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1 s2.0 S095006180400073X Main
and Building
MATERIALS
www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat
a,*
, S. Hwang
Department of Civil Engineering, Dahan Institute of Technology, Sincheng, Hualien 971, Taiwan, ROC
Department of System Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Dashi, Taoyuan 335, Taiwan, ROC
Received 7 August 2002; received in revised form 13 April 2004; accepted 14 April 2004
Available online 17 June 2004
Abstract
The marked brittleness with low tensile strength and strain capacities of high-strength concrete (HSC) can be overcome by the
addition of steel bers. This paper investigated the mechanical properties of high-strength steel ber-reinforced concrete. The
properties included compressive and splitting tensile strengths, modulus of rupture, and toughness index. The steel bers were added
at the volume fractions of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%. The compressive strength of the ber-reinforced concrete reached a maximum at 1.5% volume fraction, being a 15.3% improvement over the HSC. The splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture of
the ber-reinforced concrete improved with increasing the volume fraction, achieving 98.3% and 126.6% improvements, respectively,
at 2.0% volume fraction. The toughness index of the ber-reinforced concrete improved with increasing the fraction. The indexes I5 ,
I10 , and I30 registered values of 6.5, 11.8, and 20.6, respectively, at 2.0% fraction. Strength models were established to predict the
compressive and splitting tensile strengths and modulus of rupture of the ber-reinforced concrete. The models give predictions
matching the measurements.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Steel bers; High-strength concrete; High-strength steel ber-reinforced concrete
1. Introduction
The engineering characteristics and economic advantages of high-strength concrete (HSC) are distinct
from conventional concrete, thereby popularizing the
HSC concrete in a large variety of applications in the
construction industry. Used for high-rise buildings,
HSC avoids the unacceptable oversized columns on the
lower oors, allowing large column spacing and usable
oor space, or increasing the number of possible stories
without detracting from lower oors [1]. Used for longspan bridges, HSC reduces the dead load of bridge
girders for fewer and lighter bridge piers and thus enables greater underpass clearance widths. HSC inspires
substantial savings in expenditure on bridge maintenance, while prolonging the serviceable life of the
bridges [2]. Further, HSC possesses uniform high density and very low impermeability, endowing itself with
*
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.027
excellent resistance to aggressive environments and disintegrating agencies, and beneting the durability of
concrete buildings and structures [3,4].
The comparatively higher compressive strength of
HSC is an attractive prot; whereas, the strength behaves against the ductility of the concrete by welcoming
brittleness pronouncedly [5]. The HSC always possesses
a steeper descending stressstrain curve in compression
than does the normal strength concrete. The rapid decrease in compressive strength in the post-peak load
region brings about a pronouncedly brittle mode of
failure [6]. To foster the compressive strength without
sacricing the ductility, a strategy is to add discrete steel
bers as reinforcement in HSC [7]. As the high-strength
steel ber-reinforced concrete (HSFRC) hardens,
shrinks, or bears service loads to develop cracks and to
propagate them, the bers evenly distributed throughout
the composite intersect, block, and even arrest the
propagating cracks. This way, the addition of bers
contributes strength to the concrete [8]. First, Khaloo
and Kim [9] investigated the strength improvement to
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2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials
Type I cement, river sand with a neness modulus of
3.1, and crushed basalt of 19 mm maximum size were
used. Silica fume used was a commercially available
byproduct of the production of silicon metal and ferrosilicon alloys, which improved concrete properties in
fresh and hardened states. To improve the workability
of concrete, a high-range water-reducing admixture
(superplasticizer) was employed during mixing operations. The cement, silica fume, water, superplasticizer,
river sand and crushed basalt of 430, 43, 133, 9, 739 and
1052 kg/m3 were used to make the HSC. The slump of
the concrete was 60 mm. The hooked-end steel bers
were made of mild carbon steel. The bers have an average length of 35 mm, nominal diameter of 0.55 mm,
and the aspect ratio of 64. These bers are available in
bundles of about 30 bers, which were brillated with
water-soluble glue to ensure immediate dispersion in
concrete during mixing.
2.2. Preparation of samples
In the production of concrete, the constituent materials were initially mixed without bers. The bers were
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Table 1
Strength test results and strength-eectiveness on HSFRC and HSC
Fiber volume
fraction (%)
Compressive strength
Modulus of rupture
Measured
(MPa)
Strengtheectivenessa (%)
Measured
(MPa)
Strengtheectivenessa (%)
Measured
(MPa)
Strengtheectivenessa (%)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
85
91
95
98
96
5.8
6.9
8.7
10.8
11.5
19.0
50.0
86.2
98.3
6.4
8.2
10.1
12.3
14.5
7.1
11.8
15.3
12.9
Strength-effectiveness HSFRC
strengthHSC strength
HSC strength
28.1
57.8
92.2
126.6
100%.
100
95
90
85
80
Measurements
Predictions f'cf = 85 + 15.12Vf - 4.71Vf2
75
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Table 2
Comparison of predicted and measured values for compressive and splitting tensile strengths and modulus of rupture
Fiber volume
fraction (%)
Compressive strength
Predicted
(MPa)
Measured
(MPa)
Prediction
errora (%)
Predicted
(MPa)
Measured
(MPa)
Prediction
Error (%)
Predicted
(MPa)
Measured
(MPa)
Prediction
error (%)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
85
91
95
97
96
85
91
95
98
96
0
0
0
)1.02
0
5.8
7.3
8.8
10.3
11.7
5.8
6.9
8.7
10.8
11.5
0
5.80
1.15
)4.63
1.74
6.4
8.2
10.2
12.3
14.5
6.4
8.2
10.1
12.3
14.5
0
0
0.99
0
0
valuemeasured
Prediction error predictedmeasured
value
value
100%.
Modulus of rupture
672
12
11
10
9
8
7
Measurements
5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
ftf MPa A
p
fc0 BVf CVf2 :
16
2.0
14
To the HSC, p
Eq.
MOR value of 6.4 MPa
(6) givepan
equal to 0:69 fc0 0:69 85. p
The
coecient of 0.69
lies slightly above that of 0:63 fc0 obtained by ACI
p
318 for p
normal
and HSCs and below those of 0:9 fc0
12
10
Table 3
Toughness index at various ber volume fractions
Fiber volume fraction (%)
Measurements
Predictions frf = 6.4 + 3.43Vf + 0.32Vf2
6
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Toughness index
I5
I10
I30
1.0
3.0
3.3
4.2
6.5
1.0
4.8
6.2
8.3
11.8
1.0
8.2
12.4
17.8
20.6
4. Conclusions
1. The compressive strength of HSC improved with additions of steel bers at various volume fractions. The
strength showed a maximum at 1.5% fraction but a
slight decrease at 2% fraction compared to 1.5%,
still remaining 12.9% higher than before the ber
addition.
2. The splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture
of HSFRC both improved with increasing ber volume fraction. The splitting tensile strength ranged
from 19.0% to 98.3% higher for the fractions from
0.5% to 2.0%. And the modulus of rupture ranged
from 28.1% to 126.6% higher for the fraction from
0.5% to 2.0%.
3. The strength-eectiveness showed at each volume
fraction a maximum for modulus of rupture, followed by splitting tensile strength, and compressive
strength.
4. The strength models developed for HSFRC predicts
the compressive and splitting tensile strengths and
modulus of rupture accurately.
References
[1] Swamy RN. High-strength concrete-material properties and
structural behaviors. ACI SP-87, Detroit: American Concrete
Institute; 1987. p. 110146.
[2] Rabbat BG, Russell HG. Optimized sections for precast, prestressed bridge girders. Research and Development Bulletin No.
RD080.01E, Portland Cement Association, Skokie 1982. p. 10.
[3] Mbessa M, Pera J. Durability of high-strength concrete in
ammonium sulfate solution. Cem Concr Res 2001;31(8):1227
31.
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