Physics 207 Lecture 29

Lecture 29
Goals:
Chapter 20

Work with a few important characteristics of sound waves.
(e.g., Doppler effect)
Chapter 21

Recognize standing waves are the superposition of two
traveling waves of same frequency

Study the basic properties of standing waves

Model interference occurs in one and two dimensions

Understand beats as the superposition of two waves of
unequal frequency.

Assignment

HW12, Due Friday, May 8th

Thursday, Finish up, begin review for final, evaluations
Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 1

Doppler effect, moving sources/receivers

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 2

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Doppler effect, moving sources/receivers



If the source of sound is moving

Toward the observer
f observer
seems smaller

Away from observer
seems larger

f source
v
1 vs

f observer =

f source
v
1 + vs

If the observer is moving

v

Toward the source f observer = 1 + o f source
v

seems smaller

Away from source

seems larger

v
f observer = 1 o fsource
v Doppler Example Audio

Doppler Example Visual

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 3

Doppler Example


A speaker sits on a small moving cart and emits a short 1

Watt sine wave pulse at 340 Hz (the speed of sound in air is
340 m/s, so = 1m ). The cart is 30 meters away from the
wall and moving towards it at 20 m/s.
The sound reflects perfectly from the wall. To an observer
on the cart, what is the Doppler shifted frequency of the
directly reflected sound?
Considering only the position of the cart, what is the
intensity of the reflected sound? (In principle on would have
to look at the energy per unit time in the moving frame.)
t0
30 m
A

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 4

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Doppler Example


The sound reflects perfectly from the wall. To an observer on

the cart, what is the Doppler shifted frequency of the directly
reflected sound?
f

f observer =

At the wall: fwall = 340 / (1-20/340) = 361 Hz

source

1 vs

Wall becomes source for the subsequent part

v
f observer = 1 + o f source
v

At the speaker f = fwall (1+ 20/340) = 382 Hz

t0

t1
30 m

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 5

Example Interference


Considering only the position of the cart, what is the intensity of

the reflected sound to this observer? (In principle one would
have to look at the energy per unit time in the moving frame.)
vcart t + vsound t = 2 x 30 m = 60 m
t = 60 / (340+20) = 0.17 s  dsound = 340 * 0.17 m = 58 m
I = 1 / (4 582) = 2.4 x 10-5 W/m2 or 74 dBs
t0

t1
30 m

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 6

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Doppler effect, moving sources/receivers

 Three key pieces of information

Time of echo

Intensity of echo

Frequency of echo
Plus prior knowledge of object being studied
 With modern technology (analog and digital) this can be done in real time.

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 7

Superposition


Q: What happens when two waves collide ?

A: They ADD together!

We say the waves are superimposed.

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 8

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Interference of Waves


2D Surface Waves on Water

In phase sources separated

by a distance d

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 9

Principle of superposition


The superposition of 2 or more waves is called interference

Constructive interference:
These two waves are in phase.
Their crests are aligned.

Destructive interference:
These two waves are out of
phase.
The crests of one are aligned
with the troughs of the other.

Their superposition produces a

wave with amplitude 2a

Their superposition produces a

wave with zero amplitude

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 10

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Interference: space and time



Is this a point of constructive

or destructive interference?
What do we need to do to
make the sound from these
two speakers interfere
constructively?

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 11

Interference of Sound
Sound waves interfere, just like transverse waves do. The
resulting wave (displacement, pressure) is the sum of the two (or
more) waves you started with.
A
D ( r2 , t ) = cos[ 2 ( r2 / t / T ) + 2 ]
r2
r
r

r =| r1 | | r2 |

D ( r1 , t ) =

Maximum constructive interference

A
cos[ 2 ( r1 / t / T ) + 1 ]
r1

= 2 r + 1 2 = 2 m

= r +
(1 2 ) = m
2
2
Maximum destructive interference
= 2 r + 1 2 = 2 ( m + 1 )
2

m = 0,1,2,...

r
Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 12

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Example Interference


A speaker sits on a pedestal 2 m tall and emits a sine wave

at 343 Hz (the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s, so = 1m ).
Only the direct sound wave and that which reflects off the
ground at a position half-way between the speaker and the
person (also 2 m tall) makes it to the persons ear.
How close to the speaker can the person stand (A to D) so
they hear a maximum sound intensity assuming there is no
phase change at the ground (this is a bad assumption)?
t1

t0
d
A

t0
B

The distances AD and BCD have equal transit times so the

sound waves will be in phase. The only need is for AB =
Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 13

Example Interference


The geometry dictates everything else.

AB =
AD = BC+CD = BC + (h2 + (d/2)2) = d
AC = AB+BC = +BC = (h2 + d/22)
Eliminating BC gives
+d = 2 (h2 + d2/4)
+ 2d + d2 = 4 h2 + d2
1 + 2d = 4 h2 /  d = 2 h2 /
= 7.5 m
t1
t0
7.5
t
D
0
A
4.25
3.25
B
C
Because the ground is more dense than air there will be a phase
change of and so we really should set AB to /2 or 0.5 m.
Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 14

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Exercise Superposition


Two continuous harmonic waves with the same frequency

and amplitude but, at a certain time, have a phase
difference of 170are superimposed. Which of the follo wing
best represents the resultant wave at this moment?
Original wave
(the other has a different phase)
(A)

(B)
(D)

(C)

(E)

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 15

Wave motion at interfaces

Reflection of a Wave, Fixed End


When the pulse reaches the support,

the pulse moves back along the
string in the opposite direction

This is the reflection of the pulse

The pulse is inverted

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 16

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Animation

Reflection of a Wave, Fixed End

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 17

Reflection of a Wave, Free End

Animation

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 18

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Transmission of a Wave, Case 1

When the boundary is intermediate between the last two
extremes ( The right hand rope is massive or massless.)
then part of the energy in the incident pulse is reflected and
part is transmitted
 Some energy passes
through the boundary
 Here rhs > lhs


Animation

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 19

Transmission of a Wave, Case 2

Now assume a heavier string is attached to a light
string
 Part of the pulse is reflected and part is transmitted
 The reflected part is not inverted


Animation

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 20

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Standing waves
Two waves traveling in opposite direction interfere with each
other.
If the conditions are right, same k & , their interference
generates a standing wave:
DRight(x,t)= a sin(kx-t) DLeft(x,t)= a sin(kx+t)
A standing wave does not propagate in space, it stands in place.
A standing wave has nodes and antinodes
Anti-nodes
D(x,t)= DL(x,t) + DR(x,t)
D(x,t)= 2a sin(kx) cos(t)
The outer curve is the
amplitude function
A(x) = 2a sin(kx)
when t = 2n n = 0,1,2,


k = wave number = 2 /
Nodes
Physics 207:
Lecture 29, Pg 21


Standing waves on a string

Longest wavelength allowed is
one half of a wave
Fundamental: /2 = L  = 2 L


m = 2 L = v
m

fm

m = 1, 2 ,3,...
Recall v = f

fm = m v
2L
Overtones m > 1
Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 22

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Vibrating Strings- Superposition Principle






Antinode D(0,t)

D(x,0)

Violin, viola, cello, string bass

Guitars
Ukuleles
Mandolins
Banjos

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 23

Standing waves in a pipe

Open end: Must be a displacement antinode (pressure minimum)
Closed end: Must be a displacement node (pressure maximum)
Blue curves are displacement oscillations. Red curves, pressure.
Fundamental:

/2

/2

/4

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 24

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Standing waves in a pipe

m = 2L

m = 2L

m = 4L

v
2L
m = 1 , 2 , 3 ,...

v
2L
m = 1 , 2 , 3 ,...

v
4L
m = 1 , 3 , 5 ,...

fm = m

fm = m

fm = m

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 25

Combining Waves

Fourier Synthesis
Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 26

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Physics 207 Lecture 29

Lecture 29

Assignment

HW12, Due Friday, May 8th

Physics 207: Lecture 29, Pg 27

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