TRN CNG NGH

HNG DN GII BI TP

L THUYT N HI
V

C HC KT CU
(TI LIU HC TP DNH CHO SINH VIN
KHOA NG TU V CNG TRNH NI)

THNH PH H CH MINH 6 2009

I HC GIAO THNG VN TI TP H CH MINH

Trang ny trng

Chng 1
L THUYT N HI
Tm tt
Phng trnh cn bng:

x xy xz
+
+ X = 0
+
y
z
x

y yx yz

+ Y = 0
+
+
z
x
y

z zx

yz
+ Z = 0
+
+
y
z
x

(1.1)

trong X, Y, Z lc khi.

y =
y

w
z =

Phng trnh bin dng:

u v
xy = +
y x
v w
yz = +
z y
u w
zx = +
z x
x =

(1.2)

iu kin tng hp (lin tc):

2
2
2 x
yz xz xy
2 x y xy

=
+
+
2
=
+

2
2
yz x x
y
z
xy
x
y
2 y
2 y 2 z 2 yz
yz xz xy

+
+
=
2
v

xz y x
y
z
yz
z 2
y 2
2 z 2 x 2 xz
2 z
yz xz xy
+
=

=
+

2
2
xz
x
z
x
y
z
x
y
z

(1.3)

Cng thc chuyn ca tensor ng sut. Nu k hiu ma trn cc cosin gc gia hai h trc l
[c], tensor ng sut im trong h ta Oxyz l [], tensor ng sut trong h ta mi [] tnh
theo cng thc:

[ ] = [c][ ][c]
*

(1.4)

c xx*

vi [c ] = c yx*
c zx*

c xz*

c yz* ;
c zz*

c xy*
c yy*
c zy*

x xy xz
[ ] = xy y yz
xz yz z

ng sut chnh xc nh t phng trnh:

( x )k + yx l + zx m = 0

xy k + ( y )l + zy m = 0
xz k + yz l + ( z )m = 0

(1.5)

hoc di dng ma trn:

x

yx
zx

xy

xz k

y
yz l = {0}
zy
z m

(1.6)

trong tng bnh phng cc cosin bng n v k2 + l 2 + m2 = 1. Li gii h phng

trnh:
3 - 2J1 + J2 J3 = 0.

(1.7)

trong J1 = x + y + z
J2 = yz + zx + xy - yx2 - zx2 - xy2

(1.8)

J3 = xyz + 2xyyzxz - xy2z - yz2x - zx2y

(1.9)

Cc i lng J1, J2, J3 c gi bt bin th nht, bt bin th hai, v bt bin th ba ca

tenso ng sut.
Trng hp ng sut phng, trong h ta xOy ng sut chnh tnh theo cng thc:

1, 2 =

x + y
2

1
4

( x y ) 2 + xy2

(1.10)

Hng trc ng sut chnh tnh t cng thc:

tg 2 n =

2 xy

(1.11)

x y

ng sut ct ln nht:

max,min =
tg 2 s = 2

1 2

(1.12)

x y
xy

(1.13)

Vng trn Mohr xy dng t phng trnh:

 + y

x
2

+ 2 = x
2

(1.14)

nh lut Hooke p dng cho vt liu ng hng vi m un n hi E, h s Poisson .

[
[
[

]
]
]

x ( y + z )
E

1
y = y ( x + z ) v
E

1
z = z ( x + y )

x =

trong G =

xy
G

1
= yz
G
1
= zx
G

xy =
yz
zx

(1.15)

E
2(1 + )

(1.16)

Nu k hiu: e = x + y + z c th vit:

E
x
(1 + )(1 2 ) 1 +
E
E

e+
y =
y
(1 + )(1 2 ) 1 +
E
E
e+
z =

(1 + )(1 2 ) 1 + z

(1.17)

x = e + 2G x

y = e + 2G y
z = e + 2G z

(1.18)

x =

trong =

e+

(1 + )(1 2 )

mang tn gi hng s Lam.

Hm ng sut Airy (x,y) : 4(x,y) = 0.

x =

2
;
x 2

y =

2
;
y 2

xy =

2
;
xy

V d 1: Thnh lp hm ng sut cho dm di L, hnh 1.1, mt ct ngang hnh ch nht cnh ng 2c,
chiu rng b, chu tc ng ti phn b u q = const.
iu kin bin nh sau:
a) Ti x = 0:

x = 0; xy = 0.
b) Ti x = L:
Hnh 1.1

xy bdy = qL

c x bdy = 0

2
1
=

ybdy
qL

x
2

c
c

c) Ti y = c:

q
b

y = ;

xy = 0

d) Ti y = -c:
y = 0;

xy = 0.

Nhng nhn xt ban u:

- iu kin u tin ca a) trong trng hp c th khng th tha mn.
- T tnh cht i xng ca mt ct ngang v y =
th rt ra y s l hm l ca y.

q
ti y = c v y = 0 ti y = -c, c
b

- Hm x cng l hm l ca y.
Hm Airy nn vit di dng:

= Axy +Bx2 + Cx2y + Dy3 +Exy3 +Fx2y3 +Gy5

C th thy rng: 4(x,y) = 24Fy + 120Gy = 0.
T phng trnh cui suy ra F = -5G.
ng sut tnh theo cng thc sau:

x =

2
= 6 Dy + 6 Exy 30Gx 2 y + 20Gy 3
x 2

2
y = 2 = 2 B + 2Cy + 10Gy 3
y

xy =

2
= ( A + 2Cx + 3Ey 2 30Gxy 2 )
xy

T cng thc tnh xy c th vit:

Tha mn iu kin xy = 0 ti x = 0: A + 3Ey2 = 0, t A = E = 0.
Tho mn xy = 0 ti y = c c th thy:
0 = -(2Cx - 30Gc2x), hay l C = 15Gc2.
Gii phng trnh xc nh y, tha mn iu kin bin cho php xc nh B, G:

q
= 2 B + 30Gc 3 10Gc 3 = 2 B + 20Gc 3
b

0 = 2 B 30Gc 3 + 10Gc 3 = 2 B 20Gc 3

T c th nhn c:

B=

q
;
4b

G=

q
40bc 3

Bit rng momen qun tnh mt ct ngang tnh bng I = 23 bc 3 , biu thc ca B v G s c dng:
B=

qc 3
;
6I

G=

q
60 I

Hng C tnh theo G s l: C = 15Gc2 = - (qc2)/(4I)

T phng trnh xc nh x c th vit:

x = 6 Dy + 6 Exy 30Gx 2 y + 20Gy 3 = 6 Dy +

q 2
q 3
x y
y
2I
3I

Thay biu thc cui vo iu kin bin ti x = L c th thy:

+c

6 Dy + 2 I x

q 3
1
y ybdy = qL2
3I
2

qc 2
30 I

T c th vit: D =

Trng ng sut c dng sau:

q
q 3
5 x 2 + 2c 2 )y
y
(
10 I
3I

q
y = (2c 3 + 3c 2 y y 3 )
6I

q
2
2

x(c y )
xy =
2I

x =

V d 2: Phng trnh chuyn v dm trnh by ti hnh 1.2 c dng:

Py

6 Lx 3 x 2 y 2

6 EJ

P
v( x, y ) =
3Lx 2 x 2 3y 2 (L x )
6 EJ

u ( x, y ) =

Hnh 1.2
Xc nh chuyn v im ti trc y = 0 v xc nh trng ng sut.
Chuyn v theo phng thng ng ti y = 0:
v( x,0) =

P
Px 2
(3L x )
(
3Lx 2 x 3 ) =
6 EJ
6 EJ

Gc xoay dm tnh theo cng thc xy =

1 v u

, mang dng sau:

2 x y

xy =
(
6Lx 3x 2 3y 2 )
(
6Lx 3x 2 3y 2 ) =
(
6Lx 3x 2 3y 2 )
2 6EJ
6EJ
6EJ

Ti y = 0 gc xoay s l:

xy ( x,0) =

P
(
6 Lx 3x 2 )
6 EJ

Bin dng trong dm tnh theo:

x =

u
P
( L x ) y;
=
x EJ

xy =

v u
+ =
x y

y =

v
P
(L x ) y
=
y
EJ

P
P
6Lx 3x 2 3y 2 +
6Lx 3x 2 3y 2 = 0
6EJ
6EJ

Trng ng sut tnh theo cch sau:

P
E P
2P
L
x
y
(

( L x) y = ( L x) y
2
EJ
1 EJ
J

E P
P

( L x) y +
( L x) y = 0
y =

2
EJ
1 EJ

xy = 0

x =

V d 3: S dng phng trnh cn bng trong l thuyt n hi thnh lp hm ng sut y , xy

dm, tit din dm hnh ch nht 2c x b, trong b chiu rng dm, 2c chiu cao dm, chu ti
trng phn b u cng q(x) = const.
ng sut x tnh ti mt ct bt k
ca dm, ti v tr x, tnh theo cng thc:
q
M ( x)
x =
y
(a)
J
(b)
trong M = 12 qx 2
Hnh 1.3
Hnh 1.3
Nu b qua trng lng bn thn, lc khi dm s khng c nhc ti. T phng trnh cn
bng y :

x xy
+
+ f Bx = 0

x
y
c th vit:
xy y
+
+ f By = 0

x
y
xy
y

(c)

q
xy
J

(d)

Tin hnh tch phn phng trnh o hm ring ny s nhn c:

xy =

q
xy 2 ' = f ( x)
2J

(e)

rng, trng hp khng c ng sut ct ti mp trn v mp di ca dm, xy = 0 ti

y = c v y = -c, hm f(x) s phi l:
qc 2
f ( x) =
x
2J

(f)

T y c th vit: xy =

q
x (c 2 y 2 ' )
2J

(g)

T phng trnh th hai ca (c ) v FBy = 0 c th vit:

y
y

q 2
(c y 2 )
2J

Sau tch phn c th nhn c:

y =

q
y (3c 2 y 2 ) + F ( x)
6J

(h)

iu kin bin ti y = c: y = bq . Momen qun tnh qua trc trung ha mang gi tr

T y xc nh F(x) =

qc 3
3J
10

J=

b ( 2 c )3
12

Hm y gi c th vit:

y =

q
2c 3 + 3c 2 y y 3
6J

V d 4: Dng phng trnh t iu kin tng hp (lin tc) xc nh chuyn v trong mt phng
xOy dm cng xn nu ti v d 2. Mt ct dm trong trng hp ny l hnh ch nht, dy,
cng EJ, h s Poisson .

Hnh 1.4
Momen un dm tnh theo cng thc:
M = -P(L x) 0 < x < L

(a)

Cc hm ng sut tnh theo cng thc quen thuc sau:

x =

M
P
y = y ( L x)
J
J

(b)

y = 0;
xy = 0.
T nh lut Hooke c th vit cc phng trnh bin dng:

x =

1
( x y ) = P y( L x)
E
EJ

y =

1
( y x ) = P y( L x)
E
EJ

xy =

2(1 + )
xy = 0
E

(c)

Quan h bin dng - chuyn v cho php vit:

u
P
= x =
y ( L x)
x
EJ

P
v
= y =
y ( L x)
y
EJ

(d)

11

Tin hnh tch phn hai phng trnh o hm ring dng (d) c th nhn c:
u=

P
xy (2 L x) + f ( y )
2 EJ

v=

P
2 EJ

y 2 ( L x) + F ( x)

Hm f(y) l hm ch ca y, hm F(x) ch ca x.
Sau tch phn, tin hnh thay vo hm bin dng gc xy =

xy =

v u
+
chng ta c th vit:
x y

f ( y )
v u P 2 F ( x)
P
+
=
+
y +
x(2 L x) +
x y 2 EJ
x
2 EJ
y

Thay biu thc cui vo (c ) s nhn c phng trnh:

F ( x)
f ( y ) P 2
P
+

x( 2 L x) =
y
x
y
2 EJ
2 EJ

(e)

Phng trnh (e) ch tha mn khi c hai v l const, vd c hai bng C1.

F ( x)
P

+
x(2 L x) = C1

x
2 EJ

f ( y ) P 2

y = C1

y
2 EJ
Gii h phng trnh ny c th vit:
P 2

x (3L x) + C1 x + C 2

6 EJ

Py 3

f ( y) =
C1 y + C 3

6 EJ

F ( x) =

(f)

Hm u v v gi y c dng:
P
P 3

xy (2 L x)
y C1 y + C 3

2 EJ
6 EJ

2
P 2
Py
v=
( L x)
x (3L x) + C1 x + C 2

6 EJ
6 EJ
u=

(g)

Tha mn iu kin bin sau y: ti x = y = 0: u = v = xy = 0, cc hng s phi l C1

= C2 = C3 = 0. T c th vit:
P
P 3

xy (2 L x)
y

2 EJ
eEJ

P 2
P 2
v =y ( L x)
x (3L x)
6 EJ
2EJ

u=

12

V d 5: Cho trc thp trn ng knh 16mm, chu lc ko dc trc P = 40kN. Lc P gy ng

sut ct ti mt ct ab, gi tr ca bng 60% ng sut php ti mt ab . Xc nh gc
nghing mt ab.
Li gii:

Hnh 1.5
ng sut php tnh ti tit din trc thp trn:
40000
P
0 = 2 =
= 200 MPa
d / 4 .16 2 / 4
ng sut tnh ti mt ct xin ab:

= 0 cos 2

=
sin 2
2

T iu kin ra = 0,6 hay l 0sincos = 0,6 0 cos2 c th vit:

sin
= tg = 0,6
cos
T c th xc nh = 31.
V d 6: Trng thi ng sut ti im P biu din bng tensor ng sut:
14 7 7
ij = 7 10 0 MPa .
7 0 35

Xc nh ng sut php v ng sut tip ti mt qua im, song song vi mt miu t bng
phng trnh 2x - y +3z = 9.
Li gii:
Cosin php tuyn mt 2x - y +3z - 9 = 0 tnh nh sau:

13

14
2 2 + (1) 2 + 3 2
1
(1)
=
l=

14
2 2 + (1) 2 + 3 2
3
3
=
m=

14
2 2 + (1) 2 + 3 2
k=

(a)

ng sut php tnh theo cng thc:

= x k 2 + y l 2 + z m 2 + 2 xy kl + 2 yz lm + 2 zx mk

(b)

trong , t tensor ng sut c c x = 14, y = 10, z = 35; xy = 7, zx = -7, yz = 0. Kt

qu ng sut php, tnh theo (b) s l = 19,21 MPa.
ng sut tip tnh theo cng thc:

2 = ( x k + xy l + zx m )2 + ( xy k + y l + zx m )2 + ( zx k + yz l + z m )2 2

(c)

Sau khi thay cc gi tr ng sut v k, l, m vo v phi phng trnh (c), ng sut tip c
tnh nh sau:

= 14,95MPa.

V d 7: Trng thi ng sut ti im P, ghi trong h ta Oxyz nh sau:

8 6 2
ij = 6 4 2 MPa
2 2 5

Tnh trng thi ng sut ny trong h ta Oxyz, qua hai bc:ln u trc Oz xoay gc
= 45, sau h trc va hnh thnh xoay quay trc Ox gc = 30.
Li gii:
Sau ln xoay quanh trc Oz, h ta mi c mi lin h vi h ta Oxyz theo quan h:
x" cos

y" = sin
z" 0

sin
cos
0

0 x

0 y , vi = 45
1 z

Ln xoay h trc sau th hin bng quan h:

0
x ' 1

y ' = 0 cos
z ' 0 sin

0 x"

sin y" , vi = 30
cos z"

T :

14

 x' cos

y ' = sin cos
z ' sin sin

ij

'

sin
cos cos
cos sin

0 x

sin y = [C x ]{X } ,
cos z

Cng thc tnh chuyn ng sut t h ta Oxyz sang h ta Oxyz c dng:

= [C x ] ij [C x ]T
Sau khi thay = 45, = 30 cc thnh phn ma trn [Cx] tnh nh sau:
22
[C x ] = 46
2
4

1
2
3
2

2
2
6
4

2
4

Cc thnh phn ng sut im ang xt trong h ta Oxyz s l:

2

2
2 2
2
2

+ 2 2

+ 5 0 + 2 6
+ 4.
x ' = 8.
2 0 +
2 2
2

2
= 4MPa
+ 2 (2) 0

2 6 2
2
6 2 6
1
6

+ ( 5) x0 x + 6

+ 4

2
2 4 2 4
2 4 2 4
2 1
6
6
21

+ 0 x
2
+ 0 x
4 = 5,20 MPa
2 2
4
2 2

x ' y ' = 8

+ 2

2
2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2

+ (5) x0 x

+ 4

6
+

2 4 + 2 4
4 2 4
2
2

2 3
2

2 3
2

0
0
x
x
+
+
4 = 3MPa

4
2 2
2 2

z ' x ' = 8

+ 2

2
6
6

6 6
1

y ' = 8.
+
4
.
+

+
2

4
4 4 +
4
2

61

61
+ 2 ( 2)
= 4,8MPa
+ 2 (2)

4 2
4 2

15


2
6
2 6
1
3
2
6 2 6

+ 4

+ (5) x

6
+

4 2 4
4 4 + 4 4
4
2
2

3
6 3 1
2
6 1 2

2

+
= 2,71MPa
+

4 2 2 4
2 4 2 4

y ' z ' = 8

+ 2

2
+ 4.
5
z ' = 8.

4
4

2 3

+ 2 ( 2)
+ 2 2

4 4

2
3 3
2

+ 2 6

+

2 2
4 4
2 3

= 8,2 MPa
4 4

Kt qu tnh nh sau:
5,2
3
4

ij ' = 5,2 4,8 2,7 MPa

3 2,7 8,2

V d 8: Xc nh trc chnh v ng sut chnh phn t chiu tc ng ng sut sau: x = 500

kG/cm2, y = 300 kG/cm2, xy = 100 kG/cm2.
Li gii:
Cng thc tnh ng sut chnh:

1, 2 =

x + y
2

x + y

2

+ xy2

Thay cc gi tr cho vo biu thc trn s nhn c:

2

500 + 300
500 + 300
2
2
1 =
+
+ 100 = 400 + 141,4 = 541,4 kG/cm ;
2
2

500 + 300
500 + 300
2
2
1 =

+ 100 = 400 141,4 = 258,6 kG/cm ;
2
2

Gc nghing trc chnh so vi trc Ox, Oy tnh theo cng thc:

tg 2 =

2 xy

x y

Trng hp ny tg2 = -1 v do vy 2 = -45; = -22

V d 9: Bit trc gi tr bin dng im trong mt phng 2D sau y:
x = 0,002; y = -0,001; xy = 0,003.
Xc nh hng chnh v bin dng chnh.
Li gii:
16

Gc xoay hng chnh tnh theo cng thc:

tg 2 =

2 xy

x y

T : 2 = 63,4

2(0,003)
=2
(0,002) (0,001)

v 243,4

= 31,7

v (31,7 + 90)

Bin dng chnh:

x +y

x y

cos 2 + xy sin 2

2
2

x +y x y
y' =
cos 2 xy sin 2

2
2

x' =

Sau thay th bng s cng thc cui c dng:

x= 0,00385 v y= -0,00285.
V d 9: B cm bin dng rectangular rosette, ba cm bin b tr trong nhnh vng trn, gc
gia chng 45, hnh 1.6, ghi nhn bin dng im o nh sau:
x = 200; 45 = 900; y =
1000
Xc nh gi tr v hng ng sut chnh, gi tr ng sut ct ln nht ti im o. Bit rng
E = 200 GPa, = 0,285.

x
C

45

45

Hnh 1.6
Li gii:
Bin dng gc tnh t cng thc:

xy = 2 45 x y = 2 900 200 1000 = 600

ng sut ti im tnh t quan h bin dng ng sut:

x =

E
200.10 9
(
)

=
200 + 0,285 1000.10 6 = 105,6.10 6 N / m 2
x
y
2
2
1
1 (0,285)

E
200.10 9
( y + x ) =
y =
1000 + 0,285 200.10 6 = 230,1.10 6 N / m 2
2
2
1
1 (0,285)
17

ng sut tip:

xy =

200.10 9
E
=
600.10 6 = 46,7.10 6 N / m 2
2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0,285)

Gc xoay hng chnh tnh theo cng thc:

tg 2 =

2 xy

x y

T : = -18,4

2(600.10 6 )
= 1,5
(200.10 6 ) (1000.10 6 )

v 71,6

ng sut php tnh theo cng thc:

Vi = -18,4

x + y
2

x + y
+
2

cos 2 + xy sn = 90,0 MPa

C th vit: 2 = 90,0 MPa.

Trng hp = 71,6 tnh c 1 = 245,7 MPa.
ng sut tip ln nht, tnh cho trng hp trng thi ng sut phng, 3 = 0:

max =

1 3
2

245,7 0
= 122,8MPa
2

V d 10:

Tm ua-ra dy t = 2mm c np bng 4 np cng ti bn mp. Cc np ni vi nhau bng

khp xoay. Ti v tr C t lc P = 25 kN, hnh 1.7
Xc nh:

Thay i gc cc gc tm,

Chuyn v c theo chiu ng,

ng sut chnh trong tm,

Thay i chiu di AC v BD.

Bit rng E = 7.104 MPa; = 0,34.

Li gii:
Ti trng P phi cn bng lc ct cnh BC, bt tm chu ct thun ty.
P = .A = .t.l
T c th tnh:

2,5.10 4
= 5.10 7 Pa = 50 MPa
3
2.10 .0,25

18

Hnh 1.7
G =

7.1010
= 2,6.1010 Pa = 2,6.10 4 MPa
(
)
2 1 + 0,34

Bin dng gc tnh bng cng thc =

= 1,92.10 3 rad

C = .l = 4,8.10 4 m = 0,48mm

ng sut chnh:
1 = = 50 MPa;
2 = - = -50 MPa;

Thay i chiu di on AB v BD:

l AC = 1l AC =

l AC
( 1 2 ) = 0,338mm
E

l BD = 0,338mm

19

Bi tp

1. Xc nh bin dng trong lng vt th tha mn phng trnh chuyn v:

u = A1x2 + B1y2 +C1z2
v = A2x2 + B2y2 +C2z2
w = A3x2 + B3y2 +C3z2
Ai, Bi, Ci, i= 1, 2, 3

l const

Bin dng ny c tha mn iu kin tng thch hay khng?

2.

Bin dng o c biu din bng cc hm sau:

x = A(x2 + z2);
yz = 0;

y = 0; z = Az2

zx = 2Axz; xy = 0;

Xc nh chuyn v tng ng.

3. Trong v d 3 chng ta khng xt n nh hng lc ct. Bi ton ang nu ti hnh 1.2 ny
c xem xt y hn, tnh n nh hng lc ct. Mt ct ngang dm hnh ch nht, cnh ng
2c. Chuyn v dm c miu t bng hm u v v dng sau:

[
[

Py

3 xy(2 L x ) 3(1 + )c 2 y + (2 + ) y 3
6 EJ

P
v( x, y ) =
3y 2 (L x ) x 2 (3L x ) + 3(1 + )c 2 x
6 EJ

u ( x, y ) =

Xc nh x y xy ca dm. Xy dng hm v(x, 0) v (x, 0).

4. Dm ngn chu nn, chu ng sut php 100MPa, ng sut tip 40 MPa. Xc nh gc nghing
mt tnh ton, so vi trc dm. Tnh ng sut php v ng sut ct ln nht.
5. Bit rng tm thp hnh vung chu ng sut nh sau: x = 150MPa, y = 50MPa. Tnh ng
sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ct ab nghing gc - so vi Ox.
6. Tm hnh ch nht kch thc 300x100 mm dy t = 10mm, chu tc ng ng sut: x =
120MPa, y = 60MPa. Tnh thay i kch thc tmdo bin dng. M un n hi vt liu 2.105
MPa, h s Poisson = 0,25.
7. Phn t hnh vung chu ng sut: x = -200MPa, y = 100MPa,xy = -120 MPa. Xc nh
hng trc chnh, ng sut chnh.
8. Trng thi ng sut phng ti im biu th trong h ta xOy nh sau:
3 4
4 9

MPa

Xc nh gi tr cc thnh phn ng sut ca im trong h ta xOy xoay theo chiu kim

ng h 45. Gii bng hai cch: (1) s dng cng thc chuyn v (2) s dng vng trn Mohr.
9. Trng thi ng sut xc nh nh sau: x = 14 MPa, y= - 10MPa, xy = 5MPa. Xc nh ng
sut chnh, trc chnh.

20

10. Trng thi ng sut xc nh nh sau: x = 14 MPa, y= - 10MPa,

nh ng sut chnh, trc chnh.

xy = - 5MPa. Xc

11. Trng thi ng sut xc nh nh sau: x = - 14 MPa, y= + 10MPa, xy =

nh ng sut chnh, trc chnh.

- 5MPa. Xc

3 1 1

12. ng sut ti im trong lng vt th mang gi tr th hin ti tensor ng sut: 1 0 2

1 2 0
Xc nh trc chnh, ng sut chnh v gi tr ln nht ng sut ct.
13. Khi su mt lm t nhm chu tc ng cc ng sut sau: x = -40MPa, y = 100MPa, z
= 60MPa.
Xc nh:

ng sut ct ln nht.

ng sut bt din oct.

ng sut bt din oct.

Th nng n v u0 do bin dng khi vt liu.

M un n hi vt liu E = 7.104MPa, h s Poisson = 0,35.

Hng dn:

ng sut chnh:
1 = 100 MPa; 2 = 60MPa; 3 = -40 a.

max =

oct =

1 3
2

1
3

( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2

; oct =

1 + 2 + 3

V =

1 2
( 1 + 2 + 3 )
E

u0 =

1
[ + + 2 ( 2 2 + 3 1 + 2 1 )] = 1,1.10 5 J / m 3
2E

14.

ng sut ti im trong lng vt th mang gi tr th hin ti tensor ng

21 6 6
sut: 6 37 18 MPa, m un n hi vt liu E = 200GPa, h s Poisson = 0,3. Xc nh bin
6 18 37
dng chnh. Xc nh bin dng gc.
15. Kt qu o bin dng im vt th trong trng thi ng sut phng a n kt qu: x = -90,
y = -30, xy = 120. Bit rng E = 209 GPa, = 0,29, lp tensor ng sut v tensor bin dng ti
im kho st ny.
21

16. Bit rng tensor bin dng ti im c dng: 1 0 4 10 4 , E = 70GPa, = 0,33. Vit
2 4 5
tensor ng sut cho im ang kho st.
17. Bit trc cc gi tr ca cc thnh phn tensor bin dng ghi trong h ta xOy, xc nh
cc thnh phn tensor bin dng ca cng trng thi trong h ta rOs, nh biu din ti hnh .
a/ x = 200, y = 400 , xy = 400 ,
= 30. Tm r, s, rs

b/ x = -400, y = 0, xy = 300 ,
s

= -30. Tm r, s, rs

c/ x = 0, y = 0, xy = 300 ,

= 45. Tm r, s, rs

d/ x =1,2.10-3, y = 0,8.10-3, xy =-0,8.10-3

Hnh 1.8

= 120. Tm r, s, rs

d/ x =0,2.10-3, y = 0,1.10-3, xy = 0,05.10-3

= 45. Tm r, s, rs

e/ x =1,2.10-3, y = 0,8.10-3, xy =-0,8.10-3

= 120. Tm r, s, rs

18. Trng thi ng sut phng ghi li nh sau : x = -90, y = -30, xy = 120. Bit rng E
= 209GPa, = 0,29, xc nh cc thnh phn cn li ca tensor bin dng v tensor ng sut.
a) s dng phng trnh chuyn gii bi ton
b) s dng vng trn Mohr x l bi ton.
19. nh gi bn kt cu chu tc ng ng sut trong khng gian 3D sau y: x = 90MPa,
y = 70MPa, z = -30MPa. Bit rng ng sut gii hn cr = 120MPa.
Hng dn:
Tiu chun bn Tresca:
max( 1 - 2, 2 - 3, 3 - 1) = Y
Tiu chun bn von Mises (l thuyt Maxell-Huber-Hencky-von Mises) c dng: eq = Y. Trong
ng sut tng ng vit nh sau:

eq =

( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2
2

Trng hp 3 = 0 tiu chun ny mang dng:

Li gii:
22

12 1 2 + 22 = Y

Theo tiu chun Tresca:

eq =

1 3
2

<

Y
cr
2

Theo tiu chun von Mises:

eq =

1
2

( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2

= 112MPa < cr

20. Xc nh chiu dy t ca bnh ln tr, ng knh ngoi D = 80mm, chu p lc nc bn

ngoi p = 30 MPa. Nhn ng sut gii hn 160 MPa.

Li gii:
ng sut chnh thnh bnh tnh theo cng thc:

1 =

pD 30 8 10 2 1,2
;
=
=
2t
2t
t

2 = 0,5;

3 =

0,6
t

T tiu chun bn von Mises c th tnh:

eq =

1
1,04
2
2
2
0,5 (1,2 0) + (0,6 0) + (1,2 0,6) =
cr = 160MPa
t
t

T y c th tnh: t = 6,5.10-3 m = 6,5mm.

21. Trc thp ng knh 15mm lm t vt liu c ng sut chy 320 MN/m2, chu tc ng
momen men quay Q. Xc nh gi tr gii hn momen quay theo tiu chun bn Tresca v theo tiu
chun bn von Mises.
22. Bnh thnh mng, ng knh bnh 1m, chu p lc trong 700 kN/m2. ng sut chy vt liu
lm bnh 250 MN/m2.
Xc nh chiu dy thnh bnh theo tiu chun bn ng sut ct ln nht (tiu chun Tresca)
v theo tiu chun von Mises.
23. Xc nh momen xon gii hn cho trc thp ng knh trc 10mm: a) theo tiu chun bn
Tresca v b) tiu chun von Mises. Gii hn bn vt liu [] = 140 MPa.
Tr li: Theo tiu chun Tresca MT = 13,7 N.m; theo tiu chun von Mises MT = 15,9 N.m.

23

Chng 2
CC PHNG PHP NNG LNG
2.1 Tm tt

Trong trng thi cn bng, cng do ngoi lc gy ra phi bng cng bin dng dng (strain
energy), dng th nng tch t. Nhng nguyn l nng lng da trn nh lut bo ton nng
lng, dng hu hiu trong c hc kt cu c th chia lm bn nhm:
Nguyn l nng lng ton phn (Principle of total potential energy)
Nguyn l cng o (Principle of wirtual work)
Nguyn l cng b ton phn (Principle of complementary total potential energy)
Nguyn l cng b o (Principle of complementary virtual work)
Biu trnh by gi tr bn dng cng ang nu nh gii thiu ti hnh 2.1

Hnh 2.1
T l thuyt n hi chng ta c th vit biu thc tnh cc cng nh sau.

Cng bin dng

d = 2 E

Cng o = E

Cng b

d =
0

Cng b o =

2
2E

Minh ha cch dng bn cch pht biu nguyn l bo ton cng, cng o p dng cho
trng hp ko (nn) bng lc P dm tr din tch mt ct dm A, m un n hi vt liu E, chiu
di dm l , hnh 2.2.

24

Hnh 2.2
Nguyn l nng lng ton phn

Cng bin dng tnh bng cng thc:

U=

2 dV

C th thy rng:
dV = dxdydz = (dA)dx
vi dA = dzdy
Mt khc dA = P

P = .A

hoc

Hnh 2.3

U=

2 dV = 2 (dA) dx

= E.

U=

1
1
1 P2
.A
(
)
dA

dx
=
P

dx
=

2
0 2 A.E
0 2 AE dx

Hnh 2.4
Cng ngoi lc, xem hnh 2.4, trong P = f():
V = P.

T iu kin cn bng U = V c th vit:

P 2l 1
= P.
2 AE 2
25

hay l:

Pl
AE

Nu k hiu AE/l = k, cng thc cui mang dng:

=

Pl
P
=
AE k
k. = P

hay l
Nguyn l cng o

1 P 2l
c th tnh tip:
T cng thc U =
2 AE
1 P2
1 P
1P
1
l =
P =
P = P
2 AE
2 AE / l
2k
2
vi P = k:
U = k2
T c th vit:
( k.2 ) = ( k) = k..;

T cng thc V = .P c th vit:

(P) = P.

Cn bng cng o trong v ngoi:

k.. = P. c th vit:
k. = P

Nguyn l cng b ton phn

Cng b ni lc:

1 P2
1 P2
dx
=
l
l 2 AE
2 AE

Cng b ngoi lc:

1
P
2

Tho mn iu kin: W*ext = W*int

C th thy:
1
1 P2
P =
2
2 k
hay l:

P
k

Nguyn l cng b o

26

Wint* =

1 P2
2 k

T Wint* =
Wext* = .P

1
PP
k

Wext* = P

T quan h: Wext* = Wint* c th vit: P =

Vi P 0:

1
PP
k

P
k

V d 1: S dng Nguyn l nng lng ton phn xc nh chuyn v theo phng thng ng
im B kt cu di y. Bit rng m un n hi vt liu E = 30Mpsi, din tch mt ct ngang A =
0,2in2. Chiu di l on dy BC 24 in, lc P tc ng theo chiu ng, bng 2000lbf

Hnh 2.5
Qui i cc n v dng trong bi tp theo cch sau:
Chiu di: 1 ft = 0,3048m; 1 in = 0,0254m.
Lc: 1 lbf = 4,448 N.
ng sut, p lc: lbf/ft2 = 47,88 Pa; psi lbf/in2 = 6895 Pa (N/m2).

Cng bin dng trong n v th tch vt th chu tc ng ca ngoi lc nh trnh by ti

C hc kt cu U = u 0 dV . Hm u0 trng hp chung c dng:
V

1
( x x + y y + z z + xy xy + yz yz + xz xz ), hay l u0 = {}{}T.
2

27

Cong bien
dang

Cong ngoai lc

Hnh 2.6
Th nng trong dm di l, cng A.E, vi A din tch mt ct ngang, E m un n hi
vt liu, chu ko, nn bng lc F tnh bng cng bin dng.
Cng bin dng dm chu ko, nn di tc ng lc dc trc N c dng:
L

1 N2
1 M2
dx , cn cng bin dng dm chu un: U =
dx .
2 AE
2 EI
0
0

U =

p dng cng thc u vo gii bi ton c th ca chng ta. Chuyn v im B theo hng
thng ng k hiu B. Cng ngoi lc p t cho h thng l:
W =

1
P. B = 1000. B
2

Cc lc cng cp FBC v FBD tnh t h cn bng lc:

FBC cos 30 o + FBD cos 45 o = 2000

FBC sin o FBD sin 45 o = 0

FBC = 1464
FBD = 1035
Chiu di cp xc nh t hnh: LBC = 24 in; LBD = LBCcos30/sin45 = 29,4in.
Th nng tch ly trong hai cp tnh theo cng thc:
U = UBC + UBD

2
2
LBC 1 FBD
LBD
1 FBC
=
+
= 4,29 +2,62.
2 A.E
2 A.E

T quan h 1000. B = 6,91 c th tnh:

B =

6,91
1000

28

V d 2: H thng ba l xo tr cng tng ng k, 1,5k v 2k b tr nh ti hnh 2.6. Lc bn

ngoi ko h thng mang gi tr P, t ti A, hng xung di. S dng nguyn l cng o xc nh
cc lc ko l xo F1, F2, F3.

Chuyn v im A di tc ng ngoi lc P c th biu din bng tng hai thnh phn u

chuyn v theo chiu ngang, v theo chiu ht tri t. Chuyn v o c k hiu theo cch ang
trnh by: u, v.

Hnh 2.7
gin di ba l xo tnh nh sau:
s1 = u cos 45 o v sin 45 o

s2 = v

o
o
s 3 = u cos 45 v sin 45

(a)

gin o tnh theo biu thc:

s1 = u cos 45o v sin 45 o

s 2 = v

o
o
s3 = u cos 45 v sin 45

(b)

Cng ni lc tnh bng tng cc cng thc hin trong h kt cu ang xem xt:
Wint = Wint,1 +Wint,2 +Wint,3

= (k)s1s1 + (1,5k)s2s2 + (2k)s3s3

= (3ku cos245 + kv sin45 cos45) u + (ku cos45 sin45 + 3kv sin245 +
1,5kv) v.

(c)

Wint = (1,5ku + 0,5 kv) u + (0,5ku + 3 kv ) v.

(d)

Cng ngoi lc do P thc hin bng -P.v v t Wext = -Pv.

(e)

hay l:

Cn bng Wint = Wext c th nhn phng trnh cn bng trong phng php chuyn v:

29

1,5 0,5 u 0
k
= ,
0,5 3 v P

c hiu l

(f)

ma tran vector vector

=
cng chuyen v lc

Nghim ca h phng trnh mang gi tr:

u = 1,1176

P
P
v v = -0,3529
k
k

(g)

T c th xc nh cc i lng gin di l xo cng cc lc trong cc l xo.

s1 = 0,3328 (P/k); s2 = 0,3529 (P/k); s3 = 0,1664 (P/k).

(h)

F1 = 0,3328P; F2 = 0,5294P; F3 = 0,3328P.

(i)

Gii cc bi ton dng ang nu theo nguyn l cng b.

Gii thch: cng b bn c quen ti phn l thuyt n hi. Trong hnh 2.8 tip theo y din
tch phn trn ng - biu din cng b.

Hnh 2.8
Vi vt th n hi, cng b c tnh U* =

u ( )dV
*
0

1
{ }T { }dV cn cng do

2V

= {P} {}dS . Nng lng * = U* - V* c tnh bng biu

ngoi lc p t tnh bng V

Su

thc: =

*
0

( )dV {P} {}dS . Bin phn hm * tnh theo:

T

* = u 0* ( )dV {P}T {}dS

V
Su

bng khng khi tha mn iu kin dng. Trong trng hp ny bi ton tr thnh:
(U* -V*) = 0.
V d 3: H thng hai dy l xo cng cng k, ni vi nhau ti nt P v chu tc ng lc thc W
im t ti P, theo chiu ht tri t, hnh 2.9. ng dng nguyn l cng b o xc nh chuyn v
nt ni theo hng ngang.

30

t lc o Q ti P, tc ng theo hng ngang chng ta s xc nh chuyn v ngang di

tc ng cc lc ang cp, cng ni lc trong h thng. Cng o do lc o bn ngoi gy tnh theo
cch va trnh by:

Wext* = uQ

(a)

Hnh 2.9
tnh cng ni lc theo cng thc nu trn cn thit xc nh cc tch nm sau du theo
f ij
, vi fij l lc thc, dng
cch rij f ij = sij f ij . gin di l xo tnh theo cng thc sij =
k
ni lc ca l xo.
Trng hp c th ny c th vit:
f
f AP
f AP + BP f BP
k
k

Wint * =

(b)

0,0717W
0,5176W
0,7320W
Q
=
(0,8966Q ) +
(0,7320Q) =
k
k
k

(c)

Kt qu tnh:
W
uQ = 0,0717 Q
k

(d)

hay l
W
u = -0,0717
k

(e)

V d 4: Gii bi ton ti v d 1 trn c s nh l Castigliano.

Li gii: Cng b h thng tnh theo cng thc tng cng b cc thnh phn tham gia kt
2
1 Fi 2 Li
.
cu, ghi thnh:
i =1 2 AE
Nh tnh t phn trn F1 = FBC = 0,732P; F2 = FBD = 0,518P
Cng b h thng c tnh bng:

31

U =
i =1

1 Fi 2 Li 0,535 P 2 LBC 0,268 P 2 LBD

=
+
AE
AE
2 AE

Chuyn v im B theo hng tc ng lc P bng o hm hm nng lng theo P, tnh

bng s:

B =

U 0,535 PLBC 0,268 PLBD

=
+
= 6,91x10 3
P
AE
AE

Chuyn v ngang im B c coi do lc o ngang H, t ti B gy. Cng b trong trng

hp ny mang dng:
2

U =
i =1

1 Fi 2 Li (0,732 P + 0,732 H ) 2 LBC (0,518 P 0,879 H ) 2 LBD

=
+
AE
AE
2 AE

Chuyn v im B theo hng tc ng ca H:

0,732(0,732 P + 0,732 H ) LBC 0,879(0,518 P 0,879 H ) LBD

= 0,26 x10 3
U=
H
AE
AE

32

Bi tp

1. Chng minh biu thc tnh nng lng n v vt liu n hi trong bi ton ng sut phng:
Cng bin dng u 0 =

E 1
( x + y )2 2 x y + 1 xy2

2(1 + ) 1
2

Cng bin dng b: u 0* =

1
( x + y )2 2(1 + ) x y xy2
2E

)]

2. Chng minh biu thc tnh cng b n v hm Airy trong trng thi ng sut phng:

1 2 2
u =
+

2 E x 2 y 2

*
0

2(1 + ) 2
x

2
2
y

xy

3. Chng minh biu thc tnh cng b n v vt liu ng hng trong bi ton 2D v 3D:
Bi ton 2D:
u 0* =

1
1 2

(
x2 + y2 ) ( x y ) +
xy
2E
E
2G

Bi ton 3D:
u 0* =
=

1
2
1+ 2
x2 + y2 + z2 ( x y + y z + x z ) +
xy + yz2 + xz2 =
E
E
2E

1
( x x + y y + z z + xy xy + yz yz + xz xz )
2

3. Xc nh chuyn v im O theo phng thng ng theo nguyn l cng o, hnh 2.10a.

4. Xc nh cc lc trong thanh ca h thng trnh by ti hnh 2.10b. Vt liu dng trong trng
hp ny l vt liu n hi.

2,

1m

Xc nh chuyn v ngang im O, hnh 2.10b theo nguyn l cng o.

60

2m

2m

O
P

600kN

Hnh b

Hnh a

Hnh 2.10
33

5 Gii bi ton 3 v 4 va nu theo nguyn l nng lng ton phn.

6 Khi lp rp khung ngi ta pht hin rng thanh BC b ngn so vi thit k on a= 0,005l.
Xc nh chuyn v ca nt A do thiu ht gy ra. Bit rng l = 120cm.

B
C

Hnh 2.11
7. Xc nh ng sut trong cc thanh ca kt cu cn cu, hnh 2.12. Chn tit din mt ct t thp
hnh (t chn) nhm o bo bn ko, nn, bit rng ng sut cho php cr = 160 MPa. Tnh
chuyn v ng ca im B, bit rng P = 50 kN, L = 80cm, E = 2.105 MPa.

1
5

B
P

Hnh 2.12
8. Xc nh chuyn v theo hng ng im A thuc kt cu trnh by ti hnh 2.13. Din tch mt
ct cc thanh chu ko nn nh s t 1 n 7 u bng a. Chiu di cc thanh ghi ti hnh 2.13.

34

L
6

1
2

Hnh 2.13
9 Xc nh chuyn v theo phng ngang im B ca bi tp 8.

35

CHNG 3

DM THNG
Tm tt
Cng thc chnh

Biu thc vi phn trnh by quan h gia lc ct V(x) v phn b ti trng trn dm q(x):
dV ( x)
(3.1)
= q( x)
dx
Quan h gia momen un dm M(x) v lc ct dm V(x) th hin qua biu thc vi phn:
dM ( x)
= V ( x)
(3.2)
dx
T :

d 2 M ( x)
= q( x)
dx 2

(3.3)

Biu thc tch phn th hin quan h lc ct, momen un vi ti trng:

x

V ( x) = V ( x 0 ) q ( x)dx

(3.4)

x0

M ( x) = M ( x0 ) + V (x 0 )(x x0 ) ( x )q ( )d

(3.5)

x0

ng sut un (flexural stress) tnh t biu thc:

x =

M ( x).z
I

(3.6)

ng sut ct (shear stress) xc nh theo biu thc:

xy

V ( x).S *
=
I .b

(3.7)

trong : b chiu rng dm ti vng tnh ton, S* - momen tnh tnh cho vng b ct.
Quan h gia vng dm w(x) v momen un:
d 2 w( x) M ( x)
=
EI
dx 2

(3.8)

M
w( x) =
dx dx + C1 x + C 2 , trong C1, C2 cc hng s.
EI
Xc nh vng dm tnh nh

36

a/ S dng phng php phng trnh vi phn

V d 1: Xc nh vng dm di l, ta t do, chu ti phn b q= const

x
L

Hnh 3.1
T M(x) =

qlx qx 2
d 2 w qlx qx 2

c th vit EJ
=

2
2
2
2
dx 2

Tin hnh tch phn biu thc cui s nhn c:

dw
qlx 2 qx 3
EJ
=

+ C1
dx
4
6
Ti im gia si dm, ti x = l/2 dw/dx = 0, chng ta c th xc nh:
C1 =
EJ

ql 3
24

dw
qlx 2 qx 3 ql 3
=

+
dx
4
6
24

Tip tc tch phn s nhn c:

EJw =

qlx 3 qx 4 ql 3 x
+
+
+ C2
12
24
24

Bit rng ti x = 0, w = 0, do vy C2 = 0.
T c th tnh:
w=

q
l 3 x 2lx 3 + x 4
24 EJ

Gi tr cc i ca w ti x = l/2:
wmax

5 ql 4
=
384 EJ

Gc xoay ti gi:
37

dw
dx

x =0

ql 3
24 EJ

b/ Gii bi ton trn c s tch phn h phng trnh vi phn c bn.

V d 2: Xc nh vng dm cng xon, ngm u bn tri, chu tc ng lc tp trung P u pha

phi, hnh 3.2
P
L
Hnh 3.2
Momen un tnh theo cng thc sau.
M = -P(l x) = -Pl +Px

(b)

Cng thc (a) c th vit di dng:

EJw(x) = Pl - Px

(c)

Thc hin txh phn theo biu thc (c ) s nhn c:

dw( x)
Px 2
EJ
= Plx
+ C1
dx
2
EJw( x) =

(d)

Plx 2 Px 3

+ C1 x + C 2
2
6

(e)

Thay iu kin bin vo hai phng trnh trn chng ta s xc nh C1 v C2.

iu kin ti x = 0: w = 0 ;
Ti x = l: w(l) = 0;
Thay cc gi tr ny vo hai phng trnh cui s xc nh hai gi tr hng s tch phn:
C1 = C2 = 0.
Hai phng trnh (d) v (e) gi tr thnh:
w(x) =

Pl
P 2
x
x
EJ
2 EJ

w(x) =

Pl 2
P 3
x
x
2 EJ
6 EJ

Ti x = l hai hm tr thnh:
w(l) =
w(l) =

Pl 2
2 EJ
Pl 3
3EJ

38

c/ nh l Castigliano

V d 3: Xc nh vng dm cng xon, ngm u bn tri, chu tc ng lc tp trung P u pha

phi, hnh 3.3
P

Hnh 3.3
Phng trnh miu t vng dm: EJ

d 2w
= M
dx 2

(a)

trong EJ cng dm chu un, w vng dm, M momen un dm.

Momen un tnh theo cng thc: M = -P(l x) = -Pl +Px

(b)

Hm th nng tnh cho dm b un, theo l thuyt dm n hi c th vit:

l

U =
0

M2
dx
2 EJ

(c)

Thay biu thc tnh M t (b) vo (c), sau tch phn c th nhn c:
U=

P 3l 3
6 EJ

(d)

T nh l Castigliano, theo chuyn v do P gy ra s tnh bng o hm U theo P:

=

P 2 l 3 Pl 3
U
=

=
P P 6 EJ 3EJ

(e)

d/ Tnh theo phng php ti n v hay cng thc Maxwell-Mohr

V d 4: Xc nh vng dm cng xon nu ti hnh 3.3

vng dm theo phng php ny tnh bng cng thc:
=
l

M M1
dx
EJ

(a)

trong M momen do do thc gy, M = -P( l - x)

M1 momen do ti n v ( = 1), t ti u pha phi dm gy ra, v nh vy M1 = 1.( x l).
l
(l x)( x l )
Pl 3
w (l ) =
dx=
3EJ
EJ
0

39

Xc nh vng dm khng tnh nh (siu tnh)

V d 1: Cho trc dm di L = 10 n v di, cng EJ = const, ngm mt u, u th hai ta

trn khp cng, chu ti phn b u q = const v momen un tp trung M0 t ti gia dm. Xc
nh phn lc v vng dm.

Hnh 3.4
T phng trnh vi phn trnh by quan h gia vng v momen un dm
2

EJ

d w
= M
dx 2

c th vit cc phng trnh sau:

qx 2
d 2 w( x)
= R1 x
EJ
khi
2
dx 2

qx 2
d 2 w( x)
khi
R
x
M
EJ
=

+
!
0
2
2
d x

0 x

L
2

L
xL
2

(a)

Sau tch phn s nhn c cc biu thc dng:

trng hp 0 x L/2:

dw( x)
x 2 qx 3
= R1

+ C1
EJ

dx
2
6

3
4
x
qx

+ C1 x + C 2
EJw( x) = R1

6
24

(b)

trng hp L/2 x L:

dw( x)
x 2 qx 3
= R1

+ M 0 x + C3

dx
2
6

3
4
2
x
qx
x

+ M0
+ C3 x + C 4
EJw( x) = R1

6
24
2
EJ

(c)

Ti y chng ta gp bn hng s cn xc nh, cng vi mt phn lc R1. x l bi ton

tm ng thi 5 n, cn thit tha mn cc iu kin bin.
iu kin ti x = 0: w (0) = 0;
iu kin ti x = L: dw/dx|x=L = w|x=L = 0;
Nu thay L =10 v q = 10 nh ghi ti u , cc hng s mang gi tr sau:
C2 = 0;
C3 = -(R1/2).102 + (10.103)/6 - 100x10 = -50 R1 + 667
40

(d)

C4 = -(R1/6).103 + (10.104)/24 - 100x102/2 (-50R1 +667).10 =

333R1 - 7,51. 103.
Ti y cn 2 n phi xc nh C1 v R1.
Ti v tr x = L/2 t momen un tp trung M0 c th vit:
dw
dx

x = L / 2Ktrai

dw
dx

x = L / 2K phai

v
53
52
53
52
R1 10 + C1 = R1 10 + 100.5 + C 3
6
2
6
2

T y tnh c:
C1 = 500 + C3
Mt khc
w

x = L / 2Ktrai

=w

x = L / 2K phai

54
53
54
53
R1 10 + C1 .5 = R1 10 + 100.5 2 / 2 + C 3 .5 + C 4
24
6
24
6

5C1 = 1250 + 5C3 + C4

xc nh C1 v R1 t quan h trn y c th lp h phng trnh:

C1 + 50 R1 1167 = 0

5C1 83R1 + 2,92.10 3 = 0

(e)

R1 xc nh t y, mang gi tr: R1 = 26,3

Phn lc R2 tm t phng trnh cn bng lc: R1 qL + R2 = 0
hay l R2 = 73,7
Momen phn lc tm t quan h: -M0(L/2) - M0 + R2L _ M2 = 0.
T M2 = 137.
Dm un

V d 1: Xy dng biu lc ct v momen un dm thng di l, chu tc ng ti phn b theo qui

lut tuyn tnh, gi tr ti u pha tri q1, ti u pha phi q2. Phn bit cc trng hp phn b lc
sau:

q2 = 0.

q1 = q2 = q.

q1 < 0.

Qui lut phn b ngoi lc

c vit thnh:
Hnh 3.5
41

q ( x) = q1 +

q 2 q1
x
l

(a)

T iu kin cn bng lc v momen c th vit phng trnh momen tnh cho u B nm

bn tri:
l

V A l (l x )q ( x)dx = 0

(b)

T phng trnh cui tnh c: VA = l( 2q1 + q2)/6.

Cng thc tnh lc ct, tnh ti khong cch x t gi tri s l:
x

V ( x) = V A q ( x)dx =
0

1
(2q1 + q 2 ) q1 x + q 2 q1 x
l
6
2

(c)

Momen un dm:
x

M ( x) = V A x ( x )q ( )d =
0

2
3

1
(2q1 + q 2 )x q1 x + q 2 q1 x
l
2
6
2

(d)

xc nh v tr momen un t gi tr cc tiu hoc cc i cn thit gii phng trnh (c )

vi S(x0) = 0. Nu k hiu u = q2/q1, x0 tnh theo biu thc:
x0 =

l u 2 + u + 1
1

u 1
3

(e)

trng hp q2 = 0 c th thy:

1
x0 = l 1
0,423l
3

Gi tr M tng ng:
M max =

vi

ql 2
9 3

0,0642ql 2

q1 = q2 = q cng thc tnh lc ct v momen un s l:

ql
qx;
2
qlx qx 2
M ( x) =

2
2

V ( x) =

M max =

ql 2
8

42

Va
Va

Vb

N
M

Vb

ql/3

N
M

ql/2
ql/8

ql/6

Va

ql/2

Va

Hnh 3.6
Trng hp q1 < 0.
Trng hp < u < 2 hm M c hai on du khc nhau. Hai gi tr ca x0 tnh t cng
thc (e) gi s mang dng:
x0* =

l
u 2 u + 1
1m

3
u + 1

Hai gi tr cc tr, Mmin v Mmax tnh cho trng hpang cp nh sau y.

Vi u 2 hm M mang gi tr dng, im cc i t gi tr:
M max =

2
q1l 2
27

ti x0 = (2/3)l.

Vi u 0,5 hm M mang gi tr m, khi u = , ti x0 = (1/3)l nhn c:

M min =

1
q1l 2
27

th trnh by momen un, lc ct dm ti hnh 3.6.

V d 2: Dm vi mt ct hnh ch nht, kt cu thnh mng, chu un. Ti mt ct tnh ton lc ct
dm tnh bng V = 10kN. Xc nh phn b ng sut ct trong cc thnh ca mt ct. Kch thc
ghi ti hnh tnh bng mm. Chiu dy cc thnh nh sau: thnh AB, CD, DA dy 3mm, thnh BC
dy 6mm.

Momen qun tnh Iy ca mt ct ngang dm:

Iy = 1,350x106 mm4
Bc u tin, tin hnh m khung kn ti nt B. Theo cch ny dng ct (shear flow) c
chiu nh th hin ti hnh v pha phi, trn. Cng dng tnh theo cng thc:
43

q1 = .t =

V .a.t
10 x10 3 x0,05 x0,003
s=
s = 1,111x10 6 s
Iy
1,35 x10 6

Trong cng thc ny s o bng m.

40

A
y

1 A

q1

q2

100

q4

q3
3 D

e
V

24,3

3
4

Hnh 3.7
Dng ct th 2:
V
q 2 = .t =
2I y

h 2

10 x10 3
2
z t =
2 x1,35 x10 6
2

0,10 2

2
3
6 2
z 0,006 = 55,56 x10 22,22 x10 z

q3

= q1.
Momen tnh S* tnh cho thnh trn v thnh ng DA mang gi tr:
S = 0,05 x0,003x0,04 +
*

T q4 =

1 0,1
2
6
3 2
z 0,003 = 9,75 x10 1,5 x10 z
2 2

V *
S = 72,22 x10 3 11,111x10 6 z 2
Iy

Dng ct trong khung kn k hiu bng qc, cng thc tnh tng ng sut ct cc thnh min
kn c th hin nh sau:
4

i =1

q ci qi
=0
ti

T y c th tnh :

44

 40 100 40 100
+
+
+
q c1 = 2
6
3
3
3

0 , 04

1,111 10 6 s
ds 2
0,003

0 , 05

55,56 10 3 22,22 10 6 z 2
dz
0,006

0 , 05

77,22 10 3 11,111 10 6 z 2
+2
dz = 0
0,003
0
qc1 = -27,05x103 N/mm.

Dng ct trong mi thnh tnh ln lt nh sau.

Thnh BA v CD:
q = 1,111.106s 27,05.103 v =

q
= 370,4.10 6 s 9,017.10 6
0,003

N / m2

Thnh CB:
q = 55,56.103 22,22.106z2 + 27,05.103 = 82,61.103 22,22.106z2
q
= 13,77.10 6 s 3,704.10 6 z 2
0,006

v =

N / m2

Thnh AD:
q = 77,22.103 11,111.106z2 - 27,05.103 = 45,17.103 11,111.106z2
q
= 15,06.10 6 s 3,704.10 6 z 2
0,003

v =

N / m2

th ng sut ct trong cc thnh trnh by ti hnh 3.7

xc nh tm ct cn thit xc nh tng momen ca im C. Trng hp kt cu n
lin ny cn tnh hai thnh phn lc ct Q1 ti thnh AB, lc trong thnh AD.
0 , 04

[370,4.10

Q1 =

s 9,017.10 6 0,003ds = 193,1N

0 , 05

Q4 = 2

[15,06.10

3,704.10 6 z 2 0,003ds = 3590 N

Tng momen ca C vi V = 10kN:

= e.10.10 3 + 40.3590 100.193,08 = 0

T phng trnh cui xc nh tm ct: e = 12,4mm.

Un dm composite

Dm cu to t t nht hai vt liu c tnh khc nhau c gi l dm tng hp (dm

composite).

45

dam composite

E
E
E

mat cat dam composite

mat cat dam tng ng

Hnh 3.8
V d minh ha theo y gii thiu dm cng xn, lm t hai vt liu, m un n hi lp
M .z
. Vi ( x )e = ( x )c . T nh lut
di E1 , lp trn E2 vi E2 > E1. Bin dng dc dm: x =
EJ
Hooke c th vit:

( x )e
E1

( x )c
E2

. ng sut ang nu tnh cho mt ct tng ng (x)E, ng

sut thc t tnh cho vng vt liu vi E2 c hiu l: ( x )c =

ti phn t mt ct
Ae =

E2
Ac
E1

Ie =

be =

( x )c
b
( x )e c

hoc be =

E1
( x )e . Chiu rng tng ng
E2

E2
bc . Momen qun tnh tnh cho mt ct ny:
E1

E2
Ic .
E1

V d 3: Dm tit din hnh ch nht, xem hnh 3.9, lm t bron vi Eb = 100GPa, dn cht vi lp
thp Es = 200GPa, chu tc ng momen un, tnh ti mt ct x-x l M = 25N.m. Xc nh ng sut
ti mt tip xc hai lp vt liu v ng sut ln nht trong phn thp v bron.
T l gia hai m un n hi vt liu n = 200/100 = 2. Chiu rng tng ng be tnh cho
lp bron s l:
be = 2x6 = 12mm.

46

bron

thep

Hnh 3.9
Trc trung ha mt ct tng ng:
zn =

(6 8) 8 + (12 4) 2
= 5,0mm
48 + 48

Momen qun tnh, tnh qua trc trung ha:

I eq

12 4 3
6 83
2

+ 48 3,0 2 = 1184mm 4
=
+ 48 3,0 +

12
12

Ti v tr mt tip xc hai lp vt liu, z = 1mm cch trc trung ha ng sut tnh cho vt liu
bron xc nh theo quan h:

x ,b =

M
25
=
10 3 = 21,2 10 6 N / m 2
9
I eq / z 1,18 10

ng sut tnh cho vt liu thp xc nh theo quan h:

x ,b =

2M
2 25
10 3 = 42,4 10 6 N / m 2
=
9
I eq / z 1,18 10

ng sut ln nht tnh cho lp vt liu bron cch trc trung ha z = -7mm.

x ,b =

M
25
=
(7) 10 3 = 148,3 10 6 N / m 2
9
I eq / z 1,18 10

ng sut ln nht tnh cho lp vt liu thp cch trc trung ha z = 5mm.

x ,b =

2M
2 25
5 10 3 = 211,9 10 6 N / m 2
=
9
I eq / z 1,18 10

Phng php lc p dng cho dm khng tnh nh

47

q2

q1
1

2
L

L2

Hnh 3.10
V d 1: Cho trc dm hai nhp, dn th nht di L1, dm th hai ni tip di L2. Chiu di L1 =
0,8L2. Dm b ngm ti u bn tri, ta trn gi s 1 ti du pha phi v ta t do ti gi 2 nm ti
v tr x = L1. Ti phn b u q1 tc ng ti dm th nht, ti trn dm th hai mang gi tr q2,
trong q1 = 0,5q2.
Xc nh phn lc ti cc gi, biu lc ct v momen un.
Trong khun kh phng php lc, tin hnh xc nh bc khng tnh nh.
N = (1+1+2) - 3 = 1.
Thnh phn khng tnh nh trong trng hp ny nn chn momen un ti gi s 2 M2.
Dm hai si c phn thnh hai dm, dm th nht ta trn hai gi, chu tc ng ti q1 =
const v momen M2 t ti gi s 2, pha phi dm ny; dm hai chu tc ng ti q2 = const v M2
t ti gi s hai, gi nm pha tri dm.

Hnh 3.11

Phng trnh cn bng gc xoay dm ti gi s 2: 21

23 :

M 2 L1 q1 L13
M 2 L2 M 3 L2 q 2 L32

+
3EJ
24 EJ
3EJ
6 EJ
24 EJ
Gc xoay ti ngm bng 0 trong trng hp ang xt:
M 2 L2 M 3 L2 q 2 L32
+

=0
6 EJ
3EJ
24 EJ
Nu t L2 = l v q2 = q, hai phng trnh trn c th vit di dng:
18M 2 + 5M 3 = 1,57 ql 2

5M 2 + 10 M 3 = 1,25ql 2

48

hoc di dng phng trnh ma trn:

18 5 M 2 1,57 ql 2
5 10 M =
2
3 1,25ql

T xc nh:
0,0945ql

0,061ql
2

0,0473ql2

0,0473ql

0,5335ql
0,2763ql

0,1238ql

0,4665ql

Hnh 3.12
2

M2 = 0,061ql ; M3 = 0,0945ql2 .
Phn lc ti cc gi:
R1 =

q1 L1 M 2

= 0,1238ql
2
L1

R3 =

q 2 L2 M 3 M 2

= 0,5535ql
2
L2

tnh R2 cn thit tnh tng hai thnh phn R21 v R23:

R21 =

q1 L1 M 1

= 0,2763ql
2
L1

R23 =

q 2 L2 M 2 M 3

= 0,4665ql
2
L2

v R2 = R21 + R23 = 0,7428ql.

th momen un v lc ct dm trnh by ti hnh 3.10
V d 2: Xc nh phn lc v momen un dm hai nhp sau y theo phng php lc. Kt qu tnh
s dng so snh vi li gii theo phng php chuyn v nu tip theo ti phn di y.

49

P=0,5ql
q
0
l/2

1
l/2

2
l

Hnh 3.13
M hnh tnh trnh by ti hnh 3.13

Hnh 3.14
Phng trnh xc nh gc xoay ti ngm tri 12 = 0:

M 1l M 2 l
Pl 3

+
=0
3EJ 6 EJ 16 EJ

phng trnh cn bng gc xoay ti gi 2:

M 1l M 2 l
M l M l
Pl 3
ql 3
+

= 2 3 +
6 EJ 3EJ 16 EJ
3EJ 6 EJ 24 EJ
phng trnh gc xoay ngm phi:
M 2 l M 3l
ql 3
+

=0
6 EJ 3EJ 16 EJ
Sau khi thay P = 0,5ql, nhn c h phng trnh sau.
2
2 1 0 M 1 163 ql
1 4 1 M = 7 ql 2

2 16
0 1 2 M 3 14 ql 2

Sau khi gii h phng trnh trn y s nhn c:

11
ql 2
0,0573
M 1 192

14 2
2
M 2 = 192 ql = ql 0,0729
0,0885
M 17 ql 2

3 192

50

V d 3: S dng phng php ma trn do xc nh chuyn v v cc thnh phn lc ct, momen

un dm, nu ti hnh di y.

60kN/m

100kN

1,5m
3m

4m

Hnh 3.15
S phn lc cn tm gm ba lc ti 3 gi v hai momen ti ngm bn tri, gi gia, tng cng
5. S phng trnh trong h phng trnh cn bng ch c 3. Nh vy bc khng tnh nh (degree of
static indeterminacy) s l 5 3 = 2.
Chn momen ti ngm v gi gia l lc khng tnh nh MA v MB.

Hnh 3.16
1) Biu momen un ti cc kt cu tch nhn to c dng sau.
Gc xoay ti u dm ta ti hai gi, chu ti phn b q = 60 kN/m, tnh theo cng thc:
qL3
A = B =
.
24 EI
Gc xoay ti u dm ta ti hai gi, chu ti tp trung ti gia si P = 100kN, tnh theo cng
PL2
.
thc: A = B =
16 EI
Gi tr 1L tnh ti A v 2L ti B:
1L =

1 4 3 160

=
24 EI EJ
51

 2L =

160 1 100 3 2 216,25

+
=
EI 16
EI
EI

lp ma trn do nn s dng phng php ti n v p t ti v tr i, i = 1, 2, v xc

nh chuyn v do cc ti ny gy ra ti j, j = 1, 2, .. .
Cch lm trong trng hp ny nh sau, hnh 3.17
A

1kNm

A'

B'B'

C'

1/EJ

Hnh 3.17
2 1
3 2

1
4
4 =
EI
3EI

1 1
3 2

1
2
4 =
EI
3EI

11 =
21 =

Tng t cch lm trn, c th xy dng m hnh tnh:

1kNm
B

1/EJ
B'B'

A'

C'

Hnh 3.18
1 1
3 2

1
2
4 =
EI
3EI

2 1
3 2

1
2 1 1
7
4+
3 =
EI
3 2 EI
3EI

12 =
22 =

iu kin bin bi ton th hin: 1 = 0; 2 = 0.

Phng trnh ma trn gi c th vit:
52

1 4 2 P1 1 160
=

3EI 2 7 P2 EI 216,5

Hnh 3.19
T :
P1 85,875
=

P2 68,250

Biu momen un ca dm hau nhp c v ti hnh 3.19

V d 4: S dng phng php ma trn do (phng php lc) xc nh momen un ti B, C dm sau
y.

120kN
40kN/m

20kN/m

4m

12m

12m

12m

Hnh 3.20
Dm ang nu thuc dng khng tnh nh. Hai nghim siu tnh c chn s l momen men
un MB ti gi B v MC ti gi C.

53

120kN 20kN/m

40kN/m

4m

12m

12m

Mb Mb

12m

Mc Mc

4m

12m

1kNm

C
12m

1kNm
D

C
1kNm

1kNm

D
12m

Hnh 3.21
Cc lc siu tnh k hiu MB v Mc trnh by ti hnh a.
Chuyn v (gc xoay) ti nt B do ngoi lc tc ng trn dm BA v do lc tp trung ti dm
BC gy, gc xoay ti C do ngoi lc trn dm CD v dm CB gy.
Cn c m hnh trnh by ti hnh b, t cc bng tnh chun b sn c th tnh:

B = BA + BC =

40 12 3 120 12 2 3946,67
+
=
EI
24 EI
16 EI

C = CB + CD =

20 12 3 120 12 2 2293,33
+
=
EI
24 EI
16 EI

H s do th ij, k hiu ij , xc nh bng chuyn v ti nt th j do ti n v t ti nt i

gy. Ti n v t ti B c C c dng nh trnh by ti hnh c, d.
2 1
3 2

1 2 1
1
8
+ 12
=
EI 3 2
EI EI

21 = 12

1 1
3 2

1
2
=
EI EI

1 1
3 2

1
2
=
EI EI

2 1
3 2

1 2 1
1
8
+ 12
=
EI 3 2
EI EI

11 = 12

12 = 12
22 = 12

Phng trnh ma trn c dng:

[ ]{P} = {} + { L }
54

1 8 2 M B
1 3946,67

EI 2 8 M C
EI 2293,33

T y c th tnh gi tr hai momen ang l n s:

M B 449,78

M C 174,22

V d 5: Xy dng ng momen un M, lc ct N v lc dc trc T khung phng sau.

P
45
Hnh 3.22
Chn X1, X2, X3 lm lc siu tnh, nh trnh by ti hnh a di.
P

X1
X3
X2

Pa

a
M2

c) Momen do X2

a) Ngoai lc
a

X2=1

1
1

M3

M1
X1=1

X3=1
d) Momen do X3

b) Momen do X1

Hnh 3.23
Trong khun kh phng php lc, tin hnh xy dng h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh,
dng phng trnh ma trn:
[] {P} = {}

(*)

Cc thnh phn ma trn do ij, i = 1,2,3 v j = 1, 2, 3 xc lp t c s chuyn v nt i di

tc ng ti n v t ti j; i, i = 1, 2, 3 tnh cho v tr i di tc ng lc thc ca h thng.

ij =

mi m j
EJ

dx

i =

mi M
dx
EJ

trong M momen un do ngoi lc gy;

55

mj , j = 1, 2, 3 - momen do ti n v (=1) gy.

M hnh tnh trnh by t hnh b.
Momen M trnh by ti hnh c.
Momen m1, m2, m3 trnh by ti hnh d, e, f tng ng.

11

( )

1
2
2
a 2 a a + a2a
m
2,47 3
3
3
dx = 2
a
=
=
EJ
EJ
EJ
l
2
1

12 = 21

1 =

0,47a 3
=
;
EJ

23 = 32

0,707a 2
=
;
EJ

13 = 31

2,71a 2
=
EJ

aPa.a Pa 3
=
2 EJ
2

v
2 =

Pa 3
;
3EJ

3 =

Pa 2
2 EJ

H phng trnh ti (*) gi c dng:

2,71 X 1
Pa / 2
2,47 a 0,472a
1 2

1,14a 0,707 X 2 =
a Pa
a
EJ

3,41 / a X 3
P / 2
2

Gii h phng trnh trn y s nhn c kt qu:

X 1 0,204

X 2 = 0,417 P
X 0,071a
3

th momen un, lc ct, lc ko, nn trnh by ti hnh a, b, c, d.

56

X1

P
0,308Pa

X3
X2

P
0,417P

0,204P
0,583P

0,583P

0,204P

a)

c)

0,071Pa
0,417P

0,142Pa

-0,149P
P

0,204P

0,275Pa
0,308Pa

b)

d)

0,071Pa

0,435P

Hnh 3.24
Phng php chuyn v
V d 1: Xc nh phn lc v momen un dm hai nhp sau y.

P=0,5ql
q
0

1
l/2

l/2

2
l

Hnh 3.25
Tin hnh gii bi ton theo th t sau:
a) Xc nh s n cn tm. Trng hp c th gc xoay dm ti ngm s 0 v ngm s 2 bng 0:
0 = 2 = 0. Gc xoay ti gi s 1 cn c xc nh
b) Xc nh momen ngm c nh, theo cng thc t sc bn vt liu:
MF01 = -

ql 2
;
16

MF10 =

ql 2
;
16

MF12 = -

ql 2
;
12

MF21 =

ql 2
12

c) Xc nh momen un ti nt.
M 01 =

2 EJ
1 ;
l

M 10 =

4 EJ
1
l

M 12 =

4 EJ
1 ;
l

M 21 =

2 EJ
1
l
57

d) Phng trnh cn bng gc xoay ti nt 1:

M F 10 + M 10 + M F 12 + M 12 = 0
Hay l:
ql 2 4 EJ
ql 2 4 EJ
+
1
+
1 = 0
l
l
16
12
T c th xc nh 1.

1 =

1 ql 2
384 EJ

e) Xc nh cc momen thnh phn.

M01* = MF01 + M01 =
M10* = MF10 + M10 =

ql 2 4 EJ
+
1 = 0,0729ql 2
16
l

M12* = MF12 + M12 =

*

M21 = MF21

ql 2 2 EJ
+
1 = 0,0573ql 2
16
l

ql 2 4 EJ
+
1 = 0,0729ql 2
16
l

ql 2 2 EJ
+ M21 =
+
1 = 0,0885ql 2
16
l

V d 2: p dng phng php chuyn v phn tch dm hai nhp, ngm bn tri, ta trn hai gi,
kch thc nh nu ti hnh 3.22. cng chu un ca dm EJ. Bi ny c nu ti trang 156
khi bn v phng php lc.
60kN /m

100kN

1,5m
3m

4m

Hnh 3.26
C.

1) Chuyn v ng vai tr n s trong trng hp ny l gc xoay ti B B v C k hiu

2) Ma trn cng gm cc thnh phn kij, hiu nh lc cn thit ti i gy chuyn v n v

ti j. Nu ln lt thay chuyn v B = 1 c th nhn:

58

2 EJ
( A + 2 B 0) + 2 EJ (2 B + C 0) =
4
3
4 EJ 4 EJ 7
+
= EJ
4
3
3

k11 =

k12 =

2 EJ
( B + 2 C 0) = 2 EJ
3
3

Trng hp C =1:
k 21 =

2 EJ
(2 B + C 0) = 2 EJ
3
3

k 22 =

2 EJ
( B + 2 C 0) = 4 EJ
3
3

3) T phng trnh cn bng lc c th xc nh vector ti trng tc ng ln hai gi B v

C:
{R} = [ -42,5 -37,5]T, kN.
4) Phng trnh cn bng (b) tnh cho dm ang xem xt c dng:
7 EJ
3
2 EJ

2 EJ
3 B = 42,5
4 EJ C 37,5

t :
B 1 11,875

=
C EJ 22,188

5) Momen un tnh theo cch sau:

M = MFE + ML
Trong , MFE - momen tnh cho hai ngm dm sau m hnh ha, thng c chun b sn
trong cc s tay tnh ton bn. Hai trng hp thng gp nh sau:
Dm di L, ngm hai u, chu ti trng phn b q = const, cng thc tnh momen ti ngm
qL2
.
c dng: M FE =
12
Dm di L, ngm hai u, chu ti trng tp trung P ti gia si, cng thc tnh momen ti
PL
ngm c dng: M FE =
8
p dng cng thc trn cho dm AB v BC s l:
AB
M FE
=

60 4 2
= 80 (kN.m), momen ti u dm
12

59

BC
M FE
=

100 3
= 37,5
8

(kN.m), momen ti u dm

T :
M AB = 80 +
M BA = 80 +

2 EJ 11,875

= 85,938kNm
4
EJ

2 EJ 2 11,875

= 68,130kNm
4
EJ

M BC = 37,5 +
M CB = 37,5 +

2 EJ 2 11,875 22,188

= 68,130kNm
3
EJ
EJ

2 EJ 11,875
22,188
2

=0
3
EJ
EJ

60

Bi tp

1. Cho trc dm con son chiu di L, cng EJ, chu tc ng ti phn b u q = const. Xc
nh chuyn v im u t do. Chuyn v im ti L/2 bng bao nhiu?
2. Tm chuyn v u cui dm hai si, si u di 2L, ta trn hai gi ti u dm v v tr x = 2L,
si th hai di L, u cn li t do. Dm chu momen un t ti v tr x = L.
M
2L

Hnh 3.27
3. S dng phng php lc gii cc dm sau y.
y
x

EJ

EJ

EJ

EJ

L/2

L/2

Hnh 3.28
4. Gii bi ton 3. bng phng php chuyn v
5. Xc nh phn lc RC ca gi n hi, , cng l xo k, trnh by ti hnh di y. Bit rng
cng dm EJ, chiu di dm L, m C gia dm

61

y
x

EJ

Hnh 3.29
6. Xc nh chuyn v dm chiu di L, cng EJ, ngm bn phi, ta trn gi n hi pha tri,
chu ti trng phn b u q = const. cng l xo ti gi A tnh bng k.
y
x

Hnh 3.30
7. Xc nh h s ngm on dm AB hnh di y 1 .

I1

L1

L3

I2

L2

I3
E

Hnh 3.31
1

Xem li giai tai sach C hoc ket cau tau thuy va cong trnh noi, trang 264, NXB HQG Tp HCM 2002.

62

8. Xc nh phn lc ti gi ghi bng k t B, C ng trc my y tu trong trng hp trc

gy gc khi lp s b bt cht ti bch ni A.

9. Xc nh phn lc ti gi ghi bng k t B, C ng trc my y tu trong trng hp trc

khng ng tm khi lp s b bt cht ti bch ni A.

a) Bai tap so 8

b) Bai tap so 9
Hnh 3.32
10. S dng phng trnh ba momen xy dng biu un v lc ct dm di y.

2/3qa
EJ

4/3qa
A

EJ

Hnh 3.33
11.

Xy dng biu momen un, lc ct. Tnh phn lc cc dm nu ti hnh di y.

63

10kN

10kN

a)

10kN.m

EJ

e)

20kN/m

30kN

20kN/m
f)
b)
20kN/m
40kN

10kN/m

10kN/m
g)

c)

30kN/m

20kN/m
h)
d)

Hnh 3.34

64

15kN/m

Xon trc trn

Tm tt

Bin dng (shear strain) v chuyn v (deflection) do xon tnh t cng thc:

r = r0

2(1 + )
trong
E

Gc xon trc: = 2(1 + )

r = r0

M T .r
.
Jp

(a)

MTl MTl
=
J p E GJ p

(b)

MT momen xon, r bn knh n im tnh ton, Jp - momen qun tnh trong h c cc,
l chiu di trc.
Jp =

Trng hp trc rng, bn knh ngoi R, bn knh trong r, cng thc tnh Jp c dng:

(R
2

r4

(c)

V d 1: Trc hp s di l = 0,6m, quay n = 500 v/ph. Ngi ta gn thit b o bin dng di

gc 45 so vi ng tm trc, v ghi c gin di tng i = 3,4.10-4. Xc nh cng
sut my Pe ti trc v gc xon trc.
Bit rng ng knh ngoi trc D = 8cm, t l ng knh trong v ngoi = d/D = 0,8;
E = 2.105 MPa. H s Poisson = 0,30.
Li gii:
Ti gc 45 c th vit: 1 = ; 2 = -.
gin di tng i = 3,4.10-4 tnh theo cng thc:

( 1 2 )
E

(1 + )
E

= 3,4.10 4

ng sut tip tnh t cng thc:

E
= 52,3MPa
(1 + )

M un ct G =

E
= 77 GPa;
2(1 + )

Mo men qun tnh trong h ta c cc:

Jp =

32

D 4 1 4 = 2,75.10 6 m 4

M un chng xon:
Wp =

2J p
D

= 6,88.10 5 m 3

65

T biu thc tnh ng sut tip do xon ti lp ngoi ca trc =

MT
c th suy ra:
Wp

M T = .W p = 3,6kN .m

Cng sut truyn n trc tnh theo cng thc:

Pe = M T =

n.M T
30

= 188kW

Gc xon trc tnh theo cng thc (b):

MTl
= 1,02.10 2 rad = 35'
GJ p

Xon dm thnh mng

Tm tt

ng sut ct trc thnh mng tnh bng cng thc:

MT
2tA

(a)

trong A din tch phn nm trong ng bao mt ct, t chiu dy thnh mng. Momen xon
M
trc k hiu MT . Biu thc q = T trong cng thc M T = 2qA mang tn gi dng ng sut ct.
2A
ng sut ct ng tr di L, thnh mng, ng knh ngoi D = 2R, ng knh trong d = 2r,
b ngm mt u, chu momen xon MT ti u t do nhn c kt qu sau y. Nu k hiu bn
(r + R )2
, gi tr ng
knh trung bnh rm = (r + R)/2, cn din tch A trong vng trn ny s l: A =
4
sut ct (shear stress) tnh nh sau.

2M T
MT
MT
=
=
2
2 At 2 (R + r ) / 4 (R r ) (R + r )2 (R r )

(b)

Php tnh chnh xc a li kt qu sau.

M T (r + R )
MT
M (r + R )
2
=
=
= T4
J p / rm 4
R r4
4
R r
2

(c)

T nguyn l bo ton nng c th xc nh gc xon theo cc bc:

1
M T
2

Cng ngoi lc

Cng bin dng do xon

(d)
1 2
tdsdx
2 0 G
L

66

(e)

Nu thay =

d
L c th tnh tip:
dx

1 M2
d 1 2
MT
= tds = 2 T 2 tds
G 4t A
dx G

(f)

d 1 M T 1
=
ds
dx G 4 A 2 t

(g)

Nu k hiu S chu vi mt A, cn t = const, cng thc cui c dng:

d 1 M T .S
=
dx G 4 A 2 t

Gc xon dm tnh theo cng thc Bredt s l:

(h)

4M T
d 1 M T .S
=
=
2
dx G 4 A t G (R + r )3 (R r )

(i)

Cng thc gii tch tnh gc xon:

MT
d M T
=
=
dx GJ p G ( / 2) R 4 r 4

(j)

V d 1: Dm thnh mng, kt cu kn, mt ct ngang hnh ch nht, rng 300mm, cao 100mm,
chiu dy thnh 3mm, chu momen xon MT.

Xc nh gi tr momen xon gii hn nu nhn rng ng sut tip cho php [] = 60 MPa.
Li gii:
Din tch sec t ca mt ct ngang dm thnh mng:
A = 2.30.10 = 600 cm2.
ng sut tip ln nht:

max =

Hnh 3.35

MT
MT
=
6.10 7
3
A t 0,06.10

T : MT = 6.107.1,8.10-4 = 1,08.104 N.m = 10,8 kNm

V d 2: Tnh ng knh trc tu truyn momen quay t ng c cng sut 8000 m lc (PS), quay
100 v/ph. Bit rng trc rng, t l D/d = 2, ng sut tip gii hn []= 300 kG/cm2.

Hng dn:
S dng cc cng thc sau y khi tnh trc rng, ng knh trong d, ng knh ngoi D.
G

1/ 2D

dA = M T = GJ p

(a)

1/ 2d

trong :

Jp =

(D 4 d 4 )

(b)

32
67

M
M l
32 M T
= T ; = l = T
4
4
GJ p
(D d )G GJ p

max =

t tnh c

16M T
d4
3
D 1 4
D

(c)
(d)

ng knh trc cn tnh nhm p ng truyn c momen quay MT t ng c c cng

sut nh trc Pe. Quan h gia MT trn trc vi ng c cng sut Pe nh sau:
MT

2n
= 7500 Pe
60

(e)

trong MT o bng kG.m, n tnh bng v/ph, i lng

2n n
gi l vn tc gc.
=
60 30

Momen xon trc tnh theo cng thc:

MT =

8000 75 100 60
2 100

ng sut ln nht tnh theo (d):

max =

16 16 M T

15 D 3

T c th tnh:
D=3

16 16 8000 75 100 60
= 47cm
15 2 100 300

ng knh trong d = D/2 = 23,5cm.

V d 3: Dm ch I di l = 1,5m, ngm u tri, chu tc ng momen xon MT ti u bn phi.
Kch thc mt ct ch I nh sau: tm bn di rng a = 12 cm, dy t1 = 1 cm, chiu dy tm bn
trn t = 2 cm; Chiu cao dm b = 28cm, dy t1.

Xc nh gi tr gii hn ca momen xon MT, bit rng ng sut tip cho php [] = 60 MPa.
Momen qun tnh trng hp tnh xon tnh theo cng thc:
JT

st
=
3

2,12.2 3 + 30.13
=
= 74cm 4
3

ng sut tip ln nht:

max =

M T t max 2.10 2 M T
=
= 2,7.10 4 M T
8
JT
74.10

Hnh 3.36
Momen xon gii hn:
max = 2,7.104MT 6.107,
68

T y MT = 2,22.103 Nm.

69

Xon trc khng tnh nh

V d 1: Trc c, ngm hai u, chu tc ng hai momen xon K1 =0,4 kNm v K2 = 0,6 kNm, quay
ngc chiu nhau. Chn ng knh trc nhm m bo bn v cng, bit rng ng sut tip gii
hn [] = 40 MPa, gc xon gii hn [] = 0,25/m. M un ct G = 8.104 MPa, cc khong cch
a = 0,5m ; b = 0,75m; c = 1,25m.

K1

K2
Hnh 3.37

Li gii:
S dng phng php lc gii bi ton khng tnh nh thng gp ny. Momen cn tm (ti
siu tnh redundant) ti ngm tri k hiu MB, tham gia vo phng trnh cn bng:
K 1 .a K 2 .(a + b) M B .(a + b + c)

+
=0
G.J p
GJ p
GJ p

T phng trnh cui c th xc nh:

MB = 220 Nm
MA = 400 + 220 600 = 20 Nm
Xy dng th MT co trng hp ny, c th rt ra rng Mmax = 380 Nm.
Chn ng knh trc theo iu kin bn:
D=3

16M T

[ ]

= 0,0362m = 3,62cm

Chn ng knh theo tiu chun cng:

D=4

32.M T
= 0,0575m = 5,75cm
G[ ]

T kt qu trn, chn D = 5,75cm lm ng knh trc.

Trng hp trc rng rut, ng knh ngoi D, ng knh trong d, cng thc tnh ng
knh theo tiu chun bn v cng mang gi tr tng ng sau:
D=3

16 M T
;
1 4 [ ]

d
D

D=4

32 M T
;
1 4 [ ]

d
D

70

Bi tp

1. Xc nh ng sut ct v gc xon ng trn thnh mng lm t thp. Bit rng chiu di ng 0,5m,
chu tc ng momen xon 1 kN.m. M un n hi vt liu E = 200 GPa, h s Poisson = 0,29.

4cm

5cm

2. Xc nh momen xon ti hai u ngm trc nu ti hnh 3.32. Momen xon p t Q = 10 kN.m.
M un ct G = 3.104 MPa.

1,2m

0,4m

Hnh 3.38
3. ng thp mt ct ngang kt cu thnh mng, na hnh trn, chiu dy thnh t = 3mm, bn knh
trung bnh R = 40 mm, chu momen xon 500 N.m. ng di 300mm. M un n hi E = 210 GPa,
h s Poisson = 0,29. Xc nh ng sut ct trung bnh v gc xon dm thnh mng ny.

30

4. ng thp thnh mng di 1m, mt ct ngang trnh by ti hnh 3.32 , chu momen

75
25

50

y
x

t= 3 m m
b ) B a i ta p 4

a ) B a i ta p 3

Hnh 3.39
xon 2kN.m. Tnh cht vt liu: E = 210 GPa, = 0,29.
Xc nh ng sut ct trong thnh ng. Xc nh gc xon ng.
4. Kt cu ng hai lin (hai vng kn), lm bng nhm, mt ct c dng nu ti hnh 3.33b . Chiu
dy thnh ng v thanh ngng t = 5mm. M un n hi nhm E = 70 GPa, = 0,33.
Xc nh ng sut ct trong thnh ng. Xc nh gc xon ng.

71

N NH CT
Tm tt:
a/ Xc nh ti gii hn bng phng trnh vi phn

vng dm tnh theo quan h EJy = M = -Py. T phng trnh ny c th vit:

P
y"+ k 2 y = 0 trong k 2 =
EJ
y
Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn tm dng:

y = C1 sin kx + C 2 cos kx

Thay iu kin bin cho bi ton trnh by ti

hnh 3.34, ti x = 0, y =0 v ti x = L, y = 0 c th vit

Hnh 3.40

C2 = 0, cn C1sinkL = 0 vi C1 0.
KL = n, n s nguyn chn.
Vi k 2 =

n 2 2
P
=
2
EJ
L

c th vit:

n 2 2 EJ
P=
L2

Gi tr trn y gi l ti gii hn hay l ti Euler.

Trng hp n = 1 ti gii hn s c gi tr Pcr =

2 EJ
L2

Trong cng thc E m un n hi vt liu, J momen qun tnh mt ct, L chiu di

ct.
Tng qut ti Pcr th hin bng cng thc: Pcr =

2 EJ

( KL) 2
hnh hc u cc. ng sut gii hn (ng sut Euler) c dng:

cr

, trong K ph thuc vo iu kin

Pcr
2 EJ
=
=
, vi A din tch mt ct ngang ct.
A ( KL) 2 . A

Nu k hiu r = J / A , KL = Le chiu di hu hiu, cng thc tnh ng sut gii hn

2E
2E
.
c hiu: cr =
=
(KL / r )2 Le 2

r

72

Cng thc Euler ng cho trng hp: cr =

2E

p , tng ng trng hp (Le/r)

2
Le

r
2
105 vi thp thng thng E = 210kN/mm , gii hn n hi p = 190 N/mm2 . Ngoi gii hn trn
ti gii hn tnh theo cng thc Engesser-Shanley hoc nhng cng thc khc, dng chung:

cr =

2 Et

(Le / r )2

, trong Et ph thuc vo bn thn r, Le/r.

Nhng cng thc ang c dng c vit gn: cr = A - B(Le/r)

Ti chu u, gi tr A, B dng cho thp cac bon c E = 210kN/mm2 nh sau:
Thp Fe 360: A = 310, B = 1,14.
Vi thp Fe 510 A =459,3 B= 1,98.
Thp nikel hm lng 0,05%Ni A = 470, B = 2,3.
Ti Nga s dng ng tip tuyn khi tnh ng sut gii hn, vi thp c E = E =
210kN/mm2 , p = 200MPa, Y = 240MPa cng thc tnh cr s l:
cr = 300 - (Le/r) (MPa) khi

cr

Thp chrom: cr = 1000 5,2(Le/r) (MPa)

ua ra: cr = 400 3,33(Le/r) (MPa)
Ti USA s dng ng parabol Johson khi tnh ng sut gii hn ngoi phm vi ng cong
Euler.

cr

Y2
(Le / r )2
= Y
2
4 E

cr > Y
2

b/ Xc nh ti gii hn bng phng php nng lng

Nng lng un dm tnh bng biu thc:

l

U =
0

M2
1
dx = EJy ' ' 2 dx = Pcr
2 EJ
20

(a)

Mt khc tnh theo cng thc:

1
y ' 2 dx

20

(b)
l

T : Pcr =

EJy"

dx

(c)

y'

dx

Hm y(x) chn ph hp vi iu kin tng bi ton.

73

V d 1: Xc nh ti gii hn dm cng EJ, di L, chu tc ng ti trng nn P nh ti hnh 3.40.

x
Hm y thch hp trong trng hp c th nn l y = C sin . Thay y vo cng thc (c) s nhn
l
c:
Pcr =

2 EJ
l2

Bi tp

1. Cc thp chiu di L, gn
kt vo kt cu nh ti hnh

Xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang

kt cu c kh nng khng mt
n nh.
Tnh ti gii hn cho nhng trng hp sau:
a/ Mt ct ngang hnh trn, d= 30mm, L = 1,2m

Hnh 3.41

b/ Mt ct hnh ch nht L = 1,2m, h/b = 2, b = 25mm

c/ Mt ct hnh vung L =1,2m, a = 30mm.
Bit rng E = 2,1.105 MPa.
2. Tnh ti gii hn cho xi lanh ng c t trong sau y. Chiu di L =0,9m. Lc nn ln nht do
kh t 160 kN. Xc nh kch thc cho hai phng n kt cu: (1) piston c, mt ct ngang trn
ng knh d, v (2) kt cu ng thnh mng, t l ng knh trong vi ng kng ngoi 0,65.
Vt liu ch to c E = 2,15.105MPa. Gii hn chy vt liu Y = 540MPa.
3. ng hp kim nhm (ua ra) di L = 1,06m chu tc ng lc nn P, nh hnh nh cp ti
bi tp 1. Xc nh ng knh ng nu t l gia ng knh ng v chiu dy d/t = 25. Bit rng
P = 32 kN.

3m

4. Kt cu khung t cc thanh chu ko, nn trnh by ti hnh 3.36 cn pc kim tra n nh.

3m

3m

3m

P
Hnh 3.42

74

Xc nh ga tr ca ti gii hn Pcr ca h khung. Bit rng E = 200MGa, bn knh momen

qun tnh r = J / A ca mi thanh bng 2,5cm, din tch mt ct A = 6,45 cm2.
5. Xc nh ti gii hn cho dm trnh by ti hnh 3.34, gi s rng ng cong din t vng
n hi c dng:
a/

w = C(Lx x2)

b/ w = C(L3x - 2Lx3 + x4)

6. Xc nh ti gii hn trnh by dng:
Pcr = C 2

EJ
L2

trong C h s ph thuc vo quan h A = i/J v k nu ti hnh 3.43.

C
P

P
i

Hnh 3.43
Gi s ng cong trnh by vng ghi theo mt trong hai dng sau:
a/ w =

4f
x
Lx x 2 ; b/ w = f sin
2
L
L

trong f vng ln nht ti x = L/2.

Tnh ti gii hn cho cc trng hp sau: 1) A = 0,2, k = 0,2; 2) A = 0,4 ,
A = 0,6, k = 0,6.

75

k = 0,2; 3)

Chng 4

KHUNG V GIN
4.1 Tm tt

Xc nh bc khng tnh nh khung phng theo hng dn sau:

Khung gin n

3
2

2
1

a) N=4-3=1

c) N=5-3=2

6
3

4
2

2
3

3
4
1

d) N=6-3=3

b) N=4-3=1
Hnh 4.1
Khung phng nhiu tng, khung phc tp

3
2
1

6
5

8
4

6
5

N=9-3=6

N=9-3=6

Hnh 4.2

76

4.2 Nguyn l bo ton nng lng trong x l khung phng

V d 1: p dng nguyn l bo ton nng lng xc nh chuyn v nt D khung phng gii thiu
ti hnh. Lc P = 5 kN, cng cc thanh EJ = 8000 kN.m2.
C

5kN

Hnh 4.3
T chng trc trnh by, cng bin dng trong vt th tnh bng cng thc
1
2 dV . Khi p dng cng thc trn tnh cng bin dng cc dm, thay bin dng bng quan
V
M
z , trong E m un n hi, J momen qun tnh mt ct, z khong cch t trc
EJ
1 M 2z2
trung ha mt ct n v tr tnh ton, cng thc tnh cng bin dng tr thnh
dV . Sau
2 EJ 2
V
tch phn chng ta nhn c phng trnh tnh cng bin dng dm di L, cng EJ, chu tc
L
M2
ng momen un M dng sau y:
(*)
dx
2 EJ
0
h =

C th thnh lp cc phng trnh tnh momen un do lc P = 5kN, t ngang ti D, gy ra

cho tng thanh thuc kt cu khung phng ang xt.
on CD: M = 5x;
on BC: M = 20;
on AB: M = 20 5x;
Cng bin dng tnh theo cng thc (*) ang nu:
4

1 (5 x) 2
1 (20) 2
1 (20 5 x) 2
dx
dx
+
+
0 2 EJ
0 2 EJ
0 2 EJ dx =
=

266,67 600
1
+
+
EJ
EJ 2 EJ

25 64 1133,33

1600 1600 + 3 = EJ

77

Cng do ngoi lc thc hin:

1
1
P = 5(kN )
2
2
Cn bng cng bin dng vi cng ngoi lc thc hin c th thy:
1
1133,33
5 =
2
EJ

453,33
hay l:
EJ

= 453,33 / 8000 = 0,0567m. C th i thnh = 56,7mm.

4.3 Phng php ti n v

V d 1: p dng cng thc (e) xc nh chuyn v im A khung phng lm bng thp ti hnh
4.4 di y. M un n hi vt liu E = 200 GPa. Momen qun tnh mt ct J = 150.104 mm4.

q=20kN/m
D

10kN

Hnh 4.4
Phng trnh momen M do ti trng bn ngoi p t:
on AB: M = 10x2;
on BC: 40;
on cD: 40 90 x.
Phng trnh momen un tnh cho cc thanh khi p t ti n v ti A, theo hng t trn xung.
on AB: M1 = x;
on BC: M1 = 2;
on CD: M1 = 2 x.
2

EJ = 10 x 2 .xdx + 80.dx + (40 90 x)(2 x)dx = 260

T :
=

260
= 7,222.10 4 m
8
240 10 150 10
9

78

4.4 ng dng nh l Castigliano xc nh chuyn v khung

V d 1: Xc nh chuyn v theo hng ngang u v v theo hng thng ng im D ca khung,

ti hnh 4.5 di. Kch thc khung ghi ti hnh. cng cc thanh EJ = 12.1013 N.mm2.

Hnh 4.5
Cc lc mn (dummy loads) P v Q c gn ti D theo hng t trn xung v sang
ngang, to momen un. Momen un do ti trng q(x) = 30kN/m cng P gy ra tnh cho ton khung
nh sau:
on AB: M = -(4P + 240 + 50x);
on BC: M = -(Px + 15x2)
on CD: M = 0.
Cng bin dng tnh bng cng thc (*):
4

U =

(4 P + 240 + 50 x )2 dx + 4 (Px + 15 x )2 dx + 0

2 EJ

2 EJ

Chuyn v theo hng lc P tc ng tnh theo cng thc Castigliano:

(4 P + 240 + 50 x ) 4dx + 2 (Px + 15 x ) dx

U
V =
= 2
0 2 EJ
P 0
2 EJ
4

Khi thay P = 0 s nhn c:

4

V =
0

(240 + 50 x ) 4dx + 4 (15 x ) dx = 6400

EJ

EJ

EJ

Thay gi tr EJ = 12.1013 N.mm2 vo cng thc tnh s nhn c:

V =

6400
= 0,0533m
12.10 4
79

Momen un do ti trng bn ngoi cng Q gy ra tnh cho ton khung nh sau:

on AB: M = -[Q(2-x) + 240 + 50x];
on BC: M = -(20 + 15x2)
on CD: M = Qx.
Cng bin dng tnh bng cng thc (*):
4

U =

(2Q Qx + 240 + 50 x )2 dx + 4 (2Q + 15 x )2 dx + 2 (Qx )2 dx

2 EJ

2 EJ

2 EJ

Cng thc tnh chuyn v im D theo hng ngang c dng:

H

U
=
Q

Q =0

(240 + 50 x )(2 x) dx + 4 30 x 2 dx + 0

EJ

EJ

Sau thay th H = 3,1mm.

V d 2: Xc nh phn lc cho khung phng h thng siu tnh ti hnh 4.6.
Chuyn v nt D cui dm s 3 trn hnh c th xc nh theo cng thc Mohr:

U
M
1
M
=0=
dx

EJ RV
RV

U
1
M

M
=0=
dx
v=

EJ
R H
RH
1
U
M
M
=
dx
=0=

EJ
M d
Rd
u=

(a)

Px=10kN
C

3m

p=
2k
N/
m

Pz=20kN

1,73m

3m
Hnh 4.6.

Nu k hiu RH phn lc phng ngang, RV phn lc phng thng ng, c th vit

phng trnh cn bng lc sau cho h thng, A, B, C, D ch cc nt nu ti hnh 4.6.
xRHD + MD = M|3
3RHD + xRVD + MD = M|2
80

(3 ~y ' ' ')RHD + (3 + ~x ' ' ')RVD + M D

Pz ~
x ' ' ' Px ~
y ' ' ' p0

( x ' ' ')2

2

=M

y ' ' ' = x' ' ' sin ; ~

x ' ' ' = x' ' ' cos ; = 60 o ; 0 x 3; 0 x 3;
trong ~
0 x 3,464.
v M|i, i = 1, 2, 3.
Tin hnh cc php tch phn sau:
M
M
1
1
M
M
1 dx +

EJ
EJ
RVD
RVD
vi

M
RVD

= 0;

M
RVD

= x' ' ;

dx +

M
RVD

M
1
M

EJ
RVD

dx = 0

(b)

= 3+ ~
x ' ' ';

Kt qu tnh a li:
32,088RHD + 61,638RVD + 18,696MD = 524,694.

(c)

Tip tc tnh theo dng 2 cng thc (a):

M
RVD

= x' ;

M
RVD

= 3;

M
RVD

= 3+ ~
y ' ' ';

v t dng 3:
M
M D

M
M D

M
M D

=1

C th xc lp tip hai phng trnh cn bng, dng tng t (c). Tp hp li trong h phng trnh
i s tuyn tnh c th thy:
32,088 61,638 17,89 RHD 524,694
46,392 32,088 18,696 R = 122,35

VD

18,698 17,892 9,464 M D 125,810

Gii h phng trnh theo phng php lc ang nu nhn c:

RHD = -10,205 kN; RVD = 9,188 kN; MD = 16,217 kN.m
4.5 Nguyn l cng b o

V d 1: p dng nguyn l cng b o xc nh phn b momen un khung phng dng ch ,

thng gi portal frame, nh ti hnh 4.7.

81

1,5L

2
1

M1

1,5L

Hnh 4.7
cng cc thanh ca khung EJ. Chiu di hai thanh ng L, thanh ngang 1,5L. Lc ngang P tc
ng ti nt gc phi khung, t phi sang tri.
khng tnh nh khung ang xt l 3. Trng hp ny c th chn ba phn lc, phn lc theo
hng thng ng R, theo hng ngang H v momen M, tnh ti nt 1 lm lc khng tnh nh.
Phng trnh trnh by phn b momen un trong cc thanh c vit nh sau: Thanh 1: M(1) = -Hs
M;
Thanh 2: M(2) = -HL + Rs M;
Thanh 3: M(3) = -H(L s) + 1,5LR M Ps;
Lc o tnh theo cng thc:
Thanh 1: M(1) = -Hs M;
Thanh 2: M(2) = -HL + Rs M;
Thanh 3: M(3) = -H(L s) + 1,5LR M;
Cng ni lc, cng b otnh cho mi thanh c dng:

*(1)
int

1
EJ

1
1
M (1)M (1) ds =
=

EJ 0
EJ

( Hs M )( Hs M )ds =
0

1 3
1 2
1 2

3 L H + 2 L M H + 2 L H + LM M

82

Wint*( 2 ) =
=

1
EJ

1
EJ

*(3)
int

1
EJ

1, 5 L

( 2)
( 2)
M M ds =
0

1
EJ

1, 5 L

( Hs + Rs M )( HL + Rs M )ds =
0

3 3
9 3
3 2
9 2
3
3 2

2 L H 8 L R + 2 L M H + 2 L H 8 L R + 2 LM M +

9 3
9 3
9 2
8 L H + 8 L R 8 L M R

1
1
( H[L s] + 1,5LR M Ps)( H[L s] + 1,5LR M )ds
M (3)M (3) ds =
=

EJ 0
EJ 0

1 1 3
3 3
1 2
1 3
21 2
7
1 2
1 2
L H L R + L M + L P H + L H L R + LM + L P M +

EJ 2
4
2
6
8
2
2

1 15 3
27 3
3 2
3 3
L H + L R L M L P R

EJ 8
8
8
4

T :

Wint* = Wint*(1) + Wint*( 2 ) + Wint*(3) =

=

1 13 3
15 3
5 2
1 3
L H L R + L M + L P H +

8
2
6
EJ 6

27 3
21
3
21
7
1
5

15 3

L R L2 M + L3 P R + L2 H L2 R + LM + L2 P M
L H +
8
8
4
8
2
2
8

V rng cng b o do ngoi lc tc ng bng 0 tnh cho trng hp cc chuyn v lin

quan nt 1 u bng 0 c th thy ngay rng: Wint* = Wext* = 0. T c th vit tip:

13 3
15
5
1
L H L3 R + L2 M + L3 P = 0
6
8
2
6

27 3
21 2
3 3

15 3
L R L M + L P = 0
L H +
8
8
4
8

21 2
7
1 2
5 2

+ L H L R + LM + L P = 0
8
2
2
2

hay l:
136 L3

DX

158 L3
27 3
L
8

5 2
2
21 2
8
7
2

L
L
L

H 16 PL
3 3
R = 4 PL
M 12 PL2

Sau khi gii, nghim ca h phng trnh trn y mang gi tr:

H 12 P
4

R = 15 P
M 3 PL
10

83

Momen un khung c v di y.

Hnh 4.8
4.6 Phng php ma trn

V d 1: S dng phng php ma trn do gii khung sau.

Hnh 4.9
Nh v d trc, ba lc redundant p t ti nt D ca khung, ln lt mang k hiu 1, 2, 3
hoc H, R, M nh dng cho v d trn.
Momen un do ti trng bn ngoi gy ra xc nh nh sau:
Ti
K hiu
on DC
on CB
Ti thc
M(x)
0
15x2
R1 = 1
m1
-x
-2
R2 = 1
m2
0
-x
R3 = 1
m3
1
1

on BA
50x+240
-2 + x
-4
1

Tt c thnh phn ma trn do xc nh nh chuyn v n v do lc n v Pi = 1 gy ra.

ik = ki =

M i* M k*
EI

ds

(*)

Tch phn trn thc hin trong mi dm ring l. Chuyn v n v c tnh theo cch
tng t:
ip =

M *p M i*
EI

(**)

ds

84

Hnh 4.10
Trong Mp, Sp, Qp l momen un, lc dc trc v lc ct ca ti cho trc. M* vi ch s i
l momen v lc tng ng t ti n v Pi = 1. H s dng cho trng hp lin quan lc ct, ch
t l tham gia ca din tch tt din vo ng sut ct. Sau khi gii h phng trnh cho lc n v,
ng lc trong cc dm thuc h thng c tnh theo cng thc:
M = MP +

piMi* ;

(***)

i =1

Kt qu tnh trong trng hp ang xem xt ny:

11
=

2
4
4
m1
4
(2 + x) 2
x2
=
dx
dx +
dx +
dx =
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
0
0
0

1
EJ

x3 2 4 4 1
4 x 2 x 3 4 24
0 +
4 x
x 0+
+ 0 =
EJ
EJ
2
3
EJ
3
4

21 = 12

1
(4)(2 + x)
16
dx
dx =
= m1 m2
=
2 xdx +
EJ
EJ
EJ 0 EJ
0

31 = 13

x
( 2)
( x 2)
10
dx
dx =
= m1 m3
=
dx +
dx +
EJ
EJ
EJ 0 EJ
EJ
0
0

22

1 2
1 2
16
85,33
m2 dx =
x dx +
dx =
=
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
0
0

32 = 23

x
dx
(4)
24
dx +
dx =
= m 2 m3
=
EJ 0 EJ
EJ
EJ
0

85

 33 =

1 2
1
1
1
10
m3 dx =
dx +
dx +
dx =
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
0
0
0

Vec tor lc tnh nh sau:

1L =

4
4
M .m1
15 x 2 (2)
(50 x + 240)(2 + x)
dx =
dx +
dx =
EJ
EJ
EJ
0
0

30 x 2
(50 x 2 + 140 x 480)
373,33
dx =
0 EJ dx + 0
EJ
EJ
2L

4
4
M .m2
15 x 2
(50 x + 240)
6400
dx =
=
dx +
dx =
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
0
0

3L

4
4
M .m3
15 x 2
(50 x + 240)
1680
dx =
=
dx +
dx =
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
0
0

Phng trnh tng hp, theo cch din t ti chng ba C hc kt cu mang dng:
[][P] = [] [L]
24
1
EJ
DX

10 H 0
373,33
1

85,33 24 R = 0
6400
EJ

M 0
1680
16

Sau gii h phng trnh gi tr cc lc xc nh nh sau:

H = -53,33 kN; R = 70,01 kN; M = -53,33 kN.m
V d 2: S dng phng php ma trn cng gii khung va cp.
Trong khun kh phng php chuyn v cch x l bi ton qua ma trn cng c dng t
rt sm. Ngy nay phng php ma trn cng ang chim v tr quan trng trong s cc phng
php nng lng. Th tc tnh theo phng php ma trn cng trnh by ti chng ba ginh cho
dm c s dng vo h khung phng, khng i thay ni dung.
Chn chuyn v ang l n s cho bi ton ang xem xt: 1- chuyn dch ngang nt B, 2 gc xoay gc ti nt B, v 3 gc xoay ti nt C. Ba to chn la trnh by ti hnh tip theo.

Hnh 4.11

86

Cc lc v momen c nh ti nt cc dm:
Lc tc ng ngang 50 kN
Momen c nh ti u tri on BC: M FBC

30 4 2
= 40kN .m
12

Momen c nh u bn phi BC: +40kN.m

Vecto lc c tnh l:
50
{P} = 40
40

Thnh lp ma trn cng.

Chuyn v n v theo hng lc s 1, tnh cho trng hp =1:
k11 =

12 EJ 12 EJ
+ 3 = 1,6875 EJ
43
2

k 21 = k12 =

6 EJ
= 0,375EJ
42

k 31 = k13 =

6 EJ
= 1,5EJ
22

Chuyn v n v theo hng hai tc gc xoay ti B, = 1:

k 22 =

4 EJ 4 EJ
+
= 2 EJ
4
4

k 32 = k 23 =

2 EJ
0,5 EJ
4

Chuyn v n v theo hng ba tc gc xoay ti C, = 1:

k 33 =

4 EJ 4 EJ
+
= 3EJ
4
2

Phng trnh trnh by quan h gia cng, chuyn v v lc tc ng c dng:

1,6875 0,375 1,5 H 50

2
0,5 B = 40
EJ
DX
3 C 40

Vecto chuyn v tnh t h phng trnh:

H
35556
1

B =
26,667
EJ 0
C

Biu momen tnh cho khung phng ang nu c dng:

87

M AB =

2 EJ
3.35556
0 + 26,667
=0
4
4

M BA =

2 EJ 1
3 35556

0 + 2 26,667
= 13,333kNm
4
EJ
4

M BC =

2 EJ 1
(2 26,667 ) 40 = 13,333kNm
4 EJ

M CB =

2 EJ 1
26,667 + 40 = 53,333kNm
4 EJ

M CD =

2 EJ 1
[0 3 35556] = 53,333kNm
2 2 EJ

M DC =

2 EJ 1
[0 3 35556] = 53,333kNm
2 2 EJ

4.7 Phng php chuyn v gc

V d 1: Phn tch kt cu khung phng di y bng phng php chuyn v gc. Bit rng
cng cc thanh ng ca khung EJ, thang ngang 2EJ.

180

40kN/m

B
J
A

2J

72
72

72

72

J
D

+ 36

36 +

Hnh 4.12
Cch gii khung phng theo phng php chuyn v gc trnh by ti gio trnh C hc kt
cu tu thy.
Momen ti ngm (fixed moments) tnh nh sau:
M FBC =

40 6 2
= 120kN .m
12
88

MFCB = 120 kN.m

MFAB = MFBA =MFCD = MFDC =0
Cc phng trnh chuyn v gc.
Vi A = 0 c th vit:
M AB = 0 +

2 EJ
(2 A + B 0) = 0,5EJ B
4

Trong trng hp A = 0 cn c th vit:

M BA = 0 +

2 EJ
( A + 2 B 0) = EJ B
4

M BC = 120 +
M CB = 120 +

2 EJ
(2 B + C 0) = 120 + 4 EJ B + 4 EJ C
6
3
3

2 E (2 J )
( B + 2 C 0) = 120 + 2 EJ B + 4 EJ C
6
3
3

Vi D = 0 c th vit:
M CD = 0 +

2 EJ
(2 C + D 0) = EJ C
4

M DC = 0 +

2 EJ
( C + 2 D 0) = 0,5EJ C
4

Phng trnh cn bng:

MB = 0;
MBA + MBC = 0;
EJB 120 + 4/3 EJB + 2/3 EJc = 0.
Sp xp li ba phng trnh c th nhn c phng trnh sau y:
7EJB + 2EJC = 360.
MC = 0;
MCB + MCD = 0;
120 + 2/3 EJB + 4/3 EJc = 0.
Sp xp li ba phng trnh cui c th nhn c phng trnh sau y:
2EJB + 7EJC = 360.
T hai phng trnh 7EJB + 2EJC = 360 v 2EJB + 7EJC = 360 c th xc nh:
EJB = 72 v

7EJc = - 72

Thay cc gi tr ny vo phng trnh cn bng chuyn v gc s nhn c:

89

M AB = 0,5 72 = 36kN .m;

M BA = 72kN .m;
4
2
72 + (72) = 72kN .m;
3
3
2
2
= 120 + 72 + (72) = 72kN .m;
3
3

M BC = 120 +
M CB

M CD = 72kN .m;
M DC = 36kN .m
Biu momen un trnh by ti hnh pha phi, hnh 4.12.
V d 2: Gii khung phng sau y, khi gii tnh n trng hp cc nt tham gia chuyn v tuyn
tnh. Bit trc m un n hi vt liu lm khung E, momen qun tnh mt ct ghi ti hnh 4.13.
C th tnh mo men ti ngm o cho dm BC theo cc cng thc t sc bn vt liu:
40 6 2
= 120kN .m;
12
= 120kN .m

M FBC =
M FCB

MFAB = MFBA = MFCD = MFDC = 0

Phng trnh cn bng chuyn v gc:
M AB = 0 +

2 EI
3
2 A + B
= 0,375
4
4

M BA = 0 +

2 EI
3
A + 2 B
= EI B 0,375
4
4

M BC = 120 +
M CB = 120 +

2 E (2 I )
(2 B + C ) = 120 + 1,333EI B + 0,887 EI C
6

2 E (2 I )
( B + 2 C ) = 120 + 0,667 EI B + 1,333EI C
6

M CD =

2 E (2 I )
3
2 C + D
= 1,333EI C 0,333EI
6
6

M DC =

2 E (2 I )
3
C + 2 D
= 0,667 EI C 0,333EI
6
6

90

40kN/m
B
I
A

2I

2I

Hnh 4.13
Phng trnh cn bng momen.

M
M

BA

=0
+ M BC = 0

EI B 0,375 120 + 1,333EI C + 0,667 EI C = 0

Ba cng thc ny c dn li trong biu thc sau:
2,333EI B + 0,667 EI C 0,375 = 120

M
M

=0

CB

+ M CD = 0

120 + 0,667 EI B + 1,333EI C 0,333EI = 0

Ba cng thc ny c dn li trong biu thc sau:
0,667 EI B + 2,667 EI C 0,333 = 120
Nu coi rng cc phn lc ngang ti nt A v D mang gi tr sau:
HA =

M AB + M BA
4

v H D =

M CD + M DC
6

Trong khi HA + HD = 0, chng ta c th vit:

3(MAB + MBA ) + 2(MCD + MDC ) = 0.
T c th vit phng trnh cn bng th ba, tip (a) v (b):
4,5EI B + 4 I C 3,583 = 0
Gii h ba phng trnh ba n (a), (b), (c) nhn c nghim sau:
EIB = 72,414; EIC = -60,172; EI= 23,842;
Thay cc gi tr va tm vo h phng trnh cn bng chuyn v gc s nhn c:
91

MAB = 0,5.(72,414) 0,375. 23,842 = 27,266 kN.m

MBA = 72,414 0,375. 23,842 = 73,473 kN.m
MBC = -120 + 1,333. 72,414 + 0,667.(-60,127) = 63,577 kN.m
MCB = 120 + 0,667.72,414 + 1,333 (-60,127) = 88,151kN.m
MCD = 1,333.(-60,127) 0,333.23,842 = 88,089 kN.m
MDC = 0,667.(-60,127) 0,333.(23,842 = -48,044 kN.m
4.8 Gin phng

V d 1: Na cung trn, bn knh a, ngm hai u vo tng cng. Ti tp trung P t ti gia cung,
tc ng theo phng php tuyn vi mt phng cung. Xc nh momen un, lc ct gin.

Hnh 4.14
Trng hp kt cu i xng, ti b tr ti ng tm i xng, chng ta c th chia c kt
ny thnh hai phn i xng xem xt. Ti v tr t P, ct cung trn ta hai phn na cung trn,
mt u mgm, u kia chu lc tp trung P. Momen n v b tr ti u t do cung ny.
Li gii
Momen un v momen xon do lc thc:
M(x) = P.r.sin
MT(x) = P(r - rcos)
Momen n v mang gi tr sau:
m = -1.cos
mT = -1.sin
1P =

M .m
M .m
dx + T T dx
EJ
GJ p

rng dx = r.d, cng thc cui mang dng:

92

 /2

1P = 2

Pr 2
2

/2

cos . Pr . sin .rd

+2
2 EJ

sin . Pr(1 cos )rd

=
2GJ p

1
1

+
EJ GJ
p

Cc thnh phn ma trn do tnh theo cch sau:

11
=

/2
/2
mT2
m2
cos 2
sin 2
dx +
dx = 2
rd + 2
rd =
=
EJ
GJ P
EJ
GJ P
0
0

.r 1

+
2 EJ GJ P

Trng hp cung lm t thp trn, m un ct G = 0,4E, biu thc GJP = 0,8EJ, kt qu

tnh va trnh by s mang dng:
1P =

1,125 Pr 2
;
EJ

11 =

1,125r
EJ

T , momen un ti gia cung tnh bng biu thc:

X =

1P

11

Pr

= 0,318 P.r

Biu momen un v momen xon tnh nh sau:

M = MP + m.X = Prsin - 0,318Prcos
MT = MPT + mT.X = Pr(1 - cos) - 0,318Pr.sin

P/2

as

X=1

P/2
A

P/2

0,5Pa

in

X=1

x C

x A

0,182Pa

0,182Pa

-0,5Pa
0,318Pa
0,174Pa

Hnh 4.15
93

0,174Pa

Bi tp

1. Xc nh phn lc theo hng thng ng v hng ngang V v H, v biu m men un

khung phng, chu p lc phn b u, cng q = const, hnh 4.16a. Bit rng cng khung
EJ, kch thc khung trnh by ti hnh.
2. Ct cu c dng nh miu t ti hnh 4.16b, cng EJ. Xc nh phn lc v momen un khung
va hnh thnh di tc ng lc P.

P
A
q
B
J
A

B
C

a) Bai tap 1

b) Bai tap 2

Hnh 4.16

I3

I3

I2

I2

I3

I3
k
P
I2

I1

I2
I1

Hnh 4.17
3. Xc nh phn lc, trnh by biu momen un khung phng ti hnh 4.17 ha tri.
4. Xc nh phn lc, trnh by biu momen un khung phng ti hnh 4.17 pha phi.

94

A
P

C P

P
C

2Q

a) Bai tap 5

b) Bai tap 6

c) Bai tap 7

Hnh 4.18
5. V th momen un vng b tc ng hai lc P ko i xng, hnh 4.18a.
6. V th momen un vng b tc ng lc su lc P ko i xng, hnh 4.18b.
7. V th momen un vng b tc ng ba momen nu ti hnh 4.18c.
P
Pa

C
Pa
P

Hnh 4.19
8. Trnh by th momen un gin ti hnh 4.19.
9. Hai dm cng vt liu, dm th nht di l1, cng EJ1, dm th hai di l2, cng EJ2, t ta
ln nhau, vung gc vi nhau. im ta ln nhau chnh gia si mi dm. H thng chu ti tp
trung P, tc ng php tuyn, ti im ta ang nu. Xc nh phn lc hai dm di tc ng ca
P.
Hng dn: a) R1 t dm th nht v R2 t dm th hai tha mn iu kin R1 + R2 = P.
b) vng ca im gia hai dm bng nhau.

95

P
m
da

m
na

i
d

Hnh 4.20
10. V biu momen un trong khung phng nu ti hnh 4.21.

EJ1=1

B
h

2h

EJ2=2
h

D
h

Hnh 4.21

96

CHNG 5
TM MNG

t/2

Tm tt
Tm mng c xc nh trong h ta Oxyz nh ti hnh 5.1

t/2

Tam mong
Chuyen v

Hnh 5.1
Quan h gia bin dng chuyn v bi ton phng p dng vo tm mng:
u

x
v
y =

y
u v
xy =
+
y x

x =

(a)

Phng trnh chuyn v trong tm u, v, w theo chuyn v w v gc xoay x, y mt trung

ha din t nh sau:
u = z x

v = z y

(b)

Thay phng trnh (b) vo (a) chng ta nhn c cc biu thc tnh bin dng trong tm.
T gi thit m bo vung gc ca php tuyn sau bin dng, cc biu thc xz = yz = 0, cn
bin dng z = 0 v nh vy bin dng tm trong mt phng 0xy s l:

97

y = z

x y

= z
+
x
y

x = z

xy
K hiu x =

x
;
x

y =

x
x
y

y
y

(c)

xy =

x y
=
, phng trnh (c) tr thnh:
y
x

x = z x

y = z y .
xy = 2 z xy
Thay th x =

w;
x

y =

w vo (c) c th thy:
y

2w

x 2
2w
y = z 2
y
2w
xy = 2 z
xy

x = z

(d)

Quan h bin dng ng sut th hin ti nh lut Hooke:

x
1
1
y =
E 0

xy

1
0

x

0 y
2(1 + ) xy
0

(e)

T c th tnh vec t ng sut trong trng thi ng sut phng:

x
E

y =
2
1
xy

1
1

0 0

x

y

1
2 xy
0
0

(f)

Trong nghin cu tm mng, thay v xem xt ng sut x, y, xy ngi ta thng dng

i lng hp lc (stress resultants) tnh bng gi tr lc trn n v chiu di, dng thng gp sau:
t/2

Nx =

x dz;

t / 2

t/2

Ny =

y dz;

t / 2

t/2

N xy =

xy

dz;

t / 2

Trng hp trng thi ng sut phng quan h gia hp lc v bin dng tng t phng
trnh trong nh lut Hooke:

98

 Nx
Et

Ny =
2
N 1
xy

1
1

0 0

0 x

0 y

1
2 xy

(g)

hoc tnh ngc li:

x
0 N x
1
1

1
0 N y
y =

Et 0
0 2(1 + ) N xy

xy
ng sut v hp lc trong phn t tm din t ti hnh 5.2 tip theo.

(h)

Momen va lc

ng suat

Hnh 5.2
Momen un, momen xon v lc ct lin quan ng sut va trnh by c bit di dng:
M x 2t x

Momen un, momen xon M y = y zdz
M 2t
xy
xy

(i)

q x 2 xz
v lc ct = dz
q y 2t yz

(j)

Mx
1
Et 3

1
M y =
2
M 12(1 ) 0 0

xy

(k)

0 x

0 y

1
2 xy

Et 3
i lng D =
trong cng thc cui c tn gi cng tm.
12(1 2 )
99

Trng hp biu din cc h s x, y, xy trong quan h vi w:

y
x
x
2w
2w
2w
= 2 ; y =
= 2 ; xy =
= 2
x =
quan h (k) c hiu theo
x
y
y
xy
x
y
cch khc nh sau:
2w
2w
2 + 2
y
Mx
x2
3
Et
2w

+
M y =
t

12(1 2 ) y 2
x 2
M
xy
2w

(
)
1

xy

x
1
12
y = 3
Et 0

xy

1
0

M x
M
y
2(1 + ) M xy
0
0

ng sut ca tm trong trng thi ng sut phng:

Mxz
t 3 / 12
M y z
y = 3

t / 12
M xy z
xy = 3
t / 12

x =

(l)

Phn b ng sut theo chiu dy tm c dng trnh by ti hnh 5.3.

yz

xz
yx

x
xy

y
Hnh 5.3

100

iu kin cn bng

q x q y
+
+ p=0
y
x

M x M yx

+
q x = 0
x
y

M y M xy

+
q y = 0
y
x

(m)

Thay th hai cng thc cui t h phng trnh ang cp vo phng trnh u, chng ta
nhn c phng trnh cn bng bc cao hn sau y:
2
2
2 M x M xy M y
+
+
+ p=0
xy
x 2
y 2

(n)

Phng trnh vi phn un tm

Thay th cc biu thc t (11a) vo v tr Mx, My, Mxy ca phng trnh (n) chng ta nhn
c phng trnh vi phn bc 4 trnh by iu kin cn bng.
4w
4w
4w p
+
+
=
2
x 4
x 2 y 2 y 4 D

(o)

Cng thc cui ny cn c vit theo cch sau y: 4 w =

( )

trong 4 = 2 2 = 2 , cn

2 =

p
D

2
2
+
x 2 y 2

V d 1: Phng trnh vng tm ch nht, vt liu ng hng, ch hai cnh i xng ta t do

trn gi cng theo cch gii Navier c gii thiu tip di y. Chiu dy tm t, ti trng phn b
u q(x,y) = const. Tm to ti gc di bn tri.
D.4w = q.

(a)

Lu tnh i xng bi ton v iu kin bin cng i xng, li gii c th tm mt trong

hai cch:
w(x,y) =

X
n =1

( x) sin

hoc w(x,y) =

ny
b

Y ( x) sin
n =1

nx
a

(b)

Chui phn b ti trng tng ng:

ny
q = q n sin
b
n =1

hoc q =

q
n =1

sin

nx
a

(c)

Chn phng n 2 khi tip tc gii bi ton ny. Nhn hai v ca biu thc cho q vi
(2/a)sin(mx/a) v tch phn t x = 0 n x = a, h s qn s c xc nh:
101

qn =

4q
n

khi n =1,3,5,...

qn = 0 nu n =2,4, ...

(d)

T :
nx
1
sin
n =1,3,.. n
a

4q

q=

(e)

Thay biu thc trn vo (b), vi n =1,3,5,... s nhn c phng trnh vi phn bc bn sau:
n

YnIV -2

Li gii ring l

n
Yn + Yn =
a

4q
nD

(f)

4qb 4
b
, vi =
5
4
a
n D

(g)

Nghim bi ton c dng:

ny
ny
ny
ny
ny
ny
sinh
cosh
Yn(y)= C 0 cosh
+ C1 sinh
+ C2
+ C3

a
a
a
a
a
a
+

4qb 4

(h)

n 5 D 4

iu kin bin bi ton i hi tha mn 4 phng trnh:

w(x,0) =

2
2
w(x,0)
=
w(x,b)
=
w(x,b) = 0.
y 2
y 2

Thay biu thc w(x,y) =

Y ( x) sin
n =1

(i)

nx
vo cc phng trnh thuc iu kin bin trn s
a

nhn c:
Yn(0) = Yn(0) = Yn(b) = Yn(b) = 0.

(j)

T :
ny
ny

cosh
sinh
n
n
y
4qa 4 n

b +
b
Yn ( y ) =

tanh

1 1 +

5
n
ny
2
2b
(n ) D 4
sinh
cosh
b
2

Momen un tm c dng sau:

102

(k)

ny
cosh
n
n
1
b +
M x = 3 3 1 1 + (1 )
tanh

n
4
2
n =1,3, n
cosh
4
ny
sinh
ny
b sin nx
+ ( 1)

n
a
2b
cosh

(l)

ny
cosh
n
n
1

b +
M y = 3 3 + ( 1)
tanh

n
4
2
n =1,3, n
cosh
4
ny
sinh
ny
b sin nx
+ ( 1)

n
a
2b
cosh

(m)

4qa 3

4qa 3

V d 2: Tm hnh ch nht, ta trn bn cnh, chiu dy tm t = 0,6cm chu tc ng momen un

Mx = 600 N.m/m, phn b u dc cnh di, song song vi trc Oy, hnh 5.4.
Xc nh momen xon ln nht trong tm v ng sut ln nht ti tm.
Bit rng E = 2.105 MPa, = 0,3.
y
My
O

Hnh 5.4
Mx

Li gii
ng sut do un tnh theo cng thc:

x ,max =

M x 6M x
= 2 = 10 8 Pa = 100 MPa
Wx
t

Theo hng Oy momen un My = 0 v theo y = 0.

ng sut tip ln nht:

max =

x ,max y
2

= 50 MPa

Momen xon ln nht:

Qmax = max

1.t 2
= 300 Nm / m
6
103

Bn knh cung un tnh t biu thc:

M
nh gii thiu trong phn un dm.
EJ

EJ 2.1011 1.6 3.10 9

=
=
= 6m
Mx
600.12
V d 3: Tm ch nht ta trn bn cnh, chiu dy tm t = 4mm, chu tc ng momen un Mx =
300 Nm/m v My = 100 Nm/m.
Xc nh ng sut ln nht trong tm.
Kim tra bn theo tiu chun von Mises, bit rng cr = 120MPa.
Tr li

x ,max =

y ,max =
max =

6M x
= 112,5MPa;
t2

6M y

= 37,5MPa;

t2

x ,max y ,max
2

= 37,5MPa

Theo tiu chun bn von Mises:

eq =

2
2

( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2

= 99 MPa

Gii hn trn y nh hn gi tr ng sut cho php cr = 120MPa

V d 4: Tm hnh ch nht, cnh a = 80cm; b = 25cm, chiu dy tm t = 0,4cm, ta trn bn cnh,
chu ti phn b u theo phng php tuyn p = 40kPa.
Xc nh vng ln nht f, ng sut ln nht v momen xon ln nht. Bit rng E = 2.105
MPa, = 0,25.
Vi tm di, t l a/b > 3 c th coi rng lin kt ta hai cnh ngn n un tm theo
chiu kia khng ln. Cng thc tnh momen un v ng sut mang dng:
M x ,max =

pb 2
= 200 N .m / m;
8

M y ,max = M x = 50 N .m / m

T c th tnh tip:

x ,max =

6M x ,max
t2

= 75MPa

Momen xon tnh theo cng thc:

Qmax =
v max =

M x ,max M y ,max
2

= 75 N .m / m

6Qmax
= 28,1MPa
t2

104

 cng tm chu un:

D=

Et 3
= 1,14kN .m
12 1 2

vng ln nht, tnh ti im gia tm:

f = wmax =

5 pb 4
= 0,73mm
384 D

n nh tm hnh ch nht

V d 1: Tm ch nht, ta bn l bn cnh, chu tc ng lc nn theo chiu dc. Xc nh ng

sut gii hn nu a = 40 cm, b = 25 cm, t = 0,8 cm, E = 7,2. 104MPa, = 0,30 v ng sut gii
hn c cu cng [] = 240 MPa.
Li gii
ng sut gii hn tnh theo cng thc:

cr = k
trong

2D
b 2t

mb a
k =
+

a mb

iu kin chuyn tip tm chuyn sang giai on mt n nh t m na sng n m + 1

na sng:
m(m + 1) =

a
b

Trng hp ny, a/b = 40/25 = 1,6 > 2. H s k tnh bng k = 4,2.

cng tm:
Et 3
D=
= 3,47 N .m
12 1 2

T c th tnh:

cr = 2,88MPa

< [ ] = 240MPa

V d 2: Tm hnh vung cnh b = 20 cm, ta trn cc cnh, b nn c hai chiu bng ti T.

Xc nh ng sut gii hn nu t = 0,4 cm, E = 7,0.104 MPa, = 0,30.
Trng hp ch chu nn mt hng ng sut gii hn s gim nh th no?
Li gii
Tm hnh vung mt n nh trong c trng hp m = n = 1.
ng sut gii hn tnh bng biu thc:

cr , x = cr , y = k

2D
b 2t
105

mb 2

2
+n

trong k =
=2
2
mb
2

+n
a

cng tm:
D=

Et 3
= 410 N .m
12 1 2

cr , x = cr , y = k

2D
b 2t

= 50,6MPa

Tm b ct

V d 1: Tm ch nht, a = 40 cm, b = 25 cm, t = 0,4 cm, chu ng sut ct = const dc bn

cnh. Xc nh ng sut ct gii hn, bit E = 7,2.104MPa, [] = 120 MPa.
Li gii
ng sut ct gii hn tnh theo cng thc:

cr = (0,9k S )

E
b

t

Trong

b
k S = 5,35 + 4 = 6,9
a

cr = 114MPa
V d 2: Tm hnh ch nht, cnh a = 30 cm, b = 12 cm, t = 0,1 cm, b vin bng np cng
ba cnh, hai cnh di v mt cnh ngn, cnh ngn cn li gn cht vo c cu khe. Tm chu lc
ct t ti nt trn ca tm, xem hnh. Bit rng E = 2.105 MPa, [] = 250 MPa.
Xc nh lc ct gii hn, bit rng h s an ton cho n nh n = 1,5.
P

Hnh 5.5
Li gii
ng sut ct ti cc mp tm:

106

nPcr
= 4,17.10 3 Pcr , (Pa)
b.t

Cng thc tnh ng sut gii hn, nh trnh by trn y, c dng:

cr = (0,9k S )

E
b

t

b
vi k S = 5,35 + 4 = 5,99
a

T y c th vit: 4,17.10 3 Pcr = 7,49.10 7

Pcr = 1,8.104 = 18 kN.
Bi tp

1. Gii bi ton un tm mng, hnh ch nht, kch thc a x b, trnh by ti hnh 1, phn tm
mng, ta trn cc cnh, chu tc ng p lc p(x,y) theo phng php tuyn.
Phng n thc hin: trnh by p(x,y) dng chui Navier.

mx ny
p( x, y ) = C mn sin

sin
a b
m =1 n =1

Hng s Cmn tnh t chui Fourier:

4
mx ny
=
p ( x, y ) sin
sin
dxdy

ab 0 0
a b
a b

C mn

2. Trng hp p(x,y) = p0 = const c p dng cho bi tp 1 va nu, chng minh rng:

C mn =

16 p 0
2 mn

m, n = 1,3,5,...

Chuyn v tm tnh theo cng thc:

2

16 p 0 1
a 2b 2
mx ny
w( x, y ) = 2
sin
sin

2
2
mn m =1 n =1 mn (bm ) + (an )
a b

m, n = 1,3,5, . . .
3. S dng kt qu bi tp 2 tm vng im gia tm vi a/b = 1,6.
4. S dng kt qu bi tp 2 gii bi ton tm mng lm t thp, kch thc 200mm x 400mm,
chiu dy tm t = 6mm, E = 210 GPa, = 0,3. p lc p0 = 100 kPa.
Xc nh wmax cho cc trng hp sau:

Cc cnh ta t do

Cc cnh ngm

Hai cnh ngn ta trn gi, hai cnh di ngm

Hai cnh ngn ta, hai cnh cn li t do

107

5. Xc nh ng sut ln nht vng ln nht o ti gia tm hnh ch nht, cnh di a, cnh

ngn b, chu tc ng phn b lc p theo phng php tuyn, da vo cng thc sau y:

max

b
= K 1 p
t

wmax = K 2

pb 4
;
Et 3

H s Poisson = 0,3

Bng 1
Trng hp 1:
Bn cnh ta trn gi
a/b
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
K1
0.2874 0.3762 0.4530 0.5172
K2
0.0440 0.0616 0.0770 0.0906

1.8
2.0
0.5688 0.6102
0.1017 0.1110

3.0
4.0
0.7134 0.7410
0.1335 0.1400

Trng hp 2:
Bn cnh ngm
a/b
1.0
1.2
1.4
K1
0.3078 0.3834 0.4356
K2
0.0138 0.0188 0.2260

1.8
2.0
0.4872 0.4974
0.0267 0.0277

0.5000
0.0284

1.6
0.4680
0.0251

5.0
0.7476
0.1417

0.7500
0.1421

Trng hp 3:
Hai cnh i din, cnh a, ta t do, hai cnh kia ngm
a/b
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

K1
0.4182 0.5208 0.5988 0.6540 0.6912 0.7146 0.7500
K2
0.0210 0.0349 0.0502 0.0658 0.0800 0.0922 0.1422
Trng hp 4:
Hai cnh i din, cnh b, ta t do, hai cnh kia ngm
a/b
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

K1
0.4182 0.4626 0.4860 0.4968 0.4971 0.4973 0.5000
K2
0.0210 0.0243 0.0262 0.0273 0.0280 0.0283 0.0285

c trng hnh hc v p lc p ca cc tm nh sau:

1) a = 2m; b = 1m; t = 5mm; p = 5MPa.
2)

a = 2m; b = 1m; t = 8mm; p = 9,81MPa.

3)

a = 4m; b = 1m; t = 8mm; p = 9,81MPa.

4)

a = 6m; b = 1m; t = 10mm; p = 9,81MPa.

5)

a = 9m; b = 1m; t = 10mm; p = 9,81MPa.

6. Chng minh nhng biu thc sau y, dng cho tm hnh trn.
Chuyn v hng li tm: u r = z

Bin dng:

dw
dr

(a)

du
d 2w
= z 2
dr
dr
ur
z dw
=
=
r
r dr

r =

(b)

108

 d 2 w dw
E

z
+
1 2 dr 2 r dr
1 dw
E
d 2 w

z
ng sut: =

+
dr 2
1 2 r dr
z =0

r =

(c)

Nu k hiu M momen un phn b trn n v chiu di, cng thc cui c th vit
thnh:
Mrz
t3
M z
= 12 3
t

r = 12

(d)

vi
d 2 w dw

M r = D 2 +
r dr
dr
vi
1 dw
d 2 w

+
M = D
dr 2
r dr

Et 3
D=
12 1 2

(e)

Cng thc trnh by ti (d) dng cho tm dy t c dng:

Mr
t3
M
= 6 3
t

( x ) max,min = 6
( ) max,min

Phng trnh vi phn bc bn un tm, chu tc ng lc php tuyn p(r) c vit thnh:
d 2 1 d d 2 w 1 dw p (r )

=
4 w(r ) = 2 +
+
r dr dr 2 r dr
D
dr

7. Xc nh chiu dy t tm thp hnh ch nht nhm trnh mt n nh tm trong trng hp chu

lc nn P=30kN phn b u dc cnh ngn tm. Tm ta t do bn cnh. Bit rng cnh tm a =
35cm, b = 10cm, E = 2.105MPa, = 0,28.
8. Tm thp hnh vung cnh b = 25cm, ta bn mp trn gi, chu lc nn cng q c hai
chiu, hnh 5.6. Xc nh ng sut gii hn (ng sut Euler) ca tm, bit rng chiu dy tm t =
0,40cm, E = 7.104MPa, = 0,3.
Trng hp lc nn cng nh trn ch tc ng theo mt hng, kt qu tnh s nh th
no?

109

Hnh 5.6

Hnh 5.7

9. Tm lm t hp kim nhm, hnh ch nht cnh a = 40cm, b = 25cm, ta t do trn bn cnh,

chu tc ng lc ct , hnh 5.7. Xc nh ti gii hn, bit rng E = 7,2.104MPa, [] = 120MPa.
10. Tm hnh ch nht cnh nht cnh a = 36cm, b = 20cm, ta t do trn bn cnh, chu tc ng
lc ct , v lc nn T = 2, hnh 5.8. Xc nh cr tm khng b mt n nh.

Hnh 5.8
4

Bit rng E = 7,2.10 MPa, = 0,3.

110