fo
g e t t h e e x a c td i r e c t i t t no l t h c s u n . w h e n i t i s h i g h ' i t i s b e t t e r
t o p l a c e a m a t c h v e r t i c a l l ya g a i n s tt h e r i m o f t h e w a t c h . o p p o s i t e
t h e p o i n t o f t h e h o u r - h a n d .s o t h a t a s h a d o wf a l l s o n t h c h a n d i t s e l l .
M i d w a y b e t w e e nt h c h o u r - h a n d a n d t h e f i g u r e l 2 i n d i c a t e s
south.
r82
T H L - B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
S ANUAI
I n t h e s o u t h e r nh e m i s p h e r es .o u t h o l ' t h e s u n . n o r t h w i l l b e t h e
c o m p a s sp o i n t i n d i c a t e d .
l f a b o a t i s s n t a l l .o r i f i t h a s a s q u a r es t e r n ,t h e b o w s h o u l d b e
t u r n e d t o s e a w a r d .s o t h a t s h e c a n b e t a k e n i n s t e r n f i r s t . ' f o h e l p
t h e p r o c e s so l ' b a c k i n g o a r s . h a l f t h e o a r s m e ns h o u l d s i t f a c i n g
l o r w a r d s o t h a t a m o r e h e a r t yp u l l c a n b e g i v e n t o p r o p e l t h e b o a t
t o w a r d st h e b e a c h .
B e a c h e s A s a g e n e r a lr u l e h i g h l a n d i s a f a i r l y s u r ei n d i c a t i o n
o f d e c p w a t e r n e a r t h e s h o r e ,a n d t h i s w o u l d p r o b a b l y g i v c u s a
. r / c ( , 1b)e a c h , b u t l o w l y i n g l a n d i s i n v a r i a b l y a s i g n o f s h a l l o w s
r n s h o r e .a n d t h i s w o u l d i n d i c a t ea / l a t b e a c h .
F l a t B e a c h e s V e r y o f t e n a f l a t b e a c ho r s h a l l o w so f t h i s t y ' p e
w i l l e x t e n da g o o d w a y o u t t o s e a a m a t t e ro f m i l e s a n d i t i s o n
t h e I ' r i n g eo f t h o s es h a l l o w sw h e r et h e b r e a k i n gs e a sw i l l b e h e a v i e s t
a n d m o s t d a n g er o u s , t h e r e f o r e s a i l s h o u l d b e l o w e r e d b e f o r e
r e a c h i n gi t . A s t h e w a t e r s h o a l s .s o d o e st h e d a n g e rl e s s e nC
. l o s et o
t h e s h o r et h e f o r c e o f t h e s e ai s s p e n t .a n d i t w i l l b e s a l ' et o r u n t h e
b o a t o n t h e b e a c he n d o n . E a c h w a v ew i l l c a r r y h e r l ' u r t h e ru p . a n d
i n t h i s t h e b o a t m a y b e a s s i s t e di f ' t h e c r e wj u m p o u t t o l i g h t e nh e r .
a n d p r e v c n th e r b e i n gc a r r i e do 1 ' la g a i n b y t h e b a c k w a s h .
Steep Beaches
As the heaviest fall of \r!'ateris on the shore
itself. a boat on the back of a sea may row or sail right in without
losing speed.until she touchesthe shore,then her stern should be
s w u n g r o u n d u n t i l s h e i s b r o a d s i d et o t h e s u r f . l ' h e s t r o n gf o r c e o f
b r o k e n w a t e r s t r i k i n gs u c h a l a r g ea r e aw i l l q u i c k l y s w e e pt h e b o a t
b o d i l y u p t h e b e a c hw h e r e a sw
, h e n e n d o n , t h e a r e ae x p o s e dt o t h e
s e a i s s o s m a l l t h a t w a t e r p a s s i n gt h e b o a t , a n d b r e a k i n go n t h e
s h o r e w o u l d r u s h b a c k d o w n t h e b e a c ha n d q u i c k l y c a r r y h e r o f f
a g a i n ,p l a c i n gh e r i n a v e r y d a n g e r o u sp o s i t i o n .
f.lnknown Beaches
l-o attempt a landing on an unknown
b e a c ha t n i g h t i s e x t r e m e l yd a n g e r o u sl.t w o u l d b e b e t t e rt o l a y t o
a l l n i g h t a n d a t l e a s tw a i t f o r d a y l i g h ti n t h e m o r n i n g .E i t h e rt h a t o r
f i r e o f f a d i s t r e s ss i g n a l .w h i c h m i g h t b r i n g h e l p i n t h e s h a p eo f a
l i l e b o a to r a t u g .
HANDLING A BOAT IN HEAVY WEATHER

1 ' h cc u r l i n gc r e s to f a b r e a k i n gs e as h o u l da t a l l t i m e sb e a v o i d e d
e l t h e rw h e n r o w i n g a g a i n s t .c l r r u n n i n g b e f o r ea h e a v ys e a .F a i l u r e
1 c ld o s o m a v r e s u l t r n a b o a t u p - e n d i n g o r b r o a c h i n g t o . B y
r e g u l a t i n gt h e s p c e d .a s e am a y b e a l l o w e dt o b r e a k e i t h e ra h e a do r
a s t e r no l t h e b o a t .
Rowing Againsta Sea
S p e e di s a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h e
m a n a g e m e n to 1 a s m a l l b o a t i n b r e a k i n g s e a s .F o r i n s t a n c e .a n
i n c r e a s eo f s p e e dw i l l c a r r y a b o a t t h r o u g h o r o v e r a b r c a k i n gc r e s t .
w h e r e a s .w i t h o u t 1 ' o r w a r dm o v e m e n t .t h e r e i s a l i k e l i h o c l do f t h e
b o a t u p - c n d i n ga n d c a p s i z i n g B
. ut caremust be taken not to have
t o o m u c h s p e e do n t h e b o a t . o r s h e w i l l { a l l s u d d e n l ya n d h e a v i l l ,
w h c n t h e c r e s t h a s p a s s e d .B y r e t a r d i n gs p e e di n s u f l ' i c i e ntti m e a
s e am a y b e a l l o w e dt o b r e a k a h e a do 1 ' t h eb o a t .
R u n n i n g B e f o r ea S e a
T h i s i s t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u sp o s i t i o n
for a boat and calls lbr a good deal ol' judgment and skill. The
d a n g e ra r i s e sb e c a u s et h e m o t i o n o l ' t h e b o a t i s i n t h e s a m ed i r e c t i o n
as the sea. and while the stern is lifted in the air. the bow is
d e p r e s s c da n d m e e t s w i t h t h e r e s i s t a n c eo l s o l i d a n d r r r a c t i c a l l v
s t a t i o n a r l 'w a t e r . W i t h s k i l l ' u l s t e e r i n gt h e b o a t . r y r i n o n t h e
l r o n t o f ' a s e a f o r s o m e d i s t a n c e ,a t a h i g h s p e e d .u n t i l l i n a l l y t h e
w a v e b r e a k sa n d i s s p c n t ,o r s h e m a y b u r y h e r b o w t o o I ' a ra n d t h e
c r e s t .s t i l l p r e s s i n gh e r o n w a r d ,w i l l f o r c e h e r s t e r ne i t h e rt o o n e s i d e
o r t h e o t h e r ,c a u s i n gh e r t o b r o a c ht o a n d c a p s i z eo, r t h r o w h e r e n d
o v e r e n d . T o o b v i a t et h i s d a n g e rt h e o a r s s h o u l db e b a c k e dt o a l k r w
thc sea to pass, then immediatelv start rowing ahead again,
t r a i ' e l l i n go n t h e b a c k o f t h e w a v c t t t t a k e a d v a n t a g eo l ' t h e s p e e dt o
be gained.
Trim
F r o m t h e f o r e g o i n gi t w i l l b e s e e nt h a r t h e b e s tt r i m i s
d e e p e sbt y t h c s t e r n .t o p r e v e n tt h a t p a r t b e i n gt o o e a s i l yt h r o w n t o
o n e s i d e ,o r l i f t e d t o o h i g h .
S t e e r i n g W h e n r u n n i n g b e { ' o r ea s e a .a s t e e r i n go a r o v e r t h e
s t e r ns h o u l d a l w a y sb e u s e di n p l a c eo f t h e r u d d e r .
Landing Through a Surf
T w o m e t h o d s .e a c h d e p e n d e not n
t h e s i z e a n d s h a p e o f a b o a t , m a y b e e m p l o y e dw h e n l a n d i n g
t h r o u g ha s u r f . F o r i n s t a n c ew, i t h o r d i n a r yl i f e b o a t sa, d r o g u ei n t h e
form of a sea-anchormay be towed astern.This will checkthe speed
o f t h e b o a t w h e n a b r e a k i n gs e a h a s t o b e a v o i d e d .G o o d p r o g r e s s
c a n b e m a d eb y a l t e r n a t e l w
y o r k i n gt h e d r o g u ea n d t h e o a r s .
183
ANSWERS TO DISTRESS SIGNAI,S

T h e f o l l o w i n g s i g n a l sa r e u s e d f r o m t h e s h o r e i n c o n n e c t i o n
w i t h t h e l i f e - s a v i n gs e r v i c e si n G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d N o r t h e r n l r e l a n d .
Signal
Orangesmoke signal.
o r w h i t e s t a r r o c k e t . T h r c e s i n g l es i g n a l sf i r e d a t
a b o u r l - m i n u t cI n l e r a
\ ls
o r c x p l o d i n g w h i t e s t a r r o c k e l . T h r e e s i n g l es i g n a l s
fired at about l-minute intervals.
Meaning
I
I
iI
You are seen.

Help is coming.
I - H E B O A ' T S W A I N ' SM A N T , I A I -
T H L , B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
Landing Signals for Guidance of Small Boats or Persons in

Distress Signalsto be made in order to assistcrew of a wrecked
v e s s etl o l a n d a l o n g t h e c o a s t o f t h e [ ] n i t e d K i n g d o m :
t o t a k e t h e w h o l ec o i l i n t h e b o a t , m a k e f ' a s ta t t h e a p p o i n t e dp l a c e .
and drop down with the tide to the ship.
"Smart
l,andings"
To bring a boat alongside a vesselor
l a n d i n gs t e p sw i t h a b u m p . a n d e n d o n , i s v e r y b a d f o r m . I t i sj u s t a s
e a s y t o t a k e t h e w a y o f f t h e b o a t a n d I ' e t c hu p p a r a l l e lw i t h t h e
l a n d i n gs t e p so r p i l o t l a d d e r .
A c c o m m o d a t i o nL a d d e r s ( i o o d j u d g m e n t i s r e q u i r e dt o t a k c
a b o a t a l o n g s i d ea n a c c o m m o d a t i o nl a d d e rw h e n a s w e l li s r u n n i n g .
T h e c r e w m u s t b c c o n s t a n t l yo n t h e a l e r tt o p r e v e n t h e b o a t g e t t i n g
underthe platlbrm.
A l o n g s i d ew i t h M a s t L J p
L y i n g a l o n g s i d ea v e s s e o
l r quav
w i t h a m a s t u p i n b a d w e a t h e ri s s i m p l y a s k i n gf o r t r o u b l c .A l w a y s
u n s h i p i t b e f o r eg o i n g a l o n g s i d.e
Mooring Boats When a lifeboat is in use and it is to be lel'tin
t h c w a t e r o . " e r n i g h tt.h e u s u a lp r a c t i c ei s t o t i e t h e b o a t u p e i t h e ri n
t h e s h e l t eo
r f t h e i n s i d eb o w o r u n d e rt h e i n s i d eq u a r t e r( t h a ti s . t h c
s i d en e a r e s t o t h c w h a r f ) , a c c o r d i n gt o t h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e w i n d o r
tide.
T o m a k e l ' a s ta l o n g s i d ea s t o n c w h a r f o r o n e c o n s t r u c t e dw i t h
p i l e si s s i m p l y a s k i n g1 ' o rt r o u b l e . N o t o n l y i s t h e b o a t l i k c l v t o b e
d a m a g c dt h r o u g hb u m p i n gt h e w h a r l ' a l ln i g h t .b u t i r i s a l s ol i a b l e
t o b e t r a p p e d u n d e r h o r i z o n t a lp i l e sw i t h a r i s i n g t i d e .
T h e s a f e s t h i n g t o d o i s t o m a k e I ' a s tw i t h o n e l i n e c l nt h e w h a r l
a n d a n o t h e r c l n b o a r d . i n s u c h a p o s i t i o nt h a t s h e w i l l b e c l e a r o f
a n y s o i l p i p e s .S u l T i c i e nat l l o w a n c em u s t b e m a d el i l r r i s ca n d l a l l o l
t h c t i d e o n t h e l i n e c o n n e c t i n gw i t h t h e w h a r l ' .a n d w h c n a l l t h c g e a r
( i 1 a n y ) h a s b c c n r e n r o v e d t. h e l i n e o n b o a r d i s t i g h t c n e du p . T h i s
w i l l a l l o w t h e b o a t t o r i d c c o n t l i r r t a b l yb e t w e e nt h e s h i p a n d t h e
wharl without bumping.
T e m p o r a r yP a i n t e r
1 1a l i l ' e b o a ti s t o b e u s c d i n h a r b o u r o r
o t h e r s h e l t e r e dw a t e r s ,a l e n g t h o f s m a l l s i z el i n e s h o u l d b e p u t i n
t h e b o a t 1 ' o ru s e a s a t e m p o r a r l , ' p a i n t e rT.h o s e f i t t e d a s p a r t o f t h e
e q u i p m e n ta r e v e r y u n h a n d y i n q u i e t w a t e r s .
U n a b l et o R e a c hS h i p
S h o u l d i t h a p p e nt h a t y o u a r e u n a b l e
t o r e a c hv o u r s h i p o n a c c o u n to f s t r o n gt i d e s o r w i n d . m a k e l b r a
p o s i t i o na s t e r no f ' h e r . a n d t h o s eo n b o a r d m i g h t b e a b l et o f l o a t o r
v e e ra l i n e d o w n t o y o u .
Care of Boats
W h e n c v e rt h e r e i s t i m e . w o o d e n b o a t s a r e
l o w e r e d i n t o t h e w a t e r a n d l e l i t h e r e a s l o n g a s p o s s i b l c .T h i s i s
d o n e t o t i g h t c n u p t h e s e a m sw h i c h . t h r o u g h b e c o m i n gd r 1 ' . a r e
l i a b l et o s h r i n k a n d o p e n u p . A p e r i o d i n t h e w a t e r w i l l c a u s et h e
w o o d t o s w el l a n d c l o s et h e s e a m s V
. e r y o f t e n i n t r o p i c a lw e a t h e ra
184
Signal
l l p a n d o u n n r o v c n l c n ot { a u h i t e 1 ' l a gu. h i t c l t g h t
o r l l a r c o r t h e a r n l s o r a g r e e ns l a r r o c k e t .
M o r s c c o d el a t l e r K (
) . g i v c nb 1 l i g h t o r
s ou n d .
N o r r : l l a s e c o n ds t e a d l f l a g . l i g h t o r l l a r c t s
s h o u na t a l o x c r l e r c l
Meoning
I
I
I
)
I
)
-l
S r d c t o - s i d em o \ e m en 1 o l a w h i t e f l a g . l i g h t o r
l l : r r c o r o l t h c a r m s t u l l l e x t e n d e do r a r e d s t a r
rockct.
M o r s cc o d el e t t c rS ( . . . ) . g i l e n b 1 J i g h tr l r s o u n d .
L S i d e - t o - s i dm
c o \ c n l c n t o l a u h i t e l ' l a g .l i g h t o r
l l ar e .
2 . l ' l a c i n gt h c l l a g o r l i g h t i n t h e g t o u n c l .
3 . ( a r r l i n g a s c c o n dI ' l a go r l i g h t i n t h e d i r ec t i o n
to be indicatcd.
Linc thc trlo up and comc

in on thrsline ol
approacli.
l - a n d i n gd a n g e r t t u s .
I
)
II
I
I
I
I
L R e d s t a r r o c k e tl i r c d r c r t i c a l l l .
2. Whire star r()ckctl'ircd pointing to a betlel
l a n d i n gp l a c c .
[ - a n dh e r c .
L a n d r r r ud a n [ e l o u \ G ' r I n
d ' . . i t , , . nl n d i e a t c d
untilthe ".landherc"
slgnal rs grven.
I
)
BOATWORK IN GENERAI,
Towing
A l w a y s u s c a s h o r t t o w l i n e w h e n b e i n gt o w e d . a n d
a l w a y st o w a s p a r w i t h t h c h e a v ye n d l i r r e m o s t .
N e v e r a t t e m p t t o t o w a l o n g s i d ca v e s s e l
Towing Alongside
w i t h a b o a t r o p c o r p a i n t e rm a d ef a s t n e a rt h e s t e mh e a d .I t c a n ' t b e
done.
A l w a y st a k e a t u r n a r o u n d t h e f i r s t t h w a r t a n d h o l d t h c e n d ( o r
b i g h t ) i n v o u r h a n d , s c lt h a t i t m a y b e s l i p p e da t a m o m e n t ' sn o t i c e
i 1 'n e c e s s a r yA. b o a t r o p e i n t h i s p o s i t i o n a l l o w s t h e b o w t o s w t n g
f r e e i n a n y d i r e c t i o n .w h e r e a si,l ' m a d e l a s t l ' c l r w a r dt.h e b o w w o u l d
be bound in tight to the ship's side and steering wtluld bc
i m p o s s i b l eA
. l a z y p a i n t e r i s a l w a y ss e c u r e di n t h e s a m ep o s i t i o n .
When running a line to a buoy or quay' the
Running Lines
e y eo 1 ' t h em o o r i n g l i n e s h o u l db e l a i d i n t h e b o w s ,a n d t h e r es h o u l d
b e e n o u g hs l a c kt o r e a c ht h e b o l l a r d o r r i n g w h e r ei t i s t o b e m a d e
f a s t .A s m a l lc o i l s h o u l da l s o b e t a k e n i n t h e b o a t . s o t h a t i t c a n b e
paid out if required.
W h e n r u n n i n ga l i n e t o w i n d w a r d o r a g a i n s t h c t i d e ' i t i s a s w e l l
I tJ5
186
,I
T H F -B O A I S W A I N ' S M A N T J A I
f e w i n c h c so 1 ' w a t e ri s p u t i n c a c h b o a t ( w i t h a h o s e )l ' o r t h e s a m e
purposc.
Boat covers arc also spread to kcep the sun's rays ofl' the
planking, but theseare usually removedwhen nearingcrowded
w a t c r s e s p e c i a l l yo'n l a r g e p a s s e n g evr e s s c l s .
G r i p e s A b o a t h a n g i n ga t t h c d a v i t sw o u l d s w i n g a g o o d d e a l
w i t h t h e m o v e n l e n to 1 ' t h es h i p i l ' i t w e r c n o t l a s h e di n p o s i t i o n .
F o r t h i s p u r p o s e .w i r e g r i p e s( c o v e r e dw i t h c a n v a s )a r e f i t t c d t o
e a c hd a v i t h e a d .a n d t h e s ea r e l o n g e n o u g ht o c r o s so n t h e o u t s i d e
o l t h c b o a t a n d r e a c n a s l i p a r r a n g e r n e not n t h e d e c k .
T o t h e s et h e y a r e m a d e l a s t w i t h l a n y a r d sa f t e r h e a v i n gt i g h t
w i t h a " h a n d y b i l l y " . T h e g r i p e sc o v e r a l a r g e a r e a o f t h e b o a t .
w h i c h t h e y h o l d t i g h t l y a g a i n s tt h e g r i p i n g s p a r .
Griping Spar
A long, slightly tapered spar which hangs
between.and outside radial davits. Two corked-lilled canvas
l ' e n d e r sa r e f i t t e d t o t h c s p a r . a n d t h e s ea c t a s a c u s h i o nw h e n t h e
b o a t ' ss i d e i s h o v e t i g h t l y a g a i n s ti t .
A s m a l l t a c k l e o n e a c hd a v i t h o l d s t h e w e i g h t o l t h e s p a r a t a
h e i g h to l ' a b o u t 3 f e e t f r o m t h e d e c k . a n d t h e s p a r i s a l s o l a s h e dt o
t h e d a v i t w i t h a c r o s sl a s h i n g .
W h e n a b o u t t o e n t e rp o r t a n d t h e a c c i d e n b
t o a t h a st o b e s w u n g
i n b o a r d ,t h e s p a r i s l o w e r e dd o w n o n t h e d c c k .
L a z y P a i n t e r T h e e x t r a p a i n t e rf i t t e d t o t h e t h w a r t o l a b o a t
b y m e a n s o f ' a t o g g l e . l t i s e a s i l y s l i p p e d ,a n d n o t i m e i s l o s t i n
g e t t i n ga w a y f r o m a v e s s e l ' s i d e t h r o u g h h a u l i n g i n t h e p a i n t e r .
Tillers
Accident boats are clftenlowered while a vesselis stilm o v i n gt h r o u g h t h e w a t e r .W h e n t h i s i s t h e c a s e ,i t w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y
t o s t e e rt h e b o a t a s s o o n a s w a t e r b o r n et o k e e p h e r c l o s et o t h e
s h i p ' s s i d e w h i l e t h e l a l l s a r e d i s e n g a g e dA. f t e r t h a t s h e m u s t b e
k e p t a w a y 1 ' r o mt h e s i d c ,e s p e c i a l l yi f t h e b l o c k sa r e s w i n g i n ga b o u t .
I n c a s e so f t h i s k i n d i t w i l l o f t e n b e f o u n d t h a t t h e a l i e r I ' a l l
i n t e r f e r e sw i t h t h e f r e e a c t i o no f t h e t i l l e r . T h i s i s l i a b l et o l e a dt o a n
a c c i d e n ta
, n d t h e o n l y r e m e d yi s t o p r o v i d ea s h o r t t i l l e r w h i c h w i l l
a l l o w o f f r e e m o v e m e n tw h i l e t h e f a l l i s h o o k e d .
Boarding Wrecks
Sometimesa much smoother passagecan
b e m a d eI ' o ra n a c c i d e n tb o a t b y p o u r i n go i l o v e r b o a r dt o w i n d w a r d
o | a w r e c k a n d t h e n t a k i n g a d v a n t a g eo f t h e l e e c r e a t e db y b o t h
vessels.
N e v e r a p p r o a c ht o o c l o s et o a w r e c k o n t h e w e a t h e rs i d e .T h e
rebound or backwash of the sea from her side may be sufficientto
u p s e tt h e b o a t .
S h o u l d t h e r e b e d a n g e rf r o m t ' a l l i n gs p a r so r o t h e r w r e c k a g eo n
t h e l e e s i d e , t h e b o w o r s t e r n c a n u s u a l l y b e a p p r o a c h e dw i t h
HI- BOA |SWAIN'S MA\-TIAI-
IIiT
c o m p a r a t i V es a l e t l . b u t t o p r e v e n t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e w r e c k . i t m i g h t
b c n e c c s s a r vl i t r t h e u , r e c k e d s e a m e n t o j u m p i n t o t h c w a t e r a n d b e
pullcdintr'thc lilchoat.
Picking [ip a Wrecked Crew
With a lifeboat l'ull ol wrecked
s c a m c n s a l e l v a l o n g s i d et h e r c s c u es h i p . i t w i l l b c l o u n d e a s i e rl i r r
them to comc on board if cargroncts are hung over the side. in
addition to the usualpilot ladders.
As thev co\er a large arca. a lbothold mav bc gained irrespective
o l t h e p o s i t i o n r l l ' t h e b o a t . a n d a r r u m b e ro l m e n n t a v c l i n . r bt h c s i d c
w i t h o u t l o s s o 1 't i r n c .
(OP(
PCRFrrr'nq
RUNNiR
TO 8T
0 r 5 E r l C t A q o FR o n
A N CH O R
PLANK
ACTIfiq
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RoPE To HoLO
wE'lqHT 0F
ANCHOR
Y/IRE,
F r < ; .5
( a r r v i n gO u t a S t r e a mA n c h o r .
Carrying Out a Stream Anchor

A small stream anchor mavb e h u n gu n d e rt h e a f t e r e n do f a l i f e b o a b
t y m e a n so f a g o o d l a s h i n g
p a s s e do v e r b o t h g u n w a l e sj,u s t f o r w a r d o f t h e s t e r n - p o s ta, n d i f
n e c e s s a r ya, s h o r t p i e c e o f t i m b e r c a n b e l a i d a c r o s st o t a k e t h e
w e i g h t o f t h e l a s h i n go f f t h e g u n w a l e .T h e m o o r i n g w a r p a t t a c h e d
t o t h e a n c h o rm a y b e e i t h e rp a i d o u t f r o m t h e s h i p ,o r t h e w h o l e .o r
p a r t o l i t . c a r r i e di n t h e b o a t .
IIJI]
I H L - B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
A s t h e s h a c k l eo n t h c r u n n e rw i l l p r o b a b l yb e u n d c rw a t e rw h e n
t h e b o a t l a k c s t h e w c i g h t .i t w i l l b c n e c e s s a rtyo a t t a c ht h e r u n n e rt o
t h e a n c h o rw i t h a l o n g s t r o pi n o r d c r t h a t t h e s h a c k l ew i l l b e w i t h i n
r e a c ha b o v ew a t e r . F i g . 5 .
l l a n a n c h o r i s t o o h e a v vt o h a n g u n d e r t h e s t e r n o l a b o a t i t
m a v b c s l u n g a m i d s h i p s .i l a g t l o d . s t o u t p l a n k . l o n g e n o u g h t o
p r o . j e c at t c a c h s i d e ,i s l a s h e dl ' i r m l y a c r o s sb o t h g u n w a l e s .
W h c n t h c s h a c k l eo l ' t h e a n c h o ri s l o w e r e dt o t h e w a t e r ' se d g e .a
t h r o u g hi t a n d u p b o t h s i d es o l t h e b o a t t o
s u i t a b l el a s h i n gi s p a s s e d
f o r n ra b r i n d l e .l - o w c ra w a l ' u n t i lt h e b o a t t a k e st h e w e i g h t ,a n d t h e
a n c h o r w i l l h a n g d i r e c t l y u n d e r t h e b o a t . l f a s t r o p h a s b e e nu s e d
f o r c o n n e c t i n tgh e r u n n c rt o t h e a n c h o r ,i t c a t lc a s i l rb c l e t g o l r o m
the boat.
('arrying Out a Bower Anchor
1-wo boats and two good
a
r
e
a l l y 'h e a l ' - va-n c h o r . a n d a
t
o
c
a
r
r
v
a
w
a
v
spars arc required
Y h e n s p a c i n gt h e s p a r s .i l
c e r t a i na n r o u n to 1 . i u d g n t e nits n e c c s s a r w
t h e b o a t sr r r ct o s i t p r t t p e r l fi n t h e w a t e r w i t h t h e l o a d . l - o w e rt h e
a n c h o ri n t o t h e w a t e rw i t h t h e s h a n kh o r i z o n t a ll,l u k e sv e r t i c a la, n d
p l a c c a b t ' r a to n e a c h s i d e o f i t . L a s h t h e t w o s p a r ss e c u r e l va c r o s s
b o t h b o a t s . o n e d i r c c t l v t t v e r t h e l ' l u k c s .a n d t h e o t h e r a b o v e t h e
. a s sa g o o d l a s h i n gu n d c r t h e
s h a c k l eW
. h e n t h c s p a r sa r c l a s h c d p
t o p f l u k c a n d r o u n d t h c l b r w a r d s p a r .a n d a l s o p a s sa n c l t h e rl a s h i n g
u n d e rt h c s h a n k a n d r o u n d t h e a f t c r s p a r . W h e n a l l i s I a s t .l o w e r
a w a \ e a s \ a n d i l t h e s p a r sh a v eb e e np r o p e r l y ' s p a c e dt h, e b o a t sw i l l
s i t e r e n l y .o r a l i t t l e b y t h e s t er n .
( i o o < J. i u d g m e n ti s r e q u i r e d w h c n c u l l i n g a d r i f t i n o r d e r t h a t
b o t h l a s h i n g sw i l l p a r t a t t h e s a m et t m e .
W h e n l a r g e q u a n t i t r c so l g t l o d s h a l e t o b c
LashingBoats
t r a n s p o r t e db l w a t er . i t i s s o m e t i m e st h e p r a c t i c et o l a s h t w o b o a t s
. n d 1 < t r mw h a t i s p r a c t i c a l l ya b i g r a l i '
t o g e t h e r .d e c k t h e r n a c r o s s a
Thcsc arc knowrt as lash boats.and large loads can be carried.
c o n r p a r c dt o t h e c ( ) m p a r a t i r , c lsym a l l c a r g < l eosl a s i n g l eb o a t . l - a s h
t h c t w o b o a t st o g e t h e rw i t h a g o o d b o w a n d s t e r nl a s h i n g .a n d l a y a
g o o d s p a r a c r o s st h c e n d s o l t h e b o a t s .a b o u t J f e e t f r o m t h e b t l w
and stcrn-posts.
W h e n t h e s ea r e l a s h e dd o w n . l a 1 ' l b r e - a n d - a l ' t e ri ns s u c h a w a y '
t h a t t h e r c i s o n c p a r a l l e lw i t h . b u t a I i t t l e t o t h e i n s i d eo f b o t h
o r - r t b o a rgdu n w a l e sa. n d o n e o n t h e i n s i d eo 1e a c hi n b o a r d g u n w a l c .
T ' h e w h o l e f r a m c w o r k m u s l b e l a s h c d t o g e t h e ra n d d o w n t o t h e
b o a t b e f o r ct h c p l a n k s a r e l a i d a c r o s s .T h e n u m b e r w i l l d e p e n do n
t h e l c n g t ho l t h e b o a t sa n d t h e s i z eo f t h e p l a n k s .T h e s ea r c u s u a l l y
a b o u t 9 . / 2 i n . - w h i l e t h e h e a v i e rs p a r s a r e a b o u t 4 o r 5 i n c h e s
s q u a r c .t h c p l a n k s a r e s e c u r e dw i t h c r o s s l a s h i n g s .a n d p r o v i s i o n
T H F - B O A I ' S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I -
I89
s h o u l d b e m a d c l i t r a c c c s st o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e b o a t s f o r b a i l i n g
out.
l J s i n ga n O a r
N o t h i n g s t a m p st h e a m a t e u rs o m u c h a s t h e
h a b i t o f d e s c r i b i n ga l a r g e a r c w i t h t h e b l a d e o f a n o a r . A n y
t e n d e n c vo n t h c p a r t o 1 ' a no a r s m a nt o d o t h i s s h o u l db e i n s t a n t l v
corrccled.
S t r o k eO a r
l t i s a l w a v sa d v i s a b l et o s t a r t o l f w i t h a v c r v s l o w
s t r o k e w h e n a b o a t ' s c r e w i s m a d e u p o f l i r e n r e na n d s t e w a r d s .
C h a n c e st o p r a c t i s ea r e f ' e wa n d I ' a rb e t w e e na, n d t h er c n t a vb e s o m e
t i r n cg e t t i n gu s c dl o t h e o a r a g a i n .
'l'his
S c u l l i n g W i t h S i n g l eO a r s
i s a v e r y h a n d l m e a n so l
p r o p u l s i o nw h e n o n l y o n e m a n i s i n a b o a t .T o a s a i l o ri n a c t t a s t i n g
v e s s eilt i s a s n e c e s s a rays b e i n ga b l et o s t e e r . ' l - h eb l a d ei s m a d et o
d e s c r i b ea n a r c u n d c r w a t c rw i t h a s i d e - t o - s i d em o v e m c n to l t h e
h a n d s .a n d t h e w e i g h to f w a t e r h o l d s t h c o a r d o w n o n t h e r o w l o c k
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Back Water
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shouldthen boat thc oars. I he orders.
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"l'oss
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and Boat the Oars
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Steering Orders
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r o u n d t o s t a r b o a r d .I f t h c o r d e r i s
s t a r b o a r da n d t h e b o a t ' sh e a d w i l l c o m e r o u n d t o p o r t .
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a l o r c - a n d - atfc r d i r c c t i o n b c l b r c c l a n t p i n gi t i n p l a c c
I n s m o o t h \ 4 ' a 1 et h
| e u s u a l p r a c t i c ei s t o l o o s e na n d c l e a rI h c
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t h c n a . 1 i bn t u s ra l s o b e c a r r i e d .( S e t ,F i g 6 ) .
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r e c f ' c r i n g l c sa n d r e e l p o i n t s .
r o p i n g . i s s e u n r o u n c lt h e h c a d .
l u l 1 .t a c k .c l c wa n d u p t h e a f t e r - l c c cahs l a r i i s t h c r e e lc r i n g l e s . ' l ' h c
j i b i s o n l v r o p e do n t h e l u l l .
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l . u g - s a i l sa r e b e n t o n t h e y a r c l r . l . i t h
t h r o a t a n d p e a kl a s h i n g sa. n d a l t h o u g ht h e h e a i lo 1 ' t h es a i l i s t h c n
n e a r l va l w a r , sl a c e dw i t h b o a t - l a c i n g1 ' r o n t h e c e n t r et o r . l a r d sc a c h
e n d .a s e p a r a t sc t o p a l c a c he v e l e th o l e i s b e t t e r . ' I - h ipsr c r e n t st h c
h c a d . l t l r c r a i l c . 1 1 1 1 1i r. d1 igi t r i t t h e l i r e i r r gs h , , r r r ih c r . h a l c t l
through.
t h e r o p i n gi s a l w a v so n t h e p o r r s i d eo l t h c s a i l w h c n s c t .
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L a i l ' a r d a n d s a i l l b r c - a n d - a l ro r r
w h a t i s t o b c t h e l e cs i d e .l l o o k t a c k o n " h o r s e "i f a d i p p i n gl u g a n d
t a k e a l o o s et u r n a t l i l o t o l m a s t i l a s t a n d i n gl u g . S t r e t c hs h e c ra l ' t .
h o o k v a r d o n t l a l e l l e r . o r d c r a l l h a n d s t c t r . l , i n d w a r dt .h c n h o i s t
a w a , r 'S
. e t u p g o o d a n d t i g h t o n t h c h a l l i a r d s .t h e n h e a l e d o w n o n
t h e t a c k u n t i l v o u s e ea c r e a s er u n n i n g I ' r o n tt h c p e a k t o w a r d st h c
t a c k . W h c - n l u l l o 1 w i n d t h e c r e a s ew i l l d i s a p p e a ra n d l c a v c a
w e l l - s e st a i l .A b a d l v - s est a i l i n t c r l ' e r ew
s i t h t h e s a i l i n gq u a l i t i c so l a
b o a t a n d i s r , ' c r vu n s e a m a n l i k eO. n e c o m m o n c a u s ef o r t h i s i s t h e
s t r o p o n t h c y a r d g c t t i n go u t o l p o s i t i o n .A s a g e n e r a rl u l e i t s h o u l < j
b e o n c - t h i r dt h e l e n g t ho f t h e y a r d l ' r o m f o r w a r d l i r r a d i p p i n g l u g .
a n d o n c - q u a r t e rl o r a s t a n d i n gl u g .
A n o t h e rp o i n tt o w a t c hi s t h a t t h e y a r d i s n o t l e s st h a n l 2 i n c h e s
b e l o w t h e l u g - s a i lh a l l i a r d s h e a v e a
, nd th6 tack is not more than
a b o u t a f o o t a b o v et h e t h w a r t . l l t h e l u g - s a i h
l a l l i a r d sa r e m a d ef a s t
o n t h c w e a t h e rs i d e .a n d a l i t t l e f o r w a r d o l t h e m a s t .t h e l w i l l s i v e
e x t r a s u p p o r ti n h e a r , ' w
1 ,e a t h e r .A l s o , w h e n t h c j i b h a l l i a i d sa r . l s e t
u p t i g h t .t h e r o p i n go n t h ej i b . a l o n gw i t h t h e h a l l i a r d sw. i l l f i r r m a
g o o d l o r e - s t a yw h e n d i v i n g i n t o a h e a d s e a .
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Standing l-ug.
There is no necessityto stand up in a

Standing tJp in Boats
boat especiallw
y h e n s a i l i n g .I t i s v e r y b a d f o r m , a n d c o n v e y st h e
i m p r e s s i o no f a c r o w d o f h o l i d a y - m a k e r sa t t h e s e a s i d eP. r a c t i c a l l y
e v e r l , t h i n gc a n b e d o n e s i t t i n g d o w n .
S a i l i n gT e r m s
A b o a t c a n n o t s a i l d i r e c t l yi n t o t h e w i n d ' se y e
but makes a zig'zag course when sailing against the wind. This is
k n o w n a s T a c k i n g .W h e n t h e w i n d i s o n t h e p o r t s i d e a b o a t i s o n
t h c p o r t t a c k , a n d w i t h w i n d o n t h e s t a r b o a r ds i d e s h e i s o n t h e
starboard tack.
W h e n s a i l i n ga s c l o s et o t h e w i n d a s p o s s i b l e( l u f f s h a k i n g ) ,o r a s
long as the wind is anywhere on the bow, a boat would be
close-hauled,and according to which bow, may be either closehauled on the port tack or close-hauledon the starboard tack.
"Ready about" is an order given as a warning that the coxswain
is preparing "To go about", which is the manoeuvre of changing
from one tack to another. To do this keep Clean full for staysor, in
o t h e r w o r d s . l e t t h e b o a t r u n o f f t h e w i n d a l i t t l e u n t i l t h e s a i l sa r e
f u l l , s o t h a t s h ew i l l g a i n s p e e d .
When ready, down helm (tiller to leeward),and Let go jib sheet
to easethe oressureforward. As the boat comes round flatten aft
r93
t h e l u g s h e e t( p u l l t i g h t ) . t o i n c r e a s ct h e p r e s s u r ea l ' t a n d a s s i s t h e
r u d d e r . W h e n h e a d t o w i n d w i t h t h e s a i l ss h a k i n gs h e w i l l b e i n
r/4,r'.A
r .t t h i s p o i n t " B a c k t h ej i b " t o h e l p h e r r o u n d .a n d w h e n b o a t
i s w e l l r o u n d l e t g o j i b , f l a t t e ns h e e t sa n d s t e a d yu p l b r n e w t a c k . l 1
t h e b o a t ' sh e a dh a d I ' a l l e no f f a g a i ni n s t e a do f c o m i n g r o u n d o n t h e
n e w t a c k . i t w o u l d b e s a i d t h a t s h e h a d m i s s e ds t a y s .
l f t h c w e a t h e ri s b a d a n d t a c k i n gi s i m p r a c t i c a b l eW
. e a r i n gm a 1
be resclrted
t o , b u t a l o t o l ' g r o u n d i s l o s t i n t h i s m a n o c u v r ea s t h e
b o a t h a s t o d e s c r i b ea n a l m o s t c o m p l e t ec i r c l e w h i c h w i l l t a k e h e r
a w a v l ' r o m t h e d i r e c t i o ni n w h i c h t h e c o x s w a i nw i s h e sr o D r o c e e d .
W h e n r e a d y .p u t t h e h e l m u p ( t i l l e rt o w i n d w a r d) . e a s eo f f l u g s h e e t .
a n d w h e n w i n d i s r i g h t a 1 i .l e t g o j i b s h e e ta n d t a k c a l o o s et u r n o n
o p p o s i t cc l e a t .
W h e n t h e b i t a t i s r o u n d w i t h t h e w i n d o n t h e n e w w e a t h e rs i d e .
flatten aft lug sheet,squareaway on new tack, and trim jib sheetas
i t c o m e su p i n t o t h e w i n d . I I t h e r ei s n t u c h r v i n d i t i s s a f e rt o l o w e r
t h e s a i l d o w n u n t i l b o a t c o m e sr o u n d .t h e n h o i s ta g a i n
A boat with thc wind abaft the beam is sailingfree. When
a l t er i n g c o u r s et h e w i n d i s b r o u g h t1 ' r o mo n e q u a r t e rt o t h e o t h e r b t
g y b i n g .i n e x a c t l vt h e s a m ew a v a s 1 o r w e a r i n g .
T o r e l i e v ct h e p r c s s u r eo n t h e s a i l sw h e n c l o s e - h a u l e du r i n g a
s q u a l l .l u f f h e r t h r o u g h i t b v p u r r i n g h e r h e a d u p i n t h e w i n d u n r i l
t h e s a i l sa r c s h a k i n g I. { ' s a i l i n gl r e e. k e e ph e r a w a y .b u t i l t h c s q u a l l
i s s t i l ' ft h e s a i l i s b e s tl o w e r e dd o w n a l t o g c t h e r .
S a i l i n gH i n t s
W h c n s a i l i n gw i t h t h e w i n d r i g h r a l i t h e s h e e t
s h o u l db e e a s e do 1 ' f ' u n t itlh e s a i l i s n e a r l ya r r i g h t a n g l e st o t h e k e e l .
A s t h e w i n d d r a w s o u t , h a u l i n t h c s h c e tu n t i l t h e b e s t r e s u l t sa r e
o b t a i n e d .W h e n s a i l i n gc l o s e - h a u l etdh e s h e e ts h o u k l b e n e a r l vf l a r
alt.
I t i s b e t t e rt o r u n w i t h t h e w i n d f i r s t o n o n e q u a r t e ra n d t h e n o n
'l'his
t h e o t h e r . i n s t e a do f d c a d a f t .
a v o i d st h e r i s k o f a c c i d e n t a l l v
g y b i n g .t h e . j i b d r a w s b e t t c r 'a. n d t h e b o a t s a i l sb e t r e r .
A h e a v i l l ' l a d e n b o a t s h o u l d b e e i t h e r w e l l r e e f e dd o w n i n a
s t r o n g b r e e z co r u n d e r o a r s . T h e d a n g e ro l c a p s i z i n gi s s m a l l .b u t
s h e w i l l n o t r i s c b u o y a n t l y ,a n d m a y d r i v e t h r o u g h o r u n d e r a s e a
and l'ill up.
I ' h e p o s i t i o n1 ' o rt h e c r e w ' v h c n s a i l i n gi s a b a f t t h e m a s t o n t h e
l o w e r t h w a r t s .N e v e ra l l o w a n y o n et o s t a n do n t h e t h w a r t so r c l i m b
the mast.
'I-he
c o x s w a i ns i t s o n t h e w e a t h e rs i d e .t h e s h e e t sa r e t u r n e d u o
o n t h e l e e s i d e ,b u t a r e n e v e rm a d e f a s t .T h e y a r e h e l d i n t h e h a n d ' .
r e a d v l i r r s l a c k i n ga w a v q u i c k l y .
194
T H F B O A I S W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I
' . h i s s t o p st h e w a l o n t h e b o a t .
N o c r . j a m a t i l l e r o v e rs u d d e n l r T
P u t i t o v e r g r a d u a l l y .a n c lt h e n o n l v a l i t t l e m o r e t h a n h a l l w a r ' .
N c v e r r o l l a s a i l a r t l u n d a 1 - a r dl i k e a
Making-upBoat Sails
w i n c l o ub l i n d . F o l d i n t h e t a c k a n d s h e e t sa n d f i n i s ho l f b y r o l l i n g
t h c s a i lt o w a r d st h e v a r d . t o w h i c h i t s h o u l db e l a s h e dt i g h t l l " w i t h
o n c t u r n o l r o p c - v a r na t a b o u t I o u r e q u i - d i s l a npt l a c c s .
l l i t i s m a d e u p l u n t p l " o r n o t l a s h c ds c c t t r e l t 't.r o u b l e w i l l b e
e x p e r i e n c e di n s l i d i n g i t i n t o t h e c o v e r . I ' h e r o p c - 1 - a r nssh o u l d b e
t i c d b o w - 1 a s h i o ns.o t h a l t h e y m a y ' c a s i l rc: a s t a d r i f t i l a k n i f e i s n o t
a v a i l a b l eA. l w a v s b e a r i n m i n d t h a t t h e s a i l h a s 1 o b c u s e da g a i n .
t h e r e l o r ei t s h o u l d b e l e l t s t t t h a t n t t l r o u b l e w i l l b e e x p e r i e n c e di n
g e t t i n gr e a d \ f ' o r h o i s t i n gn e x t t i m e i t i s r e q u i r e d .l t i s a g o o d p l a n
t o l c a r c a s h o r l l en g t h o 1 ' t a c ka n d s h e e th a n g i n go u t l h t - r e s p e c l i v c
e n d s . s o t h a t t h c y m a y ' b c q u i c k l y f o u n d a n d s t r e t c h e dt o t h e i r
placesw
. i t h o u t h a r , i n gt o s e a r c h1 ' o rt h e m .
When a mastis ntlt in uscthe usual
S t o w i n gM a s t a n d G e a r
p r a c t i c ei s t o s t r c t c h t h e l u g a n d j i b h a l l i a r d sa l o n g t h c m a s t a n d
r n a k ct h c n l r r s li n t h a t p t t s i t i o n .
I t i s b e t t e rn o t t o c r o s st h e b a c k s t a y sb, u t t o s i m p l v s t r c t c ht h c m
l i k e t h c h a l l i a r d st.h e n p a s se i t h e ro n e o r t w o l i g h t l a s h i n g sw i t h a
r o p c - \ ' a r na
. t a h e i g h tc t l n v e n i e n1t < t cr u t t i n gl ' r o mt h e t h u ' a r t . M a k e
t h e g e a rl a s t i n t h c o r d er i n w h i c h i t w i l l c o m e o f f . k e e p i n ge a c hp a r t
s c p a r a t c l.i r r s i m p l i c i t yw h c n l c t t i n g g o .
W e d g ef o r M a s t
S h o u l d t h e r c b c a n y 'p l a y 'b e t w e e nt h e m a s t
and thc mast clamp a wcdgc should be used to prevent an)'
m o v c m c n t .l l o r e a h o l e i n i t s t l t h a t i t m a 1 ' b ea t t a c h e dt o t h e t h w a r t
b v m e a n so f a l a n y a r d ,1 o p r e v e n tl o s s .
A few strandsclf rope-varnsin a lil'eboat
Rope-yarnsin Boat
m a v p r o v e o f g r e a tv a l u e o n a n u m b e r o f p o s s i b l eo c c a s i o n sT. h e s e
m a 1 'b c t a k c n f ' r o m a n 1 'o l d r o p c w h i c h h a p p e n st o b e i n t h e b o a t .
but to be on thc safc side.surplusrope should be cut f'rom the
lil'e-lineb
s e l ' o r cl e a v i n gt h e s h i p ' ss i d e .
B a i l i n g O u t B o a t s S o m c m o t o r l a u n c h e sa r e n o t f i t t c d w i t h a
d r a i n i n gh o l c a n d w a t e r l y i n g i n t h e b o t t o m h a st o b e p u m p e do u t
v c r l ' o l ' t e na l o n g j o b a f t e r h e a v y r a i n . A q u i c k e r m e t h o d i s t o
e m p l o y t h e s y p h o np r i n c i p l eb y u t i l i s i n ga r u b b e r h o s e .C i o n n e cut p
t o a h y ' d r a n ti n t h e o r d i n a r y w a y a n d i m m e r s et h e o p p o s i t ee n d i n
t h e w a t e r t o b c b a i l e do u t ' o p e n v a l v e o f h 1 ' d r a n ta' n d w h e n w a t e r
i s r u n n i n g s t r o n g l ys h u t o f f a n d d i s c o n n e c tq u i c k l y a n d t h e w a t e r
w i l l l ' l o w l r o m t h e b o a t . p r o v i d e d t h e h y d r a n t e n d i s b e n e a t ht h e
l c v ' c lo 1 ' t h cw a t e r i n t h e b o a t .
W a r p e dO a r s A s a r u l e w h e n o a r s a r e l a i d i n a b o a t t h e y o n l y
r c s t l i t t h c c n d s ( l o o m a n d b l a d e ) ,t h c m i d d l e p a r t ( s h a l i ) .s a g g i n g .
T H E B O A I S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I -
r95
t h r o u g h t h e s h e e ro l t h e b o a t . I n t i m e t h e o a r s w i l l b e c o m ew a r n e d
v e r v o l ' t e ns o b a d l l ' t h a t t h e y w i l l b e u s e l e s lsi r r r o w i n g .
T o p r c v e n tt h i s . e i t h e ro n e o r t w o c h o c k ss h o u l db e f i t t e d t o t h e
s i d e b e n c h e s i.n s u c h a p o s i t i o nt h a t t h e v w i l l s u p p o r t t h e m i d d l c
part ol the oars.
'l-o
Marking Mast
s a v et i m e w h en s t e p p i n ga m a s ti t i s a g < l o d
p l a n t o c u t a s m a l l F ( i n d i c a t i n gl b r w a r d ) o n t h e f b r c p a r ro i ' t h e
mast.
F o r t h e b e n e l ' io
t l m e n w i t h l i t t l c e x p e r i e n c ei n b o a t w o r k t h i s
i d e a i s v e r y u s e f u l .p a r t i c u l a r l ya, t n i g h r .
THF BOATSWAIN'SMANLIAL
CHAPTER VII
CLEANING GEAR
191
S p o n g eC l o t h s
A m a t e r i a lw h i c h i s s i m i l a r i n a p p e a r a n c teo
m u t t o n c l o t h a n d w h i c h i s u s e df o r t h e s a m ep u r p o s e.
H o s e s R u b b e rh o s e sa r e o f t e n u s e df o r w a s h i n gd o w n d e c k s .
T h e s ca r e d i s t i n c tf r o m t h e f i r e h o s e s w
. h i c h a r e k e p t s p e c i a l l yl b r
that purpose.
Deck Brooms
L o n g - h a n d l e db r o o m s w i t h l o n g b r i s t l e s T
. he
s a m et y p e i s u s e do n a l l v e s s e l sF. i g . l .
CleaningMaterials, Washing and ScrubbingDecks. Lamps, Lights.

Oils. Tools. Various Deck Stores.
CLEANING MATERIALS
Soda
L a r g eq u a n t i t i e so 1 t t r d i n a r yw a s h i n gs o d a a r c u s e do n
a l l v e s s e l sp, a r t i c u l a r l yf o r w a s h i n gp a i n t w o r k .
A l l s o l u t i t l n su s e d 1 ' o r w a s h i n g p a i n t w o r k a r e
Sugi Mugi
g e n e r a l l yt e r m e d s u g i m u g i . a l t h o u g h t h e r e i s a s p e c i a lb r a n d o f
s o a p p o w d e r w h i c h b e a r st h a t n a m e .
T h e t w o p r i n c i p a lc o n s t i t u e n t sa r c o i l a n d p o t a s h ,
Soft Soap
V a r i o u s o i l s a r e u s e d i n i t s m a n u f a c t u r e ,s u c h a s w h a l e o r
s e a l - o i l .a n d s o m e t i m e sI i n s e e do i l , f i s h o i l , o r t a l l o w . B e s i d e sb e i n g
a g o o d c l e a n i n ga g c n t .s o l ' ts o a p i s i n v a r i a b l vu s e di n s h i p y a r d sf c l r
g r e a s i n gt h e l a u n c h i n gw a y s o l s h i p s .
l l k a l i u s e dl i l r c l e a n i n gp u r p o s e sl.t
C a u s t i cS o d a A p o w e r l ' u a
w i l l q u i c k l y c a u s ea b u r n i f i l c o m e si n c o n t a c tw i t h t h e s k i n .
S p e c i a lc a r e s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o p r o t e c t t h c c y e s .a n d f t l r t h i s
r e a s o ns a l t w a t e r . w h i c h w i l l q u i c k l y 'k i l l i t . s h o u l d a l w a v sb e k e p t
h a n d r w h e n c a u s t i ci s i n u s c .
Atlas
A s t r o n g c l e a n i n ga g e n t u s e d1 o r t h e s a m ep u r p o s ea s
c a u s t i cs o d a .
Similar product to Atlas. Is usedlor all purposes
Climax
w h c r c a s t r o n gs o l u t i o ni s r e q u i r e d .
Wads
A b u n d l e o f w a s t e ,a p i e c eo f m u t t o n c l o t h . { \ r a n y o l d
rag fbr that matter. is known as a wad, and may be used lor
w a s h i n gp a i n t w o r k , m o p p i n g u p w a t e r . p o l i s h i n gb r a s s ,e t c .
T h e s e a r e t h e o l d ( s o m e t i m e sn e w ) c o t t o n
Mutton Cloth
cloths which cover frozen meat carcases.They are washed befilre
being sent on board, stl are entirely 1'reelrom grease.
Rel'usematerial 1'romtextil' factorics. Its uses
Cotton Waste
a r e w e l l k n o w n . a n d i t i s u s e de x t e n s i v e l yo n b o a r d s h i p .
t h e I ' o r m e ri s t h c
OI' the two classes white and coloured
c l e a n e sat n d b e s t .
T h i c k a b s o r b e n tm a t e r i a l u s e d f o r d r y i n g
Tank Flannel
s u r l ' a c ew
s h e n c l e a n i n gt a n k s .
t96
Ftr;.2
T u r k ' sH e a d
Turk's Head
L o n g - h a n d l e ds o f t b r u s h e su s e d f o r w a s h i n g
p a i n t w o r k .F i g . 2 .
Note
T h i s i s a l s o t h e n a m e o f a n o r n a m e n t a lk n o t w h i c h
d e r i v e si t s n a m e I ' r o mt h e s u p p o s e dr e s e m b l a n cteo a t u r b a n .
Paint Scrubbers
A wide. soft-haired. short-bristled brush
u s e d1 o r s c r u b b i n gp a i n t w o r k . F i g . 3 .
Ftt;.J
P a i n tS c r u b b e r .
F rt c . 4
B e a rr .
Bears
Two types of bear are in general use for cleaning
w o o d e n d e c k so n e w i t h o r d i n a r y s t i f l ' b r i s t l e s a
. nd the other with
s t e e l l - h c i r o n f r a m e w e i g h sa b o u t 4 0 l b sa n d t h e b r u s h e sw
. hichare
f i t t e d i n t o a s l o t a r r a n g e m e n tc. a n b e r c p l a c e dw h e n w o r n o u t . F i g .
+.
H o l y s t o n e A h c a v ys t o n er e s e m b l i n gs a n d s t o n eI.t i s e n c a s e d
i n a l i g h t f r a m e a t t a c h e dt o a l o n g h a n d l e a n d u s e d f o r s c o u r i n g
w o o d e nd e c k s .F i g . 5 .
Mufflestone
A holy stone with an ordinarv door-mat tied to
t h e u n d e r n e a t hs i d e ,w i t h b r i s t l e st o t h e d e c k
T H E B O A ' T S W A I N ' SM A N I J A I
I H T _I-] O A I S W A I N ' S M A N T ] A I
198
S q u e eG e e
I o d i s p o s eo l ' s u r p l u sw a t e r o n a w o o d e nd e c k .
a n d t o h e l p i n t h e d r y i n g p r o c e s sa, l o n g h a n d l e df r a m c c o n t a i n i n ga
s t r i p o 1 ' r u b b c ri s p u s h e da l o n g t h e w e t s u r l a c e T
. h e r u b b e rc l i n g s
c l o s e l vt o t h c w o o d a n d p u s h e sw a t e r i n I ' r o n t o l ' i t . F i g . 6 .
Mop
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p u r p o s el i r r w h i c h t h c y a r e i n t e n d e d .
m o p s a r e o l t c n u s e dl o r o i l i n g i r o n d e c k s .o r w e t t i n gw o o d e nd e c k s
"r
w i t h " s t r o n g e r s("a s l r o n gc l e a n i n ga g c n t ) .b e f o r c" h o l y s t o n i n g o
"barbarising".
B r a s s( l l e a n i n gT i n
A s h a l l o wt i n b o x w i t h a h i n g c d l i d a n d
h a n d l e .I t i s d i r , i d e di n t o c < t m p a r t m c n twsh i c h h o l d a m i r t u r e o 1 '
c o l z ao r i a n d p u h , er i s e db a t h b r i c k .
Metal Polish
The ordinarl, types ol metal polish will be
lound un board many vcssels.
,,.)
,/
'---.|/
:'*Y
''-:----;/.::l
'____l/ /
FIt;.5
llolr,stont
/,
i'l
t ".l
_J)')*
t'
F I < ; .6
,rt
S q u c c( i c c
Bathbrick
A c o m p o u n d o f s a n d a n d s l i m e d e p o s i t e db y t h e
R i v e r P a r r e ta t B r i d g w a t e r w
, h i c h i s t h c o n l v p l a c ew h e r ei t h a se v e r
b e e nf o u n d . l t i s d u g u p a t l o w - w a t e ra n d s o l d i n t h e s h a p eo f s r n a l l
b r i c k s . l s u s e de x t e n s i v e l lf'o r c l e a n i n gb r a s sa n d p a i n t w o r k .
P u m i c eS t o n e
A l i g h t s t o n e o l ' v o l c a n i cs u b s t a n c ei,m p o r t e d
mostly Irom the Lipari Islands, and used lbr polishing or
s m o o t h i n gr o u g h s u r l a c e s .
E m e r y P a p e r T h e f u n c t i o no f e m e r y - p a p eirs w e l l k n o w n a n d
t h e g r a d e sa r e a s I ' o l l o w sO: , F . F . ( D o u b l eF ) , F , l , l t h , 2 , 2 t / 2 .
Sandpaper The grades are as follows: 0.0 (very fine, almost
l i k e l l o u r ) , 0 , I , l t / 2 ,F . 2 ( F i n e2 ) ; M . 2 ( M e d i u m2 ) ; S . 2 ( S t r o n g2 ) ;
2 Y z ,l . I t i s s o m e t i m e sc a l l e dg l a s s - p a p e rw, h i c h i s m o r e c o r r e c t ,a s
c r u s h e dg l a s si s e m p l o y e da s t h e a b r a d i n gm a t e r i a l .O r i g i n a l l yf i n e
s a n d w a s u s e d h e n c et h e n a m e .
W A S H I N G A N D S C R T ] B B I N GD E C K S
H o l y s t o n i n g T h e w o r k o 1 'k e e p i n ga s h i p c l e a n a t s e a i s o n e
c o n t i n u a lr o u n d o f w a s h i n gp a i n t w o r k a n d h o l y s t o n i n gd e c k s .T h e
o r d i n a r y p r o c e s so f " w a s h i n gd o w n " w i t h a h o s ea n d d e c k b r o o m s
199
r s a l l r i g h t l i r r t h e i r o n d e c k sc t f t r a n t p s t e a n l e r sb. u t i n p a s s e n g e r
s h i p s t h e w o o d e n d c c k s r c q u i r e s o r n e t h i n gr n o r e e l fe c t i v et o k e e p
t h e r n w h i t e a n d c l e a n . F o r t h i s p u r p o s eh c l l y s t o n eas n d b e a r sa r e
m o s t l y u s c d .A l t e r w e t t i n gt h e d e c k w i t h l ' r e s hw a t e r a n d s p r i n k l i n g
s a n do v e r i t . t h e h o l y s t o n ci s w o r k e dt o a n d 1 ' r ow i t h t h e g r a i n o l ' t h e
w o o d . B e a r sa r e a l s ou s e di n t h c s a m ew a v . a n d b e i n gm u c h h e a v i e r
t h e l ' a r e m o r c c f f ' e c t i v ec.s p e c i a l l l ' t h cs t e e lo n e s .
To help this process,a strongsolutionof eithercausticsoda,Atlas
or Clirnaxis spreadon thedecklirst, but if rnadetoo stronsit is liabletcr
bum the "voodand give the deck a brownishtinge.
B a r b a r i s i n g A l ' t e r t h e d e c k h a s b e e nw e t o v e r w l t h c a u s i l c .
A t l a s o r ( - ' l i m a x .a n d s a n d h a s b c e n l a i d d o w n . t h e d e c k s a r e
v t g o r o u s l ys c r u b b c dw i t h d e c k b r o o m s .
H a n d s t o n i n g l n o d d c o r n e r sa n d c l o s et o b u l k h e a d sw
, h e r ca
h o l y s t o n eo r b e a r c a n n o t r e a c h .a h a n d s t o n ei s u s e d i n t h e s a m c
w a ) a \ t h c l a r g c ro n c s .
S a n d a n d C a n v a s W o o d w o r k k e p t b a r eo 1 ' p a i n to r l , a r n i s hi s
c l e a n e do c c a s i o n a l l yw i t h s a n d a n d c a n v a s .W e t c a n v a s w i t h a
s p r i n k l i n go f s a n d i s r u b b e d o n t h e w e t w < l c l d w o r ku n t i l c l c a n .
S c r u b b i n gM a c h i n e s E l e c t r i cs c r u b b i n gm a c h i n es a r e u s u a l l r
l b u n d i n p a s s e n g esrh i p sw h i c h h a v e w o o d e nd e c k s .
R e m o v i n gR u s t y S p o t s
l l u g l y y e l l o w r u s t m a r k sc a n n o t b e
remuvedwith strong sugi. they should he rubbed with sand or
bathbricko
. r a n v t h i n go l a g r i t t v n a t u r c .
LAMPS, I,IGHTS, OII,S
Detuil.so/ the Navigation Light.s,i.e. the ar(.t over w'hich the
light.t.shou',the heightsat u'hit'hIhe.t'aret'arriedantl the ronge.\are
given in Annt'xt' I o/ "Regulations .for Preventing Collisions at
".
Seu
Navigation or Steaming Lights
J'he luminous intensity
r e q u i r e db y A n n e x e I c a n n o t b e a c h i e v e dw i t h o i l l i g h t s . M o d e r n
s h i p sh a v e d u p l i c a t es e t so f e l e c t r i cl i g h t s .
M a s t h e a dL i g h t s
A s t h e n a m e i m p l i e st h e s ea r e f i x e d o n t h c
l b r c m a s ta n d m a i n m a s tr e s p e c t i v e layn d s h o w w h i t e l i g h t s .
Sidelights Thc port light (retl) and the starboard lighl (green)
a r e f i t t e d i n t o s p e c i a sl c r e e n sa t e a c hs i d e o f t h e n a v i g a t i o nb r i d g e .
T h e s c r e e n sa r e p a i n t e dm a t t b l a c k .
Stern Light
A white light fitted inro a specialscreenar the
a f t e r e n d o 1 ' av e s s e l .
Anchor Lights
When a vesselis lying at anchor two lights
m u s t b e e x h i b i t e d .O n e i s h o i s t e do n t h e l a m p h a l l i a r d sa t t a c h e dt o
2OO
the forestay,and the other on the flagstaff aft. Both are white, and
m u s t b e v i s i b l ea l l r o u n d t h e h o r i z o n . T h e y m a y b e e i t h e r o i l o r
e l e c t r i cl a m p s .
When a vesselis out of control
Not Under Command Lights
she must exhibit two red lights which are visible all round the
h o r i z o n .A c o n t r i v a n c eh o l d i n gt h e r e q u i r e dl i g h t si s k e p t h a n d y o n
t h e b r i d g e ,a n d t h e y a r e h o i s t e do n t h e j u m p e r s t a yf r o m t h e r e .T w o
r e d o i l l i g h t sa r e a l s o t o b e l i r u n d i n t h e l a m p l o c k e r .
B i n n a c l eL i g h t s
E a c h b i n n a c l ei s p r o v i d e d w i t h a t l e a s to n e
o i l l a m p i n a d d i t i o n t o e l e c t r i cl i g h t . a n d t h i s i s k e p t s h i p p e di n i t s
p r ( ) p c rp l a c ea n d r e a d y [ o r u s e .
These are a well-known type of storm
Hurricane Lamps
l a m p , a n d a r e u s e df o r a l l p u r p o s e sw h e r ea l i g h t i s r e q u i r e di n t h e
g e n e r aw
l o r k o f t h e s h i p .F i g . 7 .
F I < , .7
H u r r i c a n el . a m p
I -r t , . l l
l)uck I.amp
A cluster ts an
Clusters (or Portable Cargo Lanterns)
enamelled reflector (about l8 inches diameter), containing a
n u m b e r o f e l e c t r i cl i g h t b u l b s ,a n d a t t a c h e dt o a l o n g w i r e l e a d . l t
can be connected to special switch boxes, situated at strategic
p o i n t sa r o u n d t h e d e c k .T h e y a r e m o s t l y u s e dd o w n t h e h o l d s w h e n
working cargoat night.
Flood Lights
Special lights fitted for the purpose of
"flooding"
certain areas with light, either for ornamental effect in
the case of funnels, or to facilitate the handling of cargo when
placed near the ship's side.
Duck Lamps
S m a l l c o n t a i n e r sh o l d i n gc o l z ao i l , w i t h a s p o u t
from which the end of a coarselong wick protrudes.They are naked
l i g h t s ,a n d w e r e o n l y u s e db y c o a l t r i m m e r s i n t h e b u n k e r s .F i g . 8 .
Accident Boat Light
This oil lamp is obsolete,it has been
replacedby electric torches.
EmergencyLights
A lighting systemwhich extends over the
whole ship and which comes on automatically in the event of a
power failure.
It is distinct from the normal locally controlled lighting system,
THF BOATSWAIN'SMANUAI-
2OI
a n d i s 1 ' o ru s e w h e n n o r m a l l i g h t i n g l a i l s . s o t h a t p e o p l em a y I ' i n d
t h e i r w a y a b o u t d e c k sa n d a l l e y w a y s .
ColzaOil
A n o i l f o u n d o n p r a c t i c a l l ya l l v e s s e l sl.t i s m a d e
f r o m c r u s h e d r a p e - s e e da n d u s e d a s a l u b r i c a n t , a s w e l l a s a n
illuminant.
Paraffin Oil
l s m o s t l y o b t a i n e d b y d i s t i l l a t i o nl r o m c r u d e
p e t r o l e u m ,a n d i s u s e de x t e n s i v e l )a' s a n i l l u m i n a n t .
T u r p e n t i n e A c o l o u r l e s so i l o l ' p u n g e n to d o u r . o b t a i n e db y
distillation 1'rom the resin o1' various conifcrous trees. l-arge
q u a n t i t i e so f t h i s o i l c o m e f r o m t h e I o r e s t so f N o r t h C l a r o l i n aI.t i s
u s c d e x t e n s i v e l yi n t h e m i x i n g o f p a i n t s a n d v a r n i s h e s .I t a l s o
c o n t a i n sm e d i c i n a lp r o p e r t i e s .
T u r p s S u b s t i t u t eo r W h i t e S p i r i t
l s d i s t i l l e df r o m m i n e r a lo i l .
I t i s m u c h c h e a p c rt h a n g e n u i n et u r p c n l i n e .
L i n s e e dO i l
l s m a d e I ' r o m a n o i l a n d n i t r o g c n o u sm a t t e r
c o n t a i n e di n t h e s e e do 1 ' t h e f l a x p l a n t . T h e r e s i d u ei s m a d e i n t o
c a t t l el o o d .
'l'he
B o i l e d L i n s e e dO i l
b o i l i n g o f l i n s e e do i l t a k e sa b o u t l ' i v e
h o u r s . a n d d u r i n g t h i s t i m e d r i e r sa r e a d d e di n t h c p r o p o r t i o n o f
a b o u t 5 l b s o f ' d r i e r st o I t o n o l ' o i l .
Fish Oil
T h i s m a y b e d e r i v e dl r o m a l l p a r t s o f ' a l ' i s h ,b u t o i l
f r o m l i v e r s i s c o n s i d e r e db e s t w h e r e l a r g e l ' i s h a r e c c l n c e r n e dO. i l
I ' r o m s a r d i n e sc a u g h to n t h c S p a n i s hc o a s ti s s a i d t o b e b e s to l ' a l l .
A l l t y p e so l l ' i s hm a l b e u s e di n t h e m a n u f a c t u r eo f f i s h o i l . s u c h
a s s h a r k s ,s a l m o n .c o d , s p r a t s .e t c . F i s h o i l i s s o m e t i r n e sb l e n d e d
w i t h c h e a p e ro i l f o r u s e o n d c c k s .w i r e s .e t c .
Oiling Wooden Decks
Wooden decks are oiled 1'orthe
p u r p o s c o f p r e s e r v i n gt h e w o o d . R a w l i n s e e do i l i s u s e d l b r t h e
p u r p o s e ,a n d i t s h o u l db c a p p l i e dw i t h a p i e c eo l ' s o l i m a t e r i a ls u c h
a s l l a n n e l o r m u t t o n c l o t h . W a s t e l e a v e su n s i g h t l yb i t s o l c o t t o n
a d h e r i n gt o t h e r o u g h s u r f a c ea n d i s s e l d o m u s e d . T h e d e c k i s
a l w a y sw e l l b a r b a r i s e do r h o l y s t o n e dI ' i r s t ,a n d i l ' a l i t t l e r e d - l e a di s
m i x e d w i t h t h e o i l i n t h e p r o p o r t i o no l ' % l b t o l c w t o 1 o i l . i t a c t sa s
d r i c r s , a n d a m o r e p l c a s i n ge l ' l ' e cits o b t a i n e d . ' J - oe n s u r et h a t t h e
d e c k d r i e s q u i c k l l ' .t h e o i l s h o u l d b e p u t o n a s t h i n l y a s p o s s i b l e .
If a littlc fish-oilis addedto the raw oil it will give an effect
s i m i l a rt o v a r n i s h .T e a k d e c k sa r e n e v e ro i l e d . R a w o i l h a st h e c l ' l ' e c t
o l t u r n i n gt h e m b l a c k .
O i l i n g S t e e lD e c k s
M a n y m e t h o d so f p r e s e r v i n gs t e e ld e c k s
a r e e m p l o y e d .b u t n o n e a r c e n t i r e l ys u c c e s s f uT
l .h e m o s t p o p u l a r
m e t h o da p p e a r st o b e t h e a p p l i c a t i o no f f i s h - o i l .T h i s i s l a i d o n w i t h
e i t h e rw a d s ,t u r k s ' h e a d so r m o p s . F u e l o i l i s a l s o u s e de x t e n s i v e l y .
and has thc advantageof being able to loosen rust after a few
202
I H F I ] O A I S W A I N ' SM A N I ] A I
a p p l r c a t i o n sQ. u i c k d r y i n g .b o o t - t o p p i n gc o m p o s i t i o np a i n t i s a l s o
u s e di n s o m es h i p s ,b u t t h i s p r a c t i c ei s d v i n g o u t I ' a s t .A l l l o o s er u s t
m u s t b c s c r a p e do l l a n d t h c d e c k sw e l l s w c l - rbt e l o r ea n y t h i n gi s p u t
on.
Oiling Wires
W i r c s t h a t a r e n o t p a i n t e d ,a n d m o o r i n g - w i r e s
i n p a r t i c u l a r .a r c 1 ' r e q u e n t ltvr c a t c d w i t h a c o a t o l o i l t o p r e v e n t
t h e r n t u r n i n g r u s t \ ' . F i s h - o i l i s u s e d .a n d i s a p p l i e d w i t h a b r u s h .
W h c n a w i r e h a s a l r e a d l , t u r n e dr u s t y ,a s m a l lh a n d w i r c b r o o m i s
u s e dt r r s c o u r i t f i r s t . e s p c c i a l l r , i nt h c c a s co f a m o o r i n g - w i r ew i t h
a c c u n r u l a t i o nos1 ' m u d a n d o l d c o a t s o l ' o i l a d h e r i n gt o i t .
W h i t e - l c a da n d t a l l c t wi s a n o t h e rg o o d p r e s e r v a t i v fec l r w i r e , b u t i t
l \ ( ) n l \ u s c do n s t a n d i n gr i g g i n g .
Mineral Sperm
Sperm oil from whales mixed with a
h y r d o - c a r b o no i l w h i c h h a s a h i g h 1 1 a s h - p o i n ltt. i s c o n s i d e r e dt h e
i d e a l o i l I b r n a v i g a t i o nl i g h r s ,b u t i s r a t h e r e x p e n s r v e .
S t o c k h o l mT a r
A s o l t w o o d t a r w h i c h i s v a r i o u s l yk n o w n a s
P i n e O i l , S w e d i s hl ' a r , F i n l a n d T a r . o r R u s s i a n- f a r . a c c o r d i n st o
t h e c o u n t r v f r o r n w h i c h i t i s e x p o r t e d . I t o b t a i n e db y c a r b o n i i i n g
t h e r e s i n o u sr o o t - s t u m p so f v a r i o u s c o n i f e r s ,e s p e c i a l l yo l d p i n e
r o o t s . S t o c k h o l n r t a r i s a g o o d p r e s e r v a t i v ea n d h a s e x c e l l e n t
w a t e r p r o o l ' i n gq u a l i t i e s .
C o a l - t a r A f l u i d e x t r a c td e r i v e df r o m c o a l w h e n m a k i n g g a s .
I'allow
T h a t g c n e r a l l yi n u s c i s a b l e n d o f r e a l t a l l o w a n d
a n i m a l f a t s f r o m a n a b b a t o i r . f h e t h r e c g r a d e sa r e k n o w n a s N o . I ,
No. 2 and Blended.
-l'his
Blacklead
i s a n o t h e r n a m e f ' o r g r a p h i t e .w h i c h i s a l s o
k n o w n a s p l u m b a g o . I t i s u s e d a s a l u b r i c a n t o n s u r f a c e sw h e r e
f r i c t i o n o c c u r sa n d o i l i s u n d e s i r a b l eO. r r b o a r d s h i p i t i s m i x e d w i t h
t a l l o v va n d u s e d f ' o r g r e a s i n gt h e p i n s a n d s h e a v e so f b l o c k s ,g i n s ,
etc.
Log Oil
A s p e c i a l l yr e f i n e do i l t o e n s u r et h e s m o o t h w o r k i n s
o l t h c p a r e n tl o g .
E n g i n eO i l
H e a v y o i l k e p t 1 ' o rl u b r i c a t i n gm a c h i n e r ys u c h a s
w i n c h e s ,a n d m o v a b l ep a r t s l i k e w a r p i n g c h o c k s ,e t c .
B a r r e l s T h e a v e r a g eb a r r e lo { ' o i l c o n t a i n sa b o u t 4 0 - 5 0g a l l o n s
o 1 o i l a n d w e i g h sa b o u t 4 5 0 l b s .T h e e n d so f a b a r r e la r e e a c hk n o w n
a s t h e " h e a d " . S t a r t i n gf r o m e a c h" h e a d " t h e i r o n b a n d s ,o r h o o p s ,
a r e k n o w n a s t h e " c h i m e " ( u s u a l l yt w o ) , " q u a r t e r " a n d " b i l g e " . A s
t h e r i v e t so n t h e h o o p s a r e i n l i n e w i t h t h e b u n g , i t s w h e r e a b o u t s
m a y b e d e t e r m i n e dw i t h o u t a n y t r o u b l e i n t h e d a r k .
E m p t y i n g B a r r e l so f O i l
B a r r e l so 1 ' o i l b e l o n g i n gt o t h e d e c k
s t o r e sa r e e m p t i e di n t o t a n k s i n t h e l a m p l o c k e r .A s p e c i a b
l r a s st a p
c a n u s u a l l yb e f o u n d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e ,a n d t h i s i s h a m m e r e di n l o a
T I l l , B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N t l A l
203
h o l e i n t h c h e a do f t h c c a s k .T h c h o l c i s b o r e du i t h a n a u g e ra b o u t
o n e i n c h i n d i a m e t e ra. n d s h o u l db e b o r e do n t h e o p p o s i t cp a r t o l '
t h c c i r c l et o t h c b u n g .s o r h a l w ' h e nt h e b a r r e li s l a i d o n i t s b i l g et h e
t a p u i l l b c a t t h e b o t t o n t .a n d t h c b u n g .w h i c hi s u s e da s a n a i r I ' e n t .
r v i l l b c u p p c r m o s lI. h c o i l w i l l r u n v e r v s l c t w l yl r o n t t h e l a p u n l e s s
a n a i r v c n t i s i n t r o d u c c da. n d t i l s a v et h e t r o u b l eo l e x t r a c t i n gt h c
b u n g .a s m a l l h o l e i s b o r e di n c i t h c rt h c h e a do l ' t h c c a s ko r i n t h c
b u n g i t s c l l . I h e b a r r e l m u s t b e b u i l t u p h i g h e n o u g ht o a l l o w a
b u c k c t t o b c p l a c e du n d c r t h e t a p : i l a t a p c a n n o t b e l ' o u n d .a n
o r d i n a r r w o o d e n p l u g m u s t b e u s c d . i n u , h i c h c a s et h c a i r v e n t
s l i o u l d b e k e p t n e a r l yc l o s e di 1 ' t h ej o b i s t o b e p e r f o r r n e dw i t h o u r
w a s t e . ' f h e t a p n t u s t b c f i t t e d b e f o r et h c c a s k i s l a i d o n i t s b i l g e .
O i l i s u s u a l l vc a r r i e di n s t c c ld r u m s o 1 ' 4 0g a l l o n s ,a n d i n o n e
h e a dt h e r c a r e t w o h c x a g o n a p
l l u g s .o n e t o e n a b l ea t a p t o b e f i t t e d
a n d t h e o t h c r t o a c t a s a v e n t . A c o m m o n p r a c t i c ei s t o u s e a n
a r r - o p c r a t e dp u r n p w i t h a s u c t i o n p i p e l o n g e n o u g h t o r c a c h t h c
b o t t o m u , h c nt h c d r u n t i s s t a n d i n co n i t s h e a d .
TOOLS
Blowlamp
A l t h o u g h i t m a y n o t b e f o u n d a s p a r t o 1 ' r h ed e c k
s t o r e s t. h e o r d i n a r vt y p e o 1 ' b l o w l a m pu s e df o r b u r n i n go f f o l d p a i n t
c a n n o r m a l l t , b e b o r r o w e d l ' r o n t t h c e n g i n e - r o o m .1 o d a y , p a i n t
s t r i p p i n gi s o l i e n d o n e b y t h e u s eo f a s p e c i a sl t r i p p i n gI l u i d w h i c h
s o l t e n st h c o l d p a i n l s t t t h a t i t c a n b e s c r a p e do f f .
C h i p p i n gH a m m e r
S m a l l h a m m e rw e i g h i n ga b o u r r z l : l bw. i t h
t w o s h a r p e d g e ss e t a t r i g h t a n g l e st o e a c h c l t h e r .I t i s u s e d f o r
c h i p p i n gt h i c k r u s t o r p a i n t l ' r o m i r o n w o r k .
Chisel Scraper l'hese are about 2 feet in length, and have a
b r o a de d g e .T h e y a r e u s e dm o s t l yf o r s m o o t h i n go l Tr o u g h s u r f a c e s .
C o l d C h i s e l A s p e c i a l l yh a r d e n e dp i e c eo f s t e e lw i t h a g o o d
c u t t i n g e d g e . I t i s u s e d m o s t l l ' f o r c u t t i n g w i r e s t r a n d sw h e n
f i n i s h i n go f 1 ' as p l i c e .
(.old Set
L a r g e - s i z c cdo l d c h i s e lu , i t h a h a n d l ea r r , r h
e e d .T h i s
permits heavy blows to be struck without risk of rnjuri to thc
h a n d s .C u t t i n g w i r e r o p c o r r u s t e dn u t s i s p r a c t i c a l l yt h e o n l y u s et o
whichit is put.
(lrow Bar
S t r o n g s t e e lb a r u s e df c l r a l l p u r p o s e sw h e r ce x t r a
s t r o n g l e v e r a g ei s r e q u i r e d .
l,yelet Punch
Thc tools used 1'orclosing brass eyeletsare a
p u n c h a n d a s h a p e db r a s si r o n k n o w n a s a " d i e " . T w o p u n c h e sw i l l
u s u a l l yb e f o u n d o n b o a r d a s m a l lo n e a n d a l a r g eo n e . E a c hc a n
be used for about four difl'erentsizes.
204
T'HE BOAI SWAIN'S M A N T J A I -
( hi\ql Sr r;tPct'
n
li
/a6\
-\
l
\
t\___/ )
I " r ( , .l l
I rclct
I'unch rrndi)ic.
t/
F t r , .I 2
Fi d .
<-t
ill
ill
it
( iooseF r r , .l - l
n e cI S c r a p c r .
'I
Fids
apcred a n d p o i n t c d p i e c e so l l i g n u m - v i t a eu s e d 1 o r
'l
s p l i c i n gr o p e s . h e y 'a r e s i m i l a r t o a m a r l i n e - s p i k eb, u t a r e m u c h
t h i c k c ra t b o t h c n d s. a n d a r e m a d e i n a v a r i e t l 'o l s i z e s .
A n o t h e r t y p e o l l i d i s a s u b s t a n t i ailr o n b a r w h i c h l ' i t st h r o u g h
t h c l o w e r m a s t .l o r t h e p u r p o s c c l l s u p p o r t i n g t h e h e e l o i t h e
topmast.
A n e x c e l l e n tt o c l l f o r s c r a p i n g p i t c h
G o o s c n e c kS c r a p e r s
f ' r o n ra d e c k . l t i s s i m p l y a b r o a d p i e c eo f m e t a l a b o u t l 2 i n c h e sl o n g
w i t h t h e e n d b c n t o v e r a t r i g h t a n g l e st o t h e h a n d l ea n d s h a r p e n e d .
il
A long piece of wood closely resembling a

Handspike
c a p s t a nb a r a n d u s e dI o r a n y j o b w h e r el e v e r a g ei s r e q u i r e d .M o s t
" f i r s t t r i p p e r s " c o n f u s ei t w i t h a m a r l i n e - s p i k eo n a c c o u n to f t h e
name.
Long Handled Scraper(or Slice) A wide-bladedscraperwith
a p o l e h a n d l e .I t i s u s e df o r s c r a p i n gl o o s er u s t o n i r o n d e c k s .
Marline-spike
Taperedand pointed steelbars used when
w i r e - s p l i c i n gW
. i t h t h e s et h e s t r a n d so f a w i r e a r e p r i s e du p . T ' h e y
" s p i k e s "f o r s h o r t , a n d a r e m a d e i n v a r i o u ss i z e s .
a r e u s u a l l vc a l l e d
r a n g i n gf r o m a f e u ' i n c h e st o 2 o r 3 f e e t i n l e n g t h .A n o l d o n e i s
a l w a y sk e p t f o r s l a c k e n i n go f f s h a c k l ep i n s a n d o t h e r r o u g h w o r k .
A s p i k e w i t h a f l a t c h i s e l p o i n t i s c o n s i d e r e dt o b e t h e b e s t f o r
w i r e - s p l i c i n gA
. nother good type has a groove near the point to
p r o v i d e a n e a s yp a s s a g e
for the wire strands,
T h e s e a r e a b o u t l 0 i n c h e sl o n g a n d c l o s e l y
Mast Knife
r e s e m b l ea s h e a t h - k n i f eT. h e y a r e u s e d f o r a l l s c r a p i n gp u r p o s e s .
b u t n e v e rf o r c u t t i n g .
A n e x c e p t i o n a l l yh e a v yh a m m e rw h i c h i s
Munday Hammer
o n l y u s e d w h e n r e a l l y h e a v y b l o w s a r e r e q u i r e d .T h e y a r e n o t
a l w a y sc a r r i e da m o n g d e c k s t o r e sb u t i n a n y c a s ec a n b e b o r r o w e d
from thecngine-room.
T h e o r d i n a r y t y p e w i t h p l u n g e r l ' e e da n d h o l d i n g
Oilcan
l u b r i c a t i n go i l w i l l b e I b u n d a m o n g a l l d e c k s t o r e s .
Oil Feeder Largc type of oilcan, more after the teapcltstyle.
I n t h e e n g i n e - r o o mt h e y m o s t l yh o l d l u b r i c a t i n go i l . b u t o n d e c k a r e
k e p t e x c l u s i v e l yf o r p a r a f f i n .
Palm
L e a t h e rg u a r d w h i c h f i t s o v e r t h e p a l m o l ' t h e h a n d
"iron"
is fitted in the right
w h e n s e w i n gc a n v a s .A s m a l l i n d e n t e d
p o s i t i o n{ b r p u s h i n go n t h e e n d o f t h e s a i l n e e d l e .F i g . 1 6 .
0
il
tl
Ftt,. l6
Frc. l7
1.1
Handspike
205
THE BOATSWAIN'SMANUAI,
Marlinc-spikc
Sailhook.
Pinch Bar
Small. handy type of crow bar.
A tool by means of which
Pipe Wrench (or Footprints)
r o u n d o b j e c t s( p i p e a n d r o u n d n u t s ) a r e t u r n e d o r u n s c r e w e dT. h e
206
g n p l s c l l e c t e d w r t h s h a r p t e e t h a n d a s c r s s o rm o \ e m e n 1 l e v c r a g e .
'l-her
"footprints"
are oltcn called
b c c a u s ct h a t w a s t h e o r i g i n a l
makerr tradc rnark.
Podger
S n r a l l i r o n b a r r , l ' i t hp o i n t e d e n d s w h i c h a r e b c n t t o
'l
opposing angles. hcv arc used spcciallvlirr tightcning up bottle
s c r c w s .F i e . 1 8 .
---..
Rope (iauge
A handf instrument which is used lirr
n r e a s u r i n gt h e c i r c u m f e r e n c ea n d t h e d i a m e t e r o 1 'w i r e . r o p e . o r
c h a i n .F i g 2 1 .
Sail Needles
l r i a n g u l a r b l a d e d n e e d l e su s c d f o r s c w i n g
c a n \ a s .T h e l , a r cm a d ei n v a r i o u ss i z e sa n d n u m b e r e dl r o m 5 t o I 6 .
S e r v i n gB o a r d W h e n s e r v i n ga r o p e o r w i r e. r n a r l i n ei s b o u n d
r e r i t i g h t l r a r o u n dt h e p a r t t o b e s c r . " e da,n d t o g c 1i l p r o p c r l yt i g h t
a s c r ' , i n gb o a r d i s u s e d .o r a s e n i n g n r a l l e l F
. igs.22.23.
_ -
&l
-r----'-
Fl(; IE
l)od tr r
I
\
FIr, l9
Rat I ail Spanncr
S er r i n g B o i r t t l
R a t ' I ' a i l l h c s e a r c o n l l l o u n d o n c o m p a r a t i l ' e lnl e w ' n c s s e l s ,

a n d m a ' uh a v c b c e n l e l t b 1 ' s h i p v a r dw o r k m e n . H a v i n g a t a p e r c d
c n d t h e r n r a k c h a n d r m a r l i n e - s p i k e sa. l t h o u g h t h e r , a r e r c a l l y
d e s i g n c da s s p a n n c r sF. i g . 1 9 .
R i g g i n g S c r e w W h e n a w i r c h a s t o b c b e n t a l m o s td o u b l e t o
t a k e t h c ' s h a p eo l ' a t h i m b l eb e l i r r es p l i c i n g a, r i g g i n gs c r e wi s u s e d
t o b o t h h o l d a n d s c r c ut h c ' , , r i r icn l o o o s i t i o ni n t h e s a m em a n n e ra s
a v i c e .F i g . 2 0 .
lll i
F r < ;2. 0
; i g g i n gS c r e u
AT
Ftr; 2l
S e r r i n rM a l l c r
'I'-shaped
S h a c k l eK e y
A
t o o l w i t h o n e o l t h e e n d sl i n i s h e d
o f l ' s q u a r c .a n d t h c o t h e r t w o a d a p t e df o r u s ea s a s c r e u d r i v e rF
. ig.
2 4 . I t m u s t b e u s e di n c a s c sw h e r ea s h a c k l e - p i nh a sa s q u a r ch o l e i n
t h c e n d . o r w h c n i t i s s l o t t e di n t h c s a m em a n n e ra s a S c r e w .
I -r r , . 2 4
*-T'
20]
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I J A I
1 l - l l , I I O AI S W A I N ' S M A N t i A l
S h a c k l cK e l .
S h i f t i n gS p a n n e r S p a n n e r su s e do n s h i p b o a r da r ee x a c t l vt h e
s a m ea s t h o s el b u n d a s h o r e .
S o u n d i n gR o d
A m c t a l r o d . e i t h e ri n o n e l e n g t ho r . j o i n t e dt o
g o r o u n d b e n d s . a n d g r a d u a t e di n i n c h e s o r c e n t i m c t r e s .l t i s
lowcred down the sounding pipes b-v a light linc to take
m e a s u r c m e n tosf t h e w a t e r i n t h e b i l g e so r i n a w a t e r t a n k .
S o u n d i n gI ' a p e A g r a d u a t e ds t e c lt a p e w i t h a b r a s sw e i g h t .l t
i s u s e dt o m e a s u r et h e d e p t h o l ' o i l i n o i l - t a n k s .
LJllageTape
A tape used to measurethe spaceabove the oil
l n a c a r g ot a n k .
-/t^,
/
F I t , .2 5
Ilope (iaugc
/,t-::-'t?'
I h r e c( ' o r n c rS c r a p e r
Fr<;2
. 6
T o p p i n gM a u l
2OIJ
THT- BOAI'SWAIN'S MANUAI
Three ( ornered Scrapers lloth small and large ones will be

l o u n d o n b o a r d . W h i l e t h e f o r m e r a r e v e r y h a n d y a n d u s e f u lw h e n
s c r a p i n gr " a r n i s ho r p a i n t . t h e l a t t e r a r c o f n o p r a c t i c e lu s c ,e x c e p t
f o r s c r a p i n gd i r t f r o m t h e b e d so f w i n c h e s ,e t c . F i g . 2 5 .
Topping Maul
A s p e c i a lt y p e o f h a m m e r u s e d b y a l l s h i p s '
c a r p e n t e r sl.' h c r h a v e a w i d e t - l a th e a d a n d a b l u n t . t a p e r e dp o i n t .
Fig. 26.
W h e e l S p a n n e r S h o r t l e v e r w i t h b r a n c h i n ge n d s a d a p t e dt o
f i t t h e s p o k es a n d r i m o 1 a
' ralvewheel.
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I J A I
209
T h c s e a r e o n l l ' f b u n d t t n v e s s e l sc a r r y i n g
B a n n i s t e rB r u s h
f r o z e n o r c h i l l e dm e a t . a n d a r e o n l v u s e dw h e n c a r g t ls p a c eh a s t o
b e c a r e f u l l vc l e a n e do u t b e f o r el o a d i n g .
V A R I O T I SD E ( ] K S T O R E S
A n c h o r B a l l s( o r S h a p e s ) A b a l l c o n s i s t so f t w o r o u n d m e t a l
s h e e t sa b o u t 2 l ' e e t i n d i a m e t c r . - f h c s ca r e s e t a t r i g h t a n g l c st o o n e
a n o t h c r .a n d i n n l o s t c a s e st h e r , a r c c o l l a p s i b l e
f o r s t o w i n ga w a v
w h e n n o t i n u s c .l t i s a l w a y sp a i n t e db l a c k .F i g . 2 7 .
F t c , .l 7
Anchor Ball
.T'he
Apron
c a n v a ss c r e e na g a i n s tw h i c h a l e a d s m a nl e a n s
w h e n h c a r i n g t h e l e a d . a n d w h i c h p r o t e c t sh i s l e g s f r o m t h c w e t
Iine.
A c a n v a sa p r o n o l t h e u s u a l t y p c i s a l s o u s e d b y t h c m a n
h o l d i n gt h c h o s cw h e n w a s h i n gd o w n .
Arming
M i x t u r e o l t a l l o w a n d s o a p i n s e r t e di n a s p e c i a l
c a v i t l ' i n t h c b o t t o m o l a l l s o u n d i n gl c a d s .l ' h i s i s d o n e l b r t h e
p u r p o s eo l ' p i c k i n g u p p a r t i c l e sf r o m t h e s e a b e d . s o t h a t t h e y m a y
b e c o n r p a r e dr . r , ' i tthh e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n o n t h e c h a r t .
Ash Bags
S p e c i a ls t r o n g b a g s u s e d b y f i r e m e n w h e n a s h e s
h a r " et o h o ' u ' eu p l r o m t h e s t o k e h o l da n d d u m p e d o v e r b o a r d .
A s h B u c k e t s H e a v y i' r o n b u c k e t su s e df o r t h e s a m ep u r p o s e
as ash bags. I'he1' arc always kept in racks in thc stokehold
en t r a n c e .
Awnings
C ' a n v a sc o v c r ss p r c a d a b o v c t h e d e c k t r l r n i n i m i s e
t h c e f f e c t o 1 's t r o n g s u n l i g h t c l n t h e l i v i n g q u a r t e r s .a n d a l s o t o
protect the deck planking.They lie over awning sparsbolted to
a w n i n g s t a n c h i o n st h r o u g h w h i c h a r i d g e w i r e i s r o v e . T h e a w n i n g
i s m a d ef a s t t o t h e r i d g ew i r e w i t h " s t o p s " ,w h i c h a r e . j u s st h o r t e n d s
o f r o p e a t t a c h e dt o t h e a w n i n g i t s e l f .
l -r t ; . 2 8
l l e a r n( l a m p .
Beam Clamps
S p c c i a l c l a m p s w i t h a r i n g a t t a c h c d 'l - h e s c
c a n b c f i t t c d t o a n y ' o l ' t h e f r a m e sc l r b e a m sw i t h i n t h e h o l d o r
p yc r m i t a s n a t c hb l o c k t o b e u s e di n o u t - o 1 - t h c - u ' a v
clsewhere.'T'he
c o r n er s l o r c o n l ' en i c n c ei n m o v i n g h e a r y 'w e i g h t s .F i g . 2 l t .
Boat Rope
l ' r a c l i c a l l l 'a n y p i e c eo l ' l i n e o l s u l ' f i c i c nlte n g t h
a n d s i z ec o u l d b e u s e d a s a b o a t r o p e . O n e e n d i s m a d e f a s t w e l l
f o r w a r d o n t h e f o r c d c c k ,a n d t h e l o o s e e n d t h r t l w n t o a n v b o a t
w h i c h w i s h e st o c o m e a k r n g s i d c .
I t i s a l w a y sk c p t n e a r t h e p i l o t l a d d e r ,s o a s t o b e h a n d v w h e n
w a n t e d .A 3 - i n c hr o p e i s ' , e r v t t l ' t e nk e p t s p e c i a l l l ' f o rt h i s p u r p o s c .
A I 1 a tp i c c co f ' w o o d a b o u l l l t i n s . b y 5 i n s . b v
B o s u n ' sC h a i r
I i n w i t h t w o h o l e sa t c a c h e n d t h r o u g h w h i c h a s t r o p i s r t l v e a n d
s p l i c e d .I - i g . 2 9 . ( S e t u l s o p a g c t 3 6 ) .
F It,
'l
Itrrr
" s e t t i n gu p "
h i s c t t n t r i v a n c ci s u s c dm o s t l l f t l r
BottleScrew
c
h
a
i
n
s
e
.
t
c
.
s t a v s s. h r o u d s r. i d g eu i r e \ . \ t c c r i n g
I t i s a n c a s t ' m e t h o do 1 ' h a u l i n tgh i n g st i g h t a n d k e e p i n gt h c m i n
t h a t p o s i t i o n .F i g . 3 0 .
B o t t l e S c r e w P r e v e n t e r s C o n s t a n tv i b r a t i o n m a v s o m e t i m e s
" w a l k b a c k " o r s l a c k e nu p . a n d t o s t o p t h i s
c a u s eb o t t l e s c r e w st o
r sr e f i t t e d o r t h e s c r e wi s s e i z e dw i t h s e i z i n gw i r e .
e i t h e rp r e r . ' e n t ea
2t0
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A T -
I H F -B O A I S W A I N ' S M A } i T J A I
@o
Ft(, .10
_=:-1-_
\ --:==-2t1
:J
lJOrlk Scrcu
Ftr, .lI
.l
)_
Floillt Scrcu l)rcrcnrer
C a r eo f B o t t l e S c r e w s
o c n s u r ct h a t b o t t l e s c r e \ ! ' sw i l l b c i n
w o r k i n g o r d e r w h e n r e q u i r c di t i s e s s e n t i at lo p r o t c c ta l l e x p o s e d
t , h r e a d sl .n t h e c a s c o 1 ' s t a n d i n gr i g g i n gt h c p r a c t r c ei s t o s n t e u r
p l e n t r o l t a l l o u ' o l ' e rl h e t h r e a d s t. h e n s c r v eo v e r w i t h r o p c - v a r n s
u n t i l l e r . ' cI l' u i t ht h e e d g eo 1 ' t h cb o t t l e .C a n v a sg a i t e r so t L ( ) \ L - lu\ r e
se\ n over thc yarns and these. when painted. gir,c adcquate
p r o t e c t i o nl r c l n tt h e w e a t h e r .
I t i s e s s e n t i a l .t c ' r o .t h a t b o t h h o l e s i n t h e b o t t l c s h o u l d b e
p l u g g e dt o p r e v e n tw a t e r p e r c o l a t i n gi n s i d e .
S o m e t i m e st h e e n d s o l b o t h s c r e w s c o m c t o g e t h e r d i r e c t l l '
o p p o s i t et h c h o l e i n t h e b o t t l e .a n d t h e s ew i l l q u i c k l y ' r u s ti l n o t
p r o t e c t c d .g i v i n g e n d l e s st r o u b l e w h e n t h e v a r e r e a d v f o r c o m i n g
adrift
Brow
H e a v v g a n g w a ) , u s e da s a m e a n sc l f a c c c s st o s h i p si n
dock.
Bull Rope
L e n g t h o l ' r o p e ( u s u a l l y3' - i n . o r 4 - i n . s t u l l ) u s e d
I ' o rd r a g g i n gc a r g oo u t t o t h c s i d e so r e n d so l ' a h o l d .
I t i s a l s o t h e n a m e g e n e r a l l yu s e dl i t r t h e l i g h t w i r e a t t a c h e dt o
t o p p i n g - l i f is p a n s ,a n d w i t h w h i c h t h e d e r r i c k i s h o v c u p . W i t h t h i s
t y p e o f g e a r t h e t o p p i n g - l i f i s p a n i s s h a c k l e dt o a s h o r r l e n g t h o f
c h a i n w h i c h i s a l s o s h a c k l e dt o t h e d e c k . a n d t h e b u l l r o p e i s o n l y ,
u s e df o r h e a v i n gu p o r l o w e r i n gt h e d e r r i c k .
'fhe
Bunting
material o1'which flags are made. lt was
c o m p o s e dw h o l l r , o f c o a r s e w o o l . a n d m a n u f a c t u r e di n I t l - i n c h
r v i d t h sb u 1 i s n c l w a u , o o l , r n y l o nm i x t u r e .
Burlap
C o a r s eb a g g i n gm a t e r i a lu s e df o r c o v e r i n gi r o n w o r k
b e f o r e l o a d i n gg r a i n , a n d l i r r m a n y o t h e r p u r p o s e s .
C a n e F e n d e r s W h e n a v e s s e il s l a i d a g a i n s ta d o c k w a l l f o r
a n y l e n g t h o l t i m e , c a n e l ' e n d e r sa r e h u n g o v e r t h e s i d e t o p r o t e c t
t h e h u l l . T h e y a r c m a d e f r o m b u n d l e so f ' l i g h t c a n e sb o u n d t i g h t l l '
t o g e t h e rw i t h w i r e .
Canvas Bucket
tJsed almost exclusivelv when taking
s e a - w a t etrem p e r a t u r e sI.t h a s a w o o d e n b o t t o m , a n d i s s o m e t i m e s
w e i g h t e do n i t s t o p e d g et o m a k e i t t i l t m o r e e a s i l vw h e n d r o p p e d
over the side.
'fwo
Cement
o l ' t h e p r i n c i p a lu s e st o w h i c h c e m e n ti s p u t o n
b o a r d a r e t h e s e a l i n gu p o f s p u r l i n g p i p e s , a n d t h e m a k i n g o l
c e m e n tb o x e st o s t o p l e a k y r i v e t s .
2II
C h a f i n gM a t
A m o o 1 l 1 1rgo p e o r w i r c l e d a c r o s st h c s t e m i s
l i k e l y t o b e c o m ed a m a g e dt h r o u g h c h a l ' e .I ' o p r e v e n tt h i s a s q u a r e
o 1 ' s w o r dm a t t i n g i s f i r s t h u n g i n p o s i t i o n .t h e r o p c o r w i r c i s h o v e
t r g h t . a n d t h e m a t t h c n t a k e st h c c h a i e .
Chain Gantline
A l t h o u g h s o m e t i m e su s e d w i t h l ' u n n c l
b o a r d s , c h a i n g a n t l i n c sa r e n o t p o p u l a r l ' o r k r w e r i n g p u r p o s e s .
T h e l ' a r c u s e dp r i n c i p a l l va s I ) u m m y 'G a n t l i n e s .
( i h a i n S t o p p e r A s h o r t l e n g t ho l c h a i n ( a b o u t 6 1 e e t )w i t h a
r o p e t a i l s p l i c e da t o n e e n d a n d a l a r g el i n k o r s h a c k l cf i t t e d i n t h c
o t h e r . l t m a y b e e i t h e rs h a c k l e dt o a r i n g b o l to r r o v e a r o u n do n c o l '
t h c b o l l a r d sw h e n " s t c l p p e r i n go l ' 1 ' a" w i r e .
C h u t e s A s h c h u t e sa n d r u b b i s hc h u t e sa r e o b s o l e t c P
. ollution
C o n t r o l e x t e n d sa l m o s tw o r l d - w i d ea n d t h e o l d p r a c t i c e sm l l s t s t o p .
Cork Fenders
W h e n a v e s s c la p p e a r st o b e i n d a n g e r o f
g r a z i n ga d o c k w a l l , a c o r k f e n d e ri s l o w e r e dd o w n t o t h e p o i n t o f '
c o n t a c ti n o r d e r t c l l e s s e nt h e i m p a c t .T h e o u t s i d ei s m a d eo f a c o i r
r o p e l a c e d t i g h t l y 'o v e r t h e r o u n d c a n v a sb a g c o n t a i n i n gb r o k e n
cork.
Cowl (lovers
A v e n t i l a t o rs w i t c h e db a c k t o w i n d w i l l o f t e n
d r a w s p r a y d o w n t h e c o w l a n d . i n c a s e sw h e r e a v e n t i l a t o rc a n n o t
b e s w u n g o l ' 1t h e w i n d . t h e o p e n i n gi s p r o t e c t c db y a c a n v a sc o w l
cover.
Dodgers
Canvas screenswhich gavc protecticln l'rom the
wind in exposed positions. principally the navigatingbridge.
forecastlehead and crows ncst. The namc now applies to
p e r m a n e n tf i t t i n g so l ' w o o d o r s t e e l .
DressingLines
Lengths of small-sizewire to which flags are
s e i z c dw i t h s a i l t w i n e w h e n t h e i n t e n t i o ni s t o d r e s ss h i p . T h e y a r e
, n d a r ef i t t e dw i t h s w i v e l s
m a d e a n d k e p t s p e c i a l l yf o r t h e p u r p o s e a
and downhauls.
D u m m y G a n t l i n e W h e n a m a s t h e a ds h c a v eo r l ' u n n e b
l lockis
difficult to reach.an old pieceol' rope. wire or chain, is always left
rove in place.
W h e n w o r k h a s t o b e d o n e a l o t t , i t i s t h e n o n l y n e c e s s a rtyo
"marry"
t h e n e w g a n t l i n et o t h e d u m m y a n d p u l l i t t h r o u g h t h e
sheave.
E y e l e t s l ' h e r e i s n o s t a n d a r dm e t h o do l ' i n d i c a t i n gt h e v a r i o u s
s i z e so f b r a s se y e l e t su s e d i n c a n v a sw o r k , s o s o m e p e o p l cs i m p l y
o r d e r " s m a l l " ," m e d i u m " o r " l a r g e " ,i n w h i c h c a s et h e s h i p - c h a n d l e r
u s e s h i s o w n j u d g e m e n t .T h e m o s t p o p u l a r m e t h o d a d o p t e d b y
m a n y f i r m s i s t h e u s e o f n u m b e r si n d i c a t i n ga c e r t a i ns i z e dh o l e .
213
I - H F ,B O A ' I ' S W A I N ' SM A N L J A I
THE BOATSWAIN'SMANTJAI-
A s t h e n u m b e r s! a r v a m o n g d i l f e r e n t m a n u f ' a c t u r e r st h. e s a i e s t
p l a n i s t o o r d e r b y a m e a s u r e m e nwt h i c h i n d i c a t e st h e d i a m e t e ro 1 '
t h e h o l c r e q u i r e dw
. h e n t h c c y c l c ti s c l o s e d .F i g . 3 2 .
t h r o u g h t h e m a s t h e a ds h e a v ea n d r e a c ht h e d e c k a g a i n .L o w e r m a s t
g a n t l i n e sa r e l o n g e n o u g h t o r e e v et h r o u g h a t a i l b l o c k o r l i z a r d
h u n g i n t h e c y e so f t h e r i g g i n g .T h e y m u s t b e k e p t d r y 'a n d i n g o o d
c o n d i t i o n a s t h e y h a v e t o b e a r a m a n ' s w e i g h t w h e n p a i n t i n gt h e
m a s t s .F u n n e l g a n t l i n e sa r e a l w a v su n r o v e a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l et o
p r e v e n ti n j u r v t h r o u g h h e a t .
Guest (or Guess)Warp
A rope of suitable length to reach
f r o m w e l l f o r w a r d t o f o o t o l ' t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o nl a d d e r . s o t h a t
b o a t s c o m i n g a l o n g s i d ew i l l h a v e s o m e t h i n gt o c a t c h h o l d o f a n d
m a k el a s t t o .
H a t c h B a t t e n s L o n g . l l a t i r o n b a r sw h i c h h o l d t h e t a r p a u l i n
h a t c h c o v e r si n p l a c e .T h e y f i t i n t o c l e a t sa n d a r e w e d g e dt i g h t l y i n
p o s i t i o nw i t h w o o d e n w e d g e s .
Hatch Covers
H e a v y w o o d e n c o v e r su s u a l l y r c l e r r e dt o a s
"Hatches".
They are numberedand fit over the beams of the
h a t c h w a y .T h e s ei n t u r n a r e c o v e r e dw i t h t a r p a u l i n st o m a k e t h e
h o l d w a t e r t i g h t .N o w t h a t t h e N e w L o a d - l i n e R e g u l a t i o n sa r e i n
f o r c c . t h e w o o d e nh a t c h c o v e r sa r c r a p i d l y b e i n gs u p e r s e d ebdy t h e
M c G r e g o r - t y p ew a t e r t i g h ts t e e lc o v e r sw h i c h a l l o w a v e s s etlo c a r r y
m o r e c a r g o b y b e i n g a l l o w e dt o l o a d d e e p e r .
Hatch Tent (or Hood)
A l a r g c t e n t - s h a p e dh o o d w h i c h i s
h o i s t e du p o n t h e c a r g o r u n n e r o 1 a
' s p a r ed e r r i c k a n d m a d ei ' a s ta t
thc boltomto thecoamings.
T h i s p e r m i t sc a r g o t o b e " w o r k e d " c l u r i n gr a i n . W h e n l o a d i n g
c h i l l e d m e a t a m u c h l a r g e r t e n t i s u s e d . I t c o m p l e t e l yc o v e r st h c
h a t c h a n d d e r r i c k sa s f a r a s t h e s h i p ' ss i d e . a n d e n s u r e st h a t t h e
m e a t r e m a i n sc h i l l e dw h i l e l o a d i n g .
H e a v i n gl , i n e
C o i l o l " s m a l l s t u f l ' "u s e df o r t h r o w i n g o n t o a
d o c k o r q u a y w a l l . i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s hc o n t a c t w h e n a v e s s e li s
b e r t h i n g . 8 1 , -m e a n s o f t h e s c l i n e s t h e m o o r i n g r o p e s a r e h a u l e d
a s h o r e .l t u s u a l l y ' c o n s i s tosl a c o i l a b c l u tl 5 t o 2 0 f a t h o m so f l 5 o r
l 8 - t h r e a dr a t l i n ew h i c h i s w e i g h t e da t t h e e n d ( t o c a r r y t h e l i n e w e l l
w h e n t h r o w n ) b 1 ' m e a n so f a " h e a v i n gl i n e k n o t " o r a " m o n k e y ' s
l i s t " ( S e eK n o t s ) .
l-ight, handy ladders which are easily
Jumping Ladder
c a r r i e da b o u t t h e d e c k st o w h c r e v e rm e n a r c p a i n t i n go v e r s i d eB
. ut
I o r t h e s ei t w o u l d b c n e c e s s a r y ' tcol i m b t h e s t a g cr o p e st o c o m e o n
board.
A n u m b e r o l ' s m a l l , w o o d e n l a d d e r sa r e g e n e r a l l y
Ladders
c a r r i e d f o r r e a c h i n g t h e t o p s o l ' d a v i t s , v e n t i l a t o r s ,e t c . , w h e n
p a i n t i n g . I n a d d i t i o n ,i t i s u s u a l t o c a r r y a l o n g o n e o l ' s u f f i c i e n t
'fhey
length to reach dclwn into the holds or to the wharl.
are
u s u a l l y k e p t i n t h e h o l d . o r o n t h e b o a t d e c k .A n y l a d d e r s h o u l d
2t2
FIt;..12
Frelct and Rrng
E y e p l a t e ( S e ep a g e2 0 6 ) " M o n k e v F a c e " .
Firebars
H e a v y 'i r o n b a r s I ' i t t e dt o t h c i n s i d e o f t h e s h i p ' s
l u r n a c e s . B r o k e n o n e s a r e o c c a s i o n a l l yu s e d o n d e c k 1 b r a n y
p u r p o s ew h e r ew e i g h t i s r e q u i r e d .s u c h a s b a l l a s t1 ' o rb c l a t s w
. eights
f o r s c u p p e rc l o t h s .e t c . F i g . 3 3 .
-a-
+_
:
F It;. ll
F ircbar.
F i r e b r i c k s l l r i c k s o 1 ' o r d i n a r ys i z ea n d s h a p e .b u t m a d c w i t h
s p e c i a l f i r e - r e s i s t i n gc l u a l i t i c s .l ' h e y b e l o n g t o t h c e n g i n e - r o o m
d e p a r t m e n t ,b u t a r e s o m e t i m e sh a n d l e db y t h e s a i l o r s .
F l a g ( i l i p s ( o r l - n g l e f i e l d( l l i p s )
S m a l l e l l i p t i c a lm e t a l r i n g s
w h i c h c o n n c c tb v m e a n so l V - s h a p e do p e n i n g si n t h e i r s i d e s .1 ' h e y
c n a b l cl l a g st o b e q u i c k l y b e n t t o g c t h c r .o r t o h a l l i a r d s a
. nd without
-I'here
a n v d a n g c ro 1 ' t h c mc o m i n g a d r i l i a l ' t e r w a r d s .
i s a l s oa s w i v e l
o n e a c hc l i p w h i c h p r c v e n t \ t u r n s g e t t i n g i n t o t h e l l a g h a l l i a r d s .
Ffag Toggles
Small round piecesof wood about I tA inch
'l'hcse
long.
a r c s p l ' i c e dt o a l l a g l i r r c o n n e c t i n gi t t o o t h e r sw h e n
clipsare not fitted.
Forelock
A 1 l a t .w i d e l o c k i n g - p i e c ew h i c h f i t s i n t o a s l o t i n
t h e p i n o f a s h a c k l e . ' I ' h i sp r e v e n t st h e p i n o f t h e s h a c k l ef r o m
w i t h d r a w i n g .l n o r d e r t h a t t h c l b r e l o c k w i l l n o t f a l l o u t t h e " l e g s "
a r e o p c n e ds u l ' l ' i c i e n t ltyo j a m t h e m i n t h c s l o t o 1 t' h e p i n .
F u n n e l B o a r d s F o u r l i g h t p l a n k s ,c r . rt o s u c ha s i z et h a t t h e y
c a n b c b o l t e d t o g e t h e ra r o u n d t h e f u n n e l t o a c t a s a s t a g i n g .T h e ) '
a r e h o i s t c dt o t h c t o p b y m e a n so f l i r u r g a n t l i n e s o n e a t e a c he n d
corncr.
G a n t l i n e s M a s t h e a dg a n t l i n e sa r c i n v a r i a b l yc u t f r o m a c o i l
ol 2h inch circuml'erence
and should be long enough to reeve
214
'IHI]
B O A - | S W NI N ' S M A N T I A I
e x t e n da t l e a s to n c m e l r c a b o v et h e u p p e r s t c p p i n go 1 1 ' p o i nut n l e s s
a properhand hold is f'ixed.
T<l Hook Tackle on Lanyard
S t r e t c ht h e l a n y a r d t i g h t a n d
h o l d i n l e l t h a n d . L a 1 ' b a c ko l h o o k o n l a n y a r da n d t a k et w o r o u n d
-l
t u r n s o n h o o k i t s e l l ' . w i s t h o o k s o t h a t t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t o f t h e
l a n y a r dw i l l c o m ei n s i d et h e p o i n t a n d l a y o v e rt h e t w o t u r n s .W h e n
t h e s t r a i n c o n t c so n . t h e l a n y a r c is h o u l dj a n t t h c t u r n s .
Lizard
A lizard is a short length ol'rope or wire with a
t h i m b l c s p l i c c di n o n e e n d . I h i s t h i m b l e i s u s e di n s t e a do 1 'a t a i l
b k r c k o r s o m e t i n t c si n s t e a do f a l c a d b l o c k .
(SecManhelper).
Long Arm
T<llix Brush on Manhelper
1 1 ' am a n h e l p e ri s t o b e o f a n y
usc.the brush must be put on verv tightly or it will give endless
t r o ub l e .
F i r s t .l a v t h e b r u s hi n t h e s l o t a t t h e p r o p e ra n g l ea n d p u t o n a
g o o d c r o s ss e i z i n g .N c x t , m a k e a y a r n { ' a s ta t t h e t o p o f t h e h a n d l c
a n d p a s si t a c r o s st o t h e m a n h c l p e ra t a w i d e a n g l e .l ' a k e t w o s u c h
t u r n s . a n d l r - a pt h e p a r t s d o w n t o t h e m a n h e l p e r sb e f o r e m a k i n g
l a s t . I n s t e a do f I ' r a p p i n ga, s m a l l p i e c eo f w o o d i s s o m e t i m e su s e da s
a S p a n i s hw i n d l a s s .a n d t h i s i s n . r a d ef a s t i n p l a c ew h e n t i g h t e n e d
up.
T H E B O A . I S W A I N ' SI v , I A N I J A I -
215
M o o r i n g R o p e s l ' h e s i z ea n c jn u m b e r o 1 ' m o o r i n gr o p e sw i l l
d e p e n du p o n t h c s i z co f t h e v e s s e lA. s a g e n e r - ar ul l e n o t m o r et h a n
lour will be found ar each end. l'hc sizc will bc in rhc
n e i g h b o u r h o o do 1 6 . 7 . 8 o r 9 i n c h e sc i r c u m i c r e n c co r 4 l l t o 7 2 r n n t
diameter.
Mooring Wires
A s w i t h m r l r t r i n gr o p c s . n o h a r d a n d f a s t
r u l c sc a n b c g i v e nI u r w i r e s . l ' h c a v e r a g es t e a m c rh a st w o o r t h r e ea t
e a c h e n d a n c l t h e v a r c u s c d a s h e a d w i r e so r b a c k s p r i n g s .I n
a d d i t i o n .t h c r ei s u s u a l l ra, v e r v h e a r , vo n e k n ( ) w na s a n . , i n s u r a n c e
w r r e " . b u t t l i i s i s o n l r u s e c ij n a n e m c r g e n c \ ' .
Oakum
O l d r o p e - 1 ' a r ntsc a s e d. r l u ro i r < Jl a r r e d . l t i s u s e cfj o r
c a u l k i n gp u r p o s e sa n d i s h a m n t e
rcd tightlvinto thc deckseams.
H o t p i t c h o r m a r i n cg l u c i s p o u r e di r rt o m a k c t h e s c a mw a t e r t i g h t .
Paint Drums
S h e e tm e t a l c o n t a i n c r su s c d1 ' o rt h e c a r r i a g eo 1
p a i n t . I ' h e 1a r e n t a d c i n a g r e a t v a r i c t v o l ' s i z e s .
'Io
Painting Flat
a r , o i d u s i n g l i f ' e b o a t sw h e n p a i n t i n g
o v e r s i d ea. n o b l o n g p u n t a b o u t S l e e t l o n g i s s o n - r c t i n t c sa r r i e dl o r
t h a t p u r p o s e . ' T - haertc u s u a l l vo p c no n a c c o u n o
t 1w e i g h t b
. utthosc
u s e di n d o c k s b 1 ' s h u r cw o r k e r sa r e i n r , a r i a b l rd, e c k e do v c r .
P a i n t S t r a i n e r A n a r t i c l cr e s c r n b l i n ag s a u c c p a lol r b a s i nr . l , i t h
a \ ^ ' l r eg a L r z cb o t t r t m . l t i s u s e d l o r s t r a i n i n g o 1 ' ls k i n s o r r i t h c r
Itlltrgrr matlct' lront paint.
oA--
tr
ra
=:-
Fr<,..1.1 Manhclper
Marine Glue
A b l a c ks u b s t a n c e
r e s e m b l i n gp i t c h . l t i s u s e da s
a l ' i l l i n gb e l w e e nd e c k p l a n k s a f t e r c a u l k i n g ,a n d i s d e r i v e df r o m a
b i t u m e n a n d a l s o . c o n t a i n sg l u e . S t e a m y a c h t s u s e a w h i t e v a r i e t y
I b r t h e s a m ep u r p o s e .
Megaphone A cone-shaped
s p e a k i n gt r u m p e t w h i c h m a g n i l i e s t h e v o i c e c o n s i d e r a b l yl.t w a s u s e dw h e n h a i l i n g a n y o n ea l o n g
way off. but is now supersededby a public addresssystem.
Messenger When a mottring ropc or wire is too big tit go
a r o u n d a w i n c h b a r r el , a s m a l l e rl i n e ( a b o u t 3 i n c h e s )i s m a d e f a s t
t o i t , a n d t h e b i g o n e i s h o v e i n b i t b y b i t . T h e s m a l l e ro n e i s k n o w n
as a "Messenger".
"Monkey's
Face"
T h i c k , t r i a n g u l a r - s h a p eidr o n w i t h a h o l e
in each corner. It unitesthe Topping Lift Span, Bull Rope and
C h a i n P r e v e n t e r .l s s o m e t i m e sc a l l e d" E v e n l a t e " .
Pilot Ladder
A r o p c - l a d d e rw. i t h w o o d e n s t e p s .I t i s h u n g
o v c r t h e s h i p ' ss i d el i t r p i l o t sa n d o t h e r sw h o w i s ht o b o a r da r , e s s c l
a t s e a .( S e cp a g e9 2 ) .
Rat Guards
I-argecircular mctiil discs which contrrletelr
c r t c i r c l ca m o o r i n g r o p c o r w i r t e l ' h e i r p L l r p o s ci s t o p r c v e n t r . a t s
c o n . r i r . rogn h o a r d o r g o i n g a s h o r e .J . h c l m e a s u r ca b o u t 2 l ' e e t 6
t n c h c si . d i a n r e t e ra. n d m u s t l i t s n u g l va n d h a r , ' e
a l l h o l c sb l o c k e di l
t h e v a r e t o b e c f f e c t i v c .F i e . 3 5 .
Fr<; .15
Rat-guard.
Ridge Wires
W i r c s r o v e t h r o u g h a w n i n g s t a n c h i o n sa t t h c
s h i p ' ss i d e a n d s e t u p t i g h t w i t h b o t t l es c r e w s A
. w n i n g sa r e m a d e
l a s t w i t h s t o p st o t h e r i d g c w i r c s .
R o p e S t o p p e r A b o u t 2 f a t h o m so l 3 - i n c ho r - j I i n c h m a n i l a
w i t h a n e y es p l i c e di n o n e e n d .l t h o i d st h e w e i g h to l a m o o r i n gl i n e
216
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANTJAL
when transferring it l'rom the winch barrel to the bollards. Small

ones are used in the same way with tackles and falls. (See Chain
Stopper).
(See Cihutes).
Scupper Cloths
An ordinary strop will not alwaysgrip when a
SelvageeStrop
s t r a i n i s a p p l i e dt o i t , i n w h i c h c a s ea s e l v a g e se t r o p i s m a d e w i t h a
bunch of rope-yarns.The rough surfaceof the yarns is more liable
to grip when a strainis put on the strop.
Simple releasingarrangementused on all boat
SenhouseSlip
g r i p e s .F i g . 3 6 .
Frt;.J6
S e n h o u s eS l t p .
Coarsebaggingmaterial or burlap usedfor

SeparationCloth
separatingdifl'erentparcelsof the same cargo.
Shores
Heavy piecesof timber. They are used to support an
e r e c t i o ns u c ha s a b u l k h e a dw h i c h i s s h o w i n gs i g n so f a c o l l a p s eo. r
t o m a k e a n e w e r e c t l o nm o r e s e c u r e .
A " T o m " i s t h e s a m es o r t o f t h i n g o n a m u c h s m a l l e rs c a l e .
This may describedas a safetypin. Its function is to
Split pin
prevent a nut unscrewing,or a bolt withdrawing from its proper
place.
Frr;. 37
S t a g eC l a m p
217
S t a g eC l a m p s A n o t h e r n a m e f o r S t a g e H a n g e r s .F i g . 3 7 .
An iron gadget shapedto hang over the teak
StageHangers
rail of the bridge.and from which a stageis hung when work has to
b e d o n e o n t h e f o r e p a r t o f s a l o o nh o u s e s ,e t c .
They are usually parcelledover to prevent scratchesappearing
on the varnishedsurfaceof the rail.
Stage
Light plank suspendedover the ship's side whereon a
sailor standswhile painting. lt is fitted with a horn (crosspiece)at
e a c he n d t o k e e pi t w e l l o f f t h e s i d ea n d a l l o w r o o m f o r m o v e m e n t .
Stem Fenders(or Goole Fenders) These are similar in shape
a n d s i z e t o a l i f e b u o y . T h e y a r e c o m p u l s o r y w h e n e n t e r i n go r
leaving the port of Goole, and arc hung acrossthe stem, near the
water'sedgeon account of the low quay walls in that port. Regular
traders are also provided with a number of long fenders which
reachfrom the deck to the water'sedge.They are made in the same
way as round sennet.
( S c eM a n h e l p e r ) .
Striker
SpanishWindlass This is a very handy arrangementwhereby
added power is gained when heaving parts of a rope or anything
elsetogether.
It is a simple systememploying leverage.and can be used on
suchjobs as making canefenders,where the canehas to be bunched
tightly together,or when stropping blocks, and the strop has to be
squeezedin tight before the seizing is applied. Various methods
may be adoptedwhen making a Spanishwindlass,but the following
way is as good as any.
Say two parts of a rope are to be hove together. First, lay a
crowbar acrossthe two ropeswherethe heavingis to be done. Next,
with a good strand of yarns take a round turn (two may be
necessary)around both ropes, so that the ends come up alongside
the crowbar. An eye is then formed on the end of eachstrand,either
by twisting round its own part or with a docker's splice.A spike is
then placed through each eye, and both are twisted around the
crowbar until the two parts of rope come together.lf the strand is
well greasedbeforehand,the heavingoperation will be much easier.
Canvas covers which are meant to
Spurling Pipe Covers
prevent water finding its way down the spurling pipes and into the
chain lockers.Actually, they are seldom used;instead,the pipesare
plugged with old bags and coveredwith a layer of cement.This is
"let go".
easily broken out again when the anchor is to be
Sword Matting
Trade name for machine-madematting,
narrow widths of which are usedfor covering guard rails of ladders.
2I8
Wide strips are also used fbr griping boatsto a griping spar,while
swung out at sea.The wide, flat surfaceis not so liable to chafe as with
other materials.
Sword matting is seldomkept in stock but is made to order
according to the size required. The only real demand is for sizes
b e t w e e n4 a n d 8 i n c h e s .W h a t i s k n o w n a s o r d i n a r yq u a l i t y i s m a d e
1'romhemp, and may be obtained either tarred or untarred.
Tackline
About 6 l'eetof halliard with a swivel clip at each
end. used lilr separating groups of flags hoisted on the same
halliards.
Taking Temperatures On many ships it is the practiceto take
t e m p e r a t u r eos f t h e s e a - w a t eer v e r yf o u r h o u r s .I n s o m ec a s e st h i s i s
d o n e t o d e t e r m i n et h e p r o x i m i t y o f s u c h c u r r e n t s a s t h e G u l f
Stream.while in other vessels.such as f'ruit or frozen meat carriers,
it is a helpful guide when the holds have to be kept at a certain
t e m p e r a t u r eA
. c a n v a sb u c k e tw i t h a l o n g l a n y a r d i s d r o p p e d o v e r
the side well clear clI' any engine-room discharge, and a thermometer is leli for a few minutes in the water thus obtained.
Toggle
A p i e c eo f w o o d w h i c h p r o v i d e sa q u i c k m e t h o d o f
m a k i n g f a s t o r r e l e a s i n ga r o p e . T h e s i z eo l ' a t o g g l ed e p e n d su p o n
t h e p u r p o s el b r w h i c h i t i s i n t e n d e d .F o r i n s t a n c e ,i f t h e e y e o f a
m o o r i n g r o p e w e r e p a s s e dt h r o u g h a m o o r i n g r i n g , i t w o u l d t a k e a
s u b s t a n t i apl i e c eo f w o o d , s h o v e dt h r o u g h t h e e y e ,t o f o r m a t o g g l e .
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t o g g l e sa s s m a l l a s o n e i n c h i n l e n g t hw i l l b e
found on the hoist of a l1agfor attaching it to the flag halliards.A
toggle about 8 inches long is always used when connecting a lazy
painter to a lif-cboat,and by this meansthe painter can be slipped
very quickly.
Tom
S m a l l s h o r e su s e dt o w e d g ea n y t h i n gi n t o p o s i t i o n .
Tow Rope
Many ships have a specialtow-rope which is kept
specially 1'or that purpose. The usual practice is to have a good
l e n g t h o f w i r e s p l i c e dt o a s h o r t e n d o f c o i r , m a n i l a o r n y l o n . T h e
rope acts as a "spring" and is olien the cable-laidtype.
Trimming Shovels
As it is very difficult to dig down into a
heap of coal with a square shovel, the pointed variety is used for
this purpose. They are known both as trimming shovelsand
r o u n d - n o s e ds h o v e l s .
when operating a water
Water Service Valves
Carelessness
servicevalvemay easilyresultin a damagedpump, so the arrangement
in each particularship should be understoodbeforetouching it. The
principalthing to rememberis that beforewater is turned off from a
deck hose.an outlet must be providedl'or it elsewhere.
219
l ' h i s i s d o n e b y o p e n i n ga n o t h e rh y d r a n t o n t h e s e r v i c ep i p e .
SwitchValve
T h e s w i t c hv a l v e i s u s u a l l ys i t u a t e da m i d s h i p s
a t a p l a c e w h e r e t h e p i p e , w h i c h c o n v e y sw a t e r f r o r n t h e p u m p ,
j o i n s t h e s e r v i c ep i p e .
Two-way Valve
Water can only be switchedto l-lowforward
o r a f i . N o o u t l e t o v e r b o a r di s o r o v i d e d .I f t h e h o s ei s i n u s ec l nt h e
f o r e d e c k ,a n d i s t o b e s h i f t e di o a n o t h e rc o n n e c t i o n a, " c a p " m u s t
l i r s t b e r e m o v e do n t h e a f t e r d e c kt o a l l o w t h e w a t e r t o e s c a p eT. h e
w a t e r i s t h e n s w i t c h e do v e r i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n u n t i l t h e h o s e i s
d i s c o n n e c t e fdo r w a r d .
T h r e e - w a yV a l v e
With this type water can be switched
o u t b o a r d w h i l e s h i f t i n gt h e h o s e .
Ventilator Plugs and Covers
Ventilator cowls are nearly
always unshipped and stowed away during heavy weather, the
e x p o s e do p e n i n gb e i n g s e a l e dw i t h a w o o d e n p l u g , o v e r w h i c h a
c a n v a s c o v e r i s l a s h e d .I n t h e e v e n t o f l i r e t h e v e n t i l a t o r sa r e
p l u g g e dt o h e l p i n s m o t h e r i n gt h e f i r e .
Whiting
f ' h a l k g r o u n d a n d p u r i f i e d . l t I ' o r m sa g o o d p u t t y
when mixed with about 206lnlinseedoil.
Winch Covers
These are seldom seen except on passenger
v e s s e l sa
. n d o n l y w h e n w i n c h e sa r e p l a c e d i n s u c h a w a y t h a l
p a s s e n g e rm
s i g h t c o m e i n c o n t a c tw i t h t h e m .
W i n d C h u t e S h e e t - m e t aclh u t ew h i c h I ' i t si n t o a p o r t h o l ea n d
s c o o p sa i r i n s i d et h e c o m p a r t m e n t .
Windsails
Long, canvas ventilatorswith a top section
a d a p t e dt o c a t c h w i n d a n d s h o o t i t d o w n t h e c n g i n e - r o o m(.) r a n y
o t h e r p l a c eo v e r w h i c h i t i s h o i s t e d .O i l - t a n k s t e a m e r sh a v c o n e t o
each tank to blow out gas I'umes.They are always fitted with
wooden hoops to keep them cylindrical in shape. I-argely
supersededby forced draft systems.
Wire Brooms
Small brooms with wire bristles.J'hev are used
l o r s c o u r i n gl o o s er u s t f r o m i r o n w o r k ,a n d m a r i n eg r o w t h f r o m t h e
s h i p ' ss i d e ,p a r t i c u l a r l yn e a r t h e w a t e r l i n e .
W i r e G r i p s ( o r B u l l d o g G r i p s ) I n s t e a do 1 ' s p l i c i n a
g n e y ei n a
w i r e , t h e e n d m a y s i m p l y b e d o u b l c db a c k a n d h e l d i n p l a c et i g h t l y
w i t h t h r e e o r I ' o u rw i r c g r i p s .
S==Es*"-=""
,a
U U
H
Fr<;. --lll
Wire Ropc (irip
C H A P T E RV I I I
PAINTINC
Preparationof Surfaces.Mixing Pigmentsand Binders. Brushes.
Painting Derricks, F'unnels,Topsidesand Deck Fittings.
Varnishing and Enamelling.
Much of the painting done at sea is simply
Painting at Sea
s l a p - d a s hw o r k . T h e r e i s n e v e rt i m e t o p u t p a i n t o n p r o p e r l y ,a n d
s t i l l l e s s t i m e t o w a i t I ' o r w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s .T h e r e s u l t i s t h a t
b l i s t e r i n g ,p e e l i n g a n d b l e e d i n g i s a q u i t e f r e q u e n t p e n a l t y l o r
h u r r i e dw o r k .
The surfaces,too, are very often dirty and greasy, as well as
r o u g h .t h r o u g h s u c c e s s i vceo a t so f u n s t r a i n e dp a i n t , n o t t o m e n t i o n
a c c u m u l a t i o n so f r u s t , d u s t , e t c . I n s o m e p a r t s o f t h e s h i p , s u c h a s
o v e r t h e s i d e .t h i s c a n n o t b e a v o i d e d o r r e c t i f i e d ,b u t t h e r e i s n o
r e a s o nw h y a l i t t l e m o r e t i m e c o u l d n o t b e s p e n t o n d e c k h o u s e s ,
a l l e y w a y sa, n d s o o n .
Such placescatch the light and show themselvesto advantage
when finished off properly.
The principal reasons for putting paint on any surface are
preservation and decoration, and the only way to attain these
objects is to make good use of a scraper, pumice-stone,red-orwhite-lead,and apply the final coat on a smooth, clean,dry surface.
A sailor is not expectedto be a first-classpainter and decorator,
but he requires to have more than a nodding acquaintancewith
p a i n t , e n a m e la n d v a r n i s h ,i f h e h o p e st o a p p l y t h e m s u c c e s s f u l l y .
A knowledgeof the materialsand how to mix them will enable
any amateur to turn out better work than the man who is only
familiarwith brushwork.
All paint consistsof four essentials.
Composition of Paint
These are: the pigments, the binder, the thinner and the drying
agent.
The principal pigments are white-lead,zinc oxide
Pigments
and red lead. White-lead is used more than any other type ot
p i g m e n ti n t h e c o m p o s i t i o no f o r d i n a r y p a i n t ; i t g i v e sa g o o d b o d y ,
whereaszinc oxide is poor in this respect.To offset this lack o1
body, zinc is consideredto be more durable, and it retains its pure
colour better than lead. White-leadimproveswith age and provides
220
221
a tough, elasticfilm over any surface.lt expandsand contractswith

changesof temperature,and remainsuncrackedto the end.
W h i t e l e a da n d z i n c p i g m e n t sa r e s u p p l i e di n o i l s ,a n d t h e y o n l y
require to be reducedwith oil and turpentine. Red-leadis supplied
in powder form. It is used extensively as a first coating on
i r o n w o r k , d r i e sq u i c k l y , a n d I ' o r m sa g o o d , h a r d c o a t .
Binder Oil is the substance
u s e dt o b i n d t h e p i g m e n td o w n t o
the surface.A variety of oils
mostly vegetable may be usedfor
t h i s p u r p o s e ,b u t f o r g e n e r a ls u i t a b i l i t y ,r e a s o n a b l e
p r i c ea n d g o o d
, o i l e d l i n s e e d - o iils t h e b e s t .
drying qualitiesb
Gold Size
A " b i n d e r " u s e da g o o d d e a l o n f i n e w o r k . I t i s
m a d eI ' r o mv e r y p u r e g e l a t i n e .
Thinner
The "thinner" is added to paint to promote easeof
a p p l i c a t i o n b y b r i n g i n g t h e c o m p o s i t i o nt o a m o r e f l u i d s t a t e .
Genuine American turpentine is the best paint thinner, but a
substitute such as white spirit
a derivative of petroleum
is
invariably usedon board ship. All thinnersmust be water white and
f r e ef r o m s o l i d m a t t e r
Driers
A quantity of driers is usually added to paint to
acceleratethe drying process.It speedsup the chemicalreactionon
which drying depends, and lessensthe time required for the
t h o r o u g hh a r d e n i n go f a p a i n t e ds u r f a c e I. t a c t so n t h e o i l , b u t n o t
o n t h e p i g m e n t ,a n d h a s n o p r o t e c t i v eo r d e c o r a t i v ev a l u e . M a n y
types of driers are in use, some of a fluid nature, and others the
consistenco
y f p u t t y . M o s t o f t h e m , h o w e v e r ,c o n t a i nc o m p o u n d s
of lead and various types of manganese.An excess of driers is
definitely detrimentalto the life of paint.
Terebene A much-useddrier made from raw linseedoil and
g u m c o p a l . I t a l s o c o n t a i n sL i t h a r g e ,w h i c h i s a m o n o x i d eo f l e a d .
Red-lead
This is sometimesused as a drying agent when
o i l i n g w o o d e nd e c k s .M i x e d a s p a i n t i t d r i e sv e r y q u i c k l y .
Patent Composition Paints
Anti-corrosive,anti-fouling and
boot-topping paints are more expensivethan ordinary prepared
paints, and they are manufactured specially for the underwater
parts of a ship'shull. They have heavypigment which requiresto be
constantlystirredto preventsettlingwhile in use.In fact, with some
makes it is necessaryto turn the paint drums upside down
periodically to prevent settling while in storage.Evaporation is so
fast with thesecompositionsthat the paint is nearly dry as soon as
put on, with the result that a vesselmay leave a dry-dock without
unnecessarydelay.
Anti-fouling paint containsa large quantity of oxide of mercury
which is injurous to bare steeland will set up corrosion;therefore,
222
T H F B O A ' T S W A I N ' SM A N I ] A I
a n i i n l i - c o r r o s i v ei s p u t o n f i r s t . I t a c t s a s a n i n s u l a t o ra g a i n s tt h e
a n l i - f o u l i n gw h i c h i s p a i n t e do v e r i t . ' l - h i s i s p u t o n t o r e t a r dt h e
g r o w t h o l b a r n a c l e sg, r a s s ,e t c .
'l'he
Boot I'opping
area between the light load-line and
l o a d - l i n cp r o p e r i s k n o w n a s t h e b o o l - t o p p i n g .A s i t i s v e r y o f t e n
o r - 1 o1 l ' w a t e r , i t c a n b e s c r u b b e dw h e n n e c e s s a r yt o r e m o v e a l l
m a r i n e g r o u ' l h ; t h e r e l i r r c ,a n a n t i - f o u l i n g ( a n d a n t i - c o r r o s i v e i)s
u n n e c c s s a r \ 'l.n s t e a d . a c o m p o s i t i o n k n o w n a s b o o t - t o p p i n g i s
a p p l i e dt o t h a t s e c t i o n .T h i s i s a l e s se x p e n s i v ep a i n t w h i c h . l i k e t h e
o t h c r t u o . h a s a h e a v vp i g m e n ta n d q u i c k - d r fi n g q u a l i t i e s .
,\'ol(,
M o s t c o m p o s i t i o np a i n t s c a n b e t h i n n e d d o w n r v i t h
naphtha.
l - h e s ea r e c o n s i d e r e da g o o d p r e v e n t i v e
B i t u m i n o u sP a i n t s
. specially
a g a i n s tc o r r o s i o na n d a r e u s e de x t e n s i v e l yo n s t e e l w o r k e
u n d e rw a t e r .T h e y a r c c o m p o s e do f l a r m i x e d w i t h r e s i na n d t a l l o w .
'l'he
e s s e n t i adl i 1 ' 1 ' e r e ni cnct h e s ep a i n t si s t h a t
FunnelPaints
t h c v m u s t b e i m p e r v i o u st o h e a t .o r b l i s t e r i n ga n d c r a c k i n gw i l l t a k e
p l a c c .l e a r , i n gu n s i g h t l yp a t c h e so n t h e l u n n e l .
MIXING PAINT
M o s t o f t h e p a i n t s e n to n b o a r d s h i p i s a l l r e a d ym i x e d a n d o n l y
r e q u i r e sa I i t t l e t h i n n i n g b e f o r e u s e . T h i s a p p l i e sp a r t i c u l a r l yt o
l ' u n n c la n d m a s t p a i n t s .w h e r e a st.h a t u s e df o r d e c k h o u s e sa n d t h e
s h i p ' ss i d ei s u s u a l l ym i x e d o n b o a r d .T h e c o n s i s t e n coy l s u c hp a i n t
, hich
d e p e n d sl a r g c l y ' o nt h e a m o u n t o l p i g m e n ta n d o i l s a v a i l a b l ew
i n t u r n d e p e n d su p o n t h e c l a s so f v e s s eal n d t h e t r a d es h ei s e n g a g e d
i n . w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t n o h a r d - a n d - f a s tr u l e s c a n b e g i v e n i n
c o n n e c t i o nr v i t h p a i n t m i x i n g , e x c e p t f o r a l ' e w b r o a d p r i n c i p l e s
w h i c h a r e a g a i n s u b j e c tt o i n d i v i d u a lt a s t e .
A b o ' s u n o r l a m p t r i m m e rv e r y s e l d o mm i x e s p a i n t b y w e i g h t .
A s a r u l e t h e y d r a w o n t h e i r f o r m e r e x p e r i e n c e tso e s t i m a t et h e
quality and quantitywhich will be required.
M u c h d e p e n d so n t h e c l a s so f p i g m e n t a n d t h e s u r f a c et o b e
c o v e r e dC
. - h e a p i g m e n t sc a n n o t b e m i x e d a s t h i n a s t h e b e t t e r - c l a s s
o n e s .S i m i l a r l y .d a r k p a i n t s c a n b e m i x e d m u c h t h i n n e r t h a n a n y
o t h c r c o l o u r a n d s t i l l r e t a i n t h e s a m e c o n c e a l i n gp o w e r w h e n
applied.
'I-hen
again,one must bear in mind the effectof the climate. For
i n s t a n c ep, a i n t i n h o t c l i m a t e sd o e sn o t r e q u i r es o m u c h d r i e r a s i n a
moist one. and paint intended f'or a fish plate would require more
w e a t h e r - r c s i s t i nqgu a l i t i e st h a n a s t o k e h o l db u l k h e a db e l o w d e c k s .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A I
223
C o v e r i n gP o w e r
O n l y a r o u g h e s t i m a t ec a n b e m a d e o f t h e
a r e a a g i v e n a m o u n t o 1 ' p a i n ti s l i k e l y t o c o v e r ,p a r t i c u l a r l yw h e r e
t h e s h i p ' ss i d e i s c o n c e r n e d A
. r o u g h s u r f a c er e q u i r e sa g o o d d e a l
m o r e p a l n t t h a n a s m o o t h o n e , b u t a s a g e n e r a lr u l e . s o m e w h e r e
a b o u t 6 o r T l b s o f p a i n t w i l l c o v e rr o u g h l y5 0 s q . y a r d s .B l a c kp a i n t
c a n b e t h i n n e dd o w n a g o o d d e a l ,a n d w i l l c o v e r a l a r g e ra r e at h a n
a n y o t h e r g i v e nq u a n t i t y o f . p a i n t .
Mixing White Paint
B o i l e do i l m u s t n e v e rb e u s e <f!o r w h i t e
p a l n t o r i t w i l l d r y a c r e a m yc o l o u r , b u t i t i s q u i t e s a l et o u s ei t l ' o r
a l l d a r k e r s h a d e so f p a i n t .
F o r w h i t e p a i n t , r a w l i n s e e do i l a n d t u r p c n t i n es h o u l db e u s e di n
t h e p r o p o r t i c l no f o n e q u a r t o f t u r p e n t i n et o o n e g a l l o n o f r a w
l i n s e e do i l .
Both white-zincand white-leador a quantrryof both may be used
in the making of white paint, but of the two the zinc gives the
w h i t e r c o l o u r .l - h e f o l l o w i r r gi s a n a v e r a g em i x t u r e :7 l b s w h i t e - l e a d
or white-zinc (or both); h gall. raw oil. t/t pinl turps and 2 ozs
driers.
l - h i s m i x t u r e m a y b e v a r i e da g o o d d e a l , a n d i s o n l y g i v e n a s a
r o u g h g u i d e .F o r l a r g e rq u a n t i t i e si t i s o n l y n e c e s s a rtyo d o u b l e c l r
t r e b l et h e g i v e n f i g u r e sa s m a n y t i m e s a s d e s i r e d .
I t i s a c o m m o n p r a c t i c et o m i x u p a l a r g e q u a n t i t l ,o f p i g m e n t
a n d o i l , t h e n a d d t h e t u r p e n t i n et o e a c hp o t o l ' p a i n tj u s t b e f o r ei t i s
t a k e n a w a y t o b e u s e d . B y d o i n g t h i s i t i s p o s s i b l er o v a r y t h e
c o n s i s t e n c oy f t h e p a i n t t o s u i t d i f l ' e r e njto b s .
W h i t e p a i n t i m p r o v e sw i t h s t a n d i n g a
. n d i t i s u s u a lt o m i r i t u n
s o m et w o o r t h r e ew e e k sb e l b r ei t i s u s e d ,g i v i n gi t a s t i r u p n o w a n d
agairr.
It is betternot to add the driers until ready to use the paint,
o t h e r w i s es k i n sw i l l f o r m v e r y q u i c k l y ,a n d e v e r yp o t f u l w i l l r e q u i r e
to be strained.
A n o t h e r c o m m o n p r a c t i c ei s t o s t i r a s m a l l q u a n t i t y o f b l u e
(blue pigment mixed with raw oil) into white paint. This has a
"bleaching"
efl'ect,and neutralisesany tendencyof the paint to turn
a c r e a m yc o l o u r o n a c c o u n to f t h e o i l c o n t e n t .
Mixing Red-lead
This pigmenr has such good drying
q u a l i t i e st h a t d r i e r s a r e n o t u s u a l l ya d d e d . I t f o r m s a g o o d , h a r d
c o a t .a n d i s u s e de x t e n s i v e l tyo c o v e rb a r ei r o n , o r a n ) . p l a c e sw h e r e
rust is likely to showthrough.
The following will make up one gallon of red-leadready for use.
2 0 l b s r e d l e a d , 6 p i n t sl i n s e e do i l , 2 g i l l st u r p e n r i n e .
T o p r e v e n te x c e s s i v see t t l i n go f t h e l e a d i n t h e p o l w h e n i n u s e
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N I J A I 224
225
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAI-
d a m p t h e p o w d e r w i t h b o i l e d o i l , a n d l e t i t s t a n df o r h a l f - a n - h o u r
b e I ' o r em i x i n g .
1'his may be prepared I'rom white-zinc,
Mixing Flatting
t u r p e n t i n e ,a n d a s m a l l q u a n t i t y o f g o l d s i z et o a c t a s a b i n d e r '
lt/zcwt mast colour, 3 gal' boiled oil, I
Mixing Mast Colour
g
u
l
.
t
e
r
e
b
e
n
e%
, g a l . t u r p e n t i n e ,% g a l v a r n i s h '
gal. raw oit, %
Take the required quantity .ol
Mixing Red Funnel Paint
in the sun for half-an-hour or so' then damp with
red-lead d-r,vp a r a f f i no i l . s o t h a t i t i s e v e nd r i e r t h a n a p a s t e 'A l i e r s t a n d i n gf o r
y i t h c o l z ao i l .
L a l f - a n - h o u r t. h i n d o w n t o t h e r e q u i r e dc o n s i s t e n c w
This gives a iight red.
J-o the stiff black paste add I
M"ixing Black F unnel Paint
patent driers about the size
oil,
and
parts
boiled
part turpe"ntine,3
a
d
d
d
rop black broken up in
b
l
a
c
k
,
i
d
e
e
p
F
o
r
.
g
g
.
of un
turpentiie:.Varnish musi neve. be added to funnel paint containing
spirit.
l\lixing ('olours:W h i t e - l e a da n d p r u s s i a nb l u c t i n g e d w i t h
F r e n c hG i e l '
vermilion.
R e-g u l a t i o n( i r e , vW h i t e - l e a da n d b l a c k i n p r o p o r t i o n o l ' l 6 t o I
(7lbsblack
I cwt white-lead)'
L a m p b l a c ka n d i n d i g o .
SilverGre-v
Black, blue and white'
Pearl Grel'
Blue and leadcolour.
Pearl
L a m p b l a c ka n d w h i t e .
C
o
l
o
u
r
l-ead
Yellow and white.
Straw Colour
Cream Colour chrome yellow, best venetianred and white-lead
C r i m s o nl a k e ,w h i t e a n d v e r m i l i o n '
F l e s hC o l o u r
S a l m o n C o l o u r W h i t e - l e a dt i n g e d w i t h v e n e t i a nr e d '
C a r m i n ea n d w h i t e '
Pink
W h i t e a n d c r i m s o nl a k e .
R o s eC o l o u r
B u r n t s i e n n aa n d w h i t e - l e a d .
Fawn
Black and red.
Brown
Brown and white.
Chestnut
Venetian red and black.
Chocolate
White, yellow and venetian red'
Bul'l'
Raw or burnt umber and white-leadwith a little
Drab
venetian red.
Light green and black.
Dark Green
Green and white.
Pea Green
Brilliant Green Emerald green and white
Red, blue and black.
Olive
and red.
Yeilow
Orange
Purple
Violel
B l u e .w h i t e a n d c r i m s o nl a k c o r v e r m i l i o n .
Whitc-leadu
. l t r a m a r i n e v. e r m i l i o na n d a l i t t l c
black.
I m i t a t i o n( i o l d W h i t e - l e a dc.h r o m ey e l l o wa n d b u r n t s i e n n a .
S t c l n cC o l o u r
W h i t e - l e a d r. a w s i e n n aa n c lu m b e r .
Drying of Paint
} ) a i n t d r i e s a n d h a r d e n st h r o u s h a b s o r b i n u
o x y g e n i n t h e a i r . a d r v i n g e l l e c t p r o d u c c db 1 'l i n s c e j o i l . a n d t h !
e v a p o r a t l o l to l t u r p e n t i n e .T h c t i n t c s p e n t i n o x i d a t i o n n t a v b e
speedeu
d p b v a d d i n gs p e c i adl r i e r st o p a i n t .b u t t h c u s r o
. l h c a il o r
t h e p u r p o s ci s u s e l e s s .
Blistering
[ J n s i g h t l vb l i s t e r s w i l l i n v a r i a b h , a r i s c o n
w o o d w o r k p a i n t e dd u r i n g d a m p w e a t h c r ,o r o l l w o o d n < t tp r o p e r l , r .
s e a s o n e da n d l l l l o 1 s a p . A c e r t a i na m o u n t o l n t o i s t u r ei n p a t e n t
d r i e r s .o r d a m p n e sism p r i s o n c db e t w e e nc o a t so l ' p a i n t .m a ) b e t h e
c a u s co l b l i s t e r sI u r n r i n go n i r o n w o r k u ' h i c h h a s b e e n p a i n t e d .
D a r k - c o l o u r e pd a i n t sb l i s t e rn t o r ee a s i l it h a n . t h c r s a s t h c l , a b s . r b
niolc lightlnd hcat.
Tackl'
I 1 'a f ' i n g e rp l a c e d l i g h r l r a g a i n s ta r c c e n r l . n , - p a i n r c d
s u r l a c ea d h e r e s l i g h t l l , t oi t i t i s s a i dt o b e " t a c k r " . T h i s c o n d i t i o n
m a r l a s t l o r s o n t ct i m c i l t h c p a i n t h a s b c e n p u t o n o t , e ra d i r t r , .
g r c a s \ s u r l ' a c eo. r i l t h e r c i s a n e x c c s so 1 c j r i c r i i n t h c p a i n r . I n t l i c
c a s eo l r a r n i s h .i n s u l ifc i e n tv e n t i l a t i o nw o u l d h a v ct h e s a n r ec l l c c t .
BRtTSHIIS
A n r m a l b r i s t l c s r. ' e g e t a b l lei b r e a n d h o r s e - h a i ra r e s t t n r eo 1 -t h e
m a t e r i a l su s e di n t h e r l a n u l ' a c t u r co 1 'p a i n t - b r u s h e sw. h i l c r a r n i s h
b r u s h c sc o n t a i n b e a r ' s1 ' u r .a n d t h o s e u s c d l u r g r a i n i n g a r c n t a d c
w i t h b a d g c r ' sh a i r .
l l r i s t l c b r u s h e sa r e t h c b e s t a n d a r c e a s i l t ' r < j e n t i l i ebci - lt h e i r .
n a t u r a l s p r i n g .a n d t h c [ ' a c tt h a t t h e b r i s t l ee n d s a r c t a p c r e d .
A l s o i l i i s t r a n di s p u l l e do u t a n d b e n td o u b k : .t h c f i b r e s t r a n d
w i l l u s u a l l y ' c r a c kw. h i l c t h c a n i m a l b r i s t l cw i l l g o b a c k i n t o i t s
n o r m a ls h a p e O
. r a g a i n .a m a t c ha p p l i c dt o a s t r a n dw o u l d c a u s e
f i b r c t o b u r n . b u t b r i s t l cw o u l c ln o t .
N e u b r u s h e so. r t h o s ew h i c h h a l ' cn o t b c e nu s c df o r s o n t et i n t c .
s h o u l db e s o a k e di n w a t e r .o t h e r w i s teh e b r i s t l c su i l l c u r n eo u t \ c r v
l r c c l r . b u t t h i s d o c sn o t a p p l vt o r u b b e r - s ebt r u s h c s .
'fhose
u s e dl r t r p a i n t a n d v a r n i s ha r e m o s t l vs t : li n e i t h c rc e m e n t
o r r u b b c r . a n d a r c u s u a l l l , b o u n dw i t h c o p p c r w i r c . u r c a s e di n
m c t a l l ' e l r u l e so l c r t p p e r .a l L r n r i n i u r no.r t i n .
-I
hc bristlcs ol thosc rnade lrtr usc irt varnish are alwavs
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANTJAI,
THF. BOATSWAII-'S MANIIAL
226
b e v e l l e d .a n d a r e s e t i n r u b b e r t o r e n d e r t h e m i n p e r v i o u st o t h e
a c t i c l no l s p i r i t si n t h e v a r n i s h .t u r p e n t i n e ,p e t r o l ' e t c .
T h o s es e ti n c e m e n ta r c m e a n tt o b e u s e di n p a i n t , a n d a r e n e v e r
g u a r a n t e e dt o r e s i s tt h e a c t i o n o f s p i r i t s ,w h i c h w i l l d i s s o l v et h e
c e m e n ta n d r u i n t h e b r u s h .
N e w b r u s h e so l t h e c h e a p e rv a r i e t l
B r e a k i n g - i nB r u s h e s
" s t r o k eo f f " n e a t l y .t h e r e l ' o r et ,o b r e a kt h e m i n t h e y a r e u s e d
seldom
on a rough surl'acefor a few days. The ship's side is besi for this
p u r p o s e .W h e n t h e e n d s o l t h e b r i s t l e sa r e n i c e l yt a p e r e da n d t h e
b r u s h i n g o o d c o n d i t i o n ,i t i s t h e n w a s h c do u t a n d k e p t r e a d l ' l o r
a n y w o r k w h i c h r e q u i r e sa g o o d f i n i s h '
New round brushes must be
Binding or Bridling Brushes
. nd although
b r i d l e d c l r b o u n d t o r e d u c et h e l e n g t ho f t h e b r i s t l e s a
s o m e a r e p r o v i d e dw i t h a p a t e n t m e t a l b r i d l e .t h e u s u a l p r a c t i c ei s
t o b i n d i t e i t h e rw i t h r o p e - y a r n so r b u n t i n g .W h e n b u n t i n g i s t o b e
u s e d .t a k e a p i e c el o n g e n o u g ht o r e a c hf r o m t h e f o o t o f t h e h a n d l e
t o t h e e n d o l ' t h e b r i s t l e s ,t h e n r o l l i t r o u n d t h e b r u s h t w i c e F i g '
( l a ) . P a s s a s e i z . i n ga b o u t h a l f - w a y d o w n t h e b r i s t l e s ,t u r n t h e
b u n t i n gb a c k a n d m a k e f a s t w i t h a n o t h e rs e i z i n ga r o u n d t h e I ' o o t o 1
t h c h a n d l e .t r i g . ( b ) . N e v e rb r i d l e a b r u s h t o o t i g h t l y o r t h e b r i s t l e s
w i l l l o s et h e r r s p r i n g a n d b e c o m ed i s t o r t e d .
B c l o r c\ l a r t i n g w o r k a l l s u r p l u s\ a t e r m u s t b c
WorkingIn
b
s h a k e no u t o l ' t h e r u s h . N e x t , d i p i t w e l l i n t o t h e p a i n t a n d r u b i t
a r o u n d t h e s i d e so f t h e p o t , o r o n a s p a r ep i e c eo f w o o d ' i n' f o r d e r
that paint will find its way right through the bristles. his is
i m n o i t a n t a l t e r a b r u s h h a s b e e n w a s h e do u t i n c a s ea n v t r a c e so 1 '
t h e o l d c o l t t u rr e m a i n s .
ji
m
Ft<;. I
(b)
(a)
tlinding Brushes
fl
tl
m
:
Frt;. .l
R o u n d [ J rush.
ir lt
/t
/l
Y
ffi
\\
\\
\\\' L'8=
Frr,.4
Dog's[.egBrush
Frr;.5
Sashl-oolBrushes
R o u n d B r u s h e s M o s t o f t h e b r u s h e sw h i c h c o m e u n d e r t h i s
heading are really oval in shape.and the sizesare determinedby
n u m b e r s .T h e y r u n f r o m r / , , t o t r i , , .F i g . 3 .
Dog's Leg
A very handy and popular type of long-handled
parnt-brush.
Sash Tools
Small, round brushesused for reachingcorners
where a larger brush cannot be worked, (the nantecomesfiom sash
windows ashore).They are usuallystring-bound,but are also found
e n c a s e di n f e r r u l e so f a l u m i n i u m , c o p p e r o r t i n . A s r e g a r d ss i z e ,
seafarersusually classthem as "small" and ..large",but each has a
n u m b e r ,t h e c o m p l e t er a n g eo f w h i c h i s f r o m N o . 0 t o N o . 1 4 .F i s .
Fitches
These are always used for such jobs as painting in
very narrow holes and corners, and also for painting names,
numbers and other small work. Although usually designated
"small"
and "large" there is a big rangeof numbersextendingfrom
N o . I t o N o . 1 6 .F i g . 6 .
ll
Flat Brushcs
considerthem to be the besttype

F'lat Brushes Most seafarers
of brush for all generalwork. Sizesare accordingto width in inches,
and they rangethrougheachhalf inch from t/zinchto 4 inches.Fig' 2'
\
\\
\
tl
Frc;.2
227
Frc. 6
Fitch.
Lining I'ools
Frc 7
ilt
l-ining'l'ool
Ftc. [J
Pencil.
Brushesspeciallydesignedand cut for drawing
228
l i n e s ,b u t o n l y u s e d o n b o a r d f o r p a i n t i n g f i g u r e so r n a m e s .S i z e s
r u n t h r o u g h e a c h6 m m f r o m 6 m m t o 3 6 m m . F i g . 7 .
Pencils Small, sharp pointed brushesmeant for artistic work.
b u t e m p l o y e di n p a i n t i n g n u m b e r sa n d l e t t e r s .F i g . 8 .
T'wo types in three sizes (No. I to 3) are in
Tar Brushes
g e n e r a lu s e . O n e h a s a s h o r t h a n d l e s i m i l a r t o a p a i n t - b r u s h ,a n d
t h e o t h e r t y p e h a s a l o n g h a n d l ea b o u t 4 I ' e e tl o n g . F i g . 9 .
"two knot" brushes.
WhitewashBrushes Theseare invariably
l ' h a t i s , t h e b r i s t l e sa r e b o u n d i n t o t w o k n o t s . a n d t h i s g i v e st w o
b r u s h e so n t h e o n e h a n d l e . S i z e sa r e b y w e i g h t , a n d t h e s er a n g e
t h r o u g h e a c h o u n c eI ' r o m 8 o u n c e st o l 2 o u n c e s .F i g . 1 0 .
Although seldom found on board the
Stencil Brushes
a v e r a g es t e a m e r t, h e s eb r u s h e sa r e w o r t h t h e s m a l le x t r a c o s t .T h e y
are about the same size as a shaving-brush,but the ends of the
bristles are cut off to give a flat surface. Sizes are in inches and
i n d i c a t ed i a m e t e ro f b r i s t l es u r f a c e .T h e r a n g ee x t e n d sf r o m a b o u t
l 2 m m t o 3 6 m m .F i g . l l .
'l'he
method in which brushes are stowed
Care of Brushes
The
away when not in use will determine their future usel'ulness.
u s u a l p r a c t i c ei s t o s t a n d t h e m i n a t i n o f w a t e r ,b u t t h i s w i l l c a u s e
especiallythose o1' an
them to become crooked and twisted
i n l ' e r i o rq u a l i t y . I t i s b e t t e rt o s u s p e n dt h e m i n t h e w a t e r , n o t o n l y
to preservetheir shape,but to keep the bristlesfree from grit in the
bottom of the tin.
B r u s h e ss e t i n m e t a l s h o u l d n o t b e i m m e r s e d i n w a t e r , b u t
p l a c e di n l i n s e e do i l , o r a m i x t u r e o f o i l a n d t u r p e n t i n e .
W a s h i n gB r u s h e s l l ' n o t t o b e u s e df o r s o m et i m e , i t i s b e t t e r
t o w a s h a b r u s h o u t w i t h t u r p e n t i n e .s o a p a n d w a t e r , b u t o n n o
a c c o u n tu s e s o d a o r t h i s w i l l r u i n t h e b r i s t l e s .
Frr;.9
Tar [Jrush
Frt;.l0
W h i t e w a s h i n gB r u s h
Frc. I I
Stencil llrush
229
Whitewash Brushes
Wash out in cold water after use. and
after straightening bristles, hang up to dry with a string rove
through a hole in the handle.Before using, both new and old
brushesshould be soakedin cold water for one hour to tighten the
bristles in casethey have become loose through shrinkagein dry
weather.
Varnish Brushes As dampnessis the great enemy of varnish,
the brushesshould never be kept in water, so for this reasonthey
a r e a l w a y s k e p t i n o i l , v a r n i s h o r t u r p e n t i n e .o r a m i x t u r e o f a l l
three.
Softening Brushes
If through neglect,a brush has become
hard and stiff with paint, it can be softenedagain by immersionin a
paint remover such as Pintoff. This will take some two or three
h o u r s a n d s h o u l d b e f o l l o w e d b v w a s h i n e i n t u r o e n t i n e .t h e n i n
s o a pa n d w a t e r .
Paint Rollers
Paint rollers are often usedinsteadof brushes.
particularly when painting large, flat surfaces. Rollers may be
lambskin or nylon coveredand should be used in conjunctionwith
properly designedpaint trays into which the paint is poured. The
t r a y i s o n t h e t i l t a n d a f t e rd i p p i n gt h e r o l l e r i n t o t h e p a i n t , i t i s r u n
up and down on the dry part to ensurean even distribution across
the whole of the roller besidesremoving excesspaint.
Rollers are supplied with short or long handlesand provide a
very quick method of covering large surfacesbut if used without a
tray can also be a somewhatwastefulmethod of painting.
After use the roller should be cleanedwith the samethinner as
used for thinning the paint, washed and rolled out as dry as
possible,being fully dried beforestoring. If it is in day by day useit
can be treated the same as a brush and left to soak.
Spray Gun
In this case the general principle is that
air-pressureis used to spray a paint-saturatedmist through the
nozzle of the spray gun by a trigger control. For good resultsit is
essentialto keep the samedistancebetweenthe nozzleand the work
to be painted and to keep the spray gun in the verticalposition, i.e.
the gun must be moved up or down or from side to side parallel to
the surfacebeing painted. lt is also most important that the surface
is cleanand dry to ensureproper adhesion.lt should only be usedin
a still atmosphereand after use must be thoroughly cleaned.The
health of the operator must be safeguardedby providing a mask
and gogglestogetherwith overall clothing.
230
'fHF
BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL
PRI,PARATION
Any surfacewhich is to be painted must be clean.Coal dust and

and
especiallw
y hite
s u c hl i k e a r e l i a b l et o w o r k t h r o u g h p a i n t
cause discolouration. Grease in particular should be cleaned ofl
with paraffin or unsightly streakswill result. Rust marks must also
be removedor they are liable to show through. If sugi-mugifails to
erasethem, a rub with bath-brick will probably prove effective.To
obtain that really finished look, a surface must be smoothed off
, e paint shouldbe strained,
w i t h p u m i c e s t o n e ,a n d , i { ' n e c e s s a r yt h
a l t h o u g ht h i s i s s e l d o md o n e e x c e p tw i t h p a i n t i n t e n d e df o r b r i d g e
or saloon houses.When looserust is encounteredit must be scraped
away or it will flake olf on its own later and leave unsightly bare
patches.Blistersmust also be cut away and the edgesfined down
with a knife.
Touching Up
All bare places which have been scraped or
must be
cleanedoll'
especiallywhere bare iron shows through
t o u c h e d u p w i t h e i t h e r r e d o r w h i t e - l e a d .A t h i c k c o a t s h o u l d b e
a p p l i e d ,a n d i l ' r e d - l e a di s u s e d ,i t w i l l r e q u i r ea c o a t o f p a i n t t o t o n e
t h e c o l o u r d o w n b e l b r et h e f i n a l c o a t i s a p p l i e d .
Bare Steel
Bare steel plates should be smoothed off with a
scraperand given a coat of boiled oil. One or two coats of red-lead
is usually followed by two coats of the final colour to finish off.
'I-hat
is: one for toning down the red-lead, and one more when
adjacent plates are being done. To determine whether a plate
r e q u i r e so n e o r t w o c o a t s o f l e a d , m u c h w o u l d d e p e n do n w h e t h e r
t h e p l a c ei s i n a n e x p o s e dp o s i t i o no r w h e t h e ri t s t a n d sa l o t o f w e a r
and tear.
When rust breaks through paintwork, and ugly
Bleeding
yellow streaksand blotches appear, the affectedspot is said to be
"bleeding". The usual remedy is to scrape away the paint and
accumulatedrust, apply either one or two coats of red or white-lead
a n d f i n i s h o f f w i t h a c o a t o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n gc o l o u r . I n a d d i t i o n ,i f
available.a thick coat of varnish next to the steelis an even better
cure.
PreparingNew Wood
All new wood must be given a priming
coat. This fills up the grain of the wood and gives a colour
foundation for the final coats. Priming coats are usually made a bit
t h i n n e r t h a n o t h e r p a i n t s .O n n e w w o o d i t i s a l s o a d v i s a b l et o u s e
Patent Knotting which preventsthe knots showing through. Only
the knots themselvesare touched up, and being a quick-drying
m a t e r i a l( a b o u t l 0 m i n u t e s ) ,t w o c o a t s a r e u s u a l .
This is supplied ready made to many vessels,particularly
PutQ
231
those where it is used for making gun port doors watertight.

When not suppliedit can be madeasunder,but aswhiting is seidomto
be found on the averageship, the white or red-leadvariety is mostly
used.
Is made from whiting mixed with about 20c,(.
Ordinary Putty
raw oil, and is used principally for filling cracks or holes in
w o o d w o r k . I t m a y b e t i n t e d r v i t h p r a c t i c a l l ya n y c o l o u r t o s u i t
w h a t e v e rp a i n t i s t o b e a p p l i e do v e r i t .
White-lead Putty
Ordinary white-lead stifl'ened up with
w h i t i n g . l t i s o f t e n u s e dw i t h o u t t h e s t i f f e n i n ge, s p e c i a l l w
y h e r et h e
i n t e n t i o ni s t o s t o p r u s l f r o m f o r m i n g .
Red-lead Putty
White-lead mixed with red-lead in powder
f o r m . I f n e c e s s a r yi t. c a n b e s l a c k e n e dw i t h a l i t t l e r a w o i l . l - h i s
m i x t u r e i s a g o o d o n e t o u s eo n g u n p o r t d o o r s w h e r et h e a c t i o no f
t h e w a t e r w i l l w a s h a w a y t h e o r d i n a r y t y p e so f p u t t y .
Filling
A n o t h e rg o o d f i l l i n g , w h i c h c a n s o m e t i m e sb e u s e di n
place o1' putty, is a mixture of cement and raw oil. It can be
s m o o t h e do f f e a s i l yt o t a k e a c o a t o f p a i n t , a n d i s i n - r p e r v i o utso
h e a t ,w i t h t h e a d d e da d v a n t a g eo f s e t t i n gm u c h h a r d e rt h a n p u t t y .
It can also be used as a substitute{'or marine glue.
Keane's Cement
A good filling for levelling o1'l uncven
s u r f a c e sp, a r t i c u l a r l yo n d e c k h o u s e so r b u l k h e a d sw h e r e a g o o d
s u r f a c ei s r e q u i r e d .I t s c h i e f v i r t u e i s t h a t i t h a r d e n sv e r y q u i c k l y
a n d d o e sn o t c r a c k a n d b r e a k a w a y . M i x t h e p o w d c r i n t o a p a s t e
with three parts turps and one part gold size.Wash surl'aceor part
to be filled with turps and apply paste. When smoothing o1T
if necessary.
s p r i n k l et u r p s o n t h e s u r t ' a c e
APPI,YING PAINT
P a i n t s h o u l db e a p p l i e da s t h i n l y a n d e v e n l ya s p o s s i b l eT. o d o
this properly it must be "crossed"before "stroking off". l'hat is to
s a y ,i t s h o u l db e s p r e a da c r o s st h c d i r e c t i o nw h i c h t h e f i n i s h i n g - o f f
h a i r s t r o k e sw i l l t a k e .
N e e d l e stso s a y ," h o l i d a y s "( p a r t sl e f t d r y ) s h o u l db e a v o i d e do r
they will give an unpleasanteffect when touched up afterwards.
It is a good plan to coat over all rivets, bolts or other
obstructionsbefore filling in the flat parts. One reasonfor this is
that, with quick-drying paints, a large area can be filled in and
stroked olT bel'oreit sets,otherwisea patchy appearancewill result
w h e r e t h e d r y a n d w e t s e c t i o n sm e e t .A s a i l o r s h o u l d d e v e l o pt h e
h a b i t o f p l a n n i n go u t i n h i s o w n m i n d t h e p a i n t i n gh e i s a b o u t t o
do.
232
Hairstrokes The bestguide to the direction which hairstrokes

w i l l t a k e i s t h e o l d p a i n t w o r k o n w h i c h t h e y a r e a l w a y sv i s i b l e .
I f i n d o u b t , i t s h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e dt h a t t h e s h i p ' ss i d e ,d e c k ,
a n d s k i r t i n g sa t t h e b o t t o m o f s a l o o n h o u s e sa r e t h e o n l y p l a c e s
where they are likely to run fore-and-aft.Elsewhere,they are either
u p a n d d o w n o r a t h w a r t s h i p sS
. o m e v e s s e l sm a y d i f f e r f r o m t h i s ,
b u t t h i s i s t h e u s u a lp r a c t i c e .
While on the subjectof hairstrokes,it is as well to note that the
p r o p e r w a y t o p a i n t a p a n e l l e dd o o r i s n o t t o s i m p l ys t a r t a t t h e t o p
and work down. Do the beadings,panels,cross-pieces
and finish up
w i t h t h e v e r t i c a ls i d e - p i e c eisn t h e r o t a t i o n i n d i c a t e d ,a n d a m u c h
n e a t e rj o b w i l l r e s u l t .I n t h i s c a s et h e h a i r s t r o k e sf o l l o w t h e g r a i n o f
the wood.
Breaking Off
When working on a saloon-houseand about to
knock ofl' for the night, avoid leaving a plate half finished; it will
p r o b a b l y s h o w a n u n s i g h t l yj o i n n e x t d a y . A l w a y s e n d e a v o u rt o
finish at the butt of a plate, and don't just go to the edge of it; go
w e l l o v e r a n d t h i s w i l l m a k e t h e j o i n u p n e x t d a y m u c h n e a t e ra n d
easier, with the added advantage that an extra coat of paint is
applied to the edge of the plate itself, which is a place where rust
starts very easily.
Overheads Overheadwork is the bane of a sailor'sexistence.
a n d w h e n d o i n g i t ( a s i n o t h e r k i n d s o f p a i n t i n g ) ,i t i s a c o m m o n
fault to seea sailor with a hand plasteredwith paint which has run
f rom the brush. This is entirely unnecessary,if only a little paint is
taken up on the brush, and it is frequently wiped on the edgeof the
pot.
Covers and Screens
Old tarpaulins and boat-covers are
invariably used as painting screens.They are laid on wooden decks,
rails, seatsor anywhereelseto catch paint spots.
Even if a large screenis not practicable,it is as well to have a
small pieceof canvas(about 2 or 3 feet square),on which to stand
the pot.
Bay
Section of bulwark betweenstanchions.
Fleet
The particular stretch or length a man is able to reach
comfortably is referredto as a "fleet".
Painting Aloft - When a sailor is in his "chair" and ready to
start work, it is always safestto send the paint pot up on the signal
halliards.The ordinary paint pot is liable to slop over and make a
mess on the deck below, but if stood in a bucket, hung on the
"chair",
all mess will be avoided, whether painting with a wad or
brush.
233
A n o t h e r m e t h o d i s s o m e t i m e su s e d w h e n a w a d i s e m p l o y e d .
The pot is c<lveredover with a pieceof canvastied over the top. In
this a slit is made, through which the hand is dipped. On
w i t h d r a w i n gt h e h a n d , s u r p l u sp a i n t i s w i p e d o f f t h r o u g h c o n t a c t
with the edges of the canvas. This rs also a preventive against
slopping,but of the two methodsthe former is the better.Owing to
the danger of dermatitis,paint wads are seldom seennow.
If the derricksare not too high off the deck
Painting Derricks
t h e y w i l i b e e a s i l yr e a c h e db y s t a n d i n go n a s t o o l o r b o x , b u t i f h i g h
and fairly close together a plank will be necessary.If guys are
stretchedunderneaththe plank can be laid acrossthem, or failing
t h a t . a c r o s st h e t w o d e r r i c k s .
W h e n w i d e a p a r t , t h e b e s t m e t h o d i s t o s i t a s t r i d et h e d e r r i c k
with the pot slung over it. lf the paint pot is attachedto a heavy
shackleby a lanyard of suitable length, it will hang alongsidethe
derrick at a height which can be adjustedto suit the painter'
Painting Funnels Beforecommencingto paint a funnel or rtg
gear. the engineers should he noti/ied about.vour intentions.
Failure to do so may result in someonebeing severelyscalded
andit may belourself.
When funnel boards are rigged.they are bolted togetherin the
form o1' a square. around the funnel, and this is hoisted with a
g a n t l i n e( u s u a l l yc h a i n ) .a t e a c hc o r n e r :b u t i f b o s u n ' sc h a i r sa r e t o
b e u s e d .a h o o k b l o c k a n d r o p e g a n t l i n ew i l l b e r e q u i r e df o r e a c h .
Soot around the top rim will have to be brushed away with
either an ordinary deck-broom or perhapsa wire one. Old, cracked
or blisteredpaint will want smoothingoff with a chiselscraper,and
a n y w h i t e b a n d sw i l l p r o b a b l y r e q u i r ew a s h i n gb e l ' o r ep a i n t c a n b e
put on.
If the {unnel is hot. tie sackingaround the knees,as they will be
pressedcloseto the iron, and the l'eetshould also receivethe same
a t t e n t i o nt o p r c v e n tu g l y t o e m a r k s s h o w i n go n t h e s u r l a c e
especiallyif the funnel is a light-colouredone.
On the top fleet it may be necessaryto use a manhelperto join
u p w i t h t h e m a n o n e i t h e r s i d e ,w h i l e l o w e r d o w n a g u y o r e n d o l
the gantline may have to be used to keep the chair in its proper
"lleet".
S o m e t y p e so f p a i n t d r y v e r y q u i c k l y o n a c c o u n to { ' h e a ti n t h e
fur.rr.rel.
Such fleetswill havc to be arrangedand stroked off in such
a m a n n e ra s n o t t o l o o k t o o p a t c h yw h e nd r y . W i t h o t h e r sa g a i nt h e
efl'ectis directly opposite;they will turn thin and watery arld must
y e a ra l o w e rc o l o u r w h i c h w i l l h a v e
b e a p p l i e ds p a r i n g l y e
, specialln
to be cut into rt.
234
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAT-
Funnel Stays
Stays may be let go and painted at the same
time as the funnel itself. while hanging loose, or they can be left
u n t i l n e x t d a y , w h e n t h e y m a y b e d o n e i n t h e s a m em a n n e ra s o t h e r
s t a y ss e t u p i n p l a c e .
Painting Topsides
Down as far as the waterline is generally
k n o w n a s t h e t o p s i d e s a, n d o n t h i s j o b s t a g e sh a v et o b e u s e du n l e s s
the work is done by shore workers, in which casepainting-flatswith
high trestlesare often employed.
As with other surfaces,all loose rust must be scaledoff. and all
d i r t u n d e r n e a t hs c u p p e ro r s o i l - p i p e sm u s t b e s c r a p e da w a y b e f o r e
a n y p a i n t i s p u t o n . F o r t h i s r e a s o n .t w o c h i s e ls c r a p e r sa r e a l w a v s
kept handyon the stage.
On the bottom fleet the paint must be cut to the edge of the
w a t e r l i n e .H e r e i t m e e t st h e b o o t - t o p p i n gw h i c h , o f c o u r s e .i s a
dilTerentcolour.
E v e n i f t h e w a t e r l i n ei s t o b e c u t i n l a t e r ,t h e p a i n t s h o u l db e p u t
o n s p a r i n g l yt o p r e v e n ti t " r u n n i n g " .
Spinning Pots
Paint pots used over the side have to be hung
o n a l o n g l a n y a r d ,w i t h t h e r e s u l tt h a t , i n a d d i t i o nt o s l o p p i n gp a i n t
about, they often unlay or chafe through, and the pot and brush is
l o s t . J o p r e v e n tt h i s i t i s b e t t e rt o u s e o l d p l a i t e dl o g - l i n e .
Marking StageRopes
In order to avoid lowering a stagetoo
l a r . t h e s t a g er o p e s h o u l d b e m a r k e d w i t h a y a r n a t a h e i g h tw h i c h
can be convenientlyreached.
PaintingBoot-Topping Scrubbingorpainting boot-topping
ts mostly done from a boat or painting-flat, and this kept alongside
by means of lines running well forward and aft. These must be
made I'aston the outsideof the boat, or flat, to keep her closeto the
s h i p ' ss i d e .
1'he special paint used on this work is always a quick-drying
composition which requiresfrequent stirring to prevent it settling.
Much looserust may be encounteredaiong the waterline;in fact
it is always one of the worst places on any vesseland requires
c o n s t a n ta t t e n t i o nw i t h a s c r a p e r .
Care should be taken to cut the topside colour neatly; nothing
looks worse than a wavy waterline.
Actually, the part known as boot-topping is really a wide band,
extending from the load-line proper to the light load-line. Below
that, two different types of paint
anti-corrosiveand anti-fouling
are used, but theseare only applied in dry-dock and are seldom
handled by seafarers.
Scrubbing Boot-topping
As a vessel rises in the water
through the dischargeof cargo, and the boot-topping comes into
235
view, it is usuallyfound to be coveredwith seaweedand barnacles.

l f t h e i n t e n t i o ni s t o p a i n t t h e a r e ae x p o s e da, l l m a r i n eg r o w t h m u s t
b e r e m o v e d . F o r t h i s p u r p o s c l o n g - h a n d l e ds c r a p c r sa n d p a i n t
s c r u b b e r sa r e u s e d , b u t i l ' p r o c u r a b l e , s t e e l b r o o m s a r e m o r e
effective.
Painting Bow F-leets Painting the midship-sectionof a ship's
t h e s t a g el i e s c l o s et o t h e f l a t s i d e ,b u t t h e
h u l l i s e a s ye n o u g h
"flare" or overhang,
bow lleetsare more awkward on accountof the
w h i c h i s s i m i l a r t o a v e r t i c a lw e d g e .T h i s i s m o r e p r o n o u n c e di n
"bowsing
s o m e v e s s e l st h a n o t h e r s .a n d c a n o n l y b e o v e r c o m eb y
in". ln some cases heaving lines are sufficient. but very' often
s o m e t h i n gh e a v i e ri s r e q u i r e d .O n e l i n e i s l e d f o r w a r d r o u n d t h e
stem and made fast on the oppositebow, and anotherone is led well
either from the stageitself.
aI't. When the lines are tightenedup
o r b y h e a v i n gw i t h a w i n c h o n d e c k t h e s t a g ew i l l c o m e i n c l o s e
t o t h e b o w a n d l i e c o m p a r a t i v e l ys t e a d l ' .
S o m c t i m e si t i s p o s s i b l et o p a s sl a s h i n g sf r o m a p o r t h o l et o a
stagelbr the same purpose.
Continually dropping and heaving
Painting Anchor Fleets
"fleet" under the hawse-pipein a very
up the anchor leavesthe
s h a b b yc o n d i t i o n . F o r t h i s r e a s o ni t i s u s u a l l vt h e l a s l p a r t t o b e
" t o u c h e du p " a t
p a i n t e d .I n a d d i t i o n .t h e " a n c h o rf l e e t s "a r e u s u a l l y
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
.
L
i
n
i
t
e
d
t h e l a s t p o r t , b e f o r ea r r i v a l i n t h e
Painting under the quarter is
Painting lJnder the Quarter
"bow fleets",especiallyin the caseof a
even more difficult than the
v e s s ew
l ith a long counter.
E a c h s h i p i s a d i f f e r e n tp r o b l e m .b u t a s a r u l e . t w o o r m o r e
s t a g e s w o r k i n g i n c o n i u n c t i o n a r e n e c e s s a r y .C o n s i d e r a b l y
" b o w s i n gi n " . w i t h l i n e sl e d t o s o m e c o n v e n i e n p
t oint is the usual
method of getting under the counter. but a long ladder may also be
used with advantageif stretchedacrossfrom one stageto another.
Parts which cannot be reachedI'rom a stageare finishedoff with
a b o a t o r p a i n t i n gf l a t .
As a rule the top of a davit can tie reachedby
Painting Davits
standing on the lower block, but if not a stirrup should be rigged
betweenthe parts of the fall. A small ladder is evenbetterif one can
be found.
In the caseof Welin davits. it is better to screwthern out a few
inches so as to make sure of reaching the parts which are only
exposedwhen the davit is in that position.
Two men are usually sent to work
Painting l,ifeboats
together on the job, and they should begin by painting the tops of
the davits if thev are to be done.
236
THE BOATSWAIN'SMANUAI-
T h e b o a t i t s e l l 'i s b e s t s t a r t e do n t h e o u t b o a r d s i d e a m i d s h i p s ,
e a c hm a n b e g i n n i n go n t h e k e e l ,r e a c h i n gw e l l o u t o n t h e b i l g ea n d
w o r k i n g t o w a r d s t h e e n d s , t a k i n g i n t h e b c l a t - c h o c ka
ss he goes
a l o n g . W h e n t h e s i d e o f t h e b o a t i s c o m p l e t e dc a r r y o n w i t h t h e
lower part of the davit, then shili over to the inboard sideof the
b o a t a n d s t a r t a m i d s h i p sa g a i n .
B e s u r et o s p r e a da n o l d p i e c eo l ' c a n v a su n d e r t h e b o a t . S p o t s
o n t h c d e c k i n s u c ha p o s i t i o na r e n o l o n l y u n s i g h t l y b
. u t d i f f i c u l tt o
r e a c hw i t h a s c r a p e rJ. ' h ec o v e rw i l l a l s ob e a n a d v a n t a g ei f t h e d e c k
ls wet.
N o t e ' . W h e n w o r k i n g o u t s i d ea b o a t . n e v c r t r u s t y o u r w e i g h t
t o t h e g r a b l i n e sa r o u n d t h e g u n w a l e .T h e y m a v b e o l d a n d r o t t e n .
Painting Steel Decks
Steel decks require a good deal of
s c r a p i n g ,a n d a g o o d w a s h d o w n b e f o r ea n v p a i n t i s a p p l i e d .
A c c u m u l a t i o n so l ' o i l a r o u n d s t e a m w i n c h e s m u s t a l s o b e
r e m o v e da n d t h e w a t e r w a v sd r i e d o u t . Q u i c k - d r y i n gc o m p o s i t i o n
p a i n t i s i n v a r i a b h u s e df o r s t e e ld e c k s .
Painting Winches
Before paint is appliedto a winch. the
a c c u m u l a t i o n so f o i l a n d g r e a s em u s t b e s c r a p e do f l . a n d a l l p a r t s
w a s h e do v e r w i t h p a r a f T i n O
. c c a s i o n a l l yd, a r k g r e e np a i n t i s u s e d ,
b u t b l a c k i s t h e m o s l p o p u l a r c o l o u r I ' o r w i n c h e s .W h e n n o t t o o
d i r t l ' . a q u i c k e r m e t h o d o f c l e a n i n ga w i n c h i s t o u s e a b u c k e t o l '
c a u s t i c .a " t u r k ' s h e a d " a n d t h e h o s e .
P a i n t i n g G a l v a n i s e dS t e e l
N o c o a t o l p a i n t w i l l a d h e r et o
n t w g a l v a n i s i n gu n t i l i t h a sb e e nw e a t h e r e df o r a b c l u ts i x m o n t h so r
P a i n t i n gO v e r B i t u m a s t i c P a i n t p u t o n o v e r t h c b i t u m a s t i c
( o r l i c c v e r s u )w
. i l l t u r n g r e e n . ' I - h co n l v t h i n g t o d o i s t o s c r a p eo f 1 '
t h e b i t u m a s t i c .o r t h e p a i n t , w h i c h e v e rh a d b e e np u t o n f i r s t .
Painting (-anvas
N e w c a n v a ss h o u l d b e w e l l s o a k e d w i t h
w a t c r b e l o r c i t i s p a i n t e d .T h e w a t e r s h r i n k st h e c a n v a s .a n d w h e n
t h e p a i n t d r i e si t i s h c l d i n t h e s h r u n k e nc o n d i t i o n .t h e r e b yl e a v i n g
i t t i g h t l l ' s t r e t c h ew
d h e n d r v . A l i t t l e m o r c t u r p e n t i n ct h a n u s u a l l y
s h t r u l db c u s c di n t h e o a i n t .
Painting Wires
A wad ma1' bc found 1o be the best and
q u i c k c s tm c t h o d o l p a i n t i n ga r i d g ew i r e b u t a b r u s hs h o u l da l w a y s
b e u s e d .( . S e r",P a i n t i n g A l o f t " ) .
P a i n t i n gF i s h P l a t e s W h e n w a s h i n go r p a i n t i n gf i s h p l a t e s .a
"hookchair" hung
is
o n t h e t o p e d g eo f t h e p l a t e .l n t h i st h c p a i n t e r
s i t s w i t h h i s l c c t b r a c e do n t h e r a i l o f t h e d e c k b e l o w .T h e " c h a i r "
t a k e st h e r v e i g h to f t h e b o d y . l e a r , ' i n tgh e h a n d sl r e e f o r w o r k i n g .
T h e b u c k e to r p a i n t p o 1 i s a l s t th u n g o n t h e f i s h p l a t e b y m e a n s
of a pot hook.
231
Painting Hot Pipes Clean off all greasespots.When the pipes

a r e h o t , c o a t o v e r w i t h a m e t a l l i cp a i n t s u c h a s a l u m i n i u m .T h i s i s
t h e o n l y t y p e o f p a i n t w h i c h w i l l n o t c a u s ea n u n p l e a s a n st m e l l
whenthe pipe is hot.
The principal advantageis that it will not discolour or peel off.
When painting a fleet which includes
Painting Load Lines
t h e l o a d l i n e s ,t h e y a r e u s u a l l yp a i n t e di n a t t h e s a m et i m e ' b u t t h i s
means cutting in twtt colours together which is always a ticklish
operation. A better and quicker method is to coat everythingover
with the topsidecolour, using a dry brush, then wipe over the
markings with a rag damped with turpentine.
When dried off the markings can be filled in more easilywith a
d r o p o f p a i n t t h i c k e n e df o r t h e p u r p o s e .
T h e p r o p e rm e t h o di s t o c u t i n t h e t o p s i d ec o l o u r p r o p e r l y ,t h e n
f i l l i n t h e m a r k i n g sa t a l a t e r d a t e .b u t t h e r ei s s e l d o mt i m e f o r t h i s
in port.
The figures on the stem and
Painting Draught Figures
s t e r n p o s tw
, h i c h i n d i c a t et h e s h i p ' sd r a u g h t ,a r e p a i n t e di n t h e s a m e
m a n n e ra s t h e l o a d l i n e s .A b o a t i s n e a r l ya l w a y su s e do n t h i s . 1 o b ,
but sometimesa gantline and bosun'schair is rigged for the stem
figures.
Painting Lines for Deck Games While a drop of thick white
o r o t h e r c o l o u r p a i n t i s a n a d v a n t a g ew h e n p a i n t i n g l i n e s a n d
figuresover the side,it is not of much usefor lining off deck games.
Thick paint will skin over and soon get trodden or scrubbedoff.
I n s t e a d ,t h e p a i n t s h o u l db e m a d et h i n . s o t h a t i t w i l l s o a k i n t o t h e
g r a i n o f t h e w o o d . A l i n i n g t o o l a n d a p i e c eo f w o o d a c t i n g a s a
straight-edgeis the best meansof assuringneat. accuratework.
VARNISH AND ENAMEL
When appliedthinly and evenlyto the any surface,varnish will
leave a good, hard, durable coat when a part of the constituents
haveevaporated.The coat is good protectionfrom tlil effectsof the
atmosphere,and being of a lustrous nature, adds greatly to the
beauty of any object or surface.
I gal. rectifiedspirits of wine, 2'llbs gum
Best White Varnish
gum
2lbs gum anima. Bottle and put in warm
mastic,
sandarac,%lb
place.Shake often and strain before using.
Probably more black varnish is usedon board
Black Varnish
ship than any other type, although there is a large range of black
varnishes.the essentialcharacteristicsof them all is asphalt and
bitumen. To this is added linseedoil, as well as driers consistingof
238
I H F , B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
'l'hc
r e d - l e a d l.i t h a r g ea n d m a n g a n e s d
ei o x i d e .
m i x t u r e i s h e a . t e tdo
a h i g h t e m p c r a t u r ca. n d w h e n c o o l e do l ' l t u r p e n t i n ei s u s e dt o b r i n g
i t t o a s u i t a b l ec o n s i s t e n c vC.o a c h b u i l d c r s ' b l a c k . l a p ai snt h e b e s i
g r a d e o l b l a c k v a r n i s hm a d e .
C o l o u r e dV a r n i s h S c a l i n g - w a xd i s s o l v e dw i t h s p r r i t so f w i n c .
Bottlc and cork closely.
Copal Varnish
I quarr spiritsof wine, loz gum copal and
I o z s h e l l a c .B o t t l c a n d k e e p l n w a r m p l a c e .S h a k e c o n t e n t su n t i l
dissolved.
Making Varnish
A l t h o u g h s e a m e na r e n o t e x p e c t e dt c l b e
a b l e t o m a k e v a r n i s h ,a k n o w l e d g eo f h o w t o d o s o m a y r l r o v e o f
v a l u e .S o m e o l t h e s i m p l e rk i n d s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
Oak Varnish
l/alb paleclearrosin and t/ gal. turpentine.
Spar Varnish
T o 4 l b s o l ' b o i l e c j l i n s e e do i l a d d % l b o l ' b e s t
c r u s h e dr o s i n . S t i r u n t i l d i s s o l v e dt,h e n a d d h l b t u r p e n t i n e .
Spirit Varnish
ls compose<Jmostly of resin dissolved in
m e t h l ' l a t e ds p i r i t s .t u r p e n t i n co r o t h c r v o l a t i l es p i r i t . S o m e t i m e sa
l i t t l e o i l i s a d d e d t o m a k e i t m o r e e l a s t i ca n d d u r a b l e . I t i s a l s o
k n o w n a s k n o t t i n g a n d i s u s e d e x t e n s i v e l r - ' l bcr o v e r i n g k n o t s i n
w o o d h e f o r cp a i n ti n g .
( j i v c s a v e r v t o u g h , d u r a b l ec o a t i n g .
P < l l y u r e t h a nV
earnish
I t s d r y i n g t i m e m a k e si t u s eu
r l a t s e a w h e r eo i d e r v a r n i s h . r . . , u i . i
only be usedin the aftcrnoonbelbre about four o'clock on most
d a y s ,a n d n o t a t a l l i l t h e a t m o s p h e r ew a s d a m r l .
Preparing Surfacesfor Varnishing
A good. smooth f'inish is
e s s e n t r abl e l b r ea p p l y i n gv a r n i s h ,o t h e r w i s ei t w c l u l db e a w a s t eo 1 '
m a t e r i a lt . c 6 3 1o v e r a r o u g h s u r f a c e .I f ' t h e w o o d h a s b e c o m ed a r k
through successive
coats. or is cracked and very rough. it will
probably be best to clean off the old varnish right down to the
w o o d . B u t i l ' n o t . a r u b w i t h p u m i c e - s t o n e( a f t e r w e t t i n g t h e
s u r l ' a c e )o, r t h e u s e o f s a n d p a p e rw i l l u s u a l l yb e s u l f i c i e n t .
Cleaningoff Varnish A number of patent preparationson the
m a r k e t a r e s o l d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e .b u t t h e o l d - f a s h i o n e dm e t h o d o f
e m p l o y i n gc a u s t i cs o d a i s s t i l l l a r g e l yu s e do n m o s t v e s s e l sW
. ith a
s m a l l m o p i m p r c l v i s e df r o m o l d b a g g i n go r r o p e - y a r n st,h e c a u s t i c
i s l a i d o v e r t h e s u r f a c ea n d g i v e n t i m e i n w h i c h i o b i t e i n a n d , t o
h e l p t h i s s . f t e n i n g p r o c e s st,h e a r e a s h o u l d b e k e p t w e t u n t i l r e a d y
t o s c r a p ea u ' a - l ' t h et h i c k e s to { ' t h e v a r n i s hw i t h a s c r a D e r .
A l t e r a n o t h e r g o o c l s o a k i n g .a s c r u b b i n g - b r u s ha n d s a n d w i l l
remo\e the last of the varnish m.re effectively than the scraper.
w h e n f i n i s h e d ,w a s h e v e r y t h i n go v e r w i t h s a l t w a t e r ,a n d f i n i s h o f f
with ll'esh.
T H E B O A T S W NI N ' S M A N T ] A I
239
C a r c m u s t b e t a k e n w i t h t h e s t r e n g t ho l t h e s o l u t i o nu s e d .l f t o o
s t r o n g i t w i l l b u r n t h e w o o d a n d g i v e i t a b r o w n i s ht i n g e w h i c h
c a n n o t b e r c m o v e d . T h i s s c r a p i n g a n d s c r u b b i n g p r o c e s sw i l l
n a t u r a l l l ' l e a v e t h e s u r f a c ei n a v e r y r o u g h s t a t e , s o i t m u s t b e
f i n i s h e d o l l ' w i t h t h c p u m i c e - s t o n ea n d s a n d p a p e rb e f o r e v a r n i s hi n g .
I t n r u s l b e r e m e m b e r e dt.o o . t h a t c a u s t i cw i l l b u r n t h e f l e s h .
t h e r c f o r e c. a r e m u s t b e t a k e n t o p r o t e c tt h e e y e s .F o r t h i s r e a s o na
b u c k e to f s a l t w a t e ri s a l w a y sk e p t h a n d - "f -i r r s u c he m e r g e n c i eS
s .a l t
w a t er w i l l k i l l t h e a c t i o n o l c a u s t i ci m m c d i a t e l y , .
Puttying and Filling
Ali puttyingand filhng must be done
b e f o r ea n v v a r n i s hi s p u t o n a n d s h o u l db e t i n t e d a b r o w n i s hs h a d e
t o c o i n c i d ew i t h t h e c o l o u r o 1 ' t h ef i n i s h e ds u r f a c e .
Oiling Wood for Varnishing New Wood. or that which has
b c e ns c r a p c do f f c l e a n .i s u s u a l l vo i l e dI ' i r s t .t o a c t a s a l ' i l l i n gf o r t h e
grain of the wood.
R a w o i l w i t h a d a s h o f t u r p c n t i n ei s u s e da n d i s p u t o n w i t h a
. o i l e do i l i s n o t g o o d f ' o rt h i s p u r p o s ea s i t
w a d a s d r v a s p o s s i b l eB
d r i t : sv e r y r o u g h a n d c r i n k l y .
Applying Varnish
O n b o a r d s h i p v a r n i s h i s o n l y a p p l i e dt o
w o o d w o r k . l t i s n e v e r u s e d o n s t e e le x c e p t i n t h e c a s eo f a 1 ' e u
v c s s e l sw h e r cd c c k h o u s e sa r e g r a i n e d .
T o g e t t h e b e s tr e s u l t s v, a r n i s hm u s t b e a p p l i e du n i l ' o r m l y .L i k e
e n a m e l .i t w i l l f o r m i n t o r i d g e si 1 ' p u to n t o o t h i c k l v .a n d w i l l l o s ei t s
g l o s si l a p p l i e dt o o s p a r i n g l y .
D a m p o r c o l d c u r r e n t so f a i r . a s w e l l a s a d a m p s u r f a c e ,w i l l
c a u s ev a r n i s ht o " b l o o m " o r t u r n a c r e a m yc o l o u r . t h e r e f o r ea. d r y '
d a y w h e n l i t t l e d u s t i s b l o w i n g a b o u t i s n a t u r a l l l t h c b e s t1 ' o rt h i s
type of work.
W h e n v a r n i s h b e c o m e st o o t h i c k i t i s u s u a l l l ' t h r o u g h b c i n g
i m p r o p e r l yc o r k e d .o r t o t h e e f l ' e c ot f c o l d w e a t h e r ,b u t t h i s m a y b c
r e m e d i e db y h e a t i n ga n d s t a n d i n gi n a b u c k e to f h o t w a t e r w h i l e i n
u s e . A s a m a t t e r o f f a c t , a l l v a r n i s h s h o u l d b e a p p l i e dw h i l e h o t .
w i t h t h e r e s u l tt h a t i t w i l l c o v e ra l a r g e ra r e a .b e e a s i e rt o w o r k , g i v e
o f f a b e t l e r g l o s sa n d d r y q u i c k e r .
A d d i n g b o i l e do r r a w l i n s e e do i l , t u r p e n t i n eo r d r i e r s .w i l l s p o i l
t h e g k r s sa n d d u r a b i l i t yo f a v a r n i s h e ds u r l a c e ,b u t i n s p i t eo f t h i s ,
o n c p a r t t u r p e n t i n et o t w o p a r t s o l ' v a r n i s h i s s o m e t i m e su s e df o r
t h e s a k eo f f a s t d r y i n g .
A b r u s h w i t h p l e n t y o f s p r i n g i s t h c b e s tf o r t h i s t y p e o l w o r k .
b u t t o o m u c h v a r n i s hs h o u l d n o t b e t a k e n u p o n t h e b r u s h a t o n e
t i m e o r t h i s w i l l l e a d t o e x c e s s i vw
e o r k i n g a n d c a u s et h e v a r n i s ht c r
"froth", with
t h e r e s u l tt h a t t h e f i n i s h e da r t i c l ew i l l b e s p o i l e d .
240
Enamelling
Enamel should only be applied to a hard, dull
surface or over a coat of "flatting". If the surface has been
p r e v i o u s l ye n a m e l l e do r p a i n t e d ,i t m u s t b e r u b b e d d o w n w i t h a
pumice-stone
or sandpaper.
This is done to remove the gloss and leave a dull surface.
E n a m e l o v e r n e w p a i n t c o n t a i n i n go i l w o u l d c r a c k i n a f e w
w e e k s ,f o r t h e s i m p l e r e a s o n t h a t o i l p a i n t s t a k e l o n g e r t o d r y
p r o p e r l yt h a n e n a m e l .
A s t h e o i l p a i n t s u r f a c es h r i n k st h r o u g h t h e d r y i n g p r o c e s st,h e
h a r d e n a m e lc o a t i s d i s t u r b e da n d q u i c k l y c r a c k s .w h i c h i s a t h i n g i t
will not do iI'put on over a good foundation.
Turpentine is the only mixture which can be added to make
e n a m e l w o r k e a s i e r ,b u t s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d u n l e s s a b s o l u t e l y
necessary.In cold weather it is better to stand the pot in a warm
p l a c ef o r s o m et i m e . a n d k e e pi t t h i n b y s t a n d i n gi n a b u c k e to f h o t
water.
Brushes used for enamel should be clean and dry, and the
surfaceto be coated must be l'reeI'rom all dust if the work is to be a
success.
E n a m e lm u s t b e a p p l i e da s u n i f o r m l y a s p o s s i b l e I. f p u t o n t o o
thickly, objectionableridges and patcheswill form, and if put on
t o o s p a r i n g l yt h e r e w i l l b e n o g l o s s .
Cutting In
This is the art of keeping to a straight line when
two colours adjoin. lt requiresa steadyhand and a certain amount
of practice to attain any degree of proficiency. A line is always
drawn as a guide. and might be either a chalk line or a light scratch
made with the aid of a piece of wood acting as a straight-edge.
Mostly, however,the edgeof the old coat of paint is the only guide,
b u t i n t i m e i t w i l l b e c o m eu n r e l i a b l eo n a c c o u n to f s l i g h td e v i a t i o n s ,
which must be corrected if the cutting in is to look neat. A fairly
well-worn brush appearsto be favoured by most men for this work,
although it is purely a matter of choice.One good method is to take
up plenty of paint on the brush and run it alongsideclose to the
guiding line for about a couple of feet. Go over it again, but allow
the bristlesto spreadso that they just touch the line and no more as
they are drawn along. Cutting in to a curved line is more difficult
and calls for a certain amount of judgment to maintain the
necessarysweep.
In course of time the waterline will
Cutting in a Waterline
becomevery wavy and require straightening.This can be done with
the aid of a chalk line if the marking of the true waterline can be
found. Look down the edgesof the platesnear the existing line and
find the small punch-mark which indicatesthe true line. They may
241
b e r u s t e do v e r o r o b l i t e r a t e da l t o g e t h e rb, u t i f f o u n d , a l i n e s t r u c k
f r o m o n e m a r k t o a n o t h e rw i l l g i v e t h e t r u e w a t e r l i n e F
. a i l i n gt h i s ,
measurements
must be taken from the ship'splan and measuredoff
at intervalsfrom the deck to the requireddistance.When a new line
is to be struck, the topsidecolour is taken well down over the
, hichit
b o o t - t o p p i n gi n c a s et h e o l d l i n e h a s c r e p t h i g h i n p l a c e s w
often does through carelessness.
Mixing Whiting
T h e o r d i n a r y c o m b i n a t i o no f w h i t i n g a n d
water may be good enoughfor some purposes,but for othersa fast
surfacemay be required.l'his is bestdone by using a binder suchas
a soft soap or size. About t/qlbol size dissolvedin I pint of hot
water is usually sufficientfor about 3lbs of whitrng, but more size
must be added if a very fast or hard surfaceis desired.Whiting is
simply chalk ground and purified.
CementWash Cementedwaterwaysand winch bedsare often
coated over with a weak solution of cement and water. This
freshens the surface and gives the impression of being newly
cemented.
Cement Boxes
Small leaks in a vessel'shull can be stopped
with the aid of a cementbox. This is merely a rough, wooden box
built around the place where the leak is situated and filled with
cement.When the cementsetshard it is a most effectiveremedy.
Size A weak glue made from isinglassor gelatine,to which is
added a large proportion of chondrin, to make it less firm and
adhesive.It is one of the constituentso{' distemper.Ordinary cake
glue would answerthe same purposeif nothing elsewas available,
but as it takes longer to dissolveit is not quite so convenient.
Cutting Stencils
Good, stiff paper (such as a piece of old
chart) is the best material from which to make a stencil.When the
figures or letters are drawn, they should be cut out on a hard
surface such as glass,so as to leave a good, clean cut. Once the
edgesof the lettersbecomemoistenedwith paint they will fray out
and lose their shape.To avoid this the whole stencilis coatedwith
patent knotting or a good, hard varnish, and this will leave the
paper very hard and stiff and render it imperviousto moisture.
StencilPaint
A mixture containinghalf flat and half oil is the
best for filling in stencils.
Distemper
A water paint usually only found on board large
passengervessels.lt is used mostly on canvas covers around
passenger
decksso as to give a snow-whiteappearance,or it may be
usedin lieu of white paint in placeswhich alwayslook the worsefor
wear and tear, and which would not look much betterif continually
washed.
1A'\
-IHE
BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL
D i s t e m p e ri s s u p p l i e di n p a s t ef o r m . i n d r u m s ,a n d o n l y r e q u i r e s
t h e a d d i t i o no f h o t w a t e r w h e n m i x i n g . S h o u l d i t t h i c k e n u p w h e n
i n u s e . m o r e h o 1 w a t e r c a n b e a d d e d u n t i l i t i s o 1 't h e p r o p e r
consistency.
E m u l s i o nP a i n t
I n r e c e n t) ' e a r sa n e m u l s i o np a i n t h a s b e e n
d e v e l o p e d w h i c h h a s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y s u p e r s e d e dd i s t e m p e r . I t
c o n t a i n sv i n y l a c e t a t ew h i c h i s a t o u g h r u b b e r y p l a s t i ca n d c a n b e
t h i n n e d o u t w i t h l ' r e s hw a t e r . l t i s e a s yt o a p p l y . d r i e s q u i c k l y a n d
s e t sh a r d t o t o r m a s k i n w h i c h w i l l s t a n d u p t o r e p e a t e dw a s h i n g .
B r u s h e s .r o l l e r s o r c o n t a i n e r ss h o u l d b e w a s h e do u t i m m e d i a t e l y
a f t e r u s ea n d c a n b e t h o r o u g h l yc l e a n e di n w a t e r . I t c a n b e a p p l i e d
t o m o s t s u r f a c e sp r o v i d i n g t h e y a r e c l e a n a n d w i l l t a k e a s e c o n d
c o a t w i t h i n a n h o u r o r t w o o f t h e f i r s t . l t i s a v a i l a b l ei n a l a r e e
v a r i e l vo 1 ' c o l o u r s .
C H A P ' I ' E RI X
MIS(]ELI,ANEOI,]S
Anchor Work. Awnings.
AN(]HOR WORK
T h e p r o p e r s c o p co l c a b l ef o r a
Anchor and Cable Work
v e s s cal t a n c h o ri s c o n s i d e r e dt,o b e a t l e a s tt h r e et i m e st h e d e p t h o f
w a t e r . A g o o d s c o p ew i t h a h o r i z o n t a lp u l l w i l l g i v e g o o d h o l d i n g
power,but a short upward pull is ol' little use.
Anchoring Procedure The anchorsare clearedaway an hour
o r s o b e f o r er e a c h i n gt h e a n c h o r a g ep. o w e r i s p u t o n t h e f t l r e c a s t l e
a n d t h e w i n d l a s si s t u r n e do v e r o u t o l ' g e a r .T h e w i n d l a s si s t h e n p u t
i n t o g e a r a n d e a c ha n c h o r i s w a l k e d b a c k t o l < l o s e ni t i n t h e h a w s e
p i p e , s o m e t i m e si t i s w a l k e d b a c k 1 o t h e w a t e r l i n eb e f o r et h e b r a k e
i s p u t o n a n d t h e w i n d l a s si s a g a i nt a k e n o u t o l g e a r .
A s t h e s h i p c o m e st o a s t o p a t t h e a n c h o r a g ep o s i t i o n ,t h e b r a k e
i s r e l e a s e da n d t h e a n c h o r i s d r o p p e d t o t h e b o t t o m o 1 t h e s e a :a s
t h e s h i p m o v e sa s t e r n ,t h e c a b l ei s p a i d o u t u n t i l a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
p l a c et h e b r a k e i s p u t o n a n d h e l d u n t i l t h e s h i p i s b r o u g h t u p .
is "let go" a blackball 2
A n c h o r B a l l s A s s o o n a s t h e a n c h o r-I'his
indicatesthe vessel
feet in diametcr is hoisted on the forestay.
i s a t a n c h o r .( S e ep a g e2 0 8 ) .
Anchors must lie at a certain
Clearing a Turn in the Anchor
angle bel'ore they will heave up into the hawse pipe properly.
S o m e t i m e se v e na h a l f t u r n i n t h c c a b l ew i l l c a u s et h e m t o l i e o v e r
t h e w r o n g w a y . T o t a k e o u t t h i s h a l l ' t u r n ,t h e e y c o f a m o o r i n g - w i r e
i s d r o p p e do v e r o n e o l ' t h e l l u k e so n t h e a n c h o r ,a n d i s m a d el ' a s ta t
a n a n g l ew h e r ei t w i l l b e m o s t e l l e c t i v e( u s u a l l ya t t h e b r e a k o f t h c
"walked back", and as the
f o r e c a s t l eh e a d ) .T h e w i n d l a s si s t h e n
a n c h o ri s l o w e r e da w e i g h tc o m e so n t h e w i r e a n d t h i s w i l l e x e r tt h e
n e c e s s a r yp u l l t o t w i s t t h e a n c h o r i n t h e d e s i r e dd i r e c t i o n .T h e
operation may have to be repeated a few times before it is
successl'ul.
ln some ports it is the practice to
Hanging Off an Anchor
m o o r s t e a m e r st o a b u o y w i t h t h e i r a n c h o r c a b l e ,b u t b e f o r et h i s
"hung off" and the cable
can be done the anchor must be
i
s
l
o
w
e r e du n t i l i t h a n g s . i u sctl e a r
u n s h a c k l e df.o d o t h i s t h e a n c h o r
24 -t
244
of the hawsepipe. A wire is next passedthrough the shackleof the

a n c h o r ,l e a d o v e r t h e w a r p i n gc h o c k sa n d u p t o t h e m o o r i n g b i t t s .
Sufficient turns (in like manner) to hold the anchor should be
taken, then hauled tight and made fast. When ready,the windlassis
"walked
back" until the wire holds the weight of the anchor, and
with the windlassstill "walking back", the cable is then draggedto
one side of the deck as it comesoff the foresideof the gypsy,instead
of passingdown the hawsepipe. The cable is flaked up and down
t h e d e c k u n t i l t h e f i r s t s h a c k l e( 1 5 f a t h o m s )i s r e a c h e d T
. he pin in
t h i s s h a c k l ei s p u n c h e do u t , a n d w h e n t h e c a b l ei s d i s c o n n e c t e dt h, e
free end from the windlassis passeddown the hawsepipe and hove
to the buoy with a messenger.The messengeris usually a
mooring-wire rove through the ring in the buoy and led back to be
shackledon the cable. By heaving away on the wire, the cable is
h o v e o u t t o t h e b u o v a n d s h a c k l e dt o i t .
fORRARD GUY
P[NMNT
WIRT
When lying with two anchors down, a

Clearing Foul Cable
vesselmay continuously swing the same way round each time the
tide changes,with the result that one cable will be twisted around
245
the other. lt will then be impossibleto heaveeither one up. Failing

the servicesof a tug boat (to turn the vessel in the opposite
direction)the only thing to do is to either heaveor lower the nearest
cable shackleto a position just outside the pipe, so that it can be
unshackled. By passing a wire around the other cable, in the
opposite direction to that which the turns have taken. and by
making the samenumber of turns with the wire, and then shackling
it to the disconnectedcable,the twists are thus formed into a bight
which will free itself when a strain is put on the cables.
As soon as the cableshave shakenclear. the disconnectedends
are shackledtogetheragain, and the anchorsare ready for heaving
up.
If the anchor drags, the cable is the most likely
Dragging
indicator for the officer of the watch, its movementwill be irregular
and vibrations will be felt and heard as the cable and anchor drag
over obstructions on the sea-bed.Dragging can be stopped by
either paying out more cable or by dropping the other anchor as
well.
Situated immediatelybelow the windlassare
Chain Lockers
the two compartmentswhere the anchor cablesare stowed.Access
is gained by a hatch opening directly into it, or through the
forepeak.
If they are built with sufficientdepth they will be what is known
as self-stowing lockers and will require little attention, but if
shallow and wide the cablewill requireto be stowedor it will not all
fit in. Actually, the cable is supposedto be flaked down neatly,but
there is never time nor sufficienthands to do this properly, so the
cable is allowed to pile in anywhere.The usual practiceis to let it
pile up until the top weight causesit to capsize,but in doing this the
"kinked". This will not be found out until
cable is liable to become
the anchor is let go again,when it may jam in the spurlingpipe, and
perhapsput the ship in danger.The safestplan is to guide the cable
into the vacant spacesso that the locker fills up evenly. Chain
hooks are nearly always provided for handling cable, but are so
liable to jam in the links that most sailorsdiscard them altogether
and use their hands.
Never go down a locker without a light, or before you get
instructionsto do so.
The carpenter who works the windlass always shouts his
instructionsdown the spurling-pipe,and they should be repeated
"come out of the locker".
and obeyedpromptly, especiallythe order
In addition to the usual marks on
Marking Anchor Hove Up
a cable, either a paint- or wire-mark is sometimesplaced on a
246
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANTJAT-
c o n v e n i e n lti n k t o c o i n c i d ew i t h a n o t h e rm a r k o n a s t a t i o n a r yp a r t
of the windlassT
. h e m a r k s a r e I ' i x e dw h e n t h e a n c h o ri s h o v e r i g h t
u p i n t h e ' p i p e ' , i n o r d e r t h a t t h e c a r p e n t e rw i l l k n o w t h e p r e c i s e
m o m e n t w h e n s t e a ms h o u l d b e s h u t o f I ' .
Report Loss of Chain-hooks
lt is not unusual for a
c h a i n - h o o kt o b e c o m ew e d g e di n a l i n k a n d f a l l d o w n a m o n g t h e
c a b l e i n t h e l o c k e r . l f t h i s s h o u l d h a p p e n ,r e p o r t t h e f a c t t o t h e
c a r p e n t e rW
. h e n t h e a n c h o r i s " l e t g o " a g a i nt h e h o o k m i g h l c o m e
u p t h r o u g t rt h e s p u r l i n g - p i p ea n d i n j u r e h i m .
-I-o
Report l,ashed Cables
lash both cables together in thc
c h a i n l o c k e r i s q u i t e a u s u a l p r a c t i c ei n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e m
b a n g i n ga b o u t i n t h e s p u r l i n g - p i p ew h i l e a t s e a .
l f t h i s i s d o n e . t h e c a r p e n t e rs h o u l d b e n o t i f i e d i n c a s e t h e
l a s h i n gi s f o r g o t t e n ,w h e n e n t er i n g p o r t .
T o b e o n t h e s a f cs i d e ,o n l y a v e r y l i g h t l a s h i n gs h o u l d b e u s e d .
o n e w h i c h w o u l d b r e a k i f t h e a n c h o rw a s " l e t g o " i n a n e m e r g e n c v .
AWNIN(;S
S p r e a d i n gA w n i n g s
W h e n s p r e a d i n ga w n i n g si t i s s o m e t i m e s
r a t h e r d i l l ' i c u l ta t f i r s t t o t e l l w h i c h w a y t h e y ' s h o u l db e s t r e t c h e d .
b u t b i , ' k e e p i n gt h e f ' o l l o w i n gl ' e u 'p o i n t s i n m i n d t h c t a s k w i l l b e
g r e a t l ys i m p l i f i e d .
W i t h a n o l d a w n i n g i t i s e a s yt o I ' i n dw h i c h p a r t i s t h e t o p a n d
w h i c h i s t h e b o t t o m . T h e t o p i s a l w a y sd i s c o l o u r e do r f a d e d f r o m
t h e c f f e c t so f t h e s u n . l f t h e a w n i n g i s a n e w o n e .j u s t l o o k l b r t h e
b a c k b o n e i;t i s a l w a y so n t h e b o t t o m . ' l - h er o p i n g i s a l s o o n t h e
boltor-n.
N ex t , t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h p a r t w i l l s t r e t c h f o r w a r d o r a f t .
e x a m i n et h e s e a m so f t h e c l o t h s w h i c h r u n a t h w a r t s h i p sa. n d y o u
w i l l f i n d t w o r o w s o f s t i t c h i n g .T h e r o w h o l d i n gd o w n t h e s e l v e d g e
e d g ew i l l b e t h e a f t e re n d , a s t h e c l o t h sa r e m a d et o o v e r l a pt o w a r d s
aft, so as not to catch the wind and rain which mostll' comesfrom
ahead.
W h e n t h e a w n i n g h a s b e e n r o u g h l y s p r e a do v e r t h e s p a r s ,t h e
b a c k b o n es h o u l d b e s t r e t c h e dt i g h t a n d m a d e f a s t , t h e n t h e e a r i n g s
a r e t a k e n o u t a n d m a d e w e l l f a s t , a t t h e s a m et i m e t a k i n g c a r et h a t
t h e b a c k b o n e i s n o t d i s a r r a n g e d .A f t e r t h i s t h e s i d e - s t o p sa r e
h i t c h e d ,a n d a l l l a c i n g sr o v e a n d h a u l e dt i g h t .
Lacing Awnings
If the lacing is a very long one, the centreof
it should be cow-hitchedto an eyelethole about halfway along the
side to be laced. The two ends are then worked awav from the
c e n t r et o w a r d st h e e n d s .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T I A I
241
Making tip Awnings

A w n i n g s a r e u s u a l l y" m a d e u p o n t h e
b a c k b o n e " .T h a t i s . t h e v a r e l b l d e d o v e r d o u b l e , s o t h a t t h e
b a c k b o n cf o r m s a b i g h t , a n d t h e e n d s a n d s i d e sa r e f o l d e d i n t o
m a k et h e a w n i n ga h a n d ys i z ef o r r o l l i n gu p . R o l l i n g a n a w n i n gi n t o
a l o n g r o l l m a k e si t e a s i e rt o c a r r y a n d s t o w a w a y . A f e w o { ' t h e
s t o p sa r e a l w a l " sl e f t o u t i n s u c ha m a n n e rt h a t t h e y c a n b e u s e df o r
h i t c h i n g a r o u n d t h e a w n i n g , a n d , i f p o s s i b l e t. h e n a m e w h i c h i s
s t a m p e do n t h e c a n v a ss h o u l d b e l e l ' te x p o s e do n t h e o u t s i d eo f t h e
r o l l f o r i d e n t i fi c a t i o np u r p o s e sl.l ' t h i s c a n n o tb e c o n t r i v e d a
, canvas
l a b e ls h o u l d b c a t t a c h e d .
Parts of an Awning
B a c k b o n e W h e r e v e rt h e r ei s a c o l l e c t i o no l ' a w n i n gs p a r s ,t h e
c e n t r a lo r m i d s h i po n e r u n n i n gf o r e - a n d - a fw
t i l l a l w a y sb e f o u n d t o
b e h e a v i e rt h a n t h e o t h e r s .I t b e a r st h e m o s t w e i g h t .a n d t h a t p a r t o f
the awning which rides on it will have to stand considerable
chafing.
F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,a n e x t r a p i e c eo l c a n v a sa b o u t I l b o t w i d e i s
s e w nt h e f u l l l e n g t h o f t h e a w n i n g t o t a k e t h e w e a r a n d t e a r , a n d
b e i n g t h e c e n t r a l a n d s t r o n g e s tp a r t , i t i s n a t u r a l l y k n o w n a s t h e
backbone.
C . l o t h s T h e s t r i p so f c a n v a so f w h i c h a n a w n i n g i s c o m p o s e d
are known as cloths.
R o p i n g R o p e ss e w e dt o t h e u n d e r n e a t he d g e so r t a b l i n go f a n
a w n i n g t o s t r e n g t h e ni t . T h e " s t o p s " a r e s p l i c e di n t o i t , t h e r e b y
t a k i n g m u c h o l ' t h e w e i g h tl ' r o m t h e c a n v a s ,o r t h e y m a y b e s p l i c e d
t o e y e l e t sr i v c t e di n t o t h e c a n v a s .
Earings The four cornersof an awning are known as earings
a n d a r e f i t t e d w i t h s u b s t a n t i atlh i m b l e sa n d l o n g " s t o p s " .T h e s ea r e
l o n g e r t h a n t h e " s t o p s " o r l a s h i n g sl ' o u n d a t t h e s i d e s o f t h e
a w n i n g s .P r a c t i c a l l ya l l o u t s t a n d i n gc o r n e r sa r e k n o w n a s e a r i n g s .
Shark's Mouth
If an awning is cut to allow it to fit neatly
a r o u n da s t a y o r v e n t i l a t o r t, h e r e s u l t i n gV c u t ( o r a n y o t h e r s h a p e d
c u t ) i s k n o w n a s a " s h a r k ' sm o u t h " o r " j a w " .
N AT ION ALC OLOU R S
CHAPTER X
FLAGS
Union Flag
Wh.ite Ensign
Blue Ensign
Royal Air Force
Red Ensign
Pilot Jack
Flag Etiquette. Signalling.

Royal Standard - The chief flag of the British Commonwealth.
It is broken out at the maintop immediately the Queen steps on
board.
Origin of Ensigns - At one time the British Navy was formed
into three squadrons - each with a distinctive coloured ensign.
These were red, white and blue, but it led to confusion in action, so
the practice was discontinued.
White Ensign - On Nelson's instructions, Trafalgar was fought
under one colour - the White Ensign, and this colour has
continued as the Naval Ensign since 1846. The Royal Navy and
Royal Yacht Squadron have had the exclusive right to wear the
White Ensign since 1864.
Red Ensign
The Red Ensign is now only seen on merchant
vesselsalthough some of the British Colonies have also adopted it
as their official flag by the introduction of a badge in the fly.
It is interesting to note that vessels of the Hudson's Bay
Company use the Red Ensign with the letters H.B.C. in the fly, but
they are the only commercial company permitted to add to the
ensign in this way.
Blue Ensign - The Blue Ensign is worn by Government
Departments, each one having a distinctive badge in the fly.
It is also worn by merchant vesselscommanded and manned by
a certain proportirin of Naval Reserve Officers and Ratings.
Wearing the Ensign - Ensigns are only worn on a gaff at sea
and on the ensign staff in port. They are always changed over at the
moment of arrival or departure.
Definitions - A ship is said to wear her colours, i.e. the Ensign.
A ship is said to fly a personal standard, a distinguishing flag, or
house flag, i.e. a person flies his (or her) standard or flag "in" a ship
or "on" shore.
Dipping the Ensign - When one vesselwishesto salute another
she "dips her ensign", and this is always acknowledged in the same
manner'
248
WMMF
FHMF
ffiNffirm
ffiWWM
Greece
@WffiM
N AT ION ALC OLOU R S
CHAPTER X
FLAGS
Union Flag
Wh.ite Ensign
Blue Ensign
Royal Air Force
Red Ensign
Pilot Jack
Flag Etiquette. Signalling.

Royal Standard - The chief flag of the British Commonwealth.
It is broken out at the maintop immediately the Queen steps on
board.
Origin of Ensigns - At one time the British Navy was formed
into three squadrons - each with a distinctive coloured ensign.
These were red, white and blue, but it led to confusion in action, so
the practice was discontinued.
White Ensign - On Nelson's instructions, Trafalgar was fought
under one colour - the White Ensign, and this colour has
continued as the Naval Ensign since 1846. The Royal Navy and
Royal Yacht Squadron have had the exclusive right to wear the
White Ensign since 1864.
Red Ensign
The Red Ensign is now only seen on merchant
vesselsalthough some of the British Colonies have also adopted it
as their official flag by the introduction of a badge in the fly.
It is interesting to note that vessels of the Hudson's Bay
Company use the Red Ensign with the letters H.B.C. in the fly, but
they are the only commercial company permitted to add to the
ensign in this way.
Blue Ensign - The Blue Ensign is worn by Government
Departments, each one having a distinctive badge in the fly.
It is also worn by merchant vesselscommanded and manned by
a certain proportirin of Naval Reserve Officers and Ratings.
Wearing the Ensign - Ensigns are only worn on a gaff at sea
and on the ensign staff in port. They are always changed over at the
moment of arrival or departure.
Definitions - A ship is said to wear her colours, i.e. the Ensign.
A ship is said to fly a personal standard, a distinguishing flag, or
house flag, i.e. a person flies his (or her) standard or flag "in" a ship
or "on" shore.
Dipping the Ensign - When one vesselwishesto salute another
she "dips her ensign", and this is always acknowledged in the same
manner'
248
WMMF
FHMF
ffiNffirm
ffiWWM
Greece
@WffiM
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SIGNALS
AND ANS\^/ERING
PENDANT
CODE FLAG
"FE
N U M E R A LP E N D A N T S .
'F 'Frp alF-- 'F

,F--.'
.F 'ts 'F 'F 'Fr>
Ihr-
SUBSTITUTES.
249
All ships must "dip" to a naval vessel, and although the

procedure differs in various ships (according to the fancy of the
master), the following method is perhaps as good as any.
When the bows of the two vesselsare nearly in line the ensigns
are lowered slowly, and are down when the bridges are abreast.
After a short pause they are slowly hoisted.
The proper moment at which to lower or hoist is always
indicated by the officer of the watch, either with a whistle or the
docking telegraph.
There is no obligation for a merchant vessel to "dip" when
passing a vesselof the Royal Yacht Squadron, and the Blue Ensign
is not dipped to by the Red.
House Flag - Private colours or flag of a shipping company.
Its proper place is on the mainmast.
Courtesy Flag
Very often, when leaving port, the national
flag of the country to which the vessel is bound is flown on the
foremast. Likewise, when lying in a foreign port, the national flag
of that country is flown on the same mast as an act of courtesy.
Mail Pennant - A white pennant with a crown, and the words
"Royal
Mail" running through the centre in red. It is flown on the
foremast by vesselscarrying mails.
Flags - The length of Union Flags, Standards and Ensigns is
twice the breadth.
Bunting is supplied in two widths - broad, 19 inches, and
narrow, 9% inches.
To express the size of a flag the term "breadths" is used, this
being 9 inches. A flag of 16 breadths would be 12 feet broad and,
the length being twice the breadth, 24 feet long.
Note
The extra half inch will be taken up in the seam.
Bunting of Government make has a few thicker threads worked
in every 6 inches of its warp and also along its edges.
Flags (Church Service)- While a serviceis being held at seathe
ensign is always worn and the appropriate courtesy flag, according
to the nationality of the passengers,is hoisted.
Jackstaff Flag (or Stem Jack) - The small flag worn on the
jackstaff forward has no special significance and is merely
ornamental. Some companiesuse a small house flag but in order to
bring about uniformity in the Merchant Navy it has been
recommended that all merchant vesselsshould wear a small pilot
jack (a union flag with a white border).
Breaking Out Flags - Flags are only flown from 8 a.m. till
sunset.Shortly before that time they are sent aloft "in a ball". That
is, they are rolled up and made fast in such a manner that they can
250
be quickly releasedA
. h a n d ( u s u a l l y a b o y ) i s s t a t i o n e da t t h e
h a l l i a r d so f e a c h f l a g j u s t b e l ' o r e8 a . m . W h e n h e h e a r st h e b e l l h e
j e r k s t h e d o w n h a u l p a r t a n d t h e f l a g l l i e s c l e a r .I n t h i s m a n n e rt h e y
arc all "broken out" together.
"broken
T h e e n s i g ni s h o i s t e di n t h e o r d i n a r y w a y a n d i s n e v e r
out".
Sunset
W h e n f l a g s a r e h a u l e d d o w n a t s u n s e t ,t h e e n s i g n
s h o u l d c o m e d o w n l a s t . a n d i f a N a v a l v e s s e il s i n t h e v i c i n i t y ' .a l l
"take the time" lront her.l-hat is. thcy "break out"
m e r c h a n ts h i p s
a n d h a u l e dd o w n t h e i r f l a g s a t t h e s a m c t i m c a s t h e n a v a l s h i p .
Masthead 11ags,such as the house l1ag.
Flags Half-mast
s h o u l do n l y b e h a l l - m a s t e di n m o u r n i n g f o r o w n e r s .p a r t n e r si n t h e
I ' i r m .o r m e m b e r so f t h e i r f a m i l i e s .O t h e r m a s t h e a df l a g s ,l i k e m a i l
p e n n a n t sa n d f o r e i g ne n s i g n s s, h o u l d n e v e rb e h a l l - m a s t e d .
O n s p e c i a l o c c a s i o n sa s h i p i s d r e s s e db y
D r e s s i n gS h i p
b e n d i n gs L r f f i c i e nl tl a g s t o g e t h e rt o s t r e t c hl ' r o m t h e s t c m h e a d t o
thc fore and main truck, then down to the poop. l-his is known as
" r a i n b o w s t y l e " .a n d a n y o r d e r o f l l a g s m a y b e u s e d .O w i n g t o t h e
w e i g h t o l t h c l 1 a g s .m a s t h c a dg a n t l i n e sa r e u s e dl o r h o i s t i n gt h e m
u p , a n d t h e 1 ' l a gas r e u s u a l l yb e n t t o a w i r e f o r t h c f u l l d i s t a n c ea l o l i .
" r a i n b o w I ' a s h i o n "i s a m i s n o m e r
I t h a s b e e np o i n t c d o u t t h a l
"
d
r e s s i n gs h i p " . O v e r o n e h u n d r e d
w h c n u s c d i n c o n n e c t i t ' rw
n ith
"arch",and
y e a r sa g o t h e m a s t p r o l ' i l eo f m o s t v e s s e l sr e s e m b l e da n
t h i s i s g e n c r a l l vs u p p o s c dt o h a v eb e e nt h e o r i g i n o l t h e t e r m . b u t b y
n o s t r e t c ho f i m a g i n a t i o nc o u l d t h e p r c s e n l - d a -pt r- o f i l e sd e s c r i b e d
a s a r c h e s< l r l i k e n e dt o r a i n b o w s .
H o w e v e r ,u n t i l s o m e o n es u g g e s t sa b e t t e r w o r d , t h e t e r m w i l l
p r o b a b l yr e m a i n i n u s e .
L a r g e p a s s e n g evre s s e l cs a r r y a n u m b e r o l
D e c o r a t i o nF l a g s
e x t r a l 1 a g sw h i c h a r e u s e ds o l e l yI ' o rd e c t t r a t i n gd e c k sw h e n h o l d i n g
d a n c e se
. tc.
l ' h e h o i s t w i t h f o u r l e t t e r si n d i c a t i n g a
Ship's"Number"
" n u m b e r " ,a n d t h e y a r e k e p t b e n t
s h i p ' sn a m ei s g e n e r a l l yc a l l e dh e r
t o g e t h e r ,s o a s t o b e r e a d y f o r h o i s t i n gw h e n w a n t e d .E a c h s h i p i s
allotted a permanentofficial number.
by meansof flag signals
Signalling Communicating messages
i s o f v e r y a n c i e n to r i g i n . g o i n g b a c k a s f a r a s A t h e n i a nt i m e s .
O n l y v e r y s i m p l em e s s a g ecso u l d b e s e n t i n t h o s ed a y s , b u t t h e
development of naval warfare eventually caused codes to be
devised,in order that a limited number of flags could, by
"hoist", convey a greater
c o n t i n u a l l ya l t e r i n g t h e i r p o s i t i o n i n a
n u m b e ra n d v a r i e t yo 1 ' m e a n i n g s .
251
T H F ,t s O A T S W A I N ' M
S ANUAI
A t t h e p r e s e n tt i r n e t h c c o d e c o n s i s t so l 4 0 l 1 a g s .w h i c h . i n
s o m e t h o u s a n d so f s e t p h r a s e sb " ' m e a n so l '
a d d i t i o nt o e x p r e s s i n g
s m a l l a l p h a b e t i c agl r o u p s i n d i c a t e db y f 1 a g sc. a n a l s o b e u s e dl o r
s p e l l i n gs e n t e n c e n
s o l s o l i s t e d .A c t u a l l y t h c r e i s n o l i m i l t o t h e
m e s s a g ews h i c h i t r n a v b e d e s i r e dt o s e n d .
INT},RNATIONAI, COD[, OF SIGNAI,S
h a sb c c nr c d u c c dt o a s i n g l e
l ' h e 1 9 6 9e d i t i o no l t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n
v o l u m e a n d h a s b e e nv e r v m u c h s i m p l i l i e dt o g i v c e a c hs i g n a la
c o r n p l e t em e a n i n g w i t h C o m p l e m e n t st o a l l o w l o r p o s s i b l e
v a r i a t i o n si n t h e b a s i cm e a n i n g l.t c a n b e u s e di n c o n j u n c t i o nw i t h
a l l m c t h o d so l c o m m u n i c a t i o nn. a m e l yb' y :
( a ) F l a g s .( I ' h e 4 0 f l a g sa r e s h o w n l a c i n g p a g e2 4 8 ) .
( b ) F l a s h i n gl i g h t .( M o r s e ) .
( r ' ) S o u n ds i g n a l l i n g( .W h i s t l c s. i r c n .l o g h o r n .e t c . ) .
(r/) Voiceover a loudhailer.
(c) Radiotelegraphi".
A Radiotclcphony.
( g ) S i g n a l l i n gw i t h h a n d 1 1 a gos r a r n 1 s ,
(i) Scmaphorc.(ii) Morse.
PHONETICS
I t i s s u g g c s t c dt h a t t h c f o l l o w i n g i n t c r n a t i o n a l l ra c c e p t e da n d
u n i ft l r m \ v s t em o f p h o n e t i c a l p h a b e t a n d l i g u r e s p el l r n g t a b l e s
s h o u l d b c u s e d w h c n r e a d i n go r t r a n s n l i t t i n gp l a i n l a n g u a g co r
codc:
Itt ter ll'<trd
A
All'a
B
Brar,o
C
Charlic
D
Delta
E
Echo
F
Foxtrot
G
Goll'
H
Hotel
I
India
J
.lulietr
K
Kilo
L
l.ima
M
Mike
Pron<tunL'ed
Allah
Brah vcth
C h a rl e e
Delltah
li'A oh
Fi.rk.itrot
Goll'
Hoh tell
1 nd e ea h
J e w l e ee t t
Ke,r'loh
1,eemah
Mike
Le'tter ll'ortl
N
Nol'ember
O
Oscar
P
Papa
a
Quebec
R
Romeo
S
Sierra
I
T'ango
I-i
Uniform
V
Victor
W
Whiskey
X
X-ray
Y
Yankee
Z
Zulu
ltronounc<'d
No t,t'nt ber
Os.rcah
Pah pah
Kc.r'beck
Ron me oh
Scc air rah
T-ang gct
forr nc lorm
Vik tah
l/i.r.r key
Et'A.rray'
Yang ke1Zott ltt<-t
252
Figure
0
I
2
3
4
5
b
1
8
9
Wortl
Nadazero
Unaone
Bissotwo
Terrathrec
Kartefour
Pantafive
Soxisix
Setteseven
Oktoeight
Novenine
Pronounted
Nah-dah-zay-roh
Oo-nah-wun
Bees-soh-too
T'ay-rah-tree
K ar-tay-fower
Pan-tah-l'ive
Sok-see-six
Say-tay-seven
Ok-toh-ait
No-vay-niner
In addition. the Decimal Point is indicated by the word

" D n c r r n r r r . "t.h e F u l l S t o p b y t h e w < l r d" S r o p " , a n d a n y c h a n g et o
"lrrnnt'<t".
C o d c g r o u p s t o f o l l o w i s i n d i c a t e db y t h e w o r d
FLAG SICNAI,I,ING PROCEDTJRE
T h e s i g n a l l e t t e r so l t h e v e s s e la d d r e s s e da r e h o i s t e dw i t h t h e
s i g n a l .t h o u g h a s a g e n e r a lr u l e o n l y o n e h o i s t s h o u l d b e t 1 o w na t a
l i m e b u t w h e n n e c c s s a rtyo h a v eo t h e r g r o u p so n t h e s a m eh a l y a r d .
thev rnusl be separatedb,v-a tackline. The vesseladdressedanswers
b y h o i s t i n gt h e a n s w e r i n gp e n d a n ta t t h e d i p a n d w h e n t h e s i g n a li s
u n d e r s t o o d .b y h o i s t i n gt h e p e n d a n tc l o s eu p . T h i s i s r e p e a t e df o r
e a c h g r o u p u n t i l t h e s e n d i n gv e s s e lh o i s t s t h e a n s w e r i n gp e n d a n t
c l o s e u p a s a s i n g l e f l a g s i g n a l t o s h o w t h e m e s s a g eh a s b e e n
complcted
[.]seof Substitutes
T h r e el l a g s f i r s t . s e c o n da n d t h i r d s u b s t i t u t e w h i c h e n a b l e
a n y l e t t e r o r n u m b c r o f a n a l p h a b e t i c a ol r n u m e r i c a ls i g n a lt o b e
r e p e a t e dw
. i t h o u t u s i n gm o r e t h a n o n e s e t o l 1 1 a g s .
The First Substitute
Can only repeat the top flag ol those
w h i c h m a v p r e c e d ei t i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a rc l a s sa n d g r o u p .
The Second Substitute
Can only repeat the second flag
( c o u n t i n gf r o m t h e t o p ) o 1 ' t h o s ew h i c h p r e c e d ei t i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r
c l a s sa n d g r o u p .
The Third Substitute Can only repeatthe third flag (counting
f r o m t h e t o p ) o f t h o s ew h i c h p r e c e d ei t i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a rc l a s sa n d
group.
A s u b s t i t u t ec a n n o t b e u s e dm o r e t h a n o n c ei n t h e s a m eg r o u p .
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A T
253
Groups
T h e i m p o r t a n c ea n d n a t u r eo f a n y g r o u p o f s i g n a l sc a n b e s e e n
a t a g l a n c e ,t h i s d e p e n d i n go n t h e n u m b e r o f f l a g s i n t h e h o i s t . a s
w c l l a s o t h e r i n d i c a t i o n ss, u c h a s t h e t o p f l a g , e t c .
O n e - F l a gS i g n a l s A r e u r g e n t ,i m p o r t a n t o r o l ' c o m m o n u s e
a n d a r e e a s i l ym e m o r i s e d .
T w o - F l a g S i g n a l s A r e f r o m t h e ( i e n e r a lC o d e .
T h r e e - F l a gS i g n a l s( w i t h t h e l o w e s tf l a g a n u m e r a l ) A r e a l s o
l r o m t h e G e n e r a lC o d e .
T h r e e - F l a gS i g n a l s( M u p p e r m o s t )
Are I'rom the Medical
Code.
T h e 1 ' o l l o w i n gs i n g l e - l e t t esr i g n a l sw i t h c o m p l e m e n t sa r e q u i t e
distinctive:
F l a g A w i t h 3 n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sa n A z i m u t h o r B e a r i n g .
F l a g ( - w i t h 3 n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sa C o u r s e .
F l a g D w i t h 2 . 4 o r 6 n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sa D a t e .
F l a g I - w i t h 4 n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sL a t i t u d e .
F l a g G w i t h 4 o r 5 n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sa I - o n g i t u d e .
F l a g R w i t h I o r m o r e n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sD i s t a n c ei n N a u t i c a l
Miles.
F l a g S w i t h I o r m o r e n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sS p e e di n k n o t s .
F l a g T w i t h 4 n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sT i m e ( l o c a l ) .
F l a g V w i t h I o r m o r e n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sS p e e di n k i l o m e t r e s
per hour.
F l a g 7 . w i t h 4 n u m e r a l si n d i c a t e sG . M . T .
F l a g K w i t h I n u m e r a li n d i c a t e sw i s h t o C o m m u n i c a t e( n u m e r a l
i n d i c a t e sm e t h o df r o m C o m p l e m e n t sT a b l e l ) .
l-wo other usel'ulcode signalsare:
(i) YZ "The wordswhich follow ar, ,' plain language".
(ii) YV "The groups which follo
,orn the International
Code".
T H F -B O A I S W A I N ' S M A N U A I
C ' H A P T E RX I
NAVIGATIONAI, EQT]IPMENT
Points of the Compass. Steering the Ship. Lead Line and
Soundings.Other Instrumentsand Electronic Equipment.
( . o m p a s s( i a r d s
A t o n c t i m e C o m p a s sC a r d sw e r e m a r k e d; n
p o i n t s , h a l f - p o i n t sa n d q u a r l e r - p o i n t sb u t w i t h t h e p a s s i n go f t h e
e l ' l ' i c i e n ci yn t h e m e a n so f s t e e r i n g .
d a , v -os1 ' " s a i l "a n d t h e i n c r e a s i n g
a l l c a r d s b c c a m e a d d i t i o n a l l v m a r k e d i n d c g r e e s .A t f i r s t t h e s e
0
254
255
g r a d u a t i o n sw e r ef r o m 0 t o 9 0 b e t w e e nt h e f o u r c a r d i n a lp o i n t sb u 1
t o d a y a l l c a r d sa r e m a r k e dc o n s e c u t i v e l l ' f r o m
0 t o 3 6 0l r o m N o r t h
i n a c l o c k w i s ed i r e c t i o n .I n s m a l l c r a l t s t e e r i n gm a v s t i l l b e c a r r i e d
o u t i n p o i n t sa n d a s a i l o rs h o u l d b e a b l et o " B o r t h e ( - o m p a s s "b 1 '
k n o w i n g a n d n a m i n gt h c p o i n t s i n t h c i r p r o p e r o r d e r .
M a r k i n g so n t h e C a r d
A l t o g c t h e r .t h e r ea r e 3 2 p o i n t so n t h e
'I-he
c o m p a s sc a r d .
most important are the 4 "cardinal points".
n a m e l v .N . . S . . E . a n d W . N e x t i n i m p o r t a n c ec o m e t h e l i r u r
"quadrantal
p o i n t s " .l h e s ea r e N . E . . ) , . J . WS
. .. F . .a n d S . W . l - h e r
i n d i c a t et h c f o u r r e s p e c t i v q
e u a d r a n t so l ' t h e e o m p a s sT. h e n a n t r ' s
are printcdon them.
-f
l h en w e h a v e8 " t h r e e - l e t t epr o i n t s " . h e n a m c sa r c f o r m e d b 1 .
p r e t i x i n gt h c n a m e o f t h e n e a r c s ct a r d i n a lt o t h e q u a d r a n t a lp o i n t .
W e t h e n g e t N . N . E. E . N . E . , E . S . E . .S . S . E . .S . S . W . .W . S . W . .
W . N . W . .a n d N . N . W .
L a s t l l u ' e h a v e l 6 " b y p o i n t s " .l i t u r i n e a c hq u a d r a n t .T h e l a r e
t h e p o i n t s i m m e d i a t e l yt o t h e r i g h t a n d l e f ' ro l ' t h e c a r d i n a l sa n d
q u a d r a n t a l sa n d t a k c t h e i r n a m e sl r o n t t h e m . a s i n d i c a t e di n t h e
a d . l o i n i n cg o m p a s sc a r d a n d t a b u l a t i o n l.- h e n a m c " b l " m e a n s .o n e
p o i n t . I ' h u s . . . o n c p o i n tt g t h e r i g h to l n o r t hi s r e f e r r e tdo a s .N . b y
E . . a n d o n e p c l i n tt o t h e l e l i o 1 ' n o r t ha s N . b v W . S i m i l a r l ,l w e r e a d
N.F.b
. 1 N . , N . L . .b y E . , F . b r N . . E . b r S . . a n r ls o o n r o u n dt h e c a r d .
Learning Quarter Points
l-ake note that thc three-lctter
p o i n t s a r e u s e d o n l v t o i n d i c a t et h e i r o w n d i r e c t i o n ,a n d t h a t t h e
q u a r t e rp o l n t sa r e r e a dl r o m t h e n e a r e s"t c a r d i n a l "a n d . " b v " p o i n t
a s g l v e n i n t h c l ' a b l e . N o t e . a l s o . t h a t t h e " q u a r t e r s "b c t w e c nt h e
t h r e c - l e t t e rp o i n t s a r e n a m e d f r o n . rt h e c l u a d r a n t apl o i n t o f t h e i r
respectlvq
e u a d r a n l s .( S e cn e x t p a g c ) .
T h u s i n s p l i t t i n gi n t o q u a r t e r p o i n t s t h e d i r e c t i o nb e t w e e nt w o
g i v c np o i n t sw e s a y .f o r e x a m p l e N
, . b y ' E .% E . . N . b y E . t l 8 . . N .
b y 1 , . %E . . t h e n N . N . E . a n d t h e n N . F . . b y N . % N . . N . E . b y '
N . ' l N . , N . E . b y N . % X . , N . E .b y N . a n d s o o n .
Lubber'sLine
A c l e a r l yv i s i b l et h i n b l a c k l i n e i s m a r k e d
i n s i d et h e c o m p a s sb o w l t o i n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no l t h e s h i p ' sh e a d
a n d i s k n o w n a s t h e " l - u b b e r ' sL i n e " . W h e n t h e c o m p a s si s i n s t a l l e < j
t h e l i n c t h r o u g h t h c c e n t r eo 1 ' t h ep i v o t a n d t h e l u b b e r ' sl i n e i s l i n e d
u p p a r a l l e lr o t h e f o r e - a n d - a f m
t i d s h i pl i n e o f t h e s h i p .
S t e e r i n g L e a r n i n gt o s t e e rd e p e n d so n i n d i v i d u a le f f o r t . a n d
p r o f i c i e n c yc a n o n l y b e a c q u i r e db y c o n s i d e r a b l p
er a c t i c e .
B e f o r ea t t e m p t i n gt o l e a r n .t h e b e g i n n e sr h o u l dh a v ea t h o r o u g h
k n o w l e d g eo f t h e c o m p a s sc a r d , a n d s h o u l d b e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e
p r i n c i p l eo l s t e e r i n ga. s w e l l a s t h e v a r i o u so r d e r sl i k e l y t o b e g i v e n
to a helmsman.
256
T H E t s O A IS W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I
T h e f i r s t t h i n g t o b e r e m e m b e r e di s t h a t t h e t o p o f t h e w h e e l
m u s t b c t u r n c d i n t h e d i r e c t i o ny o u w a n t t h e s h i p ' sh e a dt o g o . o r i n
" f a l l s o 1 1 'h
" e r c o u r s e( a s s h o w n b y t h e
othcr words when a vessel
m o v e m e n t o f t h e l u b b e r ' s l i n e a c r o s s t h e g r a d u a t i o n st t n t h e
c o m p a s sc a r d ) t h e w h e e ls h o u l d b e t u r n e d i n t h e o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n
to bring her back again.
North
N.ii tN.r/:F.
N.x F.
N . b yE .
N.brE.rrrF
N . b l F . r r :F
N.br L. )i F.
QtIARTER POINTS
South
North
N . fi W .
S .f i E .
N.[W.
S.[E.
N.)i w.
S .l 4 F . .
S .b y E .
N . b yW .
S.brF.f4F
N . b 1W . / a W
S .b v E . r , 4E .
N . b vW . %W .
S . b 1 ' E%
. F..
N bl W.li W
ry.N.r.
N.N.W.
S.S.E.
s.s.w.
N W . b vN % N .
N . W b r N . f 4N .
N . W .b v N . r / iN .
N . W .b yN .
N . W .1 4N .
N.W 'l tr
N.W/1N.
N.W.
N . W . %W .
N . W l / :W
N . W .% W .
N . W .b y W .
N . W .b l ' W .Z w .
N . W .b y w . / : w .
N . W .b yw . % w .
W.N.W.
W . b i ' N ./ aN .
W.byN.%N.
W . b yN . Z N .
W .b yN .
W . %N .
W%N
W.%N.
West
S . E .b y ' S I. S .
S . Fb
. vS . % S .
S . E .b 1S .f i S .
S . t .b y S .
S . E .% S
S . E r. S .
S . E 7. 1S .
S.t.
S . E l.l E .
S . E%
. E.
S . E%
. E.
S.Eb
. yE .
S . E b. y E .% E .
S . E .b y E . % E .
S . E b. y E .% E .
f,.S.E.
E .b yS .% S .
E.byS.%S.
E . b 1 ' S/.r S .
E .b y S .
E . %S .
E.%S.
E.%S.
East
S . Wb
. r S .% S .
S . W .b v S r / :S
S . Wb
. vS .f 4S .
S . W .b y S .
N . F .b. v N . - 1\..r
N . F .b r N . r r l: , i
N . E b v\ . r , iN .
N . t . b yN .
N . E .l t ) \ i .
N . F .f 1\ .
N . E r. i N .
N.E.
N . E1
. 1E.
N . E .f : E .
N.F.l E
N . E .b y [ .
N.Eb
. v E .I E .
N . E .b v E . f 4F .
N.Eb
. v E .% E .
E.N.E.
E .b vN . % N .
E.bvN.%N.
E . b yN . % N .
E .b y N .
E .% N .
E.%N
E.lN.
East
South
S.lrW
s.fi w.
s.%w.
S.byW.
S .b r W .1 , 1 W .
S .b 1 ' Wf 1
. w.
S.bvW.)iW
S ' w% s
S Wz s
SW I/S
s.w.
r,iW.
S.W.
s.w./l w
s . w%
.w
S.W.byW.
S . Wb. 1 ' W%
.W
S.W.by'w./2w
S . Wb. y ' w%
. w
w.s.w.
W.biS.%S.
W.byS.%S.
W.byS.%S.
W.byS.
w ' %s .
w . %s
w.%s.
West
257
T a k i n g t h e c a s eo 1 a v e s s ew
l h i c h i s " s t e a d 1 ,o" r " r i g h t c l n " h e r
c o u r s ew i t h h c r w h e e l a m i d s h i p sw h e n s h e s t a r r st o " l ' a l l o l l ' " t c t
s t a r b o a r d .t h c h e l m s m a nw o u l d i m m e d i a t e l yc o u n t e r a c tt h i s b y
t u r n i n g t h e w h e e l i n t h e o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n( p o r t o r l e l ' tw h e e l )t o
"bring
h e r b a c k "t o h e r c o u r s e .
W h e n s h eh a ss t o p p e d" l ' a l l i n go f f " a n d i s s t a r r i n gt o c o m c b a c k .
t h e w h e c l i s a g a i n" t a k e n o f 1 ' "a n d b r o u g h t b a c k t o t h c " m i d s h i p s " .
l f s h c s t o p s m o r , i n gw h e n o n h e r c o u r s ea l l w i l l b c w e l l . b u t i l
gir"e
n t o o m u c h w h e c l .a n d i t i s k e p t o n t o o l t t n g .h e r h e a t jm a v s t a r t
t o l ' a l lo l ' l t o p o r t . W h c n t h i s i s a b o u t t o h a p p e nt h e h e i m s m a nw i l l
"nlect
h e r " b 1 ,p' u t t i n g t h c w h e e l t o s t a r b o a r dl b r a l e r . rm
. oments.
t h e n b r i n g i t b a c k t o t h e " m i d s h i p s "p o s i t i o na g a i nw h e n h e r h e a d
h a s s t o p p e dn t o v i n g .
f h e s h i p i s n < l w" s t e a d y "o n h c r c o u r s e ,a n d m a l , r e m a i nt h e r ea
1 ' e wm o m e n t sb c f o r e" f a l l i n g o l f " o n c em o r e . W h e n s h c s t a r t st o d < r
s o t h c s a m e p r o c e d u r e i s g o n e t h r o u g h . W h e e l o p p < l s i t ew a v .
" m i d s h i p " ." m c c t
h er " ( i f n e c e s s a r yt)h. e n " m i d s h i p s "a g a i n .
S t e e r i n gc o n s i s t so l a r e p e t i t i o no l t h e s e m o v e m e n t s b
, ut the
a m o u n t o 1 w h e e lt o u s e .o r l e n g t ho l ' t i n . r et o k e e pi t o n i s w h e r ct h e
s k i l l c o m e si n . l t i s a m a t t e r o 1 j' u d g n t e n t .a n d t h i s c a n o n l v b e
acqu irctl r.rit h practicc.
A n r m p o r t a n tp o i n t t o r e m e m b c ri s t o g i v e t h e s h i p a s l i t t l e
w h e e l a s p o s s i b l el.' h e m a n w h o s t e e r st h c s t r a i g h t e sct o u r s ew i t h
t h e l e a s ta m o u n t o l w h e e la c t i o ni s t h e b e s th c l m s m a n .B v k e e p i n g
o n e e y e o n t h e t e l l - t a l eu r i n d i c a t o r . t h e h e l m s m a nc a n s e e t h e
a m o u n t o l w h e e lh e i s u s i n ga { a n v p a r t i c u l a rm o m e n t .
SteeringOrders The most l'requentclr<1cr
given to the man at
t h c w h c e l i s " p o r t c a s l ' "o r " s t a r b o a r de a s v " .I l ' t h e a l t e r a t i o ni n t h e
c o u r s ei s o n l y a s m a l l o n e i t w i l l : , o o n b s l o l l o w t - db 1 -" s t e a d v "o r
"steady
a s s h eg o e s " .a n d t h e h e l m s m a nw i l l t h e n n o t e t h e p o s i t i o n
o f h c r h e a d o n t h e c o m p a s sa n d s t e e rt h a t c o u r s e .
S h o u l d t h e a l t c r a t i o nb e a l a r g e o n c , a n d t h e s h i p i s s w i n g i n g
r o u n d q u i t e l a s t a n d n e a r i n gh e r n e w c o u r s e ,t h e o r d c r . . e a s et h c
w h e eI " w i l l b e g i v e n ,u p o n w h i c h s o m ew h e e li s " t a k e n o f f " t c l s l o w
h e r d o w n . N e x t c o m c st h e o r d e r " m i d s h i p s " ,a n d w h e n c a r r i e do u t
t h e s h i p w i l l t h c n s w i n gv e 1 1s,l o w l y .u n t i l " s t ea d y " o r " s t e a d va s s h e
g o e s "i s g i v c n .
O n t h c o r d e r " h a r d a p o r t " . o r " h a r d a s t a r b o a r d " ,t h e w h e e li s
p u t " h a r d o v e r " . o r a s f a r a s s h e w i l l g o i n t h e r e q u i r e dd i r e c t i o n .
a n d t h i s w i l l u s u a l l yb e a b o u t t h r e e o r l o u r t u r n s o r e v e n m o r e .
N e r , ' e7r a m t h e w h e e l" h a r d o v e r " o r d a m a g em a y r e s u l t .W h e n t h e
l i m i t h a s b e e nr e a c h e de, a s eb a c k a c o u p l e< l f s p c l k e s .
25t(
THF BOA'SWAIN'S MANUAI-
THT.BOAI SWAIN'SMANTIAL
" s t a r b t l a r d 1 0 " .t h e w h c e l s h o u l d b e
W h e n t h c o r d e r i s g i r " e na s
t u r n e dt o s t a r b o a r du n t i l t h e h e l r ni n d i c a t o rs h t l w st h a t t h e r u d d e r
"port 5". the
i s l 0 d c g r e c st o s t a r b o a r da n d s i m i l a r l y ' i tf h e o r d e r i s
w h e c ls h o r r l cbi e t u r n e d t o p o r t u n t i l t h e i n d i c a t o rr e s t sa 15 d e g r e e s
to port.
" h < l wt s h e r
W l i e n s t c c r i n gb y a l a n d m a r k .y o u m i g h t b e a s k e d
heacn
l o r . l "i r t a n s u ' e rt o w h i c h y o u w i l l g i v ' ct h e c o u r s e- t - o uh a p p c n
t o b e s t e e r i n gb. u t i 1 ' \ ' o ua r e s t c e r i n gb v c o n r p a s sa' n d t h e s h i p i s o n
" r i g h t t l n " . 1 1v o u a r e
h e r p r o p c r c o u r s e .v o u m a v r e p l l ' 'b 1 ' s a - " - i n g
. i v e t h e d i r c c t i o no f t h e s h i p ' sh c a d a t
n o t o n t h e p r o p e rc o u r s e g
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that
S o m c t i m e si n t h e c a s eo f a I ' e s s enl o t s t e e r i n gt o o w e l l ' a n d c l o s e
"nothing to the
to the lanclor anttthcrship. you might be ttlld
".
n o r ' a r d o r i t m a Y b e t h c s c l u t h w a r d .e a s t w a r d o r w e s t w a r d .
a c c u r d i n gt o t h e c a r d i n a l p o i n t s b e t w e e nw h i c h y o u a r e s t e e r l n g .
( i r e a t c a r c s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o o b s e r v et h i s o r d e r a n d p r e v e n tt h e
v c s s e ls w i n g i n g i n t h c p r o h i b i t e d d i r e c t i o n . A n o v c r t a k i n g v e s s e l
m a 1 'b c l e r l c l o s et o v o u r s t e r n .
l o t s t e e r i n gt o o w e l l .
U n d e r t h e s a m ec i r c u m s t a n c eosf a v e s s e n
" s t e e rs m a l l " .
a n d e s p c c i a l l lw' h e n p a s s i n ga n o t h e rv e s s etl h c o r d e r
u
s
u
a l .h u t u s c i t
t
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m i g h t b c g i r e n .1 o d o t h i s .u \ c m ( ) r cw h e c l
s
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q u i c k l l ' .t h e r e b v
W h c n a v e s s c ls h o w s a t e n d e n c yt o s w i n g t o o n e s i d e o l ' h e r
" k e c p h e r a s m u c h o n o n e s i d ea s t h e o t h e r " i s
c o u r s co n l v . t h c o r d e r
s o m e t i m e sg i r ' e n .T h i s e n s u r e st h e s h i p m a k i n g a s t r a i g h t e rc o u r s e
A t l e a s tt w i c e e a c h w a t c h , a n d a l w a y sa f t e r a l t e r i n gc o u r s e .t h e
" s t e a d yh e r o n " . T h i s i s d o n e t o f i n d a n y
o l fi c e r o l t h c w a t c h w i l l
a l t e r a t i o n i n t h e d i f l e r e n c eb e t w e e n t h e s t a n d a r d a n d s t e e r i n g
c o m p a s s e sY. o u w i l l p r o b a b l y b e i n f o r m e d w h e n t h i s i s t o t a k e
" r i g h t o n " o r s t a m p sh i s
p l a c e .s o t h a t w h e n t h e o f l ' i c e rs i n g so u t
i o n t u n t h e d c c k o v e r h e a d y. o u w i l l b e r e a d l ' t o i n s t a n t l - vn -o t e t h e
d i r e c t i o no 1 ' t h es h i p ' sh e a d b y t h e s t e e r l n gc o m p a s s .
V a r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c ew
s i l l o f t e n r e q u i r et h a t a c e r t a r na m o u n t
o f w h e c l b e k e p t o n a l l t h e t i m e . W h e n t h i s h a p p e n sa v e s s eils s a i d
" c a r r y i n gp o r t h e l m " o r " c a r r f i n g s t a r b o a r dh e l m " ' a s t h e c a s c
to be
ma1"be.
A l l o r d e r s g i v e n t o t h e m a n a t t h e w h e e l m u s t b e r e p e a t e db y
h i m i n a l o u d v c l i c e t. o m a k e s u r et h a t h e h a s h e a r dt h e m c o r r e c t l y .
a n d a g a i n w h e n t h e o r d e r h a s b e e n c a r r i e do u t .
W h e n t h e t r i c k a t t h e w h e e li s f i n i s h e da n d t h e h e l m s m a na b o u t
t o b e r e l i e v e dh, e m u s t l a n d t h e s h i p o v e r w h e n s h e i s s t e a d yo n h e r
lief'who must
c o u r s c ,a n d m u s t r e p o r t t h e c o u r s ec l e a r l yt o h i s r e'I-he
relief must
repeatit tc'rmake sure that he has heard it correctlv.
259
a l s o b c t c l l d h o w m u c h w h e e l t h e v c s s e li s t a k i n g . a n d h o w m u c h
h e l m s h e i s c a r r y i n g , i f a n y . B e l i r r e h e l e a v e st h e w h e e l , t h e
h e l m s m a ns h o u l dm e n l i o n w h e t h e ro r n o t t h e w h e e li s a m i d s h i p sa t
t h a t p a r t i c u l a rm o m e n t .H e t h e n r e p o r t st h e c o u r s et o t h e o f f i c e ro f
the watchto avoid any misunderstandings.
W i t h t h e h c l m a m i d s h i p sa. r i g h t - h a n d c d
p r o p e l l e (r w h e n t h e
e n g i n e sa r e g o i n g a h e a d )h a s t h e e f f e c to l ' d r i v i n g a v e s s c l ' hs e a dt o
p o r t . W h e n g o i n g a s t e r nh e r h e a dw o u l d g o t o s t a r b o a r dI. h e e f f e c t
i s g r e a t l vi n c r e a s e dw h e n a v e s s eils " l i g h t " .
SOT]NDINGS
'fhis
r e l e r st o t h c m e t h o d so f f i n d i n g t h c d e p t h o 1 ' w a t e ra n d
i n c l u d e st h e u s c o l t h e h a n d l e a d . t h e d e e p - s e al e a d . s o u n d i n g
m a c h i n e a n d e c h o - s o u n d i n gd e v i c e s ." ' l ' a k i n g s o u n d i n g s "i s t h e
u s u a l e x p r e s s i o nb u t t h c f i r s t o f t h c m e t h o d sm e n t i o n e da b o v e i s
r e l ' e r r e dt o a s " t a k i n g a c a s t o l ' t h e l e a d " .
Hand Lead
T h e l e a d s m a ns t a n d s o n a s m a l l p l a t l ' c l r m
a m i d s h i p sw h i c h p r o j e c t so v e rt h e s i d ea b o u t 2 f e e t .l ' h i s p l a t f o r mi s
k n o w n a s t h e " c h a i n s " .l t i s f i t t e d w i t h a c a n v a s" a p r o n " . a g a i n s t
w h i c h t h e l e a d s m a nl e a n s w h i l e h e a v i n g t h e l e a d . a n d w h i c h
p r o t e c t sh i s l e g sf r o m t h e w e t l i n e .
L e a d s l ' h e l e a di t s e l fw e i g h sl r o m 7 - l J l b sb. u t a h e a v i e ro n e o l '
l 4 l b s i s p r e f e r r e db y m a n y l e a d s m e nb. e c a u s e
i t s i n k sm u c h q u i c k c r
a n d b e t t e rs o u n d i n g sc a n b e t a k e n
e s p e c i a l l yi f t h e r e i s a l o t o 1
w a y o n t h e v e s sLe
M a r k i n g so n L i n e
A l t h o u g ht h e f u l l l en g t h o f a l e a dl i n e i s 2 5
I ' a t h o m s5, l ' a t h o m so f t h i s i s d r i f t l i n e , a n d t h e o t h e r 2 0 i s m a r k e d
o f f w i t h 9 m a r k s a n d I I d e e n s .T h e m u r k s a r e a s u n d e r .
At
At
At
At
At
At
At
At
At
2 fathoms
3 fathoms
5 fathoms
7 fathoms
l0 l'athoms
l3 fathoms
l5 l'athoms
l7 fathoms
20fathoms....
A pieceol' leatherwith 2 tails

A p i e c eo f l e a t h e rw i t h 3 t a i l s
White linen
Red bunting
P i e c eo f l e a t h e rw i t h h o l ei n i t
Blue serge
White linen
Red bunting
Cord with two knots
The deepsare as lbllows:

T h e f a t h o m sl . 4 . 6 , 8 , 9 , I I , 1 2 ,1 4 . 1 6 . l 8 a n d 1 9 a r e k n o w n a s
260
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANTJAI-
"deeps",
a n d t h c s e a r e s o m e t i m e si n d i c a t e dw i t h a s m a l l p i e c eo l
m a r l i n e ,t h o u g h i t i s n o t a g e n e r a lp r a c t i c et o m a r k d e c p s .
"l'he
H y d r o g r a p h e ro f t h e N a v y h a s i n t r o d u c e dt h e f o l l o w i n g
m e t r i c m a r k i n g sf o r l e a d l i n e s ,w h i c h a r e s t i l l u s e df o r s u r v c l ,w o r k
( m a i n l y f o r t h e r e g u l a rc a l i b r a t i o no f e c h o s o u n d e r sf,o r v a r i a t i o n s
i n t h e s p e e do l ' s o u n di n w a t e r ) .
l. I I and 2l metres
2, 12 and 22 metres
3, I3 and23 metrcs
... bluebunting
4, 14and 24 metres
. . . . . g r e e na n d w h i t eb u n t i n g
5 , 1 5a n d 2 5 m c t r e s
6. l6 and 26 metres
l, l7 and 27 metres
. . .. red bunting
8 , I t l a n d 2 l Jm e t r e s
blueand white bunting
9, 19 and 29 rnetres
. red and whitc bunting
I 0 m e tr e s
l e a t h e rw i t h a h o l e i n i t
20 metres
. . l c a t h e rw i t h a h o l e i n i t a n d 2 s t r i p s o f l e a t h e r
30 nretres
. . l e a t h e rw i t h a h o l e i n i t a n d 3 s t r i p s o f l e a t h e r
40 metres
. . l e a t h e rw i t h a h o l e i n i t a n d 4 s t r i p so 1 'l e a t h e r
50 metres
. . l e a t h e rw i t h a h o l e i n i t a n d 5 s t r i p s o l ' l e a t h e r
A l l 0 ' 2 m e t r cm a r k i n g s . .
a p i e c eo f r n a c k e r e l i n e
:i[:li::
,;:'J:il:
;.::fiillll:
O n e a d l ' a n t a g co l t h i s s v s t e mi s t h a t t h e m e t r e m a r k i n g sa l m o s t
c o r r e s p o n dt o t h e I ' a t h o mm a r k s o n t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l e a d l i n e .
H i n t s f o r L e a d s m e n O n f i r s t e n t e r i n gt h e c h a i n ss e et h a t t h e
e n d o l t h e l i n e i s m a d e 1 a s t .a n d b e s u r e t o c o i l i t l e f t - h a n d e do r a
multitude o1'kinks will result. The length of line lbr swinging
d e p e n d so n i n d i v i d u a lt a s t c .e s p e c i a l l yi f a t o a n d f r o m o t i o n o n l . "i-s
u s e d .l f t h e l e a d i s t o b e s w u n g o v e r t h e h e a d .a b o u t t w o f a t h o m s
w i l l b e l o u n d m o s t c o n v e n i e n l I. t i s u s u a lt o s w i n gt h r e et i m e so v e r
t h e h c a d . b u t i I ' t h c w a t e r i s d e e p a n d t h e s h i p t r a v e l l i n g1 a s t .a
l o n g e rd r i f t w i l l b e a d v i s a b l e .
T o p r c v e n tt h e l i n e s l i p p i n gt h r o u g h t h e h a n d a s m a l l b i g h t i s
p l a c e do v e r t h e t h u m b , b u t t h i s w i l l s o o n t a k e t h e s k i n o 1 ' l 's, o a
s m a l l l l a g t o g g l es h o u l d b e I ' i t t e dt o t h e l i n e a n d u s e di n s t c a d .
Callingthe Soundings l'he actualnumber of fathomsmust
b e m a d et h e l a s t p a r t o f t h e c a l l , a s i t i s q u i t e l i k e l y t o b e h e a r de v e n
i 1 ' t h eI ' i r s to a r t o f t h e c a l l i s m i s s e d .C a l l t h e m a s u n d e r :
At
At
At
At
a d e p t h o l ' 5 f a t h o m sc a l l
a d e p t h o f 5 % 1 ' a t h o m cs a l l
a d e p t h o f 5 % I ' a t h o m sc a l l
a d e p t h o f 5 % f a t h o m sc a l l
by the mark 5
a n d a q u a r t e r5
and a half 5
a q u a r t e r l e s s6
261
A t a d e p t h o f 6 f a t h o m sc a l l . .
b y t h e d e e p6
A t a d e p t h o f 6 % f a t h o m sc a l l .
a n d a q u a r t e r6
A t a d e p t h o i ' 6 % I ' a t h o m sc a l l .
and a half 6
A t a d e p t h o f 6 % f a t h o m sc a l l .
a q u a r t e rl e s s7
A t a d e p t h o f 7 f a t h o m sc a l l . .
by the mark 7
and so on. If you lail to get bottom, sing out "no bottom at 8
f a t h o m s " .o r w h a t e v e rt h e a m o u n t o f l i n e i s i n d i c a t e d .
Other Uses
W h e n a v e s s e il s c o m i n g t o a n a n c h o r a n d t h e
w a v i s o f f t h e s h i p , t h e l e a d s m a ns h o u l d k e e p h i s l e a d o n t h e
b o t t o m , a n d w h e n t h e v e s s eils m o v i n g a s t e r n .h e m u s t i m m e d i a t e l l '
r e p o r t " g o i n g a s t e r n ,s i r " .
A n d a g a i n ,w h e n t h e v e s s e il s b r o u g h t u p o r s t a t i o n a r ya t h e r
a n c h o r ,h e s h o u l d r e p o r t " b r o u g h t u p , s i r " .
S o u n d i n ga t N i g h t
W h e n s o u n d i n ga t n i g h t i t i s n e c e s s a rtyo
i l l u m i n a t et h e w a t e r s u r f a c eb y m e a n so { ' a n e l e c t r i cl i g h t c l u s t e r .
s e a r c h l i g hot r h a n d t o r c h . O t h e r w i s er e a d i n g sw i l l h a v et o b e t a k e n
" 1 r o mt h e
h a n d " b y I ' i r s to l ' a l l f i n d i n g t h e d i s t a n c ef r o m t h e h a n d t o
t h e w a t e r ' se d g e .T h i s a m o u n t i s t h e n d e d u c t e df r o m a l l s o u n d i n g s
a n d b e c a u s eo f t h e d i l f e r e n t m a t e r i a l su s e d f o r e a c h c o l o u r . t h c
l e a d s m a ns h o u l d b e a b l e t o k n o w t h e m a r k s b v f e e l e v e nw h e n n o
l i g h ri s a v a i l a b l e .
M a r k i n g a N e w L i n e S p l i c ea n e y ei n o n e e n d l a r g ee n o u g ht o
s l i p c l v e rt h e l e a d w h e n i t h a s b e e n p a s s e dt h r o u g h t h e g r o m m e t .
S t r e t c ha n d s o a k t h e l i n e . l n s t e a do f m e a s u r i n gw i t h a r u l e ,c h a l k 3
l a t h o m l e n g t h so n t h e d e c k , a n d m e a s u r et h e l i n e b y c o m p a r i n gi t
w i t h t h e c h a l k e dl e n g t h s .A t t a c h m a r k s b y t u c k i n g t h e m t h r o u g h
the strands.
Deep-seaLead
The lead itself weighsfrom 28-30lbs,and rhe
l i n e , w h i c h i s k e p t o n a s m a l l w o o d e n h a n d r e e l ,i s m a r k e d i n a
s i m i l a rm a n n e rt o t h e h a n d l e a d ,u p t o 2 0 f a t h o m s .A f t e r t h i s ,e v e r y
l 0 l a t h o m s i s m a r k e dw i t h a n a d d i t i o n a lk n o t , a n d e v e r y5 f a t h o m s
i n b e t w e e nw i t h a s i n g l ek n o t .
F o r i n s t a n c ea, t 2 5 f a t h o m st h e r e i s o n e k n o t : a t 3 0 f a t h o m s3
k n o t s ;3 5 f a t h o m s I k n o t ; 4 0 f a t h o m s4 k n o t s a n d s o o n , u p t o 1 0 0
fathoms which is marked with a pieceof leather and two holes.
All leads have cavitiesat the bottom end so that they may be
armed with tallow to ascertainthe nature of the sea bottom for
comparisonwith the chart.
Taking a Cast
Run the line forward (outside of everything)
from amidshipsto the break of the forecastlehead, bend on lead,
and when ready,notify the man in the chainsby singingout "watch
there, watch", and drop it over the side. A small wooden snatch
block is hung in a convenientposition for hauling the line in again.
262
I H F t s O A I S W A I N ' SM A N T J A I
zo -\
I n t h c b o t t o m o 1 ' t h el e a d i s a s m a l l c a v i t y '
Arming the Lead
i n t o w h i c h a m i x t u r e o 1 ' w h i t e - l e a da n d t a l l o w i s t i g h t l y p r e s s e d .
W h c n t h i s s t r i k e s t h c s e a - b o t t c l ms, m a l l p a r t i c l e sa d h e r e t o t h e
m i x t u r e a n d a r e b r o u g h t t o t h e s u r l ' a c el ' o r c o m p a r i s o nw i t h s i m i l a r
data on the chart.
T h i s i s a v a l u a b l ea i d t o n a v i g a t i o nd u r i n g l i r g , a n d a n u m b e ro l
s c l u n d i n gw
s i l l o l ' t c ni n d i c a t et h e c o u r s eo f a v e s s ella i r l y a c c u r a t e l y .
A s t h e m a r k s o n t h e l e a d l i n ea r e m e a s u r e d
B e n e f i to f L e a d
l r o r n t h e e 1 ' et.h e l e n g t ho 1 ' t h el e a d a b o u t 2 3 0 m m m e a n st h a t t h e r e
i s a l w a v sa l i t t l e m o r c w a t e r t h a n t h e m a r k i n d i c a t e s .
I N S T R T I M E N T SA N D E Q T I I P M f N T
o 1 ' ac r a l ' tb e t w e e nt w o
N a v i g a t i o ng e n e r a l l yr e f e r st o t h e p a s s a g e
s e p a r a t e dp o s i t i o n s . M a r i n e n a v i g a t i o n i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e
p a s s a g eo 1 a
' v e s s ebl e t w e e np o s i t i o n sc o m p l e t e l yi n t e r c o n n e c t e bd y
w a t e r w a v sw
, h e t h e rt h e s cb e o c e a n so r c a n a l s ,o r a c o m b i n a t i o no 1 '
b o t h . l t i s t h e d u t y o f t h o s ea b o a r d t o e n s u r et h a t t h e v e s s c tl r a v e l s
b e t w e e np o r t s i n a s a l ' ea n d e f f i c i e n tw a y . I n o r d e r t h a t a s h i p ' s
n a l ' i g a t o rm a y p c r l r l r m h i s d u t i e se f f e c t i v e l y h, e m u s t b e p r o v i d e d
w i t h s u f f ' i c i e nnt a v i g a t i o n ael q u i p m e n t .T h c a m o u n t a n d v a r i e t yo 1 '
a p p a r a t u sl ' o u n d i n a v e s s e li s d e t e r m i n e dp a r t l y b y t h e t r a d e i n
w h i c h s h e i s e n g a g e da n d p a r t l v b y t h e a m o u n t o f l ' i n a n c i a l
i n v e s t m c n itn h e r . T h e e q u i p m e n td e s c r i b e db e l o w i s t o b e f o u n d i n
most ordinaryships.
I n t r a v c l l i n gf r o m o n e p l a c et o a n o t h e ro n t h e e a r t h ' ss u r f a c ei t
i s n e c e s s a r tyc l k n o w i n w h i c h d i r e c t i o n t h e s h i p i s g o i n g a t a n y
i n s t a n t ,a n d h e r s p e e do r d i s t a n c et r a v e l l e d .l b r w h i c h p u r p o s et h e
l b l l o w i n g i t e m s o f e q u i p m e n ta r e p r o v i d e d .
P
( a ) I l r n n l r c l eS t a r r t l .
th1I)cck lirlt:.
( ( ) ( o f r c c l o rS p h c r c r .
( 1 1 )I l r a c k c t r .
( r , ) B r n n a c l cl l a r r d .
(f) ( lrnonctcr.
( g 1 l r l c c t r i cI i g h t ( h a r n b e r .
( l i ) ( h r r n r b c 1r o r M a g n e t s .
F r < ; .I
COMPASSES
T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s o f c o m p a s s e sd i f l ' e r i n gf u n d a m e n t a l l yi n
their mode of operation and can be classifiedas follows:
( i ) T h e m a g n e t i cc o m p a s s .
(ii) The gyro compass.
Magnetic Compass The first mention of a compassis made in
a n o l d C h i n e s el e g e n dd a t i n g b a c k t o 2 6 3 4 n . t ' .b u t i t w a s n o t u n t i l
a . o l l 8 7 t h a t r e c o r d ss h o w i t t o h a v e b e e n i n c o m m o n u s e i n
Northern Europe.
The magneticcompassusesthe inherent magneticforces within
a n d e n c i r c l i n gt h e e a r t h i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s hd i r e c t i o n .A m a g n e t i c
needle,when freely suspended,is inlluencedby the earth'smagnetic
f i e l d a n d a l i g n si t s e l fa p p r o x i m a t e l yi n a n o r t h - s o u t hd i r e c t i o n .T h e
(l) Hood. Hclnrcl or " I op"

f) Rillc Sights.
(A) FittinS lor Orl l-anrp.
(/) [)inrnrer [)latc hantl]r'.
(rr)\ight Shadcs
(r) I)ar Ulindr.
{o) I-lindcrs Bar. (On thc lorc:idc).
( 7 r )W h c c l l r o u s c l ) r o i e c l i o n l . f n s S \ s t c l l
l hi I ransrnitting Magnetic ('ompas:
m o d e r n m a g n e t i cc o m p a s su s e st h e s a m ep r i n c i p l eo l o p e r a t i o na s
l o d e s t o n es u s p c n s i o nb, u t e l a b o r a t em c a n sa r e
t h e c a r l i e s tC ' h i n e s e
u s e dt o g i v e t h e m o d e r nc o m p a s sf r e e d o mf ' r o mi n s t a b i l i t ya n d l o c a l
ship elfects.
'l'he
L u b b e r ' sL i n e i s p a i n t e do n t h e i n s i d eo f t h e b o w l w h i c h i s
b o t h a i r a n d w a t e r t i g h ta n d t h e w h o l ei s m o u n t e do n g i m b a l si n t h e
b i n n a c l es t a n d .T h e b o w l h a s a g l a s sb a s es o t h a t t h e c a r d c a n b e
i l l u m i n a t e d f r o m u n d e r n e a t ha n d a d i m m i n g d e v i c e i s f i t t e d t o
a s s i s tw h e n t a k i n g b e a r i n g sa t n i g h t .
T o c o u n t e r a ca
t n y l o c a l m a g n e t i ci n l l u e n c et h e b i n n a c l ei s m a d c
to accommodatecorrector magnets,athwartship soft iron spheres
a n d a F l i n d e r ' sB a r c o n s i s t i n go f s h o r t l e n g t h so 1 ' c y l i n d r i c avle r t i c a l
s o f t i r o n c o n t a i n e di n a b r a s sc a s eo n t h e f o r e s i d eo f t h e s t a n d .
264
A " c l i n o m e t e r "i s u s u a l l yf i t t e d o n t h e a f t e r s i d eo f t h e b i n n a c l e
t o i n d i c a t et h e n u m b e r o f d e g r e e so f h e e lo r t h e e x t e n tt o w h i c h t h e
v e s s c lm a y b e r o l l i n g .
Gyro Compass
The gyro compass uses the properties o1'
g y r o s c o p i ci n e r t i a a n d p r e c e s s i o nA c h i l d ' sc o n i c a lt o p . w h e n n o t
s p i n n i n g ,w i l l t o p p l e o v e r . I f i t i s m a d e t o r o t a t e r a p i d l y , i t w i l l n o t
d e v i a t eI ' r o mt h e u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n .T h i s i s a n e x a m p l eo f g y r o s c o p i c
i n e r t i a .i . e .t h e a x l e o f a r o t a t i n gb o d y t e n d st o r em a i n p o i n t i n gi n a
I i x e dd i r e c t i o n .
l l a f o r c e c o u l d b e a p p l i e dt o t h e r o t a t i n g p a r t s o f a s p i n n i n g
b o d v i n s u c h a w a y t h a t i t w e r e n o t s l o w e dd o w n , i t w o u l d b e s e e n
t h a t t h e o b j e c tw o u l d m o v e i n a d i r e c t i o nc o n t r a r yt o t h a t e x p e c t e d .
T h i s i s t h e p r o p e r t y o f p r e c e s s i o ne x h i b i t e d o n l y b y r o t a t i n g
objects.Thesetwo propertiesof rotating bodiesare harnessedin the
g y r o c o m p a s st o p r o d u c e a m e c h a n i s mw h i c h c o n t i n u o u s l yp o i n t s
t o n o r t h . p r o v i d e d i t s s e n s i t i v er o t a t i n g p a r t s a r e k e p t e n e r g i s e d
I r o m a s u i t a b l ee l e c t r i c a p
l owersupply.
T h e m a g n e t i cn o r t h a n d s o u t h d i r e c t i o nd e f i n e db y t h e m a g n e t i c
c o m p a s si s n o 1 t h e t r u e g e o g r a p h i c a nl o r t h a n d s o u t h d i r e c t i o n s
r e q u i r e d f i l r t h e p u r p o s e o f n a v i g a t i o n .C o r r e c t i o n sa r e e i t h e r
t a b u l a t e do r c h a r t e df o r a l l p o s i t i o n so n t h e e a r t h ' ss u r f a c e s, o t h a t
w h c n a p p l i e dt o t h e m a g n e t i cc o m p a s sc a r d , t h e t r u e d i r e c t i o n o f
n o r t h a n d s o u t h m a y b e r e a d i l yf o u n d .
A l t h o u g h t h e g y r o c o m p a s si d e a l l y s e e k st o a l i g n i t s e l f i n t h e
t r u e n o r t h - s o u t hd i r e c t i o n , i t i s l i k e m o s t m e c h a n i c a la p p a r a t u s :
subject to small errors, which must be allowed for when the
c o m p a s si s i n u s e .
Liquid Compass In small crali, where rollirrg and pitching is
m o r e p r o n o u n c e dt h a n i n l a r g e rv e s s e l sa. " d r y " m a g n e t i cc o m p a s s
w o u l d b e o f l i t t l e u s e , s o l i q u i d m a g n e t i cc o m p a s s e cs o n t a i n i n ga
mixture of water and alcohol are used.The effect of the liquid upon
the surl'aceof the compasscard is to causeit to remain steadierand
s e t t l eq u i c k e r t h a n w o u l d b e t h e c a s ei f t h e l i q u i d w e r e o m i t t e d .
T o a l l o w f o r t h e e x p a n s i o no r c o n r r a c t i o no f t h e l i q u i d i n h o t o r
cold climates,the compassbowl is fitted with expansionchambers.
B y a d d i t i o n a ld a m p i n g d e v i c e s l,i q u i d c o m p a s s e a
s re today mostly
of the "Dead Beat" type in which oscillationsare almost completely
eliminatedand on deflectionthe card returns to its original position
i n o n e s w i n gw i t h o u t o v e r s w i n g i n g .
Lifeboat compassesare all of the liquid type.
Standard Compass- Although a vesselmay be fitted with gyro
compassequipment,she is still obliged to carry a standardmagnetic
compass in addition to a steering magnetic compass. In some
265
v e s sles t h e s t a n d a r da n d s t e e r i n gc o m p a s s easr e c o m b i n c db y u s i n g
a l i g h t p r o j e c t o rf r o m t h e s t a n d a r dc o m p a s sd o w n t o t h c s t e e r i n g
p o s i t i o n . T h e r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r t h e l o c a t i o n o l ' t h e s t a n d a r d
c o m p a s s i n a v es s c l a r e s u c h t h a t i t c a n r e a s o n a b l vo n l l b e
p o s i t i o n e do n t h e " M o n k e y - i s l a n d " .
A u t o m a t i c S t e e r i n g A v e s s eh
l a v i n g p a s s e dt r o m c o n g e s t e d
o r c o a s t a l w a t e r s t c l t h e o D e n s e a , u s u a l l v s w i t c h e so v e r l r o m
Frt,. I
Auto Flcctric Stecring ('ttntrol ( otlsolc.

(Arnra Ilroun (ivro (tlnrpass).
m a n u a l t o a u t o m a t i c s t e e r i n g .p r o v i d c d s h e i s s o c q u i p p c d . A n
i m m e d i a t ea d v a n t a g ei s t h a t i n m o s t s e a c o n d i t i c l n si n w h i c h a
v e s s eils l i k e l yt o s t e a m ,t h e t r a c k k e p t b y t h c a u t o m a t i cs v s t e mi s a n
i m p r o v e m e n to n t h a t w h i c h c o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e db y a q u a r t c r m a s t e rf o r p r o l o n g e dp e r i o d s .G e n e r a l l v l.e s sh e l m i s u s e dt o s t e c r
266
I H F t s O AI S W A I N ' SM A N I ] A I
t h e r e s s c l .a n d t h i s r e s u l t si n h i g h c r l o g s p e e d sb e i n gr e c r t r d e d'.l h e
d i f l ' e r c n c em a v a m o u n t t o o n e - h a l f o f a k n c l t i n o r d i n a r y s e a
c o n d i t i o n sl.- i k c m o s t m o d e r ne q u i p m e n tt.h e r ei s r , e r yl i t t l e o f t h e
"autonratic"
c h a r a c t e ro f t h e s c d e v i c e st < t b e s e e no n t h e c o n t r o l
p a n e l a n d f r c q u e n t l lt-h e o n l l , o u t w a r d s i g n i s a s w i t c hi n d i c a t i n g
"Automatic
Manual". l'here are usuallva number o1'controls
a t t r a c t r v e l va r r a n g e da n d F i g . 2 s h o w ss u c ha c o n s o l cw i t h t h e l ' r o n t
p a n c l r e n t r t r ,de.
I HI' BOA ISWAIN'S MANT]AI
261
l ' r ' o n i k i n k s . f ' o i l d o w n l e l t - h a n d c d .h a n g i t u p t o d r r . t h c n p u t l h e

clock in thc chartroom or whcclhouseIor safctr".
I,O(;S
'l'<l
l ' i n d t h e s p e e do l a v e s s e la t s e a i t w a s o n c e t h e c u s t o m t o
t h r o w a l o g o 1 w o o d c l v e rt h e b o w a n d n o t e t h e t i m e t a k e n f o r t h c
v e s s e tl o p a s si t . T h i s t i m e i n t e r v a l w a s a s c e r t a i n e d
b y r e p e a t i n ga
setnumbero1-lvords,the tirne for sayingwhich was known. When the
log passedthe stern.the numberof words spokengavea time interval,
which in tum indicatedthe speedof the ship.The useof suchlogs has
glven us a name to one of the aids to navigationwhich is still in useat
the presenttime; but in placeof the old-fashionedsystemwe now have
the PatentLog.
Patent Log
T h e l o g i s r e a l l y a t y p e o f s p e e d o m e t ew
r hich
r c g i s t e r st h e n u m b e r o f m i l e s t h e s h i p h a s r u n . I t i s u s u a l l y
c o n n e c t e dt o t h e r a i l r i g h t a f t , a l t h o u g h i n s o m c v e s s e l si t m a v b e
l ' i t t e dt o a b o o m a m i d s h i p sw h e r e i t c a n b e r e a d o n t h e b r i d g e .
I t i s a s m a l lc y l i n d r i c a lb r a s sc a s ew i t h a p o i n t e r w h i c h i n d i c a t e s
t h c n u m b e r o f m i l e s o n a d i a l g r a d u a t e df r o m 0 - 1 0 0 .
T h c l a t e s ta n d m o s t p o p u l a r t y p e s h a v e a s m a l l e rh a n d w h i c h
r e g i s t e r st e n t h so f a m i l e .
A t t a c h e dt o t h i s m e c h a n i s mo n t h e r a i l i s a l o n g l e n g t ho f s p e c i a l
l i n e t o w i n g i n t h e w a t e r , a n d r e v o l v i n g t h r o u g h t h e a g e n c yo l ' a
rotator at the end. It is these revolutions which keen the
m e c h a n i s m so n t h c r a i l i n m o t i o n , a n d a u n i f o r m s p e e d i s
m a i n t a i n c db y t h e u s c o 1 'a s m a l l w h e e l o r g o v e r n o r c l o s e t o t h e
m e c h a n i s mi t s e l { ' .
S t r e a m i n gt h e L o g
F i r s t o f a l l t h e c y l i n d e ro r c l o c k i s s h i p p e d
i n t o i t s p r o p c r s o c k e ta n d t h e g o v e r n o r h o o k e d o n , a n d w h e n t h e
l o g l i n ei t s e l f i s h o o k e d t o t h e g o v e r n o r .t h e r o t a t o r i s l o w e r e di n t o
t h e w a t e r a n d a l l t h c l i n e p a i d o u t . M a k e s u r et h e l i n e i s c l e a rf o r
runningby flaking it up and down the deck beforehand.
Hauling in the Log
Pull in some slack, unhook from
g o v e r n o r ,a n d a s t h e l i n e i s p u l l e d i n o n o n e q u a r t e r ,p a y o u t a g a i n
o v e r t h e o t h e r . s o t h a t w h e n p u l l e d i n a s e c o n dt i m e , i t w i l l b e f r e e
-&
ctlARlH0USE
llECIlVtR
Ft<;..1
r.i[.Gi stt R
\l'alkcr's'('ontnlodorc' I og I'arts'
F t l r c o n v c n i e n c ei t h a s b c c c r n t c
S t r e a m i n gt h e M i d s h i p L o g
t h e p r a c t i c et o s t r c a mt h e l o g f r o m a m i d s h i p sf r o m a p o s i t i o nj u s t
B r i d g ea n d i n t h i s c a s ea s p c c i a lb o o m h a s t t l
a b a l ' tt h e N a r " i g a t i n g
b e u s c dt o k e e pt h e l i n e a n d r o t a t o r c l e a r o f t h e s h i p ' ss i d e .W h e n
t h e l e n g t h o f w i r e w h i c h t r a n s m i t s t h e r e v o l u t i o n sI r o m t h e
u n i r " e r s a l j o i ncto n n e c t < torn t h e e n d o f t h e b o o m t o t h e c l o c k o n t h e
bridge is hooked on. and the logline and governor havc been
a t t a c h c d .t h e b o o m i s r e a d y 1 ' o rs w i n g i n go u t . W i t h t h e t w o g u y s
a n d t h e t o p p i n g l i f t t a c k l e i t c a n b e a d j u s t e dt o t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e
p o s i t i o n .E i t h e r b e l t l r eo r a f t e r s w i n g i n go u t t h e b o o m . s t r c t c ht h e
rotator end of' the logline down the ship's side (outside o1
e v e r - v - t h i n gt)o) .t h c b r e a k o f t h e p o o p .
ll put over the side lrom aft it is lesslikelv to bc damaged
a g a i n s t h e s h i p ' sh u l l .
E i t h e r a t r i p p i n g t t t r co r s m a l l
Taking in the Midship Log
g r a p n e li s u s e d w h e n t a k i n g t h e l o g l i n e o n b o a r d a g a i n .a n d t h e
r o t a t o r m u s t b e h a u l e dc a r e l ' u l l yu p t h e s i d et o p r e v e n ti t b e c o m i n g
d a m a g e da f t e r w h i c h t h e b o o m m a y b e s w u n g i n . 1 1 ' t h eb o o m w a s
s w u n Siln f i r s t , t h e r o t a t o r w o u l d r e v o l v ea g a i n s t h e s h i p ' sh u l l a n d
bendthe blades.
To {'indthe speedat which a vesselis travelling'
Speedby Log
d i v i d e 3 6 0 0 b y t h e n u m b c r o l s e c o n d st a k e n t o r u n o n e m i l e , a n d
t h i s w i l l g i v e t h e s p e e di n k n o t s .
268
I n t h c c a s eo 1 ' a l o g w i t h a b e l l w h i c h s t r i k e ss i x t i m e s t o e a c h
m i l e r u n . d i v i d e 6 0 0 b y t h e t i m e i n s e c o n d sb e t w e e nt w o s t r o k e so f
t h e b e l l ,a n d t h e a n s w e rw i l l b e i n k n o t s ,o r m i l e sp e r h o u r .
'fhe
E l e c t r i c a lR e c o r d i n g
i n d i c a t o r m c c h a n i s mo f t h e p a t e n t
l o g c a n b e r n a d et o g e n e r a t ea n e l e c t r i c a vl o l t a g ew h i c h a c t u a t e sa
l o g d i a l m o s t c o n v e n i e n t l yp l a c e di n t h e C h a r t r o o m .T h i s i n v o l v e sa
p e r m a n e n ts v s t e mo f w i r i n g t o c o n n e c tt h e c h a r t r o o mi n d i c a t o r st o
t h e l o g p o s i t i o n w h e r c v e ri t m a y b e . a n d t h e c o u p l i n g t o t h e l o g
m e c h a n i s mi s a c h i e v e db y a s o c k e ta n d p l u g u n i t n e a rt h e m a i n l o g
i n di c a t o r .
Other Logs
T h e p a t c n t l o g d e s c r i b e da b o v e .r e q u i r e st i m e t o
"stream"
o r t o " h a u l i n " a n d c a n b c c o m el ' o u l e da l l o l ' w h i c h r e o u i r e
m a n u a l a t t e n t i o n s o t h a t o t h e r t y p e s o l ' l o g w c r e t j e v e l o p e dr o
r e p l a c ct h e l i n c a n d r o t a t o r .T h e t w c tn t a i n t y p e sa r et h e p r e s s u r el o g
u s i n gt h e p r i n c i p l eo f t h e p i t o t t u b c a n d a s u b m e r g e di m p e l l e r .b o t h
o l w h i c h i n v o l v ca t u b e b e i n gp u s h e do u t t h r o u g ht h c b o t t o m o f ' t h e
v e s s c l .l - h c p u s h i n go u t a n d t h e r c t r a c t i n gt o t h e s t o w e dp o s i t i o ni s
a n e a s vo p e r a t i o nw h i c h c a n b e d o n e e i t h e rm e c h a n i c a l lovr b y a n
e l e c t r i cm ( ) t o ra n d t h c e l e c t r i c arl e c o r d i n gs v s t e m sg i v e n o t o n l v t h e
d i s t a n c ct r a v e l l e db u t a l s oa n i n s t a n l a n e o ui n
s d i c a t i o no f t h e s p e e d
o l t h e v e s s etlh r o u g h t h e w a t e r .f ' a r e h a s t o b e t a k e n t h a t t h e t u b c s
a r c p r o p e r l y r e t r a c t e db e l i t r ed o c k i n g u r w h e n p a s s i n go v e r a b a r .
A n r o r e r c c e n ld e v e l t ) p m e ngt i v i n g c o n s i d e r a b l ca c c u r a c yi s t h e
W a l k e r ' sM a n a l o g w h i c h o p e r a t c sb y s e n s i n ga p o t e n t i a ld i f l ' e r e n c e
g c n e r a t c di n w a t c r m o r , ' i n gr e l a t i v et o a l i x e d m a g n e t i cf i e l d . I h e
m a g n e t i cf i e l d i s p r o < j u c e db v a n e l c c t r o - m a g n e ht o u s e d i n t h e
"sensing
h e a d " o r p r o b e u ' h i c h p r o j e c t s2 2 i n c h e s( a p p r o x i m a t e l y ,
5 6 0 m m ) t h r o u g h t h c b o t t o m o l t h e v e s s e lw h i l s t t w o e l e c t r o d e s
l l u s h w i t h t h e s u r l ' a c eo f t h e p r o b e .p r o v i d et h e m e a n so l ' m e a s u r i n g
t h e p o t e n t i a ld i l l ' c r e n c ew h i c h i s p r o p o r t i o n a lt o t h e s p c e da n d t h e
r e s u l t s a r e e l e c t r o n i c a l l vr e c o r d e d o n a c o m b i n e d s p e e d a n d
d i s t a n c er e p c a t c r .
S O T I N D I N GM A C H I N I
T h e n r a c h i n cd e s c r i b e di s n o w o b s o l e s c e nbt u t i t m a y s t i l l b c
f o u n d i n s o m e s h i p s a l t h o u g hn o l o n g e r a r e q u i r e m e n t .
T h e d e e p - s e as c l u n d i n gr n a c h i n e c o n s i s t so 1 ' a s m a l l " h a n d
w i n c h " w i t h a d r u m h o l d i n g a b o u t 3 0 0 f a t h o m so f p i a n o w i r e f r o m
t h e e n d o 1 ' w h i c hi s s e c u r e da s i n k c ro r l c a d o { ' a b o u t2 8 l b sw e i g h t .
H a n d l e sa r c a t t a c h e dt o t h e d r u m a n d c a n b e u s e dt o r e l e a s ci t s o
t h a t t h e d r u m r u n s f r e e l y .o r t o a c t i v a t ca b r a k e t o s t o p t h e d r u m ' s
r o t a t i o n a n d b y r e l c a s i n ga c a 1 c h t. h e s a n r ch a n d l e sc a n b e u s e dt c t
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
269
w i n d t h e w i r c b a c k o n t o t h c d r u m . B e t w e e nt h e w i r e a n d t h e s i n k e r
" s t r a y l i n e " o f h e m p t o w h i c h i s s e i z e da
i s a t w o - l a t h o m l e n g t ho l
p e r f o r a t e d b r a s s g u a r d t u b e t t l a c c o m m o d a t ea n d p r o t e c t t h e
s o u n d i n st u b c .
Frc;. .1
(a) Pcdestai.
(b) ('r'unter or Metcr
K c l r i t e " S o u n d i n gM a c h i n c .
(r) Wire l)rum.
( r / )W i n d i n ga n d B r a k c H a n d l e s .
l'he machine is fitted amidshipsnear the Navigating Bridge so

t h a t a b o o m i s r e q u i r e dt o k e e pt h e w i r e a n d l e a d w e l l c l e a ro f t h e
s h i p ' ss i d e .T h e b o o m i s s u p p o r t e df r o m a s w i v e l l i n gg o o s e n e c bk y a
topping lift, steadied by guys and has a carrier with a fairlead
t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e s o u n d i n gw i r e i s r o v e .T h e c a r r i e rc a n b e h a u l e d
o u t t o t h e e n d o 1 ' t h eb o o m b v a n o u t h a u la n d r e t u r n e db y m e a n so f
an inhaul.
270
T } I F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N L ] A I
T H F B O A - I S W A I N ' SM A N I J A I -
Whcn thc wirc is running out. a metal "lecler" is held on it and a

sudden slackeningunder the pressurcol' thc hand indicatcsthe
sinker has reached the bottom. l'he brake is applied antl the wire
wound in to rccorer thc sounding-tube ll.ont thc brass guard-tubc.
tralcls through water with a fairly unilorm Ielocity ol abtlut

4 . 8 0 0f t s e c . S o u n d p u l s e s ,s e n t o u t f r o m t h e s h i p ' s b o t t o m b y
m e a n so 1 ' a ne l e c t r i c a l l o
y p e r a t e dt r a n s n r i t t e rt,r a v e ld o w n t o t h e s e a
b e d a n d a r e r e f l e c t e db a c k t o w a r d s t h e s h i p . ' l ' h e s o u n d r e c e i v e r ,
e x c i t c d b 1 ' t h e s e r e t u r n i n g p u l s e s .o p e r a t e st h e s t y l u s w i t h i n t h e
c h a r t r o o mr e c o r d e rT
. h c d i s t a n c et r a v e l l e dt o t h e s e ab e d i s d i r e c t l y
r e l a t e dt o t h e d i s t a n c et r a v e l l e da c r o s st h e g r a p h p a p c r b y t h e s t y l u s
a n d m a r k s a r c m a d c o n t h c r e c o r d i n gp a p e r a c c o r d i n g l y .
The principles involl'ed are rclated to the lact rhat thc prcssure
l n l \ a t e r t a r i e s d i r e c l l v a s t h c d e p t h a n d t o B o v l e' s l _ a u .w h i c h s l a t c s
that tlrc r.lurne o1'a gi'en massol gas is in'crselv proportional t.
thc prcssurc prol ided thc temperature is constant. l'hc Kclvin
chcmrcal glass sounding-tubc is 24 inches in length. ol constant
b o r c a n d s e a l c da t o n e e n d w h i l s t t h c i n s i d c o l t h c t u b c i s c o a t c d
w i t h a c h r . m a t c o l s i l ' e r w h i c h i s r e d i n c . l o u r . l t i s i n s e r t e t ii n t o
the guard-tubc with the open down so that a column ol air is
t r a p p e d r n t h c t u b e a n d a s t h e v o l u m e d e c r c a s c sw i t h i n c r e a s i n g
prcssurc. sea-watcr enters thc tubc as it descends causing the
c h r o n r a t c t o c h a n g c t t t c h l o r i d e o 1 ' s i l r . ' cw
r hich is white in colour.
-lhc
l e n g t h o 1 ' t h e d i s c o l o u r e dp a r t o l ' t h e t u b c i s a l u n c t i o n o l t h c
dcpth to which it descendedand the sounding in l'athoms is
o b t a i n e d h r p l a c i n g t h c c l o s e de n d o 1 ' t h e t u b e u p i n t o a s p e c i a l l v
g r a d u a t c d b o x w o o d s c a l e a n d r c a d i n g o l ' 1t h e d e p t h l c v e l w i t h t h c
l i n e o l d c n t a r c a t i o n . S h o u l d t h e b o x u o o d s c a l e b e n t i s n l a c e da n
a p p r o x i n r a t ed e p t h i n f a t h o n t s i s g i v c n b v t h c l i r l l o u i n g :
I ) c p t h i n l a l h o n r s- 5 . 5 X
D i s c o l o u r e dl e n g t ho l t u b c
R c m a i n i n gl e n g r ho l r u b c
A n a d " a n t a g eo v c r t h c c h e m i c a ti u b e i s p r o r , , i d ebdv t h e W i g z c l l
tube in u,hich a non-return valve traps the water as the tube
d e s c e n dasn d t h e s o u n d i n gi s a g a i no h t a i n e db y c o m p a r i s o nw i t h a
b o . x w o o ds c a l e .b u t b v r e m o v i n gt h e w a t e r t h e s a m e t u b e c a n b e
u s c do r c t a t t d ( ) \c r a g a l n .
E c h o - s < l u n d i n g l t m a y j u s t l y ,b e s a i d t h a r t h c n e a r e s tl a n d i s
u s u a l l yu n d c r n e a t ht h c s h i p ' sk c e l a n d i t i s t h c r e l ' o r en o t s u r p r i s i n g
t h a t o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n to l t h e c l e c t r o n i cn a v i g a t i o n aal i < i si s
the Echo-Sounder.
Mosl echo-sounding
m a c h i n e so l ' r e c e n td e s i g na r c s o a s t o n i s h t n g l v r e l i a b l ea n d s i m p l e t o u s e . t h a t t h e n o r m a l h a n d l e a d o r
d e e p - s c as o u n d i n gm a c h i n e h a s b e e n s u p e r s e d e d1. - h c r a n g e o v e r
w h i c h t h c e c h o - s o u n d ecra n i n d i c a t ed e p t h i s f r o m t w o o r t h r e eI ' c e t
ol water bclow the keel to 500 fathoms or more. An additional
f a c i l i t y i n c o r p o r a t e di n m o s t e c h o - s o u n d i n gm a c h i n e si s t h a t a
c o n t l n u o u sr e c o r do f s o u n d i n g sm a y b e o b t a i n e d .T h e s ea r e s h o w n
a s f i n e b u r n m a r k s u p o n a c o n t i n u o u ss h e e to l ' g r a p h p a p c r .
T h e p r i n c i p l e u p o n w h i c h t h i s a p p a r a t u sw o r k s i s t h a t s o u n d
211
M E T E O R O L O G I ( ' A l .t Q t T I P M E N T
T h e m a r i n e r r n n a v i g a t i n gh i s v e s s ebl c t w c c np o r t s i s l o a t h et o
t a k c t h e s h i p u n n c c c s s a r i l yi n t o h e a r ' \ 'w e a t h e r .A l t h o u g h h e r s
p r o v i d e d w i t h w e a t h e r r e p o r t s f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e sb y r a d i o c o r n m u n i c a t i o n .a l o c a l a p p r a i s a l o f t h e w e a t h e r s i t u a t i o n i s
f r e c l u e n t l lo f ' m u c h m o r e v a l u e .T h e b a r o m e t e r .t h e r m o m e t e ra n d
h y g r o m e t e ra r e t h e f u n d a m e n t a li t e m s o f c q u i p m e n tu s e d a b o a r d
s h i p1 o rt h i s p u r p o s e .
T h i s i n s t r u n ) e n tm e a s u r e st h e p r e s s u r eo l t h e
Barometer
a t m o s p h e r ea t t h a t p o i n t . R a p i d c h a n g e si n t h e p r e s s u r eo v e r a
p e r i o do 1 ' a1 ' e wh o u r s ,o r e v e nl e s s .a r c u s u a l l y ' a s s c l c i a tweidt h w i n d .
T h e m a r i n e r .b 1 'k e e p i n ga n e y eo n t h e p r e s s u r c h a n g e sa t i n t e r v a l s
s h a t s e q u e n c eo 1 w e a t h e rh e
t h r o u g h o u tt h e d a y . i s a b l e t o a s s e s w
m a y e x p e c t ,e . g .d e p r c s s i o nc, y c l o n i co r a n t i c y c l o n i cc o n d i t i o n s .
T h i s c o n s i s t so f t w o i d e n t i c a l t h e r m o m e t e r s
Hygrometer
h u n g s i d e b y s i d ew i t h i n a c a s e .w h i c h s c r e e n st h e m f r o m t h e d i r e c t
r a 1 ' so l ' t h e s u n w h i c h w o u l d o t h e r w i s ei n v a l i d a t et h e r e a d i n g s
o b t a i n e d .T h e b a s eo l ' o n e t h e r m o m e t e irs w r a p p e di n m u s l i nw h i c h
i s k e p t m o i s t f r o m w a t e ri n a s m a l l j a r b e n e a t hi t . W h e t h e ri t i s a d r y
o r d a m p d a y , t h e u n c o v e r e dt h e r m o m e t e rw i l l i n d i c a t et h e c o r r e c t
a i r t c m p e r a t u r eT
. h e t h e r m o m e t e rw r a p p e di n m u s l i n w i l l h a v e i t s
r e a d i n gm o d i f i e d b y t h e d r y n e s so f t h e s u r r o u n d i n ga i r . O n a d r y
d a y . t h e w a t e r o n t h e m u s l i n e v a p o r a t e sa t a h i g h e rr a t e t h a n o n a
m o i s t d a m p d a y . W a t e r e v a p o r a t i n gf r o m t h e m u s l i n t a k e s h e a t
f r o m t h e e n c l o s e dt h e r m o m e t e rb u l b , w h i c h i s e v i d e n t b y t h e
l o w e r i n gi n t h e i n d i c a t e dt e m p e r a t u r eO
. n a d r y d a y , t h e r e f o r et,h e
differencein readingsbetweenthe two thermometerswill be greater
t h a n o n a d a m p d a y . T h e i m m e d i a t ev a l u eo f t h i s k n o w l e d g et o t h e
n a v i g a t o ri s t o a s s e stsh e l i k e l i h o o do f f o g d e v e l o p i n gA. k n o w l e d g e
o f t h e h u m i d i t y ( a st h i s a i r d a m p n e s si s c a l l e d )i s a l s oo f g r e a tv a l u e
w i t h r e g a r dt o t h e v e n t i l a t i o no f c a r g o h o l d s .
This radio recorder
Facsimile Reproduction Equipment
a p p a r a t u si s a r e c e n ti n n o v a t i o na b o a r d s h i p sa l t h o u g hi t h a s b e e n
272
T H E B O A I - S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N i J A L
i n u s ea s h o r e1 o r m a n y y e a r s .l - h e p r e s e n tu s eo f s u c he q u i p m e n ti s
t o r e p r o d u c eo n b o a r d s h i p a n e x a c t r e p l i c a o f c h a r t e d w e a t h e r
i n l o r m a t i o n p r o p a g a t e db 1 ' M e t e o r o l o g i c aO
l f f i c e sa t c e r t a i nt i m e s
o l t h e d a y v i a l o c a l c o a s t r a d i o s t a t i o n s .W i t h i n t h e r e c e i v i n g
a p p a r a t u sa b o a r di s a c o n t i n u o u sr o l l o f p a p e rs u i t a b l ym a r k e db y a
mor"ing stylus to correspond with information issued by the
w e a t h e ro f f i c e s .I ' h e m a i n a d v a n t a g et o t h e m a r i n e ri s a s e q u e n c o
el'
c h a r t e d w e a t h c r i n l o r m a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e v o y a g ew h i c h c o u l d
otherwisconll be obtained b1, the l'ull-timeemploymcnt of a
s p e cai li s t .
ELECTRONIC AND OTHER EQIIPMENT
R a d i o D i r e c t i o n - f i n d i n g ( S e e F i g . 5 ) . A m a r i n e r s i g h t i n ga
l i g h t f r o m a l i g h t h o u s ei s a b l et o s a v t h a t h i s v e s s eils s o m e w h e r ec n
a c e r t a i nb e a r i n gf r o m t h a t p a r t i c u l a ro b j e c t .T w o l i n e so l ' b e a r i n g
I r o m t w o d i f l c r e n t l i g h t h o u s e sw o u l d e n a b l et h e m a r i n e rt o " c r o s s "
t h e t w o b e a r i n g sa n d s o o b t a i n h i s p o s i t i o n . l - h e r a d i o d i r e c t i o n l i n d i n g a p p a r a t u so p e r a t e si n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y b u t . s i n c e t h e
w a v e sa p p r o a c h i n gt h e v e s s e la r c i n v i s i b l er a d i o w a v e si n s t e a do f
v i s i b l e l i g h t w a v e s . a s u i t a b l e m e a n s o l r e c e i v i n gt h e w a v e s i s
. he
n e e d e d . ' l - h i si s a c h i e v c db y a n o r m a l f o r m o 1 ' r a d i or e c e i v e rT
a e r i a l I e e d i n g t h i s r a d i o i s o f s p e c i a lc < l n s t r u c t i o ns o t h a t i t i s
p o s s i b l ct o t a k e b e a r i n g so f p a r t i c u l a r r a d i o t r a n s m i t t e r ss i t e d
a s h o r e .T h e m o s t m o d e r n t y p e so f D , F a p p a r a t u sa r e a b l et o t a k e
. i r e c t i o n -ifn d i n gb y m e a n s
t h c b e a r i n g sa u t o m a t i c a l l yi l s o d e s i r e d D
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r n d t r a n s m i t t e ra b o a r d
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T h i s c o n s i s t so f a r a d i o r e c e i v e a
t h e v e s s e lr.e c c i v i n ga n d t r a n s m i t t i n gt h e v o i c ed i r e c t l ya' n d t h e r e b y
t t l i n l o r m a t i o nb y i n t e r m e d i a r i essu c ha s
o b v i a t i n gt h e t r a n s m i s s i o n
t h e S h i p ' sR a d i o O p e r a t o r .B y i n t e r n a t i o n acl o n v e n t i o na s t a n d a r d
m e t h c l do f " c a l l i n gu p " s t a t i o n sh a sb e e na g r e e da n d a p a r t l r o m t h i s
t h e a p p a r a t u sf u n c t i o n s l i k e a n t t r d i n a r y t e l e p h o n e .S i n c e t h e
a p p a r a t u so p e r a t e so n v e r y h i g h f r e q u e n c i etsh e r a n g eo f t r a n s m i s s i o n i s v a g u e l l 's i m i l a rt o t h c d i s t a n c eo f t h e v i s i b l eh o r i z o n .
( . S e eF i g . 6 ) . T h i s i s p r o b a b l v t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
Radar
d e v e l o p m e n ti n n a v i g a t i o n a la i d s i n r e c e n ty c a r s . I t p a i n t s o n a
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FIt;.6
"DeccaI2 Truc Motion Radar Displal" and

" A u t o m a t i c R c l a t i v eP l o t t i n g l ) r t i t " ( l c / t ) .
11A
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T l A I
275
I ' H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T J A L
s c r e e na c h a r t o l ' a l l s o l i d o b j e c t ss u r r o u n d i n g t h e s h i p . A t t h e u s e r ' s
chtticc. this "charted" range ma1' bc l'ront a quartcr mile up to 50
miles radius. l he greatest value mav vet be as an aid to ar,oiding
c o l l i s i o n r . r , i t ho t h e r s h i p s i n t h e v i c i n i t v . a l t h o u g h i t i s o 1 ' p r o v e n
v a l u c f o r t h e p o s i t i o n - f i n d i n gw h e n n a v i g a t i o n a l m a r k s o r c h a r t e d
c o a s t l i n e sa r e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o l ' t h c a p p a r a t u s . R a d i o w a v e s o 1 ' a
v e r v s h o r t w a l r l c n g t h a r e s e n t o u t l r - o m t h c t r a n s m i t t i n g s c a n n e ri n
a b u n d l e . r . r ' h i c hu. p r i n r c l ' l e c t i o nb a c k t o t h c s h i p a l t c r s t r i k i n g s t t l i d
objccts. cause tcmporarY nrarks to be made ()n a cathode rat tubc
o n t h c c o r r c c t l i n c o f b c a r i n g a n d i n r e l e r t i o nt t t t h e r a n g e s c a l c i n
usc.
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Decca Navigat<lr
e l e c t r o n i c a i d c n a b l e s a . u , e s s et ol l ' i x
h e r p o s i t i o n u ' h e n o t h c r r - q u i p n r c r rits q u i t c i n a d e q u a t e .
i n s t a n to f n o t i n g t h e m e t e rr e a d i n g sT. h e s er e a d i n g sa r e i n t e r s e c t e d
o n o r d i n a r y n a v i g a t i o n a lc h a r t s f o r t h a t a r c a . w h i c h h a l ' e b e e n
o v c r p r i n t e dw i t h a r e d . g r e e na n d p u r p l e h y p e r b o l i cl a t t i c ca n d t h e
i n t e r s e c t i o no l ' a n 1 't w c l h y p c r b o l i cl i n e s o 1 'd i l ' f e r e n tc c l l t l u rs h o w s
t h e s h i p ' sp o s i t i o n .
'I'hree
o l t h e f o u r s h o r e - b a s e sd t a t i o n so p e r a t ei n u n i s o n w i t h
t h e 1 ' o u r t hw h i c h i s r c f c r r c dt o a s a M a s t e rS t a t i o nw h i l s tt h e l ' o r m c r
a r e u s u a l l vr e f c r r e dt o a s S l a v eS t a t i o n s .E a c h S l a v eS t a t i o n p a i r s
w i t h t h c M a s t e rS t a t i o n a n d i s i d c n t i i i e db y t h e c o l o u r c o d eo f r c d .
b o t h w i t h t h e i d e n t i f i c a l i o nm e t er \
g r e e na n d p u r p l c c o r r e s p o n d i n g
o n t h e l ) c c c a r e c e i v i n ga p p a r a t u sa n d t h c t h r e c f a m i l i e st l f l a t t i c e
l i n e so v e r p r i n t c do t . tt h c c h a r t .
s r c \ e r v e x p e n s l \ ct ( )
A l t h o u g h t h c s h o r e - b a s etdr a n s m i t t e r a
i n s t a l la n d m a i n t a i n ,t h e a p p a r a t u sa b o a r dt h e s h i p i s s i m p l et t l u s c
a n d c a n b e r e l i e du p o n t o g i v c a n a c c u r a t ep o s i t i o n .I h i s m a k es t h e
s y s t c mi n v a l u a b l ef o r c o a s t a ln a v i g a t i o na n d a l s t t w h e n m a k i n g a
l a n dl a l l .
"
ii.-
""1
.,.t,'F
;W
I hc l)ecca \a\ igator
I ) c c o n r c t e r [ , ln i t
T h e s i m u l t a n e o u so p e r a t i o n o 1 a g r o u p o f r a d i o t r a n s m i t t e r s
( f o u r ) . l o c a t e di n k n o w n p o s i t i o n sa s h o r e ,e s t a b l i s h eas p a t t e r n o r
l a t t i c e , o f p o s i t i o n l i n e s i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e .A b o a r d t h e s h i p a
s p e c i a l f ) e c c a r e c e i v i n ga p p a r a t u s( F i g . 7 ) d e t e c t sa n d i n d i c a t e s
w h i c h l a t t i c e l i n e s a r e i n t c r s e c t i n ga t t h e v e s s e lf o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r
Ftc. tt
llritige ol Modern Trawler.

4. (ivro Rcpeater.
5. l)ecca Navigator.
6 . S t e c r i n g( ' o n t r o l C o n s o l e
F - c h oS o u n d e r I l e c o r d e r s .
D e c c a R a d a r l ) i s p l a y 'U n i t .
I)ecca \avigator Aulomatic Recorder.
216
T ' HE B O A ' I ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A I
Chronometer
A chronometer is an almost perfect timepiece
w h i c h m a k e s i t p o s s i b l et o c a l c u l a t et h e v e s s e l ' sp o s i t i o n f r o m
c e l e s t i a lo b s e r v a t i o n sT
. h e m e c h a n i s mi s s o f i n e l y b a l a n c e da n d
compensated against temperature changes that the normal
t e m p c r a t u r ev a r i a t i o n o r t h e o p e r a t i o no f w i n d i n g h a s l i t t l e o r n o
e f f e c t o n t h e a c c u r a c yo l ' i t s t i m e - k e e p i n g .I t i s k e p t i n a s p e c i a l
c o m p a r t m e n to r c a s ei n a b o x a n d i s m o u n t e di n g i m b a l st o g i v e f u l l
p r o t e c t i o n f r o m s h o c k s .v i b r a t i o n s o r v i o l e n t m o v e m e n t so f a n y
k i n d . W h e n b c i n g c a r r i e da s h o r e ,i t s g i m b a l ss h o u l d b e c l a m p e d .
S o l ' a r a s i s p o s s i b l e ,a c h r o n o m e t e rs h o u l d b e w o u n d b y t h e
s a m e p e r s o ne v e r y d a y a t t h e s a m et i m e a n d s h o u l d b e f r e q u e n t l y
c h e c k e db y a c c u r a t et i m e s i g n a l sn o w a v a i l a b l ea n d r e s u l t se n t e r e d
i n a s p e c i a lb o o k .
The introduction of thc quartz crystal in place of the
e s c a p e m e n tw h e e l h a s l e d t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o i t h e e l e c t r i c
c h r o n o m e t e rw
, h i c h o n l y n e e d si t s b a t t e r yc h a n g e do n c ep e r y e a r . l t
s h o u l d s t i l l b e c h e c k e da g a i n s tt i m e s i g n a l sd a i l y .
F r < ; .9
M o d e r n B r i d s eL a v o u r .
Sextant
The sextant is a hand-held precision instrument of
double reflection roughly triangular in shape, which is used to
measure the angular height of the sun or other celestial bodies
271
a b o v e t h e v i s i b l eh o r i z o n . D u r i n g o c e a n p a s s a g e tsh e s e x t a n t .i n
c o n j u n c t i o nw i t h t h e c h r o n o m e t e a
r n d a c u r r e n tN a u t i c a lA l m a n a c .
gives a means of determining Position Lines from celestial
o b s e r v a t i o n sa n d b y c o m b i n i n g t w o o r m o r e o b s e r v a t i o n st,h e
p o s i t i o n o f t h e s h i p c a n b e d e t e r m i n e di n t e r m s o f l a t i t u d e a n d
longitude.
When a vesselis coasting.the sextant is useful I'or measuring
a n g u l a rh e i g h t so f s h o r eo b j e c t so f k n o w n c h a r t e dh e i g h tt o g i v et h e
d i s t a n c eo f f a n d f o r t a k i n g h o r i z o n t a la n g l e sb e t w e e nt h r e ec h a r t e d
o b j e c t st o p r o v i d ea f i x .
T a c h o m e t e r T h i s e q u i p m c n ti s s u p p l i e da s a b r i d g ef i t t i n g i n
t h e w h e e l h o u s eo r c h a r t r o o m a n d i s a r e p l i c a o f t h e o n e i n t h e
e n g i n e - r o o mI.t r e c o r d st h e m o v e m e n to f t h e p r o p e l l e rs h a f tb o t h i n
d i r e c t i o n a n d t h e n u m b e r o f r e v o l u t i o n sp e r m i n u t e . I t g i v e s a n
i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a lo r a p p r o x i m a t es p e e do 1 't h e v e s s e l
t h r o u g ht h e w a t e r .
Navigation and Communications 1995
Satellitesin space,
w i t h e l e c t r o n i c sa n d c o m p u t e r so n b o a r d s h i p s h a v e c o m b i n e dt o
m a k e s w e e p i n gc h a n g e st o t h e A i d s t o N a v i g a t i o nn o w a v a i l a b l e .
T h e D e c c aN a v i g a t o re q u i p p e dw i t h a c o m p u t e rw i l l t a k e t h e r e d ,
greenand purple readingsand changethem into a digital readout of
l a t i t u d e a n d l o n g i t u d e .O n d e m a n d i t w i l l s h o w t h e c o u r s e a n d
d i s t a n c et o t h e n e x t w a y - p o i n t .t h e s h i p ' ss p e e do v e r t h e g r o u n d a n d
the estimatedtime of arrival. GPS the ArnericanGlobal Positioning
Systemgives all thosethingsand more. EPIRBS EmergencyPosition
Indicating Radio Beaconswill float free iI' the vesselsinks and the
G M D S S G l o b a l M a r i t i m e l ) i s t r e s sa n d S a f e t yS y s t e mc a n b e u s e d
1 ' o ra n y o t h e r t y p e o f d i s t r e s sC
. o m m u n i c a t i o nb y v o i c ei s a v a i l a b l e
w o r l d w i d e . F a x m a c h i n e sr e c e i v et h e p r i n t e d w o r d a n d t h e R a d i o
O f f i c e r w i t h a M o r s e k e y , w i l l b e c o m ei n c r e a s i n g l yr a r e . I t i s n o t
p r o p o s e dt o a t t e m p ta n y t e c h n i c ael x p l a n a t i o no f e l e c t r o n i c isn t h i s
B o a t s w a i n ' sM a n u a l . E a c h o n e o f t h e s ep i e c e so f e q u i p m e n th a s i t s
o w n a d v a n t a g e sa n d i t s o w n p o s s i b i l i t i e so f e r r o r o r c o m p l e t e
f ' a i l u r e I. n t i m e o f w a r s o m e < l 1 ' t h e mm i g h t s r m p l yb e s w i t c h e do f f .
T h e y r e m a i n A i d s t o N a v i g a t i o na n d s h o u l d a l w a y sb e m o n i t o r e d
againsttraditional methods or againsteach other.
Addition for 1996 GLONASS The GlobalNavigationSatellite
Systern is available to the properly equipped user, courtesy of the
RussianSoaceForces.
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N T ] A I
('HAPIFR XII
C [ N T - R A I , S A F T - T YR T , ( ; T I I , A I ' I O N S
Rocket Life-savingApparatus. Life-Saving Equipment
& Regulations.Firefighting. Lifebuoys and Lifebelts.Load-lines.
l'imber f)eck ('arg<les.f)ock Regulations.[]niform System
of Buoyage.Regulationsfor PreventingCollisions at Sea.
R O ( ' K E T I , I F ' T - . S A V I N (A; P P A R A T T ] S
F o r t h e G u i d a n c eo f M a s t e r sa n d S e a m e nw h e n u s i n g t h e
R o c k e t A p p a r a t u sf o r S a v i n g L i f e .
S i g n a l st o b e [ ] s e d .
Sigrtul
IIt
l . I p i r n d d o u n n ) o r en r e n t o l a w h l l c
lirrg. u hitc light or llare ()r thc lrnr\ ()l ir
a greelrstlrr rocktt
2. Sidc to siric rnorcrrrcnt ol ir u hitc llag.

whitc light or llalc or ol thc arrns lullr
cxtcndcd 0l a rcd \1ar rockcl.
tltltt1.q
Allirlnatirc.
Rockct linc is hcltl.
'Iail
hlock nladc 1a\t
Hauscr nradc last.
Man irt brccchcs buor
Haul auar
\ c g a t i r e.
Slack awar .
Ar ast harrling
O t h c r s i g n a l s u s e c lb y l i l c - s a r , i n go r g a n i s a t i o t ' t sa r c g i v ' c no n p a g e
r8 1 .
Procedure
I n t h e e v e n to f y o u r v e s s csl t r a n d i n go n t h e c o a s to 1 ' t h cL l n i t e d
K i n g d o n r a n d t h c l i r " e so l t h e c r e w b c i n g p l a c e d i n c l a n g c r .
a s s i s t a n cw
e i l l . i l ' p o s s i b l c . b e r e n d e r c df r o m t h e s h o r e i n t h e
f o l l o w i n gm a n n e r .n a m e l y :
l . A r o c k e tw i t h a t h i n l i n e a t t a c h e dw i l l b e l i r e d a c r o s sy o u r
v e s s c l .( i e t h o l d o f t h i s l i n c a s s o o n a s v o u c a n a n d t h e n
s i g n a lt o t h e s h o r ea s i n d i c a t e di n ( l ) a b o v e .
'I-hrowing
A l t er n a t i v e l y .s h o u l d y o u r v e s s e u
l s et h e [ - i n e
A p p l i a n c et o a I ' i r ea l i n e a s h o r e .t h o s c o n s h o r ew i l l s e c u r ea
this
. n seeing
s t o u t c rl i n et o i t a n d m a k et h e s i g n a (l l ) a b o v e O
s i g n a l h a u l i n u n t i l t h e s t o u t e rl i n c i s o n b o a r d a n d t h e n
s i g n a la s i n d i c a t e di n ( I ) a b o v e .
218
219
J. Makc l'ast the tail block close up to the mast or anv

c o n v e n i e np
t o s i t i o nw h i c h i s a c c e s s i b.l eb e a r i n gi n m i n d t h a t
t h e l i n c s m u s t b e c l c a r l r o m c h a f i n g a n d t h a t s p a c ci s l e f t
a b o ' u 'tch e b l o c k l b r t h e h a w s e rt o b e m a d e f ' a s t .[ J n b e n dt h c
r o c k e tl i n ef r o m t h e w h i p a n d w h e nt h i s i s a l l d o n e .s i g n a a
l s
in (l) above.
4 . W h e nt h e s i g n a il s s e e no n s h o r e a
r i l l b e b e n tt o t h e
. hawsew
w h i p l i n c a n d w i l l b e h a u l e do f l t o t h c s h i p b 1 ' t h o s o
en shore.
A b o w l i n e w i l l h a r " eb e e n m a d c w i t h t h c e n d o l t h e h a w s e r
r o u n d t h c h a u l i n gp a r t o 1 ' t h ew h i p e x c c p tw h c n t h c r e a r e
r o c k s o r o t h e r o b s t r u c t i o n sb c t w c e nt h e s h i p a n d t h e s h o r c .
5 . W h e n t h c h a w s e ri s g o t o n b o a r d .t h e b o w l i n es h o u l db c c a s t
o f f a n d t h c e n d b r o u g h tu p b e t w e e nt h e t w o p a r t so l ' t h e w h i p
a n d m a d ef a s tt o t h e s a m ep a r t o 1 ' t h es h i p a s t h e t a i l b l o c kb u t
just abovc.
6 . W h c n t h e h a w s e rh a s b e e nm a d c f ' a s t .u n b c n dt h e w h i p 1 ' r o n t
t h c h a w s e r s, e et h a t e v c r v t h i n gi s c l e a ra n d t h e n s i g n a lt o t h c
s h o r ea s i n ( l ) a b o v c .
7 . T h c m e n o n s h o r ew i l l t h e n s e tt h e h a w s e rt a u t a n d b v m e a n s
o l t h e w h i p l i n e h a u l o f f t o t h e s h i p t h e B r e e c hse B u o v w h i c h
t h e p e r s o nt o b e h a u l e da s h o r ei s t o g e t i n . W h e n h e i s i n a n d
s c c u r es. i g n a lt o t h e s h o r ea s i n ( l ) a b o v ea n d t h e p c o p l eo n
s h o r e w i l l t h en h a u l t h e p e r s o ni n t h e B r e e c h e sB u o v t o t h e
s h o r e .W h c n h c i s l a n d c d ,t h e e m p t l ' B e e c h eB
s uov will bc
h a u l e d b a c k t o t h e s h i p a n d t h e o p c r a t i o nr e p e a t c du n t i l a l l
are landed.
8 . l t m a v s o m e t i m e sh a p p e nt h a t t h e s t a t eo l t h c w c a t h e ra n d
t h e c o n d i t i o no 1 ' t h cs h i p w i l l n o t a d m i t o f a h a w s e rb e i n gs e t
u p a n d i n s u c h c a s e sa B r e e c h e sB u o v w i l l b e h a u l e do l l ' b r , '
t h e w h i p w h i c h w i l l b e u s e dw i t h o u t t h e h a w s e r .
9 . T h e s y s t e m o f s i g n a l sm u s l b e s t r i c t l y 'a d h e r e dt o a n d i t
s h o r r l db e n o t e d t h a t t h e s i g n a l( l ) a b o v c i s m a d e f r o m t h e
s h i p o n l y w h c n ( a ) t h e c r e w h a v eg o t t h c r o c k e tl i n e .( b ) w h e n
t h c t a i l - b l o c k h a s b e e n m a d e f ' a s t ,( r ' ) w h e n t h e h a w s e rh a s
beenmade f'astaind(r/) when a personis in the buoy ready to
b e h a u l e d a s h o r c . l t i s r e c o m m e n d e dt h a t i n o r d e r t o
f a c i l i t a t ct h e w h o l e r e s c u co p e r a t i o n .c o m m u n i c a t i o ns h o u l d
b e e s t a b l i s h e dw h c n e v e rp o s s i b l eb v s e m a p h o r eo r f l a s h i n g
lamp.
M a s t e r sa n d c r e w so f s t r a n d e dv e s s e l s h o u l d b e a r i n m i n d t h a t
s u c c e sisn l a n d i n gt h e m d e p e n d si n a g r c a t m e a s u r cu p o n t h e i r o w n
c o o l n e s sa n d a t t e n t i o nt o t h e r u l e sl a i d d o w n .
280
THF BOATSWAIN'S MANL]AI-
F I R E I .I G H T I N G A P P I , I A N C E S
T h e F i r e A p p l i a n c e sR e g u l a t i o n s1 9 8 0 .A m e n d e d 1 9 8 5 .
and again Amended 1993
N o m a t t e r w h a t p r c c a u t i o n sa r e t a k e n . t h e r e i s a l w a y sa r i s k o l '
f i r e a n d i t i s t h e d u t y 'o { ' e v c r ym c m b e r o 1 t h e c r e w o f ' a n v v c s s e tl o
b e a l i v c t r r t h i s e v e r - p r e s e ndt a n g e r . H e s h o u l d k n o w t h e d r i l l o f
w h a t t o d o i n d e a l i n gw i t h a n y o u t b r e a kh o w e v e rs m a l l w h i c h h e
m a v s u d d e n l l h a v ' ct o f a c e a n d a l w a v ss e et h a t e v e r y t h i n gp o s s i b l c
i s d o n e t o p r c v e n ts u c h o u t b r e a k s .
I n n e w c o n s t r u c t i o nt h e M . S . A . r e q u i r e m e n tesn s u r et h a t s e t
s t a n d a r d so 1 ' l ' i r e - r e s i s t i nmga t e r i a l sa r e u s e di n c e r t a i np a r t s o f t h e
v e s s e l .p a r l i c u l a r l - vi n p a s s a g e w a ) 'tso a n d { ' r o m a c c o m m o d a t i o n
a n d w o r k i n gq u a r t e r s .
l h e S t a t u t o r y I n s t r u m e n t sa s p u b l i s h e dc o v e r t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s
l b r a l l t y p e sa n d c l a s s e so f s h i p se x t e n d i n gf r o m C l a s s I P a s s e n g c r
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A g r e e m e n tw i t h t h e C r e w
"
A
g r e e m e n tw i t h t h e C r e w " . b e f o r c
i
n
t
h
c
asto deckand load-lines
a n v m e m b e ro l t h e c r e w s i g n st h e A g r e e m e n t .
Markings
D e c k a n d l o a d - l i n e sa r e c u t p e r m a n e n t l yi n l o t h c
s h i p ' ss i d e .a n d a r e a l w a y sp a i n t e de i t h e rw h i t e o r y e l l o w o n a d a r k
b a c k g r o u n do
. r b l a c k o n a l i g h t b a c k g r t t u n dT" h e l ' a r c a s f o l l o w s :
TIMBER DECK CARGOES

Timber Load Lines
T h e r e i s a n a d d i t i o n a ls e t o l h o r i z o n t a l
l i n e sa b a l t t h e l o a d l i n e r i n g . T h i s i n d i c a t e st h e m a x i m u m l o a d l i n e
f o r v e s s e l lso a d i n gt i m b e r i n c e r t a i nc i r c u m s t a n c easn d s e a s o n sT.h e
lettering is the same as for ordinary load lines, but the letter L is
p r e f i x e dt o e a c ht o i n d i c a t et h e i r s p e c i a a
l pplication.
Protection of Crew and Accessto Machinery Space
Deck
cargoesmust be stowedin such a manner that there is alwaysa safe
and satisfactory means of accessto crews' quarters, machinery
spaces,and other placesusedin the necessary
work of the ship, and
so thal the said placesmay be properly closedand securedto keep
out water.
286
THT- I]OAI'SWAIN'S MANL]AI-
A w a l k w a l ' n o tl e s st h a n I m e t r ei n w i d t h s h a l lb e f i t t e do v e rt h e
d e c k c a r g o . l t m u s t b e I ' i t t e dw i t h s t a n c h i o n sa 1 l e a s t I m e t r e h i g h
a n d n o t m o r c t h a n l ' 5 m e t r e sa p a r t . ' I - h c r em u s t b e t h r e el i n e so f
g u a r d r a i l s o r w i r e s .t h c l o w e s tm u s t b e n o t m o r e t h a n 2 3 0 m mI ' r o m
t h e l c ' " ' eol l c a r g o a n d t h e o t h e r o p e n i n g sb e l w e e nt h e r a i l s m u s t b e
n ( ) l l l t ( ) r ct h a n - l i l O m m
L a s h i n g s T h r o u g h o u t t h c l e n g t h o f t h e d e c k c a r g o ,s p a c e d
n o t m o r e t h a n 3 m e t r e s( 9 ' f l f e c t ) a p a r t t h e r e s h a l l b e i n d c p e n d e n t
o v e r a l l a s h i n g isn g o o d c o n d i t i o nc. o n s i s t i n o
g 1 ' c l o slei n k c h a i nn o t
l e s st h a n l 9 m i l l i m e t r c s( % i n c h ) . o r l l e x i b l e w i r e r o p e o 1 ' e q u a l
s t r c n g t h .a n d f i t t e d w i t h s t r e l c h i n gs c r e w sa n d s l i p h o o k s w h i c h
s h a l l b c a c c e s s i b laet a l l t i m e s .S o t h a t t h e l e n g t h o 1 ' t h ew i r e r o p e
l a s h i n g sm a , , - ' bree g u l a t e dt.h c y s h a l l b e f i t t e d w i t h a s h o r t l e n g t ho { '
longlink chain.
l ' h c s p a c i n go 1 ' l a s h i n gssh a l l b e r e d u c e dt o s u i t t i m b e r l e s st h a n
3 ' 6 m c t r e s( l l ' t t l ' c c t )l o n g . < l ro t h e r s u i t a b l ep r o v i s i o nm a y b e m a d e .
tlprights
l l t h e n a t u r c o f t h e t i m b e r i s s u c ht h a t i n o r d e r t o
e n s u r ca s e c u r ea s t o w . u p r i g h t s a r e n e c e s s a r vt -h,e n t h e y m u s t l i t
i n t o s o c k c t so 1 ' a d e q u a t es t r e n g t ha n d n o t m o r e t h a n t h r e e m e t r e s
aparl lorc and a1t.
SHIP MEAST]REMENT
The Ton Register
The unit of capacity of a ship was
o r i g i n a l l yt h e s p a c eo c c u p i e db y a L a s t o f l 0 Q u a r t e r so f W h e a t ,
b u t i s n o w t a k e n a s 1 0 0E n g l i s hc u b i c f e e t .T h i s i s t h e s t a n d a r dt o n
r c g i \ t e ru s e db 1 a l l m a r i t i m en a t i ( ) n s .
Cargo Measuremenl The spaceoccupied by four hogsheads
o l w i n e w a s o r i g i n a l l yc a l l e da l - u n a n d e q u a l l e d5 0 c u b i c f e e t .T h e
t o n m e a s u r e m e nfto r c a r g o i s n o w r e c k o n e da t 4 0 c u b i c f e e t , t h e
a p p r o x i m a t eb u l k o l ' 4 q u a r t e r so 1 ' as h o r t t o n o l ' w h e a t .
[ . ] n d e rD e c k T o n n a g e
The internalvolume of a ship (100
c u b i c l ' e e tt o t h e t o n ) , b e t w e e nt h e u n d e r s u r f a c eo f t h e t o n n a g e
d e c k a n d t h e t o p o f t h e c e i l i n go r d o u b l e b o t t o m o f t h e h o l d .
Gross Tonnage
T'he total volume o1' a ship in cubic feet
d i v i d e d b y 1 0 0 .l t i n c l u d e sm o s t e n c l o s e ds p a c e sa b o v ct h e t o n n a g e
deck.
Net RegisteredTonnage From the total or grosstonnageof a
vessel certain deductions are made on account of crew spaces,
engineroom, water ballast and any space not uscd for passengers
a n d c a r g o .T h e r e m a i n d e ri s t h e n e t t o n n a g e .S e e M . S . ( T o n n a g e )
R e e u l a t i o n s1 9 8 2 .
T'HF BOATSWAIN'S MANUAI-
28]
The actual carrying capacity in tons

Deadweight Tonnage
(2,240lbs) that a vesselis capableof carrying if loaded to her load
w a t e r l i n e w i t h c a r g o ,b u n k e r s ,s t o r e sa n d e q u i p m e n t '
DisplacementTonnage The weight o1'avesseland contentsin
l hen
t o n s . o r t h e n u m b e ro f t o n s o f s e aw a t e rd i s p l a c e db y a v e s s ew
lloatingat her load waterline.
DOCKS REGULATIONS I9E8
These Regulationsare made under the Health and Safetv at
"dockspremisesw
" hichinclude
W o r k A c t 1 9 7 4 ,a n d t h e y a p p l y t o
an1'dock. wharf, quay, jetty or other place at which ships load or
unloa<Jgoods or embark or disembark passengers,together with
any part of a ship when used for these or incidental activities.
" D o c k o p e r a t i o n s c" a n i n c l u d ef u e l l i n ga n d p r o v i s i o n i n ga s h i p a n d
the mooring of a ship. They do not include the loading and
s h i c h h a v et h e i r o w n r e g u l a t i o n sa, l s o
u n l o a d i n go f f i s h i n gv e s s e l w
m a d ei n 1 9 8 8 .
(lertain <lfthe Docks Regulationsconcerningthe testingof gear
do not apply to British ships which are governed by the:
MERCHANT SHIPPING (HATCHES AND LIF'TING PLANT)
REGULATIONS I988.
'l-hese
regulationsgive effect to parts of various Internatronal
(--onventionsrel'erringto the Preventionof Accidentsto Seafarers.
a n d H e a l t h a n d S a 1 ' e tiyn D o c k W o r k .
l-he Hatches and Lifting Plant Regulations make direct
:'ei'erences
to Lihapters 17 and lU of the Code o1'Safe Working
Practicesfor Merchant Seamen.First publishedby the Department
r r l ' T r a d ei n 1 9 7 8 .i t s p u r p o s ei s t o p r o v i d eg u i d a n c eo n p r o c e d u r e s
to be followed and measuresto be adoptedfor improving the safety
a n d h e a l t ho 1 ' t h o s el i v i n g a n d w o r k i n g o n b o a r d s h i p .
Boarding and leavingthe ship is governedby the: MEANS OF
A ( ' C E S SR E G U L A T I O N S I 9 8 8 .
fhese regulationscover the constructionof any gangway,brow.
*r iadder.togetherwith its meansof attachmentand its angleto the
horizontal. Lighting, lifebuoysand safetynets are required and for
p r a c t i c a lp u r p o s e st h e C ' o d eo f S a f eW o r k i n g P r a c t i c ei s t h e g u i d e .
MANNING OF SHIPS
l ' h e M e r c h a n tS h i p p r n gA c t p r o v i d e sl o r t h e d e t e n t i o no i a n v
,;cssclin anv port ol the ljnited Kingdom as being unsafe i1'.by
r e a s o n ( a n l o r r g : ; to t h t r t h i n g : ; ) o l r t n t i e r n r a n n l n gt,h e v e s s e li s
288
consideredunfit to proceedto seawithout seriousdanger to human

life, having regardto the nature of the servicefor which the vesselis
intended.
So far as the Deck Department is concerned, the number
forming the deck complement (apart from the Master and Deck
Officers)normally consistsof a Boatswaintogether with a number
of Able Seamenbasedon agreedofficial minimum scalesdepending
upon the size and type of ship and a survey to show that the deck
complement is adequate for all mooring and unmooring
operations.This number variesfrom five in the smaller ships up to
nine in the larger vesselsbut in all casesEfficient Deck Hands may
be substitutedfor able seamen.Further substitutionsmay allow up
t o t w o S e n i o rO r d i n a r y S e a m e ni n l i e u o f t w o o f t h e A b l e S e a m e n
but a third Able Seaman would require to be replacedby at least
t w o O r d i n a r yS e a m e n .
In the caseof vessels{'ittedwith an automatic pilot, steelhatches
and an alarm system1'orsummoning the watch below, a reduction
of one or two Able Seamenis allowed (accordingto size of vessel)
w i t h t h e p o s s i b l es u b s t i t u t i o no f a S e n i o rO r d i n a r y S e a m a nf o r o n e
o1'theAble Seamenand of two Ordinary Seamenfor each of up to
two more of the complement. Cadets may be included in the
m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t sa n d i n a d d i t i o n t w o D e c k B o y s m a y
s u b s t i t u t ef o r o n e J u n i o r O r d i n a r y S e a m a no r t h r e e f o r t w o .
T h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n sa p p l y t o t h e s eM a n n i n g S c a l e s :
(a) Boatswain
A certified able seamenof 20 years of age or
over who can prove by discharges,indentures or other
evidencethat he has had at leastfour years'serviceat seaon
deck.
(b) Able Seaman
l'he holder of a certificateof competency
as able seamenissuedby, or recognisedby the Department
of Trade and Industry or a fourth year apprentice.
(r') Efficient Deck Hand
The holder of a certificate of
qualification as efficient deck hand.
(d) Senior Ordinary Seaman
A seaman not less than lJt/z
years of age who has had l8 months'sea serviceor deck, or
a third year apprenticeor, in ships over 5,500gross tons, a
carpenter provided he has had at least 12 months' sea
service,or 24 months sea serviceas a G.P. rating.
(e) Junior Ordinary Seaman
A seaman not less than l6t/z
years of age who has had nine months'sea serviceon deck,
or a secondyear apprenticeor, a carpenterwho doesnot fall
within the definition in paragraph 9(.4, or l2 months sea
s e r v i c ea s a G . P . r a t i n s .
289
(fl Deck Boy

A boy who has servedat sea on deck for less
t h a n n i n em o n t h s .
In recent years the rapid
Present Trends in Manning
development aboard ship of mechanization, automation and
electronicshave led to a reduction in the total sizeof the maritime
labour force requiredfor shipboard operation.This has meant the
introduction of new manning systemsagreedbetweenthe Shipping
sasis,
C o m p a n y ,t h e U n i o n s a n d t h e D . o . T . o n a n e x p e r i m e n t a l b
a l l o w i n gv a r i a t i o n si n t h e s y s t e mf r o m C o m p a n yt o C o m p a n y b u t
with agreedhigher rates of pay. The two main systemsare:
(i) Inter-DepartmentalFlexibility (l.D.F.)
In this system
all ratings are available to work for limited periods (in
general not more than six hours per week) in other
departmentswith duties arrangedat meetingsof the Ship's
Management Committee. The work of the deck and
engine-roomratings in departmentsother than their own,
must be of a general or non-specialistnature so that no
additional training or qualificationsthough encouragedare
required to operatethe system.Similarly with the catering
department,exceptthat the work is limited to generalwork
on deck, such as cleaning and painting. All departments
may be involved in duties associatedwith mooring and
unmooring.
(ii) General Purpose Rating
This system provides an
integratedor non-departmentalcrew in that deck, engineroom and cateringratings are combined into a general
purpose labour force. It involves specialtraining schemes
which are at presentmostly Company operatedbut it could
lead to the developmentof approvedcoursessuitablefrom
the beginning of training for all "seamen" who may form
p a r t o f a n i n t e g r a t e dc r e w .
At present an ex-engine-room rating is required to
attend an approved engine-room/deckconversioncourse,
after which he may take the qualifying examination for
E.H.D. but the certificate would not be issued until the
other conditions of steering experience and qualifying
length of service as a general purpose rating have been
completed(Seepage 9).
So far as the deck rating is concerned,specialtraining
for working in the engine-room is in the hands of the
individual company and commencesbeforejoining any ship
as part of an integratedcrew. With this new approach to
ship operation, there have been vast improvements in
IHE BOA-SWAIN'S MANUAIc o n d i t i o n sa n d a m e n i t i e sg, i v i n g a t t r a c t l v ec a r e e rp r o s p e c t s .

w h i l s t s o m eo l ' t h e p r e s e n tn o m e n c l a t u r easr e g i v i n ga w a l 't o
" C h i e l ' P e t t y O f f i c e r " ( s p e c i a l i s etdr a i n e d l i r r
titlessuch as
" P e t t y O l ' l ' i c e r " ." l . e a d i n g S e a m a n " ,
s u p e r v l s o r vd u t i e s ) ,
" ( i p e r a t o r ; ' .e t c . S o m e o w n e r sd o n o t i n c l u d et h e C a t e r i n g
ngined e p a r t m e n ta n < jh e n c ct h e r a t i n g so f t h c d e c k a n d e"Dual
,oi',rr.l*oy form a joint labour force and become
P u r p o s e "r a t i n g su n d e r s o m e w h a ts i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s '
INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
FOR
PREVENTING COLLISIONSAT SEA
(as amendedby ResolutionsA464(XIl), A626(15)'A678(16)and A736(lE))
h y t h e [ i n i t e dK i n g d o mf r o m l s t M a 1 1 9 9 6 .
vdopted
A r n e n d erde r s i o nt i r r m a l l a
l'rom4th November.1995
applicable
internationalll
PART A. GENERAIRlr.r, I
Applicotion
( a ) I h c s c R u l e ss h a l l a p p l y t o a l l v e s s e l su p o n t h e h i g h s e a sa n d i n a l l
w a t e r sc o n n e c t e dt h e r e w i t hn a v i g a b l eb y s e a g o i n gv e s s e l s ,
( b ) N o t h i n g i n t h e s eR u l e ss h a l l i n t e r l e r ew i t h t h e o p e r a t i o no l s p e c i a l
r u l c s m a d e b ! a n a p p r t r p r i a t ea u t h o r i t l ' l o r r o a d s t e a d sh. a r b o u r s 'r i l c r s '
l a k e so r i n l a n d w a t e r w a y sc o n n e c t e dw i t h t h e h i g h s e a sa n d n a v i g a b l eb 1
s e a g o n gv e s s c l sS. u c h s p e c i a rl u l e ss h a l l c o n l o r m a s c l o s e l Ya s p o s s i b l et o
t h e s eR u l e s .
( t ' ) N o t h i n g i n t h e s c R u l e s s h a l l i n t e r l e r ew i t h t h e o p e r a t i o no l a n 1
special rules made by the (iovernment of any State with respecl to
a d d i t i o n a sl t a t i o no r s i g n a ll i g h t s .s h a p e so r w h i s t l es i g n a l sf o r s h i p so f w a r
s r o c e e d i n gu n d e rc o n v o y .o r w i t h r e s p e ct o a d d i t i o n a sl t a t i o n
and vesselp
or signal lights or shapesfor fishing vesselsengagedin fishing as a fleet.
T h e s ca d d i t i o n a ls t a t i o no r s i g n a ll i g h t s ,s h a p e sc r rw h i s t l es i g n a l ss h a l l .s o
l ' a ra s p o s s i b l eb. e s u c ht h a t t h e ) ' c a n n o tb e m i s t a k e nf o r a n y l i g h t ,s h a p eo r
e n d c r t h e s eR u l e s .
s i g n a la u t h o r i z e de l s e w h e r u
( r / ) | r a i f i c s e p a r a t i o ns c h e m e sm a y b c a d o p t e db y t h e O r g a n i z a t i o nl o r
t h e p u r p o s eo l t h e s eR u l e s .
( r , ) W h c n e v e rt h c ( i o v c r n m e n tc o n c c r n e ds h a l l h a v e d e t e r m i n e dt h a t a
v e s s e l< t l s p e c i a lc o n s t r u c t i ( ) n( ) l p u r p ( r s ec a n n ( ) tc o m p l l ' f u l l y w i t h t h e
p r o v i s r o no
s l ' a n y o f t h e s eR u l e sw i t h r e s p e ctto t h e n u m b e r .p o s l t l o n 'r a n g l
o r a r c o 1 ' r . i s i b i L i toyf l i g h t s o r s h a p c s .a s w e l l a s t o t h e d i s p o s i t i o na n d
characteristicsol sound-signallingappliances.such vesselshall comply
with such other pror"isionsin regard to the number, posltion,range or arc
o l v i s i b i l i t y o f l i g h t s o r s h a p e s .a s w e l l a s t o t h e d i s p o s i t i o n a n d
characterisiicsof iound-signalling appliances,as her (iovernment shall
t o s s i b l ec o m p l i a n c ew i t h t h e s eR u l e si n
h a v ed e t e r m i n e dt o b e t h e c l o s e s p
respcctof that vessel.
zgl
292
T H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A L ,
Rur-n 2
Responsibilit.v
(c) Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel,or the owner,
master or crew thereof, from the consequencesof any neglectto comply
with theseRules or ol'the neglectof any precautionwhich may be required
by the ordinary practiceof seamen,or by the specialcircumstancesof the
(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be
had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special
circumstances,including the limitations of the vesselsinvolved, which may
make a departure from theserules necessaryto avoid immediate danger.
(h)
(l)
f)
Rur-1.3
General de/initions
For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise
requlres.
(rz) The word "vessel"includeseverydescriptionof water craft, including
non-displacementcraft and seaplanes,used or capableol being used
a s a m e a n so I t r a n s p o r t a t i o no n w a t e r .
'I-he
(b)
term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by
macnlnery.
(r') The term "sailing vessel"means any vesselunder sail provided that
propelling machinery,if fitted, is not being used.
(r0 The term "vesselengagedin fishing" means any vesselfishing with
nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict
manoeuvrability,but does not include a vesselfishing with trolling
lines or other lishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.
(e) The word "seaplane"includesany aircraft designedto manoeuvreon
the water.
(/) The term "vesselnot under command" meansa vesselwhich through
some exceptionalcircumstanceis unable to manoeuvre as required
by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of
another vessel.
(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a
vesselwhich from the nature of her work is restrictedin her ability to
manoeuvreas requiredby theseRules and is thereforeunableto keep
out of the way of another vessel.
The term "vesselsrestricted in their ability to manoeuvre" shall
include but not be limited to:
(i) a vesselengagedin laying, servicingor picking up a navigation
mark, submarinecable or pipeline;
(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater
operatlons;
(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons,
provisions or cargo while underway;
(k)
(/)
293
(iv) a vesselengagedin the launchingor recoveryof aircraft;

(v) a vesselengagedin mineclearance
operations;
(vi) a vesselengagedin a towing operation such as severelyrestricts
the.towing vesseland her tow in their ability to deviate from
thelr course.
The term "vesselconstrainedby her draught" meansa power-driven
vesselwhich becauseof her draught in relation to the availabtedepth
and width of navigablewater is severelyrestrictedin her ability to
deviatefrom the courseshe is following.
The word "underway" meansthat a vesselis not a1 anchor, or made
last to the shore.or aground.
"breadth" a vesselmean her length overall
The words "length" and
of
and greatestbreadth.
Vesselsshall be deemedto be in sight of one another only when one
can be observedvisually from the other.
The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which
visibility is restrictedby fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms.
sandstormsor any other similar causes.
PART B
S T E E R I N GA N D S A I L I N G R I . J T , E S
Section I. Conduct of vesselsin any condition of visibility

Rr-rr-E
4
Applit'otion
Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.
Rur-r.5
Look-out
Every vesselshall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and
hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing
circumstances
and conditionsso as to make a full appraisalof the situation
and the risk of collision.
Rrrlt 6
Safe speed
Every vesselshall at all times proceedat a safespeedso that shecan take
proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a
distanceappropriateto the prevailingcircumstancesand conditions.
ln determininga safe speedthe following factors shall be among those
taken into account.
294
MANUAL
THE BOATSWAIN'S
(a) By all vessels:

( i ) t h e s r a t eo f v i s i b i l i t y ;
(ii) the traffic density including concentrationsof fishing vesselsor
any other vessels;
(iii) the manoeuvrabilily o1' the vessel with special reference to
s t o p p i n gd i s t a n c ea n d t u r n i n g a b i l i t y i n t h e p r e v a i l i n gc o n d i t lons:
(iv) at night the presenceof background light such as I'rom shore
lights or 1'romback scatterof her own lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current. and the proximity ol'
navigationalhazards,
(vi) thc draught in relation to the availabedepth ol water.
( b ) A d d i t i o n a l l y .b y v e s s e l w
s i t h o p e r a t i o n a rl a d a r :
(i) thc characteristics,el'ficiency and limitations of the radar
equipment;
(ii) any constraintsimposed by the radar range scalein use;
(iii) the effect on radar detectionol'the sea state,weatherand other
sourcesol' interfcrence:
(iv) the possibility that small vessels,ice and other floating objects
ma) not be detectedby radar at an adequaterange:
(v) thc numbcr. location and movement of' vesselsdetected by
radar:
( v i ) t h e m o r e c x a c t a s s e s s m e no tf t h e v i s i b i l i t yt h a t m a - vb e p o s s i b l e
when radar is used to determine the range of vesselstlr other
o h j c c t si n t h c r i c i n i t l .
R r r r - n7
Risk o/ colli.sion
(rz) F.very vessel shall use all available mcans appropriate to the
prevailing circumstancesand conditions to determine if risk of collision
e x i s t s .I f t h e r e i s a n y d o u b t s u c h r i s k s h a l l b e d e e m e dt o e x i s t .
(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and
o p e r a t i o n a l i,n c l u d i n gl o n g - r a n g es c a n n i n gt o o b t a i n e a r l y w a r n i n go f r i s k
oi collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematicobservalion o1
detectcdobjects.
(r') Assumptionsshall not be made on the basis o1'scanty information.
espcciallyscanty radar information.
( r l I n d e t e r m i n i n gi f r i s k o f c o l l i s i o ne x i s t st h e I b l l o w i n gc o n s i d e r a t i o n s
s h a l l b e a m o n g t h o s et a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t :
(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an
approachingvesseldoes not appreciablychange;
(ii) such risk may sometimesexist even when an appreciablebearing
changeis evident.particularly when approachinga very large vessel
or a tow or when approachinga vesselat close range.
MANUAL
THE BOATSWAIN'S
295
Rule 8
A(tiln ro avoid tollision
( a ) A n y a c t i o nt a k e n t o a v o i d c o l l i s i o ns h a l l ,i f t h e c i r c u m s t a n c eosf t h e
case admit. be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the
observanceol good seamanship.
( b ) A n y a l t e r a t i o no f c o u r s ea n d ro r s p e e dt o a v o i d c o l l i s i o ns h a l l ,i f t h e
circumsl.ances
of the caseadmit, be largeenough to be readily apparentto
another vessel observing visually or by radar, a successionol small
a l t e r a t i o n so f c o u r s e a n d i o r s p e e ds h o u l db e a v o i d e d .
(r') lf there is sulficient sea room, alterationof coursealone ma1-be the
most eflectiveaction to avoid a close-quarters
situation provided that it is
made in good time. is substantial and dcles not result in another
close-quarterssituation.
(r/) Action taken to avoid collisionwith anothervesselshall be suchas to
result in passingat a safe distance.The effectiveness
of the action shall be
carefullycheckeduntil thc other vesselis finally past and clear'.
( e ) l l n e c e s s a r tyo a v o i d c o l l i s i o n o r a l l o w m o r e t i m e t o a s s e s st h e
situation.a vesselshall slackenher speedor take all way ofl by stoppingor
r e v e r s i n gh e r m e a n so l p r o p u l s i o n .
( i ) A v e s s ew
l h i c h b y a n y o f t h e s cR u l e si s r e q u i r e dn o t t o i m p e d e
A
the passageor safe passageof another vessel shall, when
required by' the circumstancesof the case.take early action to
allow sutficientsearoom for the sal'epassageofthc other vessel.
(ii) A vesselret;uirednot to impede the passageor sale passageol'
a n o t h e rv c s s e il s n o t r e l i e v e do l t h i s o b l i g a t i o ni f a p p r o a c h i n g
t h e o t h e r v e s s esl o a s t o i n v o l v er i s k o f c o l l i s i o na n d s h a l l .w h e n
taking action, have full regard to the action which mav be
r e q u i r e db y t h e R u l e so f t h i s P a r t .
(iii.1A vesselwhose passageis not to be impeded remains fully
o b l i g e dt o c o m p l y w i t h t h e R u l e s o f t h i s P a r t w h e n t h e t w o
v e s s e l sa r e a p p r o a c h i n go n e a n o t h e r s o a s t o i n v o l v c r i s k o l
colltslon.
Rur-r9
Narrov'channels
(a) A vesselproceedingalong the courseol a narrow channelor lairway
shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channelor fairway which lies on
her starboard side as is safe and practicable.
( b ) A v e s s eol l ' l e s st h a n 2 0 m e t r e si n l e n g t ho r a s a i l i n gv e s s esl h a l l n o t
impede the passageof a vesselwhich can salely navigate only within a
narrow channel or fairway.
(c) A vesselengagedin fishing shall not impedethe passageol any other
vesselnavigatingwithin a narrow channelor lairway.
(rf A vesselshall not crossa narrow channelor fairway if such crossing
impedesthe passageo1'a vesselwhich can safelynavigateonly within such
channelor fairway. l-he latter vesselmay usethe sound signalprescribedin
R u l e 3 4 ( r / ) i l ' i n d o u b t a s t o t h e i n t e n t i o no l t h e c r o s s i n gv e s s e l .
296
(e) (i) ln a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place
only il'the vesselto be overtakenhas to take action to permit safepassing,
the vesselintendingto overtakeshall indicateher intention by soundingthe
appropriatesignal prescribedin Rule 3a (c) (i). The vesselto be overtaken
shall, if in agreement,sound the appropriate signal prescribedin Rule 34
(c) (ii) and take stepsto permit safe passing.If in doubt she may sound the
signalsprescribedin Rule 34 (d).
(ii) This rule does not relieve the overtaking vesselof her obligation
u n d e rR u l e 1 3 .
f) A vesselnearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway
where other vesselsmay be obscuredby an interveningobstruction shall
navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the
appropriatesignal prescribedin Rule 34 (e).
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstancesof the case admit, avoid
anchoring in a narrow channel.
Rrrr-rl0
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANUAL
297
(fl A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic

separationschemesshall do so with particular caution.
(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic
separationschemeor in areasnear its terminations.
(ft) A vesselnot using a traffic separationschemeshall avoid it by as
wide a margin as is practicable.
(l) A vesselengagedin fishing shall not impedethe passageof any vessel
f o l l o w i n gt h e t r a f f i c l a n e .
f) A vesselof lessthan 20 metresin length or a sailing vesselshall not
impede the safe passageof a power-drivenvesselfollowing a traffic lane.
(ft) A vesselrestrictedin her ability to manoeuvrewhen engagedin an
operation for the maintenanceof safety of navigation in a traffic separation
schemeis exemptedfrom complying with this Rule to the extent necessary
to carry out the operation.
(/) A vesselrestrictedin her ability to manoeuvrewhen engagedin an
operation for the laying, servicing or picking up of a submarine cable,
within a traffic separationscheme,is exemptedfrom complying with this
Rule to the extent necessarvto carrv out the operation.
Traffit separa| ion schemes

(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemesadopted by the
Organization and does not relieveany vesselof her obligation under any
other Rule.
(6) A vesselusing a traffic separationschemeshall:
(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of
traffic flow for that lane:
(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or
separatlonzone;
(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane,
but when joining or leavingfrom either side shall do so at as small
an angle to the generaldirection of traffic flow as practicable.
(t) A vesselshall, so far as practicable,avoid crossingtraffic lanesbut if
obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicableat right
anglesto the generaldirection of traffic flow.
(r/) (i) A vesselshall not use an inshoretraffic zone when she can safely
use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic
separationscheme.However, vesselsof lessthan 20 metres in
length, sailingvesselsand vesselsengagedin fishing may use the
inshore traffic zone.
(ii) Not withstanding subparagraph (d) (i), a vessel may use an
inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a Dort. offshore
installationor structure,pilot station or any other placesituated
within the inshore traffic zone or to avoid immediate danger.
(e) A vesselother than a crossingvesselor a vesseljoining or leaving a
lane shall not normally enter a separationzone or cross a separationline
except:
(i) In casesol emergencyto avoid immediate danger;
(ii) to engagein fishing within a separationzone.
Section II. Conduct of vesselsin sight of one another

R u r - El l
Application
Rules in this Sectionapply to vesselsin sight of one another.
Rur-s l2
Sailing vessels
(a) When two sailing vesselsare approaching one another, so as to
involve risk of collision,one of them shall keep out of the way of the other
as follows:
(i) when eachhas the wind on a different side,the vesselwhich has
the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other;
(ii) when both have the wind on the sameside,the vesselwhich is to
windward shall keeo out of the wav of the vesselwhich is to
leeward;
(iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to
windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the
other vesselhas the wind on the port or on the starboardside,
she shall keep out of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposesof this Rule the windward side shall be deemedto
be the side oppositeto that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case
of a square-riggedvessel,the side opposite to that on which the largest
fore-and-aft sail is carried.
29rJ
T H E B O A ' T S W A I N ' SM A N U A I R r i r . t l' 3

Ot,ertakinp
a n y t h i n gc o n t a i n e di n t h e R u l e so f P a r t B , S e c t i o n s
(c) Notwithstanding
I a n d I I , a n v v e s s eol v e r t a k i n ga n y o l h e r s h a l l k e e p o u t o f t h e w a y o f t h e
v e s s ebl e i n go v e r t a k e n .
( b ) A v c s s e ls h a l l b e d e e m e dt o b e o v e r t a k i n gw h e n c o m i n g u p w i t h
another vcssclfrom a direction more than 22'5 degreesabalt her beam' that
is, in such a position with referenceto the vesselshe is overtakinS.that a1
n i g h t s h ew o u l d b e a b l e t o s e co n l y t h e s t e r n l i g h to l t h a t v e s s ebl u 1n e i t h c r
ol' hcr sidelights.
( r ' ) W h c n a v e s s cils i n d o u h t a s t o w h e t h e rs h ei s o v e r t a k i n ga n o t h c r ,s h e
s h a l l a s s u m et h a t t h i s i s t h e c a s ea n d a c t a c c o r d i n g l y .
(r0 Any subsequentalteration of the bearing between the two vessels
l i t h i n t h e m e a n i n go f
s h a l ln o t m a k c t h e o v e r t a k i n gv e s s eal c r o s s i n gv e s s ew
t h c s c R u l e s o r r e l i e v ch e r o f ' t h c d u t v o l k e e p i n gc l e a r o l t h e o v c r t a k e n
v e s s e ul n l i l s h e i s l ' i n a l l yp a s t a n d c l e a r .
R r r r - rl.4
Heod-on .situatiotr
(a) When two power-drivenvesselsare meeling on reciprocalor nearly'
r e c i n r o c a l . . , r r s e i s o a s t o i n v o l V er i s k o f c o l l i s i o ne a c h s h a l l a l t e r h e r
c o u i s et u s t a r b o a r ds o t h a t c a c h s h a l l p a s so n t h e p o r l s i d c o l t h e o t h e r .
( 6 ) S u c h a s i t u a l i o ns h a l lb c d e e m e d1 o e x i s tw h e n a v e s s esl e e st h e o t h e r
a h e a do r n e a r l l ' a h e a da n d b y n i g h rs h ec o u l d s e et h e m a s t h e a dl i g h t so f ' t h e
o t h e r i n a l i n e o r n c a r l l , i n a l i n c a n d i o r b o t h s i d e l i g h t sa n d b l d a i " s h e
a s p e c to f t h e o t h e r v e s s c l .
o b s e r v c st h c c o r r e s p o n d i n g
( t ) W h e n a v c s s e il s i n a n v d o u b t a s t o w h e t h e rs u c h a s i t u a t i o ne x i s t s
s h e s h a l l a s s u m et h a t i t d o e se x i s t a n d a c t a c c o r d i n g l y .
Rur.rl5
(-r rt.s.;
inc si t ual i o n
W h c n t w o p o w e r - d r i v e nv e s s e l sa r e c r o s s i n gs o a s t o i n v o l v e r i s k o 1
l h i c h h a s t h c o t h e r o n h e r o w n s t a r b o a r ds i d e s h a l l
c o l l i s i 0 n .t h e i ' e s s c w
keep out of the wav and shall. if thc circumstanccsof the caseadmit. avoid
c r o s s i n ga h e a do f t h e o t h e r v e s s e l .
R r r r - rl 6
give-u'a.l'ves.sel
Attion b_y'
l h i c h i s d i r e c t e dt o k e e p o u t o 1 ' t h ew a y o f a n o t h e r - v e s s e l
E v e r y v e s s ew
s h a l l .s o f a r a s p o s s i b l ct,a k c e a r l ya n d s u b s t a n t i aal c t i o nt o k e e pw e l l c l e a r
R u t . t ,l 7
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANT]AI-
299
( i i ) | h e l a t l e r v e s s cm
l a v h o w e v e rt a k e a c t i o n t o a v o i d c o l l i s i o nb 1 'h e r
m a n o e u v r ea l o n e .a s s o o n a s i t b e c o m e sa p p a r e n tt o h e r t h a t t h e v e s s e l
r e q u i r e d t o k e e p o u t o f t h e w a , ' -i s n o t t a k i n g a p p r t r p r i a t ea c t i o n i n
c o m p l i a n c ew i t h t h e s eR u l e s .
( b ) W h e n . { r o m a n y c a u s e .t h e v e s s erl e q u i r e dt o k e e p h e r c o u r s ea n d
b y t h e a c t t o no l
s p e e df i n d s h e r s e lsl o c l o s ct h a t c o l l i s i o nc a n n o tb e a r " o i d e d
t h e g i v e - w a ll e s s c la l o n e .s h es h a l lt a k e s u c ha c t i o na s w r l l b e s ta t d t o a v o t d
collision.
( r ' ) A p o w e r - d n v e nv e s s ew
l h i c h t a k e sa c t i o n i n a e r o s s i t t gs i t u a t i o nt n
w i t h s u b - p a r a g r a p(ha ) ( i i ) o l t h i s R u l e t o a v o i d c o l l i s i o nw r t h
accordance
a n o t h c r p o w c r - d r i v e nv e s s esl h a l l .i l t h c c i r c u m s t a n c eosf t h c c a s ea d m t l .
; r o t a l t e r c o u r s ct o p o r t f b r a r . c s s eol n h e r o w n p o r t s i d c .
o lf h e r o b l i g a t i o nt o
{ . / ) T h i s r u l e d o e s n o t r e l i e v ct h c g i v e - w a y ' v e s s e
k e e po u t o f t h e w a r ' .
R r . r . rl ,8
Ls
Resp ttn.ti b i I i t ie.sheI v e<'n ves.se
E x c e p tw h e r e R u l c s9 . l 0 a n d l 3 o t h e r w i s er e q u i r e .
( a ) A p o w e r - d r i v e nv e s s eul n d e r w a l s' h a l l k e e po u t o l t h c w a l o l :
i i ) a \ ' e s s enl o t u n d e rc o n r m a n d l
{ i i ) a v c s s c rl c s t r i c t e di n h e r a b i l i t r t o m a n o e u v r e :
{ u r ta \ e \ : e l c n g a g c di r t l i s h i n g :
i r r : a s a i l i n gv e s s c l :
( b . l A s a i l i n gr e s s e lu n d e r w a vs h a l l k e e po u t o f t h e w a r o t :
r r ) a r c s s c ln 0 1u n d e rc o n r m a n d i
i i i ) a v c s s c lr c s l r i c t e di n h e r a b i l i n ' 1 . )m a n o e u \ r c :
( r i r la r e : s e le n g u g c di r r I i : h r n g .
( r ' ) A l ' e s s eel n g a g e di n l i s h i n gw h e n u n d e r w a l s h a l l .s o l a r a s p o s s r b l e .
reep out of the wa1 ol:
i r ) a l c s s e in o t u n d e r c o m n r a n d i
( i i ) a v e s s erl e s t r i c t c di n h e r a b i l i t v t o m a n o e u v r e .
l o t u n d e r c o m n r a n d( ) r a v e s s e i
i i l ) ( i ) A n ) ' v e s s e lo t h e r t h a n a v e s s e n
restricted
i n h e r a b i l i t l "t o r n a n o e u v rseh a l l .i f t h c c i r c u m s t a n c eosl
the case adnrit. avoid impeding thc safe passageol a vessel
. - l l n s l r a i n ebd1 ,h e i d r a u g h t .ex h i b i t i n gt h c s i g n a l sr n R u l e 2 [ i .
with partrcular
b v h e r d r a u g h ts h a l ln a v r g a t e
{ r j \ v e s s ecl o n s t r a i n e d
, - l u t r o nh a v r n gl u i l r e g a r dt o h e r s p e c r acl o n d i t i o n .
i r , . )A s e a p l a n o
e n t h e w a t e rs h a i l ,i n g e n e r a lk. e e pw e l l c i c ; ' t ' t t ia i l v e s s e l s
: , n d a v o i d i m p e c l i n gt h e r r n a v i g a t i o n .l n c i r c u m s t a n c e s... r r r r - r e rw, h e r e
l i s k o f c o l l i s i o ne x i s t ss. h es h a i lc o m D i t ' w i t ht h e R u l e so l t h i s i ) l r t .
Section llI. (londuct of vesselsin restrictedvisibilitv
R i r r . r .l .9
Attion ht' stond-on vessel
t. ,.)rhllr(
t t)l \,(sseisin re.\tri(ledvisihilit.t
( c ) ( i ) W h e r e o n e o f t h e t w o v e s s e l si s t o k e e p o u t o f t h e w a y t h e o t h e r
s h a l l k e e p h e r c o u r s ea n d s p e e d .
( c r i ' h r s R u l e a p p i r e st o v e s s e l sn o t r n s i g h t o f o n e : r n o t h e r w h e n
r r i ! \ ' r g a t r nl n
g o r n e a r a n a r e a r e s t r i c t e do f ' v i s j b i l i t v
3OO
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANUAL
(6) Every vesselshall proceedat a sale speedadapted to the prevailing

circumstancesand conditions of restrictedvisibility. A power-drivenvessel
shall have her enginesready for immediate manoeuvre.
(r) Every vesselshall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances
and conditions of restrictedvisibility when complying with the Rules ol
S e c t i o nI o f t h i s P a r t .
(r/) A vesselwhich detectsby radar alone the presenceol another vessel
situation is developingandTor risk
shall dctermineif a close-quarters
o f c o l l i s i o ne x i s t s .I f s o , s h es h a l lt a k e a v o i d i n ga c t i o ni n a m p l et i m e ,
provided that when such action consistsof an alteratitlnof course.str
I a r a s p o s s i b l et h e f o l l o w i n g s h a l l b e a v o i d e d .
(i) an alterationol courseto port for a vesselforward ol the beam.
other than for a vesselbeing overtaken:
(ii) an alteration of course towards a vesselabeam or abalt the
beam.
(e) Except where it has beendeterminedthat a risk of collision does not
exist, every vesselwhich hears apparently forward of her beam the fog
signal of another vesscl.or which cannot avoid a close-quarterssituatron
with another vesselforward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to the
minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall il necessary
t a k e a l l h e r w a y o l ' l a n d i n a n 1 e v e n t n a v i g a t ew i t h e x t r e m ec a u t i o n u n t i l
d a n s e ro f c o l l i s i o ni s o v e r .
PART C
I,IGHTS AND SHAPF-S

R t ; t - t ,2 0
Application
(c) Rules in this part shall be complied with in all weathers.

'Ihe
(b)
Rules concerninglights shall be complied with Irom sunsetto
sunrise,and during such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except
such lights as cannot be mistakenfor the lights specifiedin these Rules or
do not impair their visibility or distinctivecharacter,or interferewith the
keepingof a proper look-out.
(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall. if carried. also be
exhibited from sunrisb to sunset in restricted visibility and may be
exhibited in all other circumstanceswhen it is deemednecessary.
(r/) The Rules concerningshapesshall be complied with by day.
(e) The lights and shapesspecifiedin these Rules shall comply with the
p r o v i s i o n so I A n n e x I t o t h e s eR e g u l a t i o n s .
R r ; l . E2 l
Def initions
"Masthead
(a)
light" means a white light placed over the fore and aft
centreline of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the
horizon of 225 degreesand so fixed as to show the light from right aheadto
22'5 degreesabaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
MANUAL
THE BOATSWAIN'S
3OI
(b) "Sidelights"meansa greenlight on the srarboardside and a red light

on the port sideeachshowingan unbroken light over an arc of the horizon
of I I2'5 degreesand so fixed as to show the light from right aheadto 22.5
degreesabaft the beam on its respectiveside. In a vesselof lessthan 20
metresin length the sidelightsmay be combined in one lantern carried on
the fore and aft cenlrelineof the vessel.
(c) "Sternlight" meansa white light placedas nearly as pracricableat rhe
stern showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135degrees
and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degreesfrom right aft on eachside of
the vessel.
(r/) "-I'owing light" meansa yellow light having the samecharacteristics
as the "sternlight" delined in paragraph(r') of this Rule.
(e) "All round light" means a light showing an unbroken light over an
arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.
(/) "Flashing light" means a light flashing at regular intervals at a
f r e q u e n c yo f 1 2 0f l a s h e so r m o r e p e r m i n u t e .
Rur_r-22
Visibility of lights
The lights prescribedin theseRulesshall have an intensityas specifiedin
Section 8 of Annex I to these Regulations so as to be visible at the
I'ollowingminimum ranges:
(c) In vesselsof 50 metresor more in length:
a mastheadlight, 6 miles;
a sidelight,3 miles;
a sternlight,3 miles;
a towing light, 3 miles;
a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles.
(b) ln vesselsof l2 metresor more in length but lessthan 50 metresin
length;
a mastheadlight,5 miles;exceptthat where the length of the vessel
is lessthan 20 metres,3 miles;
a s i d e l i g h t2, m i l e s ;
(<) ln vesselsof lessthan l2 metresin length:
a mastheadlight, 2 miles;
a sidelight, I mile;
(d) In inconspicuous,partly
submergedvesselsor objectsbeing towed:
a white all-round lieht. 3 miles.
302
303
TH E BOA]'SWAIN'S MANUAI-
MANUAL
THE BOATSWAIN'S
Rlr-s 23
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight.
(r/) A power-driven vesselto which paragraph (a) or ({ of this Rule
appliesshall also comply with Rule 23 (a) (ii).
(e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in
paragraph(g) of this Rule, shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight;
(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds200 metres,a diamond shape
where it can best be seen.
(/) Providedthat any number of vesselsbeingtowed alongsideor pushed
in a group shall be lighted as one vessel.
(i) a vesselbeing pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit,
shall exhibit at the forward end, sidelights;
(ii) a vesselbeing towed alongsideshall exhibit a sternlightand at the
forward end, sidelights.
(g) An inconspicuous,partly submergedvesselor object, or combination of such vesselsor objectsbeing towed, shall exhibit:
(i) if it is lessthan 25 metresin breadth,one all-round white light at or
near the forward end and one at or near the after end exceDt that
draconesneed not exhibit a light at or near the forward end;
(ii) if it is 25 metresor more in breadth,two additional all-round white
lights at or near the extremitiesof its breadth;
(iii) if it exceeds100 metresin length. additional all-round white lights
betweenthe lights prescribedin sub-paragraphs(i) and (ii) so that
the distancebetweenthe lights shall not exceed 100 metres;
(iv) a diamond shapeat or near the aftermostextremity of the last vessel
or object being towed and if the length of the tow exceeds200
metresan additional diamond shapewhere it can best be seenand
located as far forward as is practicable.
(/r) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or
object being towed to exhibit the lights or shapesprescribedin paragraph
(e) or (g) of this rule, all possiblemeasuresshall be taken to light the vessel
or object towed or at leastto indicatethe presenceof such vesselor object.
(l) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vesselnot
normally engagedin towing operationsto display the lights prescribedin
paragraph(a) or (r') of this Rule, such vesselshall not be requiredto exhibit
those lights when engagedin towing another vesselin distressor otherwise
in need of assistance.
All possiblemeasuresshall be taken to indicatethe
nature of the relationshipbetweenthe towing vesseland the vesselbeing
towed as authorizedby Rule 36, in particular by illuminating the towline.
Pou er-driven vesselsunderwa.f

( a ) A p o w e r - d r i v e nv e s s eul n d e r w a ys h a l l e x h i b i t :
(i) a mastheadlight lorward:
(ii) a second mastheadlight abaft of and higher than the for.ward
one, exceptthat a vesselofless than 50 metresin length shall no1
h e o b l i g e d1 o e x h i b i t s u c h l i g h t b u t m a y d o s o ;
(iii) sidelights;
{ir') a sternlight.
mt o d e
( b ) A n a i r - c u s h i o nv e s s ew
l h e n o p e r a t i n gi n t h e n o n - d i s p l a c e m e n
shall. in addition to the lights preicribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule,
exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light.
(() (i) A p
o w e r - d r i v e nv e s s eol f l e s st h a n l 2 m e t r e si n l e n g t hm a y i n l i e u
'the
lights prescribedin paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an
of
all-round white light and sidelights;
(ii) A power-driven vessel of less than 7 metres in length whose
maxlmum speeddoes not exceed7 knots mav in lieu of the lights
prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round
white light and shall, if practicable,also exhibit sidelights;
{iii) The mastheadlight or all-round white light on a powe^r-driven
r e s s e lo f l e s st h a n l 2 m e t r e si n l e n g t hm a v b e d i s p l a c e df r o m t h e
fore and aft centrelineof the vesselif centrelinelitting is not
p r a c t i c a b l e .p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e s i d e h g h t sa r e c o m b i n e d i n o n e
irnt.tn which shall be carried on the fore and aft centrelineofthe
"esselor locatedas nearly as practicablein the same fore and att
line as the mastheadlieht or the all-round white light.
Rrrr.r.24
Ibw'ing and pushing
( a ) A p o w e r - d r i v e nv e s s ew
l h e n t o w i n g s h a l le x h i b i t :
{ i ) i n s t e a do f t h e l i g h t sp r e s c r i b e di n R u l e 2 3 ( c ) ( i ) o r ( a ) ( i i ) . t w o
mastheadlights in a vertical line. When the length o1'the tow'
measuringfiom the stern of the towing lesselto the after end of
200 metres.three such lights in a vertical line'
the tow e>iceecis
(ii) sidelights;
lrii) a sternlight;
{ i v ) a t o w i n g l i g h t i n a v e r t i c a ll i n e a b o v et h e s t e r n i i g h t l
tv) when the length ol'the tow exceeds200 metres.a ciramoncishape
ivhere it can best be seen.
(b) When pushing a vesseland a vesselbeing pushed ahead are rrgidly
connecteciin a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven
vesseiand exhibit the lights prescribedin Rule 23.
(r') .A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towrng alongside'
,:.rcoplir.rthe caseoi a composite unrt. shall exhibit:
( i ) i n s i e ; r ct ir i l h e l i g h t p r e s c r i b e ci ni R u l e 2 3 ( a ) ( i ) o r ( d ) ( r r ) .t w o
linc''
tr;r',th,:adlig;fitsin " 1'311isal
Rrne 25
Sailing vesselsunderway and vesselsunder oars
(a) A sailing vesselunderway shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight.
304
(b) In a sailing vessel of less than 20 metres in length the lights

prescribedin paragraph (a) ol'this Rule may be combined in one lantern
carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen.
(r') A sailingvesselunderwaymay, in addition to the lights prescribedin
paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit at or near the top of the mast. where
they can best be seen.two all-round lights in a verticalline, the upper being
red and the lower green, but these lights shall not be exhibited in
conjunction with the combined lantern permitted by paragraph(b) of this
Rule.
(d) (i) A sailingvesselol'lessthan 7 metresin length shall, if practicable.
e x h i b i t t h e l i g h t sp r e s c r i b e di n p a r a g r a p h s( a ) o r ( b ) o f t h i s R u l e .
but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electrictorch
or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited
in sufficienttime to prevent collision.
(ii) A vesselunder oars may exhibit the lights prescribedin this Rule
for sailing vessels,but if she does not, she shall have ready at
hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light
which shall be exhibited in sufficienttime to prevent collision.
(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by
machineryshall exhibit forward where it can best be seena conical shape.
apex downwards.
R u r - r -2 6
Fishing vessels
(a) A vesselengagedin fishing, whether underway or at anchor' shall
e x h i b i t o n l y t h e l i g h t s a n d s h a p e sp r e s c r i b e di n t h i s R u l e .
(b) A vesselwhen engagedin trawling, by which is meant the dragging
through the water of a dredge net or other apparatus used as a fishing
a p p l i a n c es, h a l l e x h i b i t :
(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being greenand the
l o w e r w h i t e , o r a s h a p ec o n s i s t i n go f t w o c o n e sw i t h t h e i r a p e x e s
togetherin a vertical line one above the other.
(ii) a mastheadlight abaft and higher than the all-round green light; a
vesselof lessthan 50 metresin length shall not be obliged to exhibit
such a light but may do so;
( i i i ) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights
prescribedin this paragraph,sidelightsand a sternlight.
( r ) A vesselengagedin fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:
( U two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the
lower white, or a shapeconsistingof two coneswith apexestogether
in a vertical line one above the other;
( i i ) when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres
horizontally I'rom the vessel,an all-round white light or a cone apex
upwards in the direction ol the gear;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights
prescribedin this paragraph,sidelightsand a sternlight.
(rf The additional signalsdescribedin Annex l1 to these Regulations
apply to a vesselengagedin fishing in close proximity to other vessels
engagedin fishing.
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANLJAL
305
(e) A vesselwhen nor engagedin fishing shall not exhibit the lights or
shapesprescribedin this Rule. but only those prescribedfor a vesselof her
length.
Rrrr.r,27
Vesselsnot under t'omntondor restrit'tedin their abilitt'to monoeuvre
( a ) A v e s s enl o t u n d e r c o m m a n ds h a l l e x h i b i t :
(i) two all-round red lights in a verticalline wherethey can bestbe seen;
( t r ) t w o b a l l so r s i m i l a rs h a p e si n a v e r t r c a l i n e w h e r et h e y c a n b e s tb e
seen:
(iii) when making way through the water. in addition to the liehts
p r e s c r i b e di n t h i s p a r a g r a p h s, i d e l i g h t sa n d a s r e r n l i g h t .
(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. excepl a vessel
engagedin mineclearanceoperations.shall exhibit:
(r) three all-round lights in a vertical line where thev can best be seen.
T h e h i g h e s ta n d l o w e s to f t h e s el i g h t s s h a l l b e r e d a n d t h e m i d d l e
lighr shall be white;
(ii) three shapesin a vertical line where they-can best be seen. l-he
h i g h e s ta n d l o w e s to l r h e s es h a p e ss h a l lb e - b a l l sa n d t h e m i d d l eo n e
a diamond:
(ni) when making way through rhe warer, a mastheadlight or lights,
sidelightsand a sterniight, in addition t o t h e l i g h t s p r e s c r i b e di n
sub-pargraph(i);
(tv) when at anchor. in addition to the lights or shapesprescribedin
qub-paragraphs(i) and (ii), rhe light. lights or shape prescribedin
Rule 30.
(r') A power-drivenvesselengagedin a towing operationsuch as severely
restrictsthe towing vesseland her tow in their ability to deviatefrom their
c o u r s es h a l l ,i n a d d i t i o nt o t h e l i g h t s o r s h a p e sp r e s c r i b e di n R u l e 2 4 ( a ) ,
exhibit the lights or shapesprescribedin sub-paiagraphs(b) (i) and (iii of
this Rule.
(d) A vesselengagedin dredgingor underwateroperations,when restricledin
her ability to manoeuvre,shall exhibit the lights and shapesprescribedin subparagraphs(b) (i), (ii) and (iii) ofthis Rule and shallin addition,whenobstrucrion
exists.exhibit:
(i) two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicatethe
side on which the obstructionexists:
(ii) two all-round green lights or rwo diamonds in a vertical line to
indicate the side on which another vesselmay pass;
(iii) when at anchor, the lights or shapesprescribedin this paragraph
rnsteadof the lights or shapeprescribedin Rule 30.
. (e) Wheneverthe size of a vesselengagedin diving operationsmakes it
impracticableto exhibit all lights and shapesprescribJdin paragraph(z/)of
this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:
(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen.
The highestand lowesr of these lights shall be red and the middle
light shall be white;
306
"A" not less-than I

(ii) a rigid replica
of the International Code flag
^height.
Measuresshall be taken to ensure its all round
me1;e in
visibility.
(/) A vesselengagedin mineclearanceoperationsshall in addition to the
ligirts prescribedTor a power-drivenvessselin Rule 23 or to the lights or
s[ape prescribedfor a vesselat anchor in Rule 30 as appropriate,exhibit
three all-round green lights or three balls. One of these lights or shapes
shall be exhibited near the foremast head and one at each end of the fore
yard. Theselights or shapesindicatethat it is dangerousfor another vessel
io approach within 1000metresof the mineclearancevessel.
(g) Vesselsof less than l2 metres in length, except those engaged in
diving operations, shall not be required to exhibit the lights and shapes
prescribedin this Rule.
in
(ft) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels.
Such signalsare containedin Annex IV to
distressand requiring assistance.
theseregulations.
R r r r . n2 8
Vesselst'onstrained by their draught
A vesselconstrained by her draught may, in addition to the lights
prescribedfor power-drivenvesselsin Rule 23, exhibit where they can best
be seenthree all-round red lights in a vertical line" or a cylinder.
307
shall, also use the availableworking or equivalentlights to illuminate her

decks.
(r/) A^vesselagroundshall exhibit the lights prescribedin paragraphs(c)
or (b) ol this Rule and in addition, where thev can best be ieen:1 i 1 t u o a l l - r o u n dr e d l i g h r si n a v e r r i c a l i n e :
(ii) three balls in a vertical line.
(e) A vesselof lessthan 7 metres in length, when at anchor, not in or
near. a narrow channel, fairway or anchorage, or where other vessels
normally navigate,shall not be required to exhibit the lights or shapes
prescribedin paragraphs(a) and (b) of this Rule.
(fl A vesselof lessthan l2 metresin length, when aground, shall not be
requiredt9 gynr_Ui1
rhe lights or shapesprescribedin su-b-paragraphs
(r/) (i)
and (ii) of this Rule.
Ruls 3l
Seaplanes
Where it is impracticablefor a.seaplaneto exhibit lights and shapesof
,
the characteristicsor in the positions prescribedin the-Rulesof thii part
she shall exhibit lights and shapesas closelysimilar in characteristics
and
p o s i t i o na s i s p o s s i b l e .
PART I)
SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS
Rulr 29
RuI-n 32
Pilot vessels
Definitions
"whistle".means
(a) The word
any sound signallingappliancecapableof
producing-theprescribedblastsand which compliesii,it^h'ttre
specifications
r n A n n e x I l l t o t h e s er e g u l a t i o n s .
"short
(b) The term
blast" meansa blast of about one second'sduration.
(rJ The term "prolonged blast" means a blast of from four to six
seconds'duration.
(a) A vesselengagedon pilotage duty shall exhibit:

(i) at or near the masthead,two all-round lights in a vertical line, the
upper being white and the lower red;
(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelightsand a sternlight,
(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), the light, lights or shape prescribedin Rule 30 for
vesselsat anchor.
(b) A pilot vesselwhen not engagedon pilotage duty shall exhibit the
lights or ihapes presiribed for a similar vesselof her length.
Rur-E30
Anthored vesselsand vesselsaground
(a) A vesselat anchor shall exhibit where it can best be seen:
(i) in the fore part, an all-round white light or one ball;
(ii) at or near the stern and at a lower level than the light prescribedin
sub-paragraph(i), an all-round white light.
(b) A vesselof lessthan 50 metres in length may exhibit an all-round
white light where it can best be seen instead of the lights prescribed in
paragraph(a) of this Rule.
(r') A vesselat anchor may, and avesselof 100metresand more in length
Rlls 33
Equipment for sound signals
(a) A vesselof 12 metres or more in length shall be provided with a
whistle and a bell and a vesselof 100 metres or more in length shall, in
addition, be provided with a gong, the tone and sound of whiJh cannoi b.
confusedwith that of the bell. The whistle,bell and gong shall comply with
the.specificationsin Annex Ill to. these regulationi. Tle bell o. gJng o.
both may be replacedby other equipmenthaving the samerespectiviso"und
characteristic.s,
provided that manual sounding of the presiribed signals
shall always be possible.
(b) A vesselof lessthan l2 metresin length shall not be obligedto carry
the.soundsignallingappliancesprescribedin paragraph(c) of ti'is Rule bui
rt she does not, she shall be provided with some othei meansof making an
efficient sound signal.
3OIJ

Rulr 34
Monoeuvring and v'arning signals
(a) When vesselsare in sight of one another, a power-driven.lessel

underway. when manoeuvring as authorized or.required bY' these.Rules'
s h a l l r n d i c a t et h a t m a n o e u v r J b y t h e f o l l o w i n g s i g n a l so n h e r w h i s t l e :
"l
one short blast to mean am altering my courseto starboard";
"l am altering my courseto port";
to
mean
two short blasts
"l
t h r e es h o r t b l a s t st o m e a n a m o p e r a t i n ga s t e r np r o p u l s i o n " '
(b) Any' vessel mal' supplement the whistle signals prescribed .in
puiugruph (a) of this Rule by light signals.repeatedas appropriate.whilst
the manoeuvreis being carried out:
(i) theselight signalsshall have the following significance:
"l
one flash tlo mean am altering my courseto starboard",
"l
two flashesto mean am altering my courseto port";
"l am operating astern propulsion"'
three flashesto mean
(ii) the duration of each flash shall be about one second.the intervat
betweenflashesshall be about one second,and lhe interval between
signalsshall be not lessthan ten seconds:
successive
( i i i') r h e I i g h t u s e d f o r r h i s s i g n a ls h a l l . ^ i lf i t t e d . b e a n a l l - r o u n d w h i t e
lisht.-visibleat a minimuh range ol 5 miles' and shall comply with
thleprovisions of Annex I to these Regulations'
( r ' ) W h e n i n s i g h t o f o n e a n o t h e ri n a n a r r o w c h a n n e lo r l a i r w a y :
shall in comp.liancewith Rule
(i) a Vesselintendingto overtakeanothe_r
g (e) (i) indicateiier inrention by the following signalson her whistle.
"l
two prolonged blasts followed by one short blast to mean
inten^dto oi'ertake you on your starboard side";
"l
two prolonged blaits followed by two short blasts to mean
i n t e n d t o o v e r t a k ey o u o n y o u r p o r t s i d e " '
( i i ) t h c v e s s e la b o u t t o b e o v e r t a k e nw h e n a c t i n g i n a c c o r d a n c ew i t h
l n
R u l e 9 ( e ) ( i ) s h a l li n d i c a t eh e r a g r e e m e nbt y t h e l o l l o w r n gs r g n a o
her whistle:
one prolonged. one short, one prolonged and one short blast' in
that order.
(r/) when vesselsin sight of one another are.approachingeach other and
f.om any causeeither veiselfails to understandthe intentionsor actionsof
the other, or is in doubt whether sufficient action is being taken by the
other to avoid collision,the vesselin doubt shall immediatelyindicatesuch
oouutt,ygivingatleastfiveshortandrapid^blastsonthewhistle.Such
,ignot -Ly-U. sipplementedby a light signil of at leastfive short and rapid
Ilashes.
(e)Avesselnearingabendoranareaofachannelorfairwaywhere
other vesselsmay be obscuredby an intervening obstruction,shallsound
one prolonged biast. Such signal shall be.arsweredwith a prolonged blast
or
uy uiy uppioaching vesselthat may be within hearing around the bend
obstructton.
intervening
behind the
(fllfwhistlesarefittedonavesselatadistanceapartofmore,thanl00
,neii.r. one whistle only shall be usedfor giving manoeuvrlngand warnlng
signals.
THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAT-
309
Rrrr_r.35
Sound :;ignalsin re.strictedvisibilit.t
l n o r n e a r a n a r e a o f r e s t r i c t e dv i s i b i l i t y .w h e t h e rb y d a 1 - . o rn r g h t .t h e
srgnalsprescribedin this Rule shall be used as follows:(a) A power-drivenvesselmaking wav through the water shall sound
at
r n t e r v a l so f n o t m o r e t h a n 2 m i n u t e so n e p r o l o n g e db l a s t .
( D ) A p o w e r - d r i v e nv e s s e u
l n d e r u a l b u t s r o p p e da n d m a k i n g n o w a y
t h r o u g ht h e w a t e rs h a l ls o u n da t i n t e ^ a l s o l -n o t m o r e t h a n) m i n u t e s
two prolonged blasts in successionwith an interval ol about 2
secondsbetweenthem.
( t ) A v e s s e ln o t u n d e r c o m m a n d , a v e s s e rl e s t r i c t e di n h e r a b i l i t v t o
m a n o e u v r e a. v e s s ecl o n s t r a i n e db y h e r d r a u g h t .a s a i l i n gv e s s e la.
vesselengagedin fnhing an_da vesselengagedin towing irr pushing
another vesselshall. insteadof the signalsprescribediri parigraphi
(a) or (b) of this Rule, sound a1intervalsof not more than 2 m"inutes
three blasts in succession,namely one prolonged followed by two
short blasts.
(r/) A vesselengagedin fishing,when at anchor,and a vesselresrrictedin
h e r a b i l i t t ' t o m a n o e u v r ew h e n c a r r y i n go u t h e r w o r k a t a n c h o r .s h a l l
rnsteadof the signalsprescribedin paragraph(g) of this Rule, sound
the signal prescnbedin paragraph((.) of this Rule.
(e) A vesseltowed or if more than one vesselis towed the last vesselol
t h e t o w . i f m a n n e d ,s h a l l a t i n t e r v a l so l n o t m o r e t h a n 2 m i n u t e s
sound f our blastsin-su.ccession,
namely one prolonged
bv
' s h afollowed
ll
t h r e e s h o r t b l a s t s . W h e n p r a c t i c a b l e ,t h i s s i g n a l
be made
rmmedratelyalter the signal made by the towing vessel.
(/) When a pushing vesseland a vesselbeing pushed ahead are rigidlv
connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded is i
power-driven vesseland shall give the signals prescribedin para_
g r a p h s( a ) o r ( 6 ) o f t h i s R u l e .
(g) A vesselat anchor shall at intervalsof n.t more than one minute rins
the bell rapidly I'or about 5 seconds.In a vesselof r00 metreso. -o.E
rn length the bell shall be soundedin the forepart of the vesseland
immediatelyafter the ringing of the bell the gong shall be sounded
rapidly 1or abour 5 secondsin the after part oithJvessel. A vesselar
anchor may in addition sound three blaits in succession,
namely one
short..one prolonged and one short blast, to give warning of hcr
p o s l t r o na n d o l t h e p o s s i b i l i t yo f c o l l i s i o nt o a n a p p r o a c h i n gv e s s e l .
(li) A vesselaground shall give the bell signal and if riquired th. gong
srgnalprescribedin paragraph(g) of this Rule and sh'all,in addiiion]
grve three.separateand distinct strokes on the bell immediately
before and after the rapid ringing of the bell. A vesselaground may
i n a d d i t i o n s o u n d a n a p p r o p r i a t ew h i s t l es i g n a l .
(i) A vesselof lessthan.l2 metresin tength shall not be obligedto give
the above-mentionedsignalsbut, if she does not. shall make sJme
other efficientsound signal at intervalsof not more than 2 minutes.
f) A pilot vesselwhen engagedon pilotageduty may in addition to the
signalsprescribedin paragraphs(a), 1b; or 1!; of ihis Rule sound an
identity signalconsistingof four short blasti.
3IO
0a 1ne repositioning.of sidelightsresurtingI'rom rhe prescriptionsof

Sectron-s
2 (g) and 3 (r5)of Annex I to these Regulationsuntil nine
years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations
(g) The requirementsfor sound signal appliancesprescribedin Annex
I l l . t . t i e s e R e g u l a t i o nu
s n t i l n i n e y e a r sa f t e r t h e d a t e o f e n t r y i n t o
l o r c e o l t h e s eR e g u l a t i o n s .
(h) The repositioning
of
. a l l - r o u n dr i g h t sr e s u l t i n gf r o m t h e p r e s c r i p t i o n
ol Section 9 th) of Annex I to these Rigulations,p
^ erminent
exemption.
Rrir-r3
,6
Signalsl() atlra(t atlention
lf necessaryto attract the attention o1'another vessela-nyvessel.ma)'
make light or sound signals that cannot be mistaken for any signal
u"t6n.irLa elsewherein these Rules, or may direct the beam of her
searchlightin the direction ol'the danger.in such a way as not to embarrass
any lessel.
An-v lighr to atlracl the attention of another vesselshall be such that it
c a n n , i th i m i s t a k e nf o r a n y a i d r o n a r i g a t i o nF. o r t h e p u r p o s co l t h i s R u l c
l h e u s c o l h i g h i n t e n s r yi n t e r m i t r e n to r r e rt t l v i n g l i g h t s ' s u c h a \ s t r ( ) b c
l i g h t s .s h a l l b e a v o i d e d .
ANNEX I
Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes
Rur.r37
Dislrt s.rsignals
when a vesselis in distress and requires assistanccshe shall use or
e x h i b i t t h e s i g n a l sp r e s c r i b e di n A n n e x l V t o t h e s eR e g u l a t i o n s '
l.
Delinition.
l'he term."h..igj] abor,e the h.u.ll"means height above the uppermost
c o n t i n u o u sd e c k .T h i s h e i g h ts h a l lb e m e a s u r e dr i o m t h e p o s i t i o ni , l i i l l " r r v
b e n e a t ht h e l o c a t r o no f t h e l i g h t .
2.
PARl'E
EXEMPTIONS
Ruln 38
Exemption.s
) rovidedthat she compli:s.with the
A n y v e s s e l( o r c l a s s o f v e s s e l s p
. e q u i i e m e n t so f t h . I n t . t n o t i o n a l R e g u l a t i o n sf o r P r e v e n t i n gC o l l i s i o n sa t
Sei. tqOO.the keel of which is laid oiwhich is at a correspondingstageof
construction before the entry into force of these Regulations may be
exemptedfrom compliancetherewith as follows:
i n R u l e2 2 ,u n t i l I b u r
( a ) T h e i n s t a l l a t i o no f l i g h t sw i t h r a n g e sp r e s c r i b e d
years after the datc o1 entry into force of these Regulations'
( b ) l h e i n s t a l l a t i o no f l i g h t s w i t h c o l o u r s p e c i f i c a t i o nass p r e s c r i b e d . i n
Section 7 of Annex l*to these Regulations,until four yearsafter the
date o1'entry into I'orceof these Regulations'
(r.) 1'he repositioningof lights as a resuh of conversionfrom lmperial to
melrrc unlts and rounding olT measurementligures' permanent
exemption.
(r/) (i) The repositioningof mastheadlights on vesselsof lessthan 150
from the prescriptionsof Section3 (a)
metresînlength,*resulting
of Annex I to theseRegulations,permanentexemptlon'
(ii)Therepositioningofmastheadlightsonvesselsof|50metresor
more in length,risulting from thJprescriptionsof 'section-l (a) of
A n n e x I t o t h e s eR e g u l a t i o n su' n t i l n i n e y e a r sa f t e r t h e d a t e o t
entry into force of these Regulattons.
o l m a s r h e a dl i g h t sr e s u l t i n gl r o m t h e p r e s c r i p t i o n s
(e) I he repositioning
2
o f S e c i i o n t h 1 - o l A n n e x I , t o t h e s eR e g u l a t i o n su n r i l n r n e y e a r s
after the date of entrv into force of theseRegulations'
3II
Vertital positioning and spating o/ lights.

(a). On a power-driven vessel of 20 metres or more in length
the
maslheadlights shall be placed as follows:
(i) the f orward mastheadlight, or if only one mastheadlight is
carried.
then that light, at a height above the hull of not lessttan 6 metrei,
and. il the breadth of the vesselexceeds6 metres,rhen at a heighi
above the hull not ressthan such breadth,so howeverthat the tiltri
neednor be pracedat a greaterheight abovethe hull than r 2 meties:
(ii) when rwo mastheadlights are carried the after one shall be
at least
4'5 metresverticallyhigher than the forward one.
(b). rhe vertical separationof mastheadrights of power-drivenvessels
,
shall be such thar in all normal conditionsof tr]m the after light wirr ue
seen
over and separatefrom the forward light at a distanceof 1.0b0metresfrom
the stem when viewed from sea level.
(t')
^The mastheadlight ol' a power-driven vesselof r2 metres but less
than 20 metresin length shall be placedat a height above the gunware
of
n o t l e s st h a n 2 . 5 m e t r e s .
(d) A power-drivenvesselof lessthan l2 metresin length may carry
the
uppermosr light at a height of less than 2.5 metres ab-ovethi gunwale.
when however a masthead_
light is carried in addition to sioetigtriiana-a
sternlightor the all-round light of Rule 23 (r) (i) is carried in iddition to
sidelights,rhen such mastheid light or all-iound light shall be carrieJ at
least I metre higher than the sidelighrs.
(e) One of the two or three mastheadlights prescribedfor
a power_
driven vesselwhen engagedin towing or pu-shinganother vesselsirall
be
prace_d
In lhe sameposrtronas eitherthe forward mastheadlight or the after
mastheadlighr' provided that, if carrie<ion the aftermast,tf,e to*..t iit.i
mastheadlight shall be at least4.5 metresverticallyhigherthan the forward
m a s t h e a dl i s h t .
312
(' D ( i ) T h e m a s t h e a dl i g h t o r l i g h t s p r e s c r i b e di n. R u l e 2 3 ( a ) s h a l l b e s o
nlacedas to be aboueand clear of all other lights and obstructtons
. * . . p t u t d e s c r i b e di n s u b - p a r a g r a p (hi i ) '
(ii)Whenitisimpracticabletocarrytheall-roundlig'htprescribedby
R u l c 2 7 ( D i ) o r R u l e 2 t l b e l o w t h e m a s t h e a dl i g h t s 't h e y - m a yb e
carricdabovetheal.termastheadlight(s)orverticallyinbetween
the lirrward masthead light(s) and alier masthead light(s)'
(r') of
oror.idedthat in the latter cise the requirementof SectionI
i h i r n n n e x s h a l l b e c o m P l i e dw i t h .
(g) l'he si<lelightsol a powcr-driven vesselshall.be placed.at a height
abiire the hull not gr.nt., than three-quarters.l' thal ol the forward
m a s r h e a dl i g h t . T h e l - s h a l l n o t b e s c il o w a s t o b e i n t e r f e r e dw i t h b y d e c k
l i g ht :
( l z ) T h c s i d e-n.t
lights.il.inacombinedlanlernandcarrtedonapower.
lessthan 20 melres in length, shall be placed not less
driven 'cssel of
t h a n I m e t r e b e l o w t h e m a s t h e a dl i g h t .
t w o o r t h r e el i g h t st o b e c a r r i e di n a v e r l i c a l
( i ) w h e n t h e R u l e sp r e s c r i b e
f
o
l
lows:
a
s
s
p
a
c
e
d
b
e
l i n e .t h e l ' s h a l l
(i) oii a 'essel oi 20 metresin length or more such lights shall be spaced
n o r l e s st h a n 2 n t e t r e sa p a r t . a n d t h e l o w e s t o f t h e s el i g h t s s h a l l ,
exccpt where a towing light is required.be placedat a height ol not
lessthan 4 metres abor"ethe hull.
(ii) on a vcsselof lessthan 20 metresin length such lights shall be spaced
notlcssthanlmetreapart'andthelowestoftheselightsshall'
e x c e p tw h e r ea t o w i n g l i g h t i s r e q u i r e d .b e p l a c e da t a h e i g h to f n o t
l e s st h a n 2 m e t r e sa b o v et h e g u n w a l e .
( i i i ) w h e n t h r e e l i g h t s a r e c a r r i e dt h e y s h a l l b e e q u a l l ys p a c e d '
'I-hc
lower ol thc two all-round lights prescribedfor a vesselwhen
f)
enlaged in iishing shall be ar a height.above.the sideightsnot less than
t w i c J t h e d r s t a n c eb e t w e e nt h e t w o v e r t i c a ll i g h t s '
(t)l.heforwardanclrorlightprescribedinRule30(a)(i).whentwoare
cairied. shall not be lessthan"4.j-et.e. above the after one. On a vesselof
50 mctres or morc in length this forward anchor light shall be placed at a
h e i g h to f n o t l e s st h a n 6 m e t r c sa b o v et h e h u l l .
Horizontal ltositioning und spacing oJ light"
Ior a power-driven..vessel,
(a) when two mastheadlights are prescribed_
the horizontal tlistancebetweenthem shall no1 be lessthan one-half of the
i.ngit.t of the vesselbur need not be more than 100 metres.The forward
ligh-tshall be placed not more than one-quarterol the length of the vessel
l'rom the stem.
(b) On a power-driven vessel ol 20 metres or more in length the
sidelightsshail not be placedin front of the forward mastheadlights.They
shall be placed at or near the side ol the vessel.
( r ) W h e n t h e l i g h t s p r e s c r i b e di n R u l e 2 ' 7( h ) ( t o r R u l e 2 8 a r e p l a c e d
veitically betweenthe Torward masthead light(s) and the after masthead
at a horizontal distanceol'not
light(s)theseall-round lights shall be placêd
le'ssthan 2 metres from the fore and aft centreline of the vesselin the
a t h w a r l s h i pd i r e c t i o n .
3.
T H E B O A T S W A T NM
' SA N U A L
3I.]
(r/). When onll one masthead light is prescribedf or a power_driven

vessel.th.is light shall be exhibited f.rward ol amidships,except that a
vesselol lessthan 20 metres.inlength neednot exhrbit ttris tignt firrward o1
amidshipsbur shall exhibit it as l'ar forward as is practicabli.
4.
l)eta.ils .f ltnati.n o.f'directi.n-indicating light.s./or

/'i.shingvtsselr,
dredger.sand ve,s:;el.s
engaged in underw,atir ,,p"raiion.r.
( a ) I h e l i g h t i n d i c a t i n gr h e d i r e c r i o no l ' t h e o u t l y i n gg e a r l r . m a , " , e s s e l
e n g a g e di n f i s h i n g a s . p r e s c r i b e d
i n R u l e 2 6 ( ( ) ( i i ) , t i t t t e p l a c e da r a
h o r i z o n t a ld i s t a n c co f n . t l e s st h a n 2 m e t r e sa n d n o t m o r e t h i n 6 m e t r e s
a w a v l m m r h e r w o a l l - r o u n dr e d . a n dw h i t c l i g h t s . ' I ' h i sl i g h r s h a l lb e p l a c e d
n o t h i g h e r t h a n t h e a l l - r o u n dw h i t e l i g h r p r e s c r i b e di n I u l c 2 6 ( r ) i i ) a n d
not lowerthan rhesidelights.
(b) I he lights and shapeson a vesselengagedin dredgingor underwarer
o p e r a t r o n tso r n d i c a r ct h e o b s t r u c t e ds i d ea n d , o r t h e s i d eo n w h i c h i t i s s a l e
t o p a s s .a s p r e s c r i b e di n R u l e 2 7 ( d ) ( i ) a n d ( i i ) . s h a l l b e p l a c e da r r h e
m a x l m u m . p r a c t i c ahl o r i z o n t a ld i s t a n c c b, u t i n n o c a s el e s st i a n 2 m c t r e s .
f r o m t h e l i g h r so r . s h a p epsr e s c r i b e di n R u l c 2 j ( h ) ( i ) a n d ( i i 1 . I n n o c a s e
s h . a ltlh e u p p e r. f t h e s el i g h t so r s h a p e sb e a t a g r e a t e rh e i g h tt h a n t h c l o w e r
o f ' t h c t h r e e l i g h t so r s h a p e sp r e s c r i b e di n R u l i 2 7 ( b ) ( i i a n d ( i i ) .
5.
Screens..f
rtr .sidelight;.
The sidelightsof vesselsof 20 mcrres or more in length shall be fitted
with inboard screenspainred mart black. and meeringthi ..qui..t".nr, ll
S e c t i . n 9 o l t h i s A n n e x . o n v e s s e l so f l e s st h a n 2 0 m e r r e si n t . n e t h t h .
s i d e l i g h t si .f ' n e c e s s a rt yo ' m e e tt h e r e q u i r e m e n tosf S e c t i o n9 o f t h i s i n n . * .
s h a l l b e I i t t e d w i l h i n b o a r d m a t t b l a c k s c r e e n sw. i t h a c o m b i n e dl a n t . r n .
u s i n g a s i n g l e ' e r t i c a l f i l a m e n t a n d a v e r y n a r r o w d i v i s i o n b e t w e e nt h e
green and red sections.exlernal screensnecd not be fitted.
6.
Shupe.s.
( a ) S h a p e ss h a l l b e b l a c k z r n do l ' r h e f o l l o w i n gs i z e s :
( i ) a b a l l s h a l l h a v ea d i a m e t e ro l ' n o r l e s st h a n 0 . 6 m e t r e :
( i i ) a c o n c s h a l l h a v e a b a s ed i a m e t e ro f ' n o t l e s st h a n 0 . 6 m e l r e a n d
a
h e i g h te q u a l t o i t s d i a m e r e r ;
( i i i ) a c y l i n d e rs h a l lh a v c a d i a m e t e ro f a t l e a s t0 . 6 m e t r ea n d a h e i g h t
of
t r . irc c i t s d i a m e t c r :
( i v ) a d i a m o n d s h a p es h a l l c o n s i s to f t w o c o n e sa s d e f i n e di n ( i i ) a b o v c
h a r , i n ga c c i m m o nb a s c .
( b ) T h e r , e r t i c adl i s t a n c eb e t w e e ns h a p e ss h a l l b e a t l e a s t1 . 5m e t r e s .
( t ' ) l n a v e s s eol f l e s st h a n 2 0 m e t r e si n l e n g t hs h a p e so f l e s s edr i m e n s i o n s
b u t c . m m e n s u r a t cw i t h t h e s i z eo f ' t h e v e s s e i - m abve u s e da n d t h e d i s t a n c e
apart may be correspondinglyreduced.
('oktur spetif itation o,/ light.s.
r h c c h r o m a t i c i t vo l a l l . n a v i g a t i o nl i g h t ss h a l l c o n f o r m t o r h e f o l l o w i n g
standards. which lie with the boundaries of rhe area of the diagrari
s p c c i f i e dl b r e a c hc o l o u r b y t h e I n t e r n a t i o n acl o m m i s s i o no n l l l u m i n i t i o n
(CIE}.
7.
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANUAL
314
The boundariesof the area for each colour are given by indicating the
corner co-ordinates.which are as follows:
(\) Whire
x
0'525
y
0'3t32
(ii) Green
x
0'028
y
0'-185
(iii) Rerl
x
0 680
y
0'320
(iv)
0'525
0'440
0'452
0'440
0.310 0.310 0'443

0.348 0.283 0'382
0'009
0"723
0'300
0'51I
0.203
0.356
0'660
0'320
0'735
0 265
0.721
0.259
0 6 1 2 0 ' 6 1 8 0.575
0 ' 3 1 3 2 0 ' 3 8 2 0'425
0'57s
0.406
Yelktu
x
y
lntensit.t'o./'lights.
(a) The minimum luminous intensitr- o1' lights shall be calculated by
using the lbrmula:
l : 3 . 4 3 X l 0 6 XT X D z X K - D
w h e r e I i s l u m i n o u si n t e n s i t yi n c a n d e l a su n d e r s e r v i c ec o n d i t i o n s '
T i s t h r e s h o l df a c t o r 2 X l 0 - r l u x ,
Dis.range of visibility(luminous range)ol' the light in nautical
miles.
K i \ a t m o s p h e r itcr a n s m i s siitrr .
For prescribedlights the value of K shall be 0'tt. corrt'spondingttr a
meteori)logicalvisbility of approximately l3 nautical miles.
( b ) A s e l e c t i o no 1 ' f i g u r e s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e f o r m u l a i s g i v e n i n t h e
f o l l o w i n pt a b l e :
8.
Range oJ vi.;ihilit.t
(lumirutus range) o/
light in nautital miles
D
Luminous intensit.r oJ
lighr in tandelas .fttr
(:0tt
I
2
3
0.9
4.3
l2
2'7
5
6
(ii) For ste^rnlights

and mastheadlights and ar 22.5 degreesabaft the
beam for sidelights,the minimum required inten"sities
shall be
maintainedover the arc of the horizon-upto5 degreeswithin the
limits of rhe sectorsprescribedin Rule 2l-. From 5desreeswithin
the prescribedsectorsl.he intensity may decreaseby"50 per cent
up to the prescribedlimits, it shall decreasesteadilv to reach
practicalcut-off at not more than 5 degreesoutsidethe prescribed
sectors.
(D) (i) All-round lights shall be so locared as not ro be obscured by
masts,topmastsor structureswithin angularsectorsof more than
6 degrees,exceptanchor lights prescribedin Rule 30, which need
not be placedat an impracticaLheight above the huil.
(b) (ii) lf it is impracticableto comply with paragraph (b) (i) of rhis
s e c t i o n b y e x h i b i t i n g o n l y o n e a l l _ r o u n dl i g h i , t w o a l l _ r o u n d
lights shall be used suitably positioned or screenedso that thev
appear,as far as practicable,as one light at a distanceof one mile.
10. Vertitol se('tors.
(a) The vertical sectorsof electriclights as fitted, with the exceptionof
lights on sailing vesselsunderway shali-ensurethat:
(i) at least the required minimum intensityis maintainedat all angles
lrom 5 degreesabove to 5 degreesbelow the horizontall
(ii) at leasr60.percent of the requiredminimum intensityis maintained
from 7.5 degreesabove to 7:5 degreesbelow the hoiizontal:
(b) In the caseof sailing vesselsunderwaythe vertical sectorsof electric
lights as filted shall ensurethar:
(i) at least the required minimum intensityis maintainedat all angles
lrom 5 degreesabove to 5 degreesbelow the horizontal;
(ii) at leasr_50
per cenr of the requiredminimum intensityis maintained
from 25 degreesabove to 25 degreesbelow the horiiontal.
(rJ In.the.caseof lights orher than electricthesespecificationsshail be
met as closelyas possible.
I I.
Intensity' oJ'non-elet'tic lights.
Non-electriclights shall so far as practicabrecomply with the minimum

r n l e n s l t r e sa.s s p e c r t i e d
r n t h e T a b l e g i v e n i n S e c t i o n8 o f t h i s A n n e x .
J2
94
NOre.The maximumluminousintensitl,of navigationlightsshouldbc limitedto

a I'ariablecontrolof the
avoid undueglare.This shallnut be achievedb_"-I u m i n o uisn t e n s i t l , .
9.
3I5
Horizontal se(tors.
(c) (i) In the forward direction, sidelightsas fitted on the vesselshall
show the minimum required intensities.The intensities must
decreaseto reachpracticalcut-off betweenI degreeand 3 degrees
outside the prescribedsectors.
12. Monoeuvring light.

Notwithstanding.theprovisions of paragraph 2 () of this Annex the
manoeuvringlight describedin Rule 34 (D) ;hail be piacedin the samefore
and alt verticalplane as th-emastheadlighr or lighrsand, wherepracticable,
a t . a m i n i m u m h e i g h t o f 2 m e t r e sv e r t i c a i l ya b o v e t h e f o r w a r d m a s r h e a d
Irght.provided that it shall be carriednot lessthan 2 metresverticallyabove
or below the after mastheadlight. on a vesselwhere only one masthead
light is carried,the manoeuvringtight, if fitted, shall be cariied where it can
best be seen,not lessthan 2 metresverticallyapart from the mastheadlight.
] - H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANUAL
High speedcralt.
The mastheadlight of high speedcraft with a length to breadth latio of
6e placed at a height related to the breadth of the craft
lessthan 3.0 may
-presiribed
in paragraph 2(c) (i) of this Annex, provided
lower rhan that
formed by the-sidelightsand
that the base angle of the isosCeleslriangles
maslheadlight when seenin end elevation is not lessthan 27o'
ANNEX III
316
ll.
Approval.
T h e c o n s t r u c r i o no f l i g h t s a n d s h a p e sa n d t h e i n s t a l l a t i o no f l i g h t s o n b o a r d t h e v e s s esl h a l l b e i o t h e s a t i s f a i t i o no f t h e a p p r o p r i a t ea u t h o r i t yo f '
the State whose flag the vesselis entitled to fly.
l4
ANNEX II
Additional signals for fishing vesselsfishing in close proximity
l. ' t hGenerol.
e
l i g h t s m e n t i o n e dh e r e i ns h a l l , i I ' e x h i b i t e di n , p u r s u a n c eo f R u l e 2 6
(rl) be pficed where they can best be seen.They shall be at least0'9 metre
apart but at a lower level than lights prescribedin Rule 26 (b) (i) and (c) (i)'
The lishts shall be visible all round the horizon at a distanceof at least I
mile birt at a lesserdistancerhan the lights prescribedby these Rules for
f i s h i n gv e s s e l s .
Signal.s
J'or trawlers.
(n) Vesselsof 20 metres or more in length when engagedin trawling,
whether using demersalor pelagicgear' shall exhibit:
( i ) w h e n s h o o t i n gt h e i r n e t s :
two white liehts in a vertical line;
when hauling their nets:
(il,
one whitelight over one red light in a vertical line;
(i i i ) w h e n t h e n e t h a s c o m e f a s t u p o n a n o b s t r u c t i o n :
two red lights in a vertical line.
(6) Each vesselof 20 metresor more in length engagedin pair trawling
s h a l le x h i b i t :
(i) by night, a searchlightdirected forward and in the direction ol the
other vesselot the Patr;
(ii) when shooting or hauling their nets or when their nets have come
fast upon an obstruction,the lights prescribedin 2 (a) above'
(r') A vesselof lessthan 20 metresin length engaged-intrawling,.wheth.er
using demersalor pelagicgear or engagedin pair trawling, may exhibit the
lighti prescribedin paiagraphs(a) or (b) of this sectionas appropriate'
2.
SignalsJor purse seiners.

Vesselsengagedin fishing with purse seinegear may-exhibit two yellow
lights in a veitiial line. Theselights shall flash.alternatelyevery secondand
with equal light and occultation duration. These lights may be exhibited
only when thi vesselis hamperedby its fishing gear.
3.
317
Technicaldetailsof sound signal appliances

l.
Whistles.
(a) Frequencie.sand rangt, rl audihilitr.

T h e f u n d a m e n t a lf r e q u e n c yo l ' t h e s i g n a l s h a l l l i e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e
70-700Ht.
'fhe
r a n g eo 1 a u d i b i l i t yo l ' t h e s i g n a lf r o m a w h i s t l es h a l l b e d e t e r m i n e d
b y ' t h o s ef r e q u e n c i e sw, h i c h m a y i n c l u d et h e f u n d a m e n t a la n d . r o ro n e o r
m o r e h i g h e r . f r e q e n c i ew
s ,h i c h l i e w i t h i n t h e r a n g e 1 8 0 - 7 0 0H z ( - F I p g r
cent) and which provide the sound pressurelevelsspecifiedin paragraph I
(r')below.
(b) Limits tf'.fundamental Jiequent'ies.
To ensure a wide variety of whistle characteristics,the fundamental
f r e q u e n c yo f a w h i s t l es h a l l b e b e r w e e nt h e f o l l o w i n g l i m i t s :
(i) 70-200Hz. for a vessel200 metresor more in length;
(ii) 130-350Hz, for a vessel75 metresbut lessthan 200 merresin length;
(iii) 250-700Hz, for a vessellessrhan 75 merresin length.
(r') Sound signal intensit_t'ond range oJ oudibilir,r.
A w h i s t l ef i t t e d i n a v e s s e sl h a l l p r o v i d e .i n t h e d i r e c t i o no f m a x i m u m
intensity o1'the whistle and at a distance ol l metre from it. a sound
pressure level in at least one Ii3rd-octave band within the ranse of
f r e q u e n c i e s1 8 0 - 7 0 0H z ( i I p e r c e n r ) o f n o t l e s sr h a n t h c a p p r o f r i a r e
figurc given in the table below.
| 3rtl ottave band

level ot I metre in
Length o.f vessel
rn nletres
200 or more
7 5 b u t l e s st h a n 2 0 0
z u D U tl e s st h a n / 5
L e s st h a n 2 0
Audihilit_r'
dB re.ferred to
2X. 10't Nlm)
143
138
r30
120
range tn
noutirul miles
2
t.5
I
0.5
The range of audibility in the table above is for information and is

approxrmatelythe range at which a whistle may be heard on its forward
a x i s w i t h 9 0 p e r c e n t p r o b a b i l i t yi n c o n d i t i o n so i s t i l l a i r o n b o a r d a v e s s e l
having averagebackgroundnoiselevelat the listeningposts(taken to be 6g
dB in the octave band centred on 250 Hz and 63 dB in the octave band
centred on 500 HZ).
ln practice the range in which a whistle may be heard is extremelv
variable and dependscritically on weatherconditions;the valuesgiven can
be regardedastypical bur under conditionsof strong wind or high-ambient
noise level at the listeningpost the range may be much reduced.
3r8
MANUAL
THE BOATSWAIN'S
Q[) Direttional properties.

The sound pressurelevel ol'a directionalwhistle shall be not more than 4
dB below the prescribedsound pressurelevel on the axis at any direction in
the horizontal plane within * 45 degreesof the axis. The sound pressure
level at any other direction in the horizontal plane shall be not more than
l0 dB below the prescribedsound pressurelevel on the axis, so that the
range in any dircction will be at least half the range on the forward axis.
The sound pressurelevel shall be measured in that l13rd-octave band
which determinesthe audibility range.
(e) Po.sitioningof whistles.
When a directionalwhistle is to be usedas the only whistle on a vessel,i1
shall be installedwith its maximum intensity directed straight ahead.
A whistle shall be placed as high as practicableon a vessel,in order to
reduce interceplion ol the emitted sound by obstructions and also to
minimize hearingdamagerisk to personnel.The sound pressurelevelol'the
vessel'sown signil at listeningpostsshall not exceedll0 dB (A) and so far
a s p r a c t i c a b l es h o u l d n o t e x c e e d1 0 0d B ( A ) .
(/) Fitting of more than one whistle.
if whistlesare fitted at a distanceapart of more than 100 metres,it shall
be so arrangedthat they are not sounded simultaneously.
(g) ('ombined v,histle systems.
If due to the presenceof obstructionsthe sound field of a singlewhistle
or ol' one of the whistles referredto in paragraph | (, above is likely to
have a zone of greatly reduced signal level, it is recommendedthat a
combined whistlelystem be fitted so as to overcomethis reduction.For the
purposesof the Rules a combined whistle system is to be regarded as a
single whistle. The whistles of a combined system shall be located at a
disiance apart of not more than 100 metres and arranged to be sounded
sintultaneously.The frequencyof any one whistle shali differ from those of
t h e o t h e r sb y a t l e a s t l 0 H z .
Bell or gong.
(a) Intensit.t'ol signal.
shall
A bell or gong, or other devicehaving similar sound characteristics
produce a sound pressurelevel of not lessthan I l0 dB at a distanceof I
metre from it.
2.
(b) Construttion.
Bells and gongs shall be made of corrosion-resistantmaterial and
designedto give a clear tone. The diameter of the mouth of the bell shall be
not lessttran 300 mm for vesselsof 20 metresor more in length,and shall be
not lessthan 200 mm for vesselsof I2 metres or more but of lessthan 20
metres in length. Where practicable, a power-driven bell striker is
recommendedio ensute constant force but manual operation shall be
possible.The massof the striker shall be not lessthan 3 percent of the mass
ol'the bell.
3t9
3.
Approval.
The constructionof sound signalappliances,their performanceand their
installation on board the vessel shall be to the satisfaction of the
appropriateauthority of the State whoseflag the vesselis entitled to fly.
ANNEX IV
Distress signals
l. The following signals,used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distressand need of assistance:
(a) a gun or other explosivesignalfired at intervalsof about a minute,
(b) a continuoussounding with any fog-signallingapparatusi
(c) rockets or shells,throwing red stars fired one at a time at short
intervals;
(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphyor by any other signalling method
consistingof the group . . .
. . . (SOS) in the Morse Codel
(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word
"Mayday";
(0 the InternationalCode Signal of distressindicatedby N.C.;
(g) a signalconsistingof a squareflag having above or below it a ball or
anything resemblinga ball;
(h) flames on the vessel(as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);
(i) a rocket parachuteflare or a hand flare showing a red light:
(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-colouredsmoke;
(k) slowly and repeatedlyraising and lowering arms outstretchedto
each side;
(l) the radiotelegraphalarm signal;
(m) the radiotelephonealarm signal,
(n) signalstransmittedby emergencyposition-indicatingradio beacons.
(o) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunication systems,
including survival craft radar transponders2. The useor exhibitionofany ofthe foregoingsignalsexceptfor thepurpose
ofindicatingdistressandneedofassistanceandthe useofother signalswhich may
be confusedwith any ofthe abovesignalsis prohibited.
3. Attention is drawn to the relevantsectionsof the InternationalCode
of Signals, the Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual and the
following signals:
(a) a piece of orange coloured canvas with either a black square and
circle or other appropriatesymbol (for identificationfrom the air);
(b) a dye marker.
CONVERSIONFA('TORS
The table below showsthe main "lmperial" units and the
"Sl"
corresponding
u n i t s t o g e t h e rw i t h a f a c t o r w i t h w h i c h t o
"lmperial"
m u l t i p l r t h e n u m e r i c a l' u a l u eo f t h e
unitsto givethe
"
S
l
"
e o u i ra l e n tn u m er i c a l v a l u ei n
units.
"
Intlterial" (init
N a u t i c a lM i l e
Fathorn
Foot
Foot (Draught)
Inch
S q u a r cF o o t
S q u a r eI n c h
Cubic Foot
Gallon
Pint
Ton
P o u n d( l b )
H u n dr e d w e i g h t
M e a s u r e m e nTto n
ol 40 cubicft.
"SI" (tnir
F u <t r t r
K i l o m et r e
Mctre
Metrc
[ ) e c i m e rl e
M illimetrc
S q u a r cM e t r e
S q u a r em m
C ' u b i cM e l r e
Litrc
Litre
Mcgagramme
or "t()nne"
Kilclgramme
Kilogramme
(km)
(m)
(m)
(dm)
(mm)
(m:)
(mnrr)
(mr)
(l)
(l)
(Me)
(ke)
(ke)
| ' 0 1 6t o n n e s
0 ' 4 5 4k g
5 0 ' t t Ok g
CubicMetrc
(mr)
l l 3 3m r
Nott,.
l ' 1 J 5 3k2m
l ' u 2m
0'30m
5
3 ' 0 5d m
254mm
0 ' 0 9 3m r
64-52 mml
0 ' 0 2 t t 3m r
4 . 5 4 6|
0 ' 5 6 r JI
'fhe
(i7 Tonnuge.l
v o l u m e t o n n a g eo f v e s s c l s( i . c . t h e ( i r o s s
a n d N e t t T o n n a g e ) i s u n i v e r s a l l y m e a s u r e di n t o n s o 1 '
1 0 0c . f t . a n d t h i s w i l l c o n t i n u e t o b e t h e p r a c t i c cp e n d i n g
i n t e r n a t i o n aa
l g r e e m e ntto a n v c h a n g e .
D e a d w e i g h tb e i n g a m e a s u r e m e n o
t f mass will be in
" t o n n e s " g i v e na b o l c .
as
T h e m e a s u r e m e ntto n o f 4 0 c . l ' t . a s a l r e i g h t m e a s u r e
c o u l d b e r e p l a c e db y t h e c u b i c m e t r e a n d t h e c o n v e r s i o n
f a c t o r i s i n c l u d e da b o ' , ' e .
( i i . 1T e m p e r a t u r e sw i l l b c r e c o r d e di n d e g r e e sC c n t i g r a d e( " ( ' )
t h o u g h a n a t t e r . n p ti s b e i n g m a d e t o c a l l t h e m d c g r e e s
C e l s i u s( ' C ) .
T ' h ec i i n ' u c r s i r ifni i ; n i F a h r c n h e i ti s s i v c n b v
o C : I ( .F , 3 2 )
e
120
INDEX
INDEX
t'A(;t:
P A ( JI
A
Beam Hooks
..... 116
A c c o m m o d a t i oLna d d e r. . . . . . . . . 1 0 3 Bears . .
..... 197
Alter Peak
Beeswax
... 34
...... tl4
A g r e e m ew
n tr t hC r e w . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 4 B e l a y ,. .
.
-al
A i r c r a lCl a r r i e r s
Belaving
.......... 3
Pins ...
. 19
Anchcrrs
Bells . . .
........l7
. . . .1 9
A n c h o rB a l l
.... 208
,, Anchor
Bell
. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 ,, Church
......22
,,
Bower
..........18
......22
,,
,, Fire .
Buoy
. . . . . . . . . . .1 9
......21
,,
,, Fog .
Cables
......... 16
,,
, , H o w t o R i n g . . . . . . . .. .. . . 2 2
CabfeWork...
243
,,
. . . . . 2 2
,, Lanyard
Carrying Out Bower
188
,,
, , R e p o r t i n gl - i g h t sb y . . . . . . . . . 2 1
C a r r y i n gO u t S t r e a m . . . . 1 8 7
......20
,,
, , T i m e a n d W a t c h e sb y
ChainLocker...
s s h o r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2
245
,,
, , V i s i t o rA
C l e a r i n g T u r n s . . . . . . . .2.4. 3 B e n d i n gS a i l o n Y a r d . . . . . . . . . . .t 9 l
,,
Hanging Off .
Bermuda Rig
243
,,
' . . ' , . ' . 1
Lights
. . . . . . . . 1 9 9 B i g h t ,P u t t i n g O u ta . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0
,,
I - i g h t H a l l i a r d s ...... . . . l 9
Bilge . . .
,,
...22.173
Patent
.......... l8
Bilge Keel
,,
.......22
Shackles
. . . . . . . . 1 6 Bilge Pipe
,,
.......22
S h a c k lMe a r k s. . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 Bilges . .
. . . . . . 2 2
,,
Stream
.......... Iu
B i n n a c l eL i g h t . .
,,
. . . . . .2 0 0
Anglelron
Eipod Mast
....32
156
A n s w e r i n g l ) i s t r e s sS i g n a l s.
183 Blacklead
.... 202
Apron..
2 0 8 Blocks .
. . . . . .I 0 4
Armrngthel.ead
....... 208
... ..107
,, Butterfly
A s h B a g sa n d B u c k e t. s. . . . . . . . . . 2 0 8
, , C a r g o G i n s . . . . . ... .. . . . 1 0 8
Awnrngs
...208,246
105
,, Clump
AwnrngHitch..
.........60
, , C o a l i n g G i n s . . . . .. .. . . . . . 1 0 9
Lacing
246
,,
, , C o n s t r u c t i o n o f . . . .. . . . . 1 0 4
Makingtip
.. .....24"7
,,
......107
,, Funnel
P
a
r
t
s
o 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 ' 7 , , H e e l
,,
t08
S
h
a
c
k
l
e
s
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
H
o
o
k
ll0
,,
... .. t07
,,
S
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
.
.
.
.
.
.
M
a
d
e
o
r
B
u
i
l
t
.
.
.
.
.
.
246
.. ... t05
,,
,,
l o u n d . . . . . .. . . . . 1 0 5
, , M e t aB
B
N
o
n
t
o
p
p
l
i
n
g
.
.
.
,
.. . . . . 1 0 5
,,
BaggagR
e oom ....
. . . . . . . . . .t .9.
, , O v e r h a u l i n g . .. . . . . . . . .1 0 9
B a l l a sTt a n k s . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1. .9
S
n
a
t
c
h
.. ...105
,,
B a n n i s t e r B r u s h . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2 0 9
....I07
,, Tail
Barbarising
. . . . . . . . t 9 9 BIow Lamp
.
203
Barometer
' . . . . . . . . 2. 7 1 B o a t S t r e t c h e r
.
)z
Barrels .
. . . . . . . . 2. 0 2 B o a t s w a i n
......288
d i l . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 0 1
, , S l i n g i n g . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1 2 0 B o i l e dl . i n s e eO
Barque .
. . . . .. . . . . 3 B o l t r o p e
.......41
B a r q u e n t i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B o s u n ' sC h a i r
.......86
Bars.l.ocking.....
. . . . - i l Bottle Screw and Preventers . . . . . 2 0 9
B a s k e t s .S t r o p p i n g . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 5
' u Bow Locker
.......30
Bathbrick
... .......19tB
t ow Stopper
.......45
Bay. ..
. . . . . . . . . .2. 3 2 B r a s C
s l e a n i nTgi n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 5
B e a m C l a m p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. 0 9 B r e a k w a t e r
. . . . - . . L )
323
324
PA(,1
B r e a s tI ' l a t c . .
Bridgc Screens
B r i g . . . . . .. ..
Brigantine . .
B r o k e nS t o u a g e
B r o u . . . . . . . .
B r u s h e sP. a i n t .
B u c k e tH a n d l e s
Bulkheads ..
B u l lB a r s . . . .
Bull Ropc
B u n t i n g . . ..
Buot agc Svstent
C ' a r g oI ' a l l c t
.
z )
,. Quorns
' ' ' ' - . ' ' ,3 '
,, Runners
' ' ' ' ' . . ' ,3'
. , R u n n e r s .R e e v i n g
32
. , S a v e A l. l. . . . . . .
. . . . . 2 1 0 , , s c o t s m a. n. . . . . .
.. 225to 229
. uol ..
, , S n o r t e r sW
'
L-)
,. Strops
. ..
2l
,, Trat,s
. .. .. 154
,. Whip
2 t 0 C ' a r p e n t e Sr 'hs o p . . . . . .
. t e a mI ' i p e . . . .
. . . . 2 1 0 C a s i n gS
lacingpagcI
C l a u s t i cS o d a
Ceiling .
Cement
(l
Boxes
,,
C a b l eC
. ' l c a r i nFgo u l . . . . .
Keanes
243
,,
C a b l eS h i p s
5
Wash
,.
C l a b s. . .
2 3 C h a l i n (gi c a r . . . . . . . . .
( hloridc
C--alcium
r 5 3 C h a l i nMg a t . . . . . . . . . .
Cambcr
3.1 C h a i n H o o k s
Canc Fc'ndcri
2t0
,, Locker
C a n ra s .
ij0
,, St()pper
I
l
u
c
k
e
t
C
h
ains .
2
t
0
,.
. . ( o n s l r u c t i o no f . . .
80 C h a r t R o o m
., L otton
ul ChippingHammer.....
ti4 C h i s e l S c r a p e r
,, (russStitching....
8 5 C h o k e ld- u f l. . . . . . . . . .
,. I)arning
8 2 Chronometer
,, FlatSeamsin.....
80 C l h u t e s .
, , ( i r a d e sa n d L s c s o 1 '
8 5 C l e a n i n( gi e a r . . . . . . . . .
,, HerringBoning....
Off Varnish . . .
.. Repairing
u4
,,
8 2 Cleat . .
.. RoundScams.....
., Sewing
8 2 Chnometcr
It4 C l i p p e r B o i r
, . S t a r t i n gt h c S t i t c h e s
8 3 Clusters
,. Stttches
Coaling
66
B a s k e t .s. . . . . .
., StowingAwat....
Coamings
fl.l
,. Tabling
Cloasters
lil
,, Tarpaulin
80 Coff'erdam
, , W a t e r p r o o l i n g . ..
C a n r a s .W o r k . .
u l CoilingRope
Yacht
Coir . .
8I
,,
Cargo Battens
Cold Chisel
23
Cold Set
il9
, . I l u t t e rB a t t c n s . . . . .
120 C o l l i e r .
, , ( a n H o o k s. . . . . . .
Compass
lt9
,, ('hainSlings......
D e a dB e a t . . . .
t24
,,
, , l ) a n g e r o u .s. . . . . .
(iyro
il8
,, (iear
,.
r08
l-ifeboar......
,, (iinBiocks........
,.
t-iquid.......
|1
,, Hooks
,,
L u b b e r ' sI . i n e
,, l.ightBooms......
,,
inPoints.....
2ti6
, , M e a s r r r c m e .n.t. . .
,,
r55
Standard.....
,, Modcrn Equipment
,,
I t 9 Companionwav
,, Nets
'
l
r 3 8 C o n t a i n er s
,, Oil (.Sec ankers')
1 )
32s
' H E B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
T H F B O A T S W A I N ' SM A N U A L
PA(I I
P A ( ;I
.. 120
.. il9
. ll9
...92
. lt9
.. lt9
. It9
. It9
..lilJ
. Il9
. .37
. 196
. . 2 3
..2t0
.. 241
. . 2 31
.. 241
. . 9l
.. 2ll
. . l 7
10.245
9 0 .2 l I
. 2 3
...23
..201
.. 203
. ll2
. 216
. 2 l l
. 196
. . 23tt
.. 263
. 8
.. 200
.. ll8
. , . , 8
...52
. . . 4 6
. 203
. . 2.03
. . . . 7
..
..
. .
..
..
..
..
. .
..
1<^
264
264
1 1 4
264
263
254
264
. 2 3
t58
C o n t a i nS
e rh i p. . . . . . . . .
C l o n v e r s i oFna c t o r s. . . . .
Cork Fenders
Corrosion
Cotton Rope
Countcr
C o u n t e rS t e r n . .
Cowl C'olcrs
Coxcomb
CrossBunkerHatch....
C r o s s - c h a n n eVle s s e l s. . .
C r o s s tr e e s
C ' r o u- b a r
Crow's Feet
Crou's Nest
Cruiser.
,, Auxiliarl
,, Stern
Cut Splice
Cuttcr . .
. . 1
...320
. 2ll
33
....47
. . . . . 6
PA(; I
Donkcy'Boiler .
Dory...
Dowels .
Draught
Draught and Freeboard
D r e d g er s
D r e s s i nLgi n e s. . . . . . . . .
D r e s s i nS gh i p. . . . . . . . . .
Drillers
Duck . .
Duck Lamps
Dumb Barge
DummvGantline.......
DunnageMats.........
DunnageWood........
... 2ll
....97
. 2 4
. . . . . 1
155
203
. . 104
....24
.
l
. . . . 3
. . . . 8
. . . . 5 8 E a r i n g s.
. . . . . 1 Echo Sounder
D
D e a d w e i g hT tu n n a g .c. . . . .
.. 281
D e c kb o 1
289
Deck Brooms
... t97
Deck l-ights
....24
Deck I-ines
...285
D e c o r a t i oFnl a g s. . . . . . . . .
... 250
Deep Tanks
....24
D e r r i c ks
... 124
Crutches
. 2 4
,,
I ) o u b l i n gt J p . . .
t33
,,
H a l l e nS w i n g i n g
. t57
,,
HeavvLift......
. . l2lt
,.
l-ashing
... |]6
,,
l-owering....... ... |]5
,,
C)utreaches...... . . . . 2 4
,.
Post:
.,
....24
S c n d i nt gp . . . . . .
..
.. t35
Stiilcken-HearrLift
..
156
Suinging
..
. . 1 2 7
InionPurchare... ... 127
,.
D e r r l ' r( l a *
. . . .t 7
D i e s c lF n g i n e :
. . . . l >
Dinghl .
. . . . . 1
D i r e c t i o n - f i n d. .e. r. . . . . .
.. 272
D i : p l a c e m e nl ot n n a g e. . . .
... 281
D i : t r e : r S i g n z r l s.
. 319
..
An:*ertng
183
DockingBridgc .
....24
Docl. Regulatiuns........ ... 287
Dodgcr:
. . .2 l l
"Dogging
t h eI n d r " . . . . . .
.. 53
D o m e s t i cI a n k : .
....24
.24
. . 1
33
282
. 5
2tl
2ll
. . 3
til
200
-.1
2tl
It9
It9
E
)A1
. . . . . .2 7 0
E l l i c i e nD
t eckHand ....
..9.2U8
E m e r g e n c yB a t t e r i e s. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4
E m e r g e n c yL i g h t C i e a r . . . . . . . . . 2 4
Emerv-paper
. ... . t98
Enamelling
. . . . . .2 4 0
EngineD
s .i e s e.l. . . . . . . . . .
. . . 2 5
R e c i p r o c a t i n g. . . . . . . . . . . 2 4
,,
T u r b i n e . . . . . . .. .
2 5
,,
Ensign .
24ti
Eyebolts
. .......26
Eyebrows
.........26
Eyeplate
. . . . . . . 2. 1 2
EyeletHole
.. ....84
Eyelet Punch
20-l
Eyelets.
....ti4.2il
F
F a c s r m i lRee c e i v e. r. . . . .
Fairlead
Fall,WrackingOlL....
FashionPlates .
Feeder .
Fiddley.
Fids...
F i n i s h e dW i t h E n g i n e s . .
Fire Bars
,, Bells
,, Bricks
,, Buckets
, , E x t i n g u i s h e .r.s. . . .
,, Hoses
F i r e - f i g h t r n gA p p l i a n c e s
Rules . .
Fish Oil
....211
26
.. l0l
.....26
.. .26
.....26
.... 204
.....33
....212
.....22
....212
. ..2itl
280
. . . .2 8 r
280
.... 201
326
T H E B O A T ' S W A I N 'M
S ANUAL
PACF
FishPlate
......26
FittingTailtoWire
...... 99
H o s e C o u p l i n g s . . . . . . . .1.0. 0
,,
FlagClips
....212
........... 50
,, Halliards
............30
,, l-ocker
...........212
,, Toggles
Flags...
. . . . . f a c i n g p a g e2 4 8
, , B r e a k i nOgu t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 9
.......
249
,, Courtes\'
........250
,, Decclration
, , D r e s s i n g S h .i .p. . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 0
.........250
,, Hall-mast
...........249
,, House
..........249
,, Jackstafl'
.
249
,, Mail .
....250
,, Ship'sNumbers
F l a tS e n n e t
............97
F l e e .t . .
....... 225
Floodlights
.. . ......200
F l u s h D e c k S h .i .p
.......8
Flying Bridge
26
Forefcrot
........26
Forelock
......212
F o r eP e a k
.. ... 34
Fork-lift Trucks .
160
F o yB o a t s
....... I
Frames.
........26
Frapping
...... 136
Freeboard
...... 13
Fresh-water'fank..
...... 26
FullRiggedShip...
......3
F u n n e. l
........ 26
..........107
,, Blocks
..........212
,, Boards
(
i
a
l
f
e
v
.
...........27
,,
P
a
i
n
l
s
.
..........222
,,
. . . . . . . . . . . .2 6
,, Stays
G
Gallel" .
Gangways
Gantlines
G a r b o a r dS t r a k e . . . . .
German Eye Splice . . .
Glory Hole
GMDSS
"Goal
Poster"
Gold Size
Goosenecks
G o o s e n e c kS c r a p e r . . .
GPS ..
Grapnel
Grapnel and Buoy Rope
Grids . .
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANUAL
PA(; F
G r i p e s.
. . . . .1 8 6
G r i p e sS, e t t i n g
up ......
......98
GripingSpar...
. . . . .1 8 6
Gross Tonnage
. . . . . .2 8 6
G u e s t o r G u e s sW a r p . . .
. . . 2 t 3
G u n p o rDt o o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7
Guys Preventer
. . . . . .l 3 l
, , S h a c k l i n g O n . . . . . . . . . . .t 3 l
Gyro Compass
. . . . . .2 6 4
H
H a m b r o L i n e . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 5 0
Hand Lead
. . . . . .2 5 9
Handling Boats in Heavy
Weather
..... 182
Handspike
.
205
Handstoning
.. ...199
Hatch Battens
. . . 28.2t3
Hatch Beams
...28.121
......2ti
,, Cleats
. . 2 8 .2 1 3
,, Covers
Stripping . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3
Hatchways
.......27
H a t c h e sa n d t - i l i i n g P l a n t
Regulations
..... 287
Hawse Pipes
.. ....28
H e a v i n gI - i n e s. .
. . . 49.213
Knotfor ..
. . . . . . 4 9
H e a v i r - l - iSf ih i p s . . . . . . .
. ' . ' , ' . . 6
Hemp..
. . . . . . . 4 6
H o g g i n ga n d S a g g i n g . . .
. . . . . . . L J
H o l d s. .
. . . .. . 3 8
Holystone
. . . . . .t 9 7
Holystoning
. ....198
Hook Block
. . . . . .1 0 7
Rope
. . . . . n. 7
,,
Hooks. Beam
...... 1 1 6
can
.... . il6
,,
Cargo
. . . . . .l t 7
. . . . . . 2 7 ,,
Chain
. . . . . .l t 7
,,
.... . 287
PlugHatch...... ..... l l u
,,
. . 96.212
Pot
. ....ltti
. . . . . . 2 7 ,,
Sail
...... Ilti
,,
.....54
T-ackle
...... l l 8
,,
lJnion
u8
. . . . . 2 7 7 ,,
. . . . . . . 5
. . . . . 7 Hoppers
. . . . . .1 0 0
. . . . . 2 2 1 Hoses . .
.......2tt
. . . . . . 2 7 Hounds Band ..
. . . . . .2 4 9
. . . . . 2 0 4 House Flags
... ..50
. . . . . 2 7 7 Houseline
. .... 200
. . . . . .t 9 H u r r i c a nl e, a m p. . . . . . . .
. .... 144
. . . . . . 6 6 Hydrometer
. . . . . .2 1 1
t 5 3 Hygrometer
PA(iF
327
PACiF
L a n d i n gT h r o u g hS u r f . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 2
lceBreaker
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 LashBoats
.. 188
lceBreakerBow...
L a s h i nM
g o o r i n gR o p e s. . . . . . . . . . 9 l
.......8
lnflatable Liferafts
. . . . . . l ' 7 5 L a z a r e t tHea t c h .
........ 30
E q u i p m e n t . . . . . l ' 7 6L a z y P a i n t e r
. 186
I n s p e c t i o on f H o i s t i n gG e a r . . . . . . 2 8 7 L e a d B l o c k s
. 106
I n s p e c t i oonf M a c h i n e r .y. . . . . . . . 2 8 7 L e a d A. r m i n gt h e . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 2
InspectionofRope
.....287
D
e
e
p
S
e
a
.
.
.
......50
,,
I n s u l a t eHd a t c h e s
....... I55
.....50
,, Hand
Insulators
.......30
S
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
.
.
.
.
.... 259
,,
I n t e r n a t i o n aClo d e . . .
... 251
T
a
k
i
n
g
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
... 261
C
a
s
t
o
f
.
,,
I s h e r w o oSd y s t e m.
...... 33
L e a d l i n e .D e e p S e a
. . .. . 261
Hand
.........259
,,
M a r k i n g s o n. . . . . . . . . . 2 5 9
,,
J
Leadsman,Hintsfor
.... 260
JackstaffFlag...
. . . . . . . . 3 0 Lifebelt Boxes
30
JoiningServing
..........79
LifejacketRacks..
..30
. . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 Lifeboats
,, Thread
.... l, t6tt
JollyBoat
.....171
Care
o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l 7 l
,,
"JumboDerrick"
....... 128
C u b i c C a p a c i t y o.f. . . . . t 6 9
,,
J u m p eSr t a y
............30
Davils
.........lTti
,,
.lumpingLadder.
....... 213
E m e r g e n cByo a t . . . . . . . . t 6 t i
,,
E q u i p m e n t o. .f . . . . . . . . 1 1 4
,,
H a n d - P r o p e l l e. .d. . . . . . l l l
,,
K
Handling in Heavy
,,
Ketch . .
I
Weather
.......182
K i n k (s R o p e s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
I - a n d i n gT h r o u g h S u r f . . 1 8 2
,,
K n o t s . B e n d sa n d H i t c h e s
Lash Boats . .
188
,,
..
Awning Hitch . .
60
L a u n c h i n gP r o c e d u r e. . . 1 7 7
,,
.,
B l a c k w a l lH i t c h . .
60
M a r k i n g s o.n. . . . . . . . . . 1 6 9
,,
Bowline
59
M o d e r n T y p e .s. . . . . . . . 1 7 2
,,
,,
Clove Hitch . .
59
Motor
.........l7l
,,
,,
(
o
u
Hirch ..
N u m b e r i n.g. . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 9
60
,,
,,
D o u b l e B l a c k w a l l H i t c h . . . 60
O r d e r s u n d e r O a r. .s. . . . 1 8 9
,,
,,
..
F i g u r e oEf . . .
59
Parts of and Fittings . . . . 172
,,
H a l f H i r c h. .
59
Rations
,,
. . 175
,,
..
H e a v i n gl . i n e . . .
63
S a i l sa n d S a i l i n g . . . . . . . . 1 9 5
,,
..
Manrope
6 I Lifeboat Certificate
M a r l i n e H i r c h. . .
Requirements
60
,,
...ll, 170
Monkey'sFist....
..
64 L i f e - s a v i n gE q u i p m e n t . . . . . 1 6 8 , 2 8 2
Overhand
59 L i f e b u o y s
,,
......282
R o l l i n gH i r c h . .
..
60 L i f e b u o y , U s i n.g.
...... 282
SingleMatthew Walker . . . 6 I
Lifejackets
,,
... .. 282
Timber Hirch . .
60 L i f e l i n e s
.......283
,,
"Light
W
a
l
l
6t
Ship"
............ 33
,,
Knots and BendsUniting Ropes . . 6 l
L i g h t sA. c c i d e nBt o a t . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 0
D
o
u
b
l
e
C
a
r
r
i
c
k
Bend .....
62
Binnacle
,,
........2O0
,,
Reef
.,
Flood
6l
.
200
,,
S
h
e
e
r
Bend ..
6I
Masthead
.......199
,,
,,
S
i
n
g
l
e
C
a
r
r
i
c
l
B
e
n
d
..
...... 6l
N a v i g a t i o n o r S t e a m i n g. . . 1 9 9
,,
..........200
,, N.U.C.
L i g h t sS, e l f - I g n i r i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 8 3
L
....199
,, Side
L a m pB r a c k e t
........... 30
...........199
,, Slern
L a m pL o c k e r
. . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 Line Throwing Appliances .
. 283
I
328
THE BOAI'SWAIN'SMANT]AI
PAGI
LiningTools
...........227
LinseedOil
.......201
List ..
. -l-l
L i z a r .d.
....... 214
Load l-ines
2tt3
L o a d l - i n eC e r t i f i c a t .e. s. . . . . . . . . 2 8 4
I - o a dl . i n eM a r k . .
...... 284
L o a d W a t e rl - r n e. . .
..... 33
Lockers.Bo*'...
........30
C
h
a
i
n
.
.
.
.
.
.....30
,,
Flag
...
....3t)
,,
l-amp
..........30
,,
P
a
i
n
t
.
.
.
.
.
.
....30
,,
Sail
. . . . .. . . . . . . l 0
,,
Sand
...........31
,,
"Spud"
....... 3l
,,
Vegetable
...3l
,,
L o c k i n gB a r s . . .
..... ll. 123
L o g s. . .
.
... 266
....266
,, Haulingln.....
..... 266
,, Patent
......268
,, PitotTube...
......26'7
,, Speedbl'....
.........266
,, Streaming
, , S t r e a m i nMg i d s h i p. . . . . . . . . 2 6 7
, , S u b m e r g eI dm p e l l e.r. . . . . . . . 2 6 8
, , T a k i n gi n M i d s h i p s. . . . . . . 2 6 1
s a n a l o g. . . . . . . . . . 2 6 t l
, , W a l k e r 'M
Loglines
........ 50
L o n g - h a n d l e dS c r a p e r
205
LongSpliceinRope
.....56
I - o n gS p l i c ei n W i r e .
.....74
L o w c r i n g H i t c h ( B o s u n ' sC l h a i r ) . . i t 6
L o w e r i n gT c l e s c o p iTco p m a s t . . . . . 8 8
l . u b b e r l' -s i n e. . .
....... 255
M
M a c G r e g oSr t e e H
l a t c h e .s. . . . . . . 1 2 5
MagneticCompass
...... 262
M a i lR o o m
.....3l
MainHatch
.....31
M a k i n ga P i l o tl - a d d e .r. . . . . . . . . . 9 2
Strops
..........88
,,
UpGear..
......91
,,
Manhelper
.....214
F i x i n gB r u s ho n . . . . . . 2 1 4
,,
ManholeDoors.
........31
Manila.
.......46
M a n n i n g o Sf h i p s
......287
(
i
l
u
e
Marine
...........214
M a r k i n gN e w L e a dL i n e . . . . . . . . . 2 6 1
P l a t ea
s n d F r a m e s. . . . . . . 3 l
,,
M a r k i n gS t a g eR o p e s. . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4
M a r k i n g so n C o m p a s sC a r d s . . . . . 2 5 4
PA(;F
M a r k i n g so n L e a dL i n e . . . . . . . . . 2 5 9
Marline
........50
Marline-spike
205
MarryingRopes..
.......88
M a s t B. i p o d
........... 156
.....31
,, Coat
....205
,. Knrle
......... 195
,. Lileboat
..........32
,, Partners
., Step
... 32
S
r
i
i
l
c
k
e
n
| 56
,.
T
e
l
e
s
c
o
p
i
c
T
o
p
r
n
a
.
.
s
.
t
.
.
.
.. t38
,,
MeasuringWire..
.......67
Megaphone
....214
Messenger
. . 90,214
MetaP
l olish
........... 198
M e t r i c a t i o n , ( - o n v e r s i o nF a c t o r s . . 3 1 8
M i n iB u l k e r
......8
M i x i n gP a i n t
...........222
Monkeylsland.
....32
M o n k e v ' Fs a c e. . .
...... 214
F i s t
. . . . . . . . . 6 4
, ,
MooringBitts...
...32
Boats
I 85
,,
C'apstan
........ 44
,,
Ropes
...... 89,215
,,
L a s h i n. g. . . . . . . . . . 9 l
S t o w i n gA w a y . . . . . 9 l
Shackles
I l0
,,
Wires
..........215
,,
Mop...
. . . . . . .1 9 8
Mousing
.....91
M.T.B.
..... ..8
Munday Hammer
205
M u s h r o o mA n c h o r .
..... 19
V e n t i l a t o. .r . . . . .
... 32
,,
Musters
.... .. 170
N
N a v i g a t o (r D e c c a )
...... 214
N e t tT o n n a g e
.......... 286
N o n - t o p p l i nBgl o c k. . . . . . . . . 1 0 5 ,1 0 7
Number,Ships'..
250
Nylon.
.........41
o
O a k u m.
....... 215
O a r ,U s i n ga n . . . . .
..... Ittg
, , S c u l l i nwg i t hS i n g l e . . . . . . . . . I 8 9
o.B.o..
....
. 7
OertzRudders
....32
O i l , B o i l e d L i n s e e d.
.... 201
, , C a n a n d F e e d e r. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 5
329
PA(;I
PA(;I
Oil ('olza
.. 201
... 202
,. Engine
... 201
,, Fish.
. , ( i r a d e sa n d ( - l a s s i f i c a t i o n
t53
,, I rn.crrl
... 201
.. I ,'g
... 202
, . M i n e r aSl p e r m . . . . . .
. 202
.. Paraffin
. 201
,, I ankers
. ti. lSlt
Oiling Decks
... 201
,. Wires
... 202
Old Man
O r d c r sS. t c c r i n g. . . . . . .
...257
O r d i n a r vS c a m a n
28ti
P i n e hB a r
.. 205
Pipc Wrcnch
. 205
P i t c hi n g
.. 33
P l a t l o r m .I n g i n r - R r r . n ;
. . . . 3 4
P l i m s , r l l \V a r I
2U5
Potlgcl......
..206
P o i n lt r n c . . .
...49
^ 1
P o l 1 c s t c. .r . .
P o r t a h lS
e i d cl l a t t c n r. . . . .
...34
P o r t. . . . . .
.33
P o r th ol c .
...34
Pram ..
. . . . 1
P r ( ) l c e l l o( 'l n( r e u . . . . . . .
285
'l
P u l l i n g i g h t o n S c i z i n gW i r c
. . . 9 4
PuntpR,,r'm5
15. I38
P u n l a I ( r u \ r el h c r n ) ( , t i l n k
. . .
- l )
P
P u l t i n t ro u t a B i g h r
.90
PaintA
. n t i - (o r r o s i r c. . . . .
.. 221 Purrl ..
230
, , A n r i - F , r u l i n g . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 1 P ) r " l e eh n i e S i g n a l . .
. . 175
... 221
,. Applicarion
., At Sea
... 220
,, Binder.
... 221
.. Bituntous
. . . 2 2 2 Q u a dr a n t
....i1
230 Q u a r l c r .
,, Bleeding
.. 35
. , B o o t - t o p p i n .g. . . .
. . . 2 2 2 QuarlcrPipc.
.. 15
. . . 2 2 5 Q u a r t c rP o i n l . .
,. Ilrushes
.. 256
... 220 Qu,,in.
, , ( ' o m p o s i t i o n o .l . . . .
. i l g
(
o
v
e
r
i
n
g
P
o
w
e
r
.
.
.
.
.
... 223
,.
(
'
u
t
t
i
n
g
i
n
..........
... 240
,.
... 241
R
,, I)istempcr
. . . 2 2 1 R a d a r. .
,, I)riers
,, Emulsion
. . . 2 3 2 R a d r a l ) a ri t s . .
171
11A
Rall.. . .
,, Flauing
.. t68
222.224 R a k c d S t c m
,, M ixing
' ' , '8
. . . 2 2 4 Rat-guard:
, . M i x i n g ( ' o l o u r. s. . . .
.. 215
"
R
a
t
l
i
n
c
"
P
a
t
e
n
t
C'omposition
... 221
Srull..
,.
...49
P
i
g
m
e
n
t
s
..
. . . 2 2 0 R a t t l i n gf ) o u n .
...92
P
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
ol Surlaces
. 230 R e e ri n g R e l i c ri n g I a ek l e s . . . . . . . 9 2
,,
R
o
l
l
e
r
s
... 229
R u n n e r sA l o l t . . .
,,
. . . . 9 2
,,
T h r c e l o l dP u r c h a s r . . . . i l 4
, , S h i p M a i n t e n a n c eI t e m s
,,
2 , 1 0t o 2 3 7
lopping I ilt Wire.. . . . . l 3 l
..
. . . 2 2 9 Refrigeration
,, SprayGun...
.. 153
I
'
h
i
n
n
e
r
s
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
2
1
,,
Air Batterr
,,
V
a
r
n
i
s
h
a
n
d
E
n
a
r
n
e
l
.
. 235
Slstem .
,,
.. 154
P a l l e t sa n d P a l l e t l . i f l s
160
.,
B u lB
l a r : . . . . . . .. . 1 5 4
P a l l e t .C a r g o
120
Calcium Chloride
153
,,
( i r i d S ) \ t c m . . . . . 153
Palm (Sewing)
205
..
PanamaLead..
.........-12
I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
.
.
.
... .. 154
,,
Parcelling
.......78
M e a t( h a r n r. . . . . . 1 5 4
,.
P a r c c l l i n g S t a. l. s
....... 7li
M e a tH o o k s . . . . . . I 5 4
,,
Peak.Alter
... .... ... -14
Plug hatcher. . . . . I 5 5
..
P e a k .F o r e
..... 34
T e m p e r a l u r e \ . . . .. . r 5 4
..
Peak.Stewards
..........34
R e g r r t c r e dl o n n a g r c
. 286
Phonctics
. . . . . . 2 5 1 R e g u l a t i o n sf o r P r e v e n t i n g
P i l o tl - a d d c.r. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 . 2 1 5
Collisions
.. 291
330
THE BOATSWAIN'S
MANUAL
PAGt
RidgcWrrc
...215
Riding\tar.
....94
R i g g i n gS c r e u
... 206
Ringbolt
....35
''Ring
Hcr Auar"..
....33
R o c k e t L i f e - s a v i n gA p p a r a t u s . . . 2 7 8
R o c k c tS o c k c t
. .
J )
R o l l c r S h c a rc
... 105
Rolling.
....34
R o l l i n g( h o c k .
. . . . J:)
R o l l - r r nR. o l l - r r lSl t r t c n r . . . . . . 1 . 1 6 2
R o p c .. .
... 46
, . ( i a u g r l o r M c a s u r i n g. . . . . . 2 0 7
, , K n o t s . B e n d sa n d
Hitches.
59 to 64
46 to 4lJ
, , M a t e r i a lI ss c d . . . . .
,. Splicing
.... 5-l
90.215
,. Stoppers
. . S t r e n g t h( ) l
..
... 50
, , T y p e os f . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 t o 5 0
R o p c : .M a r r r i n f . .
. . .. . . . .u t i
.. Mouring
.. - 89
Roping.
8 5 .2 4 7
R o s eB r r x
.. 15
R o u n d i n gt p F a l l .
.. ll2
Rouing Order: .
. . t89
RoyalStandard
... 248
Ruddcrs
.. 15
R u n n i n gL r n c ' . .
... 184
S
Safetl,Lamp
...281
SaletyNet
.....283
SafeWorkingLoad..
.l'27
Sagging
.. .....3-l
S a i l'NI ' eh iemdbl leess
........80.207
Sail
116
S a r l l - w i n e , P r e p a r i n gf o r L i s e . . . . . 9 6
S a i l sa n d S a i l i n g.
l9l to 195
S a m s o Pn o s t. . .
......... 35
S a v eA l l ( C a r g oC i e a r. ), . . . . . . . . . l 1 9
Schooner
........3
Scotsman
......ll9
S c r u b b i nBg o o t T o p p i n g . . . . . . . . 2 3 4
S c u l l i nw
g i t h S i n g l eO a r . . . . . . . . . 1 8 9
Scuppers
.......36
SeizingWire
"...........66
S e l f - i g n i t i nLgi g h t s . .
.... 283
S e n d i n gD o w n T a i l B l o c k a n d
Gantline
......96
S e n d i n gT a i l B l o c k a n d G a n t linealoft
.....96
S e n d i n gU p T o p p i n gL i f t s . . .
l3l
SenhouseSlip...
......216
SANUAL
PA(; t:
Sennet.
....97
S e p a r a l i o n( l r r t h
... 216
S e r ri n g .
.....79
S e r ri n g B o a r d
.... 207
Sextanl.
....276
S h a c k l eK e r . . .
....207
S h a e kl e :
. r 6 ,l t 0
A
n
r
h
o
r
....ilI
,,
Aunrng
..
.... ilO
I) '
... ilO
"
.,
F Iu r e d
.. ll0
..
Harp
.. II0
..
Mooring
.. Il0
S h a r k ' :M o u r h
....241
S h e e r p ol e
..... -to
S h e e rS t r a k e
...36
ShellPlating
...36
S h i f t i n gB o a r d s .
.. _.. -10
S h i pM e a : u r e m e. n
. .r. . . . . . . . . . 2 8 6
Shores.
....2t6
Shoulder
.
-)1
S h o u l d e rP i p e s . .
to
Shrrtudr
.....36
S i d e L i g h r S c r e e n s.
.....16
S i d e P u c k e tH a t c h c s. . . . .
..... - to
StdePort: or Doors
.....27
Signalling
....251
S i n g l i n gI p
' . . 9 l
Sisal . . .
.....47
Size....
....241
S l i n g sS
. h o r r e n i n g . . . . . . . 98.99
Sloop . .
. . . . . 1
"Small
Stuff"
....49
S m o k c H e l m e t :a n d B r e a t h i n g
A p p a r a tu s
...281
Soil Pipes
. . . ._ t o
S o u n d i n gP i p e r{ l a n k r ) .
.. . . . 3 6
R o d ( l a n k : ) . . . .. . . . 2 0 7
..
S o u n di n g s
.... 259
Arming the Leads . . . . 2 6 2
,,
C a l l i n g t h e . . . . .. .. .. . 2 6 0
,,
by Deep-seaLead . . . . 2 6 1
,,
..
b y E c h o - s o u n d e r. . . . 2 7 0
..
by Hand Lead . . . . . . 2 5 9
by Hand Lead at
,,
Nighr . .
. 261
by Sounding
,,
Machine......
. 268
S p a n i r hW i n d l a : s
. 217
S p l i c e .C h a i n
.. 55
..58
,, Cut
F o u r - S t r a n d e dE y e . . .
..
..57
.. Germantye........ . . 5 4
L
o
c
k
r
n
g
..
..7l
..72
,, Naval
33r
PAGT
PAGI
S p l i c eP. l a i t e dL i n eE y e . . . . . . . . . . 5 8
T
R e d u c eEd y e i n W i r e . . . . . . 7 3 T a b l e . .
... ....40
,,
Tabling
RopeChain
.
.....55
........83
,,
T
a
c
h
o
m
e
t
e
r
R o p e E y e. . .
. ... 277
.....51
,,
R o p eL o n g . .
.......lll
..... 56 T a c k l e s .
,,
DoublL
e u f f. . . . . . . . . . . . l 1 3
RopeShort..
,,
.....55
,,
F o u r - F o l dP u r c h a s e .s. . . I 1 5
,,
S a i l m a k e r ' s E.y. e. . . . . . . . . 5 4
,,
Gun
. . . . . . . . . . I. l 3
,,
Squareline
........57
,,
H a n d y B i l l y o r J i g g e r. . . . l 1 3
,,
WireEye....
.....68
,,
l
i
f
t
i
n
g
P o w e ro f . . . . . . . . l l 2
,,
Wirel.ong...
.....74
,,
Reeving Threefold
,,
WrreShort..
.... 7l
,,
P u r c h a s. e. . . . . . I 1 4
S p r i t S aR
i li g
... ....3
R o u n d i nUgp . . . . . . . . . . . l l 2
,,
Spunyarn
.......50
T
h
r
e
e
F
o l dP u r c h a s e. . . . l 1 4
,,
S p u r l i n gP i p e C o v e r s
.... 217
T h o r o u g h f o oi nt . . . . . . . . l l 2
,,
StageClamps
........216
Tackline
.......218
StageHangers
.......... 217 Taffrail.
........ 40
Stages..
. . . . . . . 2 1 7 T a i lE n dS h a f t.
...... 40
Stages,Rigging
..........94
Tallow.
........20
Starboard
...34
Tankers(Oil)...
138
S t a y s aSi lc h o o n e r
......... 3
Ballasting
......147
,,
S t a y sS, e t t i nt gl p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8
C l a s s i f i c a t i o no f O i l
153
,,
SteeringFlat...
.........39
C o f f e r d a m .s. . . . . . . . .
143
,,
SteeringGear..
..... ...37
ColourCode
........
142
,,
A l l E l e c t r i. c. . . . . . . . 3 9
C o n s t r u c t i o. .n. . . . . . . . . I 3 8
,,
A u t o m a t i. c. . . . . . . . 2 6 5
D e n s i t y oOf i l s . . . . . . . . . 1 4 4
,,
Hand . . . . . . . . . . . 27.31
D i s c h a r g i n. .g. . . . . . . . . t 4 6
,,
Hydraulic
3tl
F l y i n g B r i d g e . . . . .. . . . . 1 4 4
,,
S t e a m . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 ,,
G a sF r e e i n. g. . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 9
Telemolo
. .r. . . . . . . . 3 7
Gas Lines . .
143
,,
H e a t i n g C a r g o . . . . . . . . .1. 4 6
SteeringOar...
,,
182
I n e rG
t a s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 5 l
,,
Orders
.........257
,,
Loading
....... 145
(Boats).
,,
I90
O i l M e a s u r e m e n. .t . . . . . 1 4 4
,,
b y S t a r s. .
..... l8l
,,
P i p e l i n e S y s t e m s..... . . I 4 l
,,
S t e mF e n d e r
...........211
P u m p r o o m. .s. . . . . . . . . . 1 4 3
,,
S t e n c iCl u t t i n g
......... 241
SafetyPrecautions .
. I50
,,
S t e p p i nBgo a t ' M
s ast........... l9l
T a n kC l e a n i n g . . . . . . . . . .I 4 8
,,
SterW
n heeler
............7
Tankl-ids....
. I43
,,
Stokehold
...... 39
Ullage
. 145
,,
S t o r mP l a t e s
............ 39
Valves
.........142
,,
S t r i k e t j p M a r k.s
.......82
Tar, Coal
. .. . .. 202
Slrong
Room
. . . . . . . . . . . 3 9 T a r ,S t o c k h o l m
........202
Strops..
. . . . 1 1 9 , 2 1 6 T a r p a u l i nS
s ,p r e a d i n.g. . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2
Making
.......77.88
,,
T u c k i n g i n . . . . . . . . . . 1. 2 2
,,
Shortening
.......99
,,
Telegraphs
40
S t r u mB o x
. . . . . . 3 9 Telephones
..... 40
S t i i l c k e nM a s t a n d D e r r i c k . . . . . . 1 5 6
vHF
273
,,
Supcrstructure
. . . . . . . . . . 3 4 Terebene
.. . .. . 221
S u p p l By o a t
.............5
T h a m eSs a i l i nBg a r g e. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
SurlBoats
.......1
Thimbles
......ll5
S u r v i v a (l ' r a l i - C e r t i f i c a .t .e. . . . . . .
ll
Hawser
I 16
,,
Surgc..
........89
Heart
.........116
,,
S w a b sR. o p cY a r n. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
Lanyard
...... l16
,,
SwordMatting
.........217
Sail
. . . . . . . . . .1 1 6
,,
JJZ
PA(; I
PA(; I,
T h i m h l c \so l i d H e a r t . . . .
V a r n i s h P r e p a r a t i o no f
.il6
..
Iurnrngina..... . . 6 9
S u r f a c e s . . . . . . . . 23tt
T h i r : tt., , n l l e \ i a t c . . . . . . .
.173
Spirit
. 238
,,
T h r c c - l s l a nSdh i p . . .
. . . 7 Ventilation
..40
T h r e e - W a 1S u i t c h V a l r r
. 219 V e n t i l a t o r P l u g s a n d C o v e r s
. 2t9
I imbcr I)cck ( argocr
. 2 8 5 V.H.F,.
.213
l i m b c rI o a dI r n c . . . . . . .
285
l i m b c rS h i p .
7
1 oggle .
. 2t8
w
1 o n n a g cH a t c h. .
. 4 0 " W a i s t " ot lh e S h i p
......4l
"
W
a
i
s
t
"
Ton Rcgr:tcr
. 2{t6
P i p e s. .
......... 4l
T o n n a g eM a r [ . .
. 4 0 W a s h i n ga n d S c r u b b i n gD e c k s . . . l 9 l
T o o l s a n d D e c k G e a r . . . . . 1 9 6t o 2 0 9
WashPorts
.....41
T o p m a s t . L o w e r i n g T e l e s c o p i c . . . 8 2 W a t e rS e r v i cVe a l v e s . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 8
Topping Lilt. . .
. . 1 2 8 Watertight SteelHatch Covers . . . 123
T o p p i n g M a u. l. .
.. 201 Waterways
......41
T o p r a i lS c h o o n c r. . .
..
. . . . 3 Wedges
........123
T 0 l h o r ( ) u g h l ( ar rRr to p c . . . . . . . . 4 8 W h a l eF a c t o rSy h i p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tou -rttpc
.. 2r8 WhaleBoat
......1
J ran\(,m
. . . 4 0 WhaleChaser
............5
I r a ul c r
. . . 3 Wheelhouse
.....4l
Trim..
...34 Whelps.
........41
lruck.....
. . . 4 0 Whistles
........41
lu8
5 Winch Driver
136
I u n n c l a n d I u n n e l E s c a p c. . . . . . 4 0
Electric
..........44
,,
T u r n ' . R r d r n ga n d I n s i d e. . . . . . . . 1 J 4
S e l f - ' I e n s i o n i n g .. . . . . . 4 5
,,
T u r p c n ti n c
.. 201
Steam
. . . . . . . . . . .4 l
,,
TuincM
. a c h r n c. . . . . . .
. . . 5 0 WindChute
....219
.. Roping
. . . 5 0 Windlass
.......44
.. Seaming
. . . 5 0 Windsails
......219
T ; p c : r , l V c s r e l s.
I t o 8 W i r eG r o m m e t. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ' 7
......45
,, Reels
. o m p o u n .d. . . . . . . . . . 6 6
, , R o p eC
U
C o n s t r u c t i .o. n. . . . . . . . 6 5
Undcl I)eckl()nnage
286
Cutting.
.....67
U n i t i s a t i rtr.n\ ' e P
e a l l e r .l . . . . . .
160
E y eb y G r i p s. . . . . . . . 2 1 9
O p e n i nC
goil ... ...... 67
P r e f o r m e. .d. . . . . . . . . . 6 5
v
Splicing
......67
Varnrsh
237
Strength
. . 65,66
..
Appll ing
W
o
r
m
i
n
g
239
.......78
B
e
s
r
W
h
i
t
c
.
W
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
S
e
i
z
i
n
g
.
231
,.
...... l0l
Black
237 W r e c k e dC r e w ,P i c k i n gU p . . . . . . 1 8 7
,.
..
C l e a n i n g O l. l. . . . . . .
2 3 8 W r e c k sB. o a r d i n g
....... 186
(-oltrured
238
,,
(-opal
..
238
Y
Maling
..
237 Y a c h t s.
.........5
oak
238 Y a w .l .
,,
. . . . . . . . . .I
..
O i l i n gW o o d l r r r . . . .
239 Y o k eL i n e s
..... 34

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Copyright rn all countriessignatory to the Berne Convention

2000Bnowx, SoN& FncusoN, Lro., Guscow G4l 2SD

Conventional Dircction of Rrrovage for il.I(. Waters_System

Certificates:- AB, EDH and Lifeboatman

ISSUE OF CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY

EFFICTENTDECK HAND (EDH) CERTIFICATES

THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL

Name and function of various parts and cquipment of

Use of dill'crent typcs of blocks and shacklcs, bottle

CI]RTIFICATES OF PROFICII]NCY IN SURVIVAI, CRAFT

3. Issue of EDH Certificates

THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL

THE BOATSWAIN,S MANUAT5 . U s e o f t h e f i r s t - a i dk i t a n d r e s u s c i t a t i o nt e c h n i q u c s .

THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL

THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL

siprn1; d-rte1 lseurrrrel,q .661

'1seurdo1, e:og ' 8 0r1

'l"Tl3\r J"p1?u ' l 0 l

's1uea daeq g .o5 ' 8 t

Anchor Light Halliards Vessela

THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL

TIME AND WATCHES BY BEI-I,S.

Call watch below

Call watch below

Call watch belou

( all watch bclow

Call watch bclou

THF- BOATSWAIN'S MANUAI-

] H F - B O A I ' S W A I N ' S N 4 A N T ] A.I

t h e b a g s " . ' l ' h a tr s .t o s l i t t h e n t , a n d a l l o w t h e g r a r n t o r u n o u t

crosshcad operates the hunting gear returning thc putttp to the

fHtr IIOAISWATN'S MANLjAI

MEI'RIC FORMT]I,AETOR BREAKING STRESSES

THh BOAISWAIN'S MANLIAL

require 1'or,say, four tucks, and put on a good whipping before

KNOTS.BENDS AND HITCHES

To splice an eye or make a short splice

Krutl.swith Ov'n Strands

Knot.sand Bend.sUniting Rope.s

THE BOATSWAIN'S MANT]

t t t i ' 'hn ' nK

Single ('arrick Bend

Patm and Needlc Whipping

Hear ing Linc Knot

THt. BOA'ISWAIN'S MANT]AI-

l-his is a good heavr kntlt llhich is lormed tln

lornrrg llcar ing I rrttQrrrcklr

THF BOAI SWAIN'SMANT]At-

T H E I ] O A ' I ' S W A I N ' SM A N U A I

spikc covers thc clne to be tucked. As thc spike is moved aktng in

THE BOATSWAIN'S MANUAL

Stitches Very neat sewing requiresabout five or six stitches

THE BOATSWAIN'S MANTJAL

When hoisted high enough, a wracking is passedaround both

T h e i d e a i s t o 1 ' a s t etnh e h o o k { ' i r m l yt o t h e s t a n d i n gp a r t o f t h e

is liable to jam in the sheave.Before marrying, each end must be

Rcering Reiicring I ackle

THE BOAI SWAIN'SMANTJAI

THt. BOATSWAIN'S MANT]AI-

ShorteningRope Slings(or Strops) Make a simple overhand

Fittinga Tail to a Wire

around in the same manner, but each in opp:'site directions.

T'HF BOATSWAIN'S MANL]AT-