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Water Saturation Crossplots
Water Saturation Crossplots
Water Saturation Crossplots
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Pickett Plots
Buckle's Plots
Examples
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joins the origin with the point PHIe = 0.1 and RESD = 100 and so on, as
shown in the illustration at the right.
If RW@FT is unknown, a line can be drawn slightly above the most
northwesterly points on the graph to intersect at the origin and RW@FT
back calculated from any point on the line by using:
4: RW@FT = RESD * (PHIe ^ M) / A
WHERE:
A = tortuosity exponent (fractional)
M = cementation exponent (fractional)
PHIe = effective porosity (fractional)
RESD = deep resistivity (ohm-m)
RW@FT = water resistivity (ohm-m)
If sufficient porosity range exists in the water zone, the northwesterly line can be drawn without knowledge of the
porosity origin, thus helping to find the matrix point. In the above illustration, the data suggests a matrix density of
2.7 gm/cc, so the porosity scale origin is set at this point. If data was in porosity units to begin with, this technique
would define the matrix offset to correct the porosity log to the actual matrix rock present.
Any of the three porosity logs, (sonic, density, neutron) or any derived porosity, such as density neutron crossplot
porosity, can be used for the porosity axis. Any deep resistivity or conductivity reading can be used on the Y axis.
If shallow resistivity data are available, the parameter RESS*RW/RMF can be plotted below the RESD points. The
distance between the RESD and normalized RESS points represents the moveable hydrocarbon - the larger the
better.
The manual construction of this crossplot can be summarized as follows:
1. Select proper crossplot paper.
2. Scale the X-axis in linear fashion for raw logging parameters (DELT, DENS, PHIN or PHID) and establish porosity
scale. Porosity will be zero at the matrix point and increases to the right.
3. Plot resistivity (RESD) vs log data (DELT, DENS, PHIN or PHID). The resistivity scale can be changed by any order
of magnitude to fit the log data. This can be done without changing the validity of the graph paper grid.
4. The straight line drawn through the most north westerly points defines Sw = 1.0. Extrapolate this to the
intersection with X-axis (PHIe = 0, RESD = infinity).
5. At the intersection, determine the matrix value (DELTMA or DENSMA) for a proper porosity scaling of the X-axis. If
logs are in porosity units, this line will determine the matrix offset.
6. Calculate RW@FT from any corresponding pair of PHIe and RESD data along the water line.
7. Determine lines of constant Sw values based on the Archie equation (for any given PHIe value). Keep in mind that
all these lines must converge at the matrix point.
8. Read and evaluate Sw values for all points plotted on the crossplot. Make sure points are numbered to avoid
confusion, particularly if very long sections are analyzed.
9. As an extension of this method, in case RESS data are also available, the moveable hydrocarbon can be
determined by plotting RESD * RW / RMF below each RESD point.
The grid for a Hingle plot is difficult to draw by hand as the resistivity axis is non-linear. Blank forms are available in
most service company chart books, as well as here:
Hingle plot M = 2.00 Full Size
Hingle plot M = 2.15 Full Size
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This is the equation of a straight line on log - log paper. The line has a slope of (-M) and the intercept when PHIe = 1 is
the value of A * RW@FT.
If resistivity increases upward and porosity increases to the right, a line drawn slightly below the south westerly data
points should represent the 100% water saturation line (as long as a water zone exists in the interval). If A * RW@FT
is known, the line should pass through this point at PHIe = 1.0.
If the cementation exponent M is known, the line can be drawn with this slope to find A * RW@FT. Remember that M
is seldom less than 1.7 or more than 2.8 in non-fractured reservoirs.
The slope is determined manually by measuring a distance on the RESD axis (in cm. or inches) and dividing it by the
corresponding distance on the porosity axis, or by using equation 7. The result will always be negative.
To construct the other water saturation lines, first draw a line upward
from the point where the 100% water saturation line meets the line
RESD = 1.0. Then mark points on the vertical line at RESD values of 2.0,
4.0 and 25.0. Draw a line through each of these marks parallel to the
100% water saturation line. These lines are 70%, 50% and 20% water
saturation lines respectively.
An example is shown at right, using the same data as in the Hingle plot
shown earlier. Because A and M and the matrix values for rocks are
seldom the world wide averages commonly assumed, the porosity
resistivity crossplot is often used to find reasonable values prior to or
in lieu of special core studies.
If RW@FT varies, this may be noticed by parallel groupings of data
belonging to several distinct water zones. The sequence should be
zoned to create a separate plot for each different water resistivity value.
Comparisons of these plots between wells are often useful. A shift of
data in the porosity direction may indicate a mis-calibrated porosity
log.
A shift in the resistivity direction may indicate a mis-calibrated
resistivity log, differences in invasion, a change in pore geometry, or a
change in A * RW@FT. In the example above, the W axis (colour) is
coded red for PE near 3.0 and blue for PE near 5.0, thus segregating
dolomite from limestone. Note that the porosity distribution and the slope of the line through the red data is different
than that through the blue data. This demonstrates that the pore geometry for the dolomite interval is different than
that for the limestone. The M value for the dolomite is less than 2.0 for the dolomite and considerably higher than 2.0
for this limestone. (RESD is on the X axis in this plot).
If RW@FT is known from water samples, it may help define the value for A, which varies primarily with grain size and
sorting. This is a function of position in the basin and distance from source rock.
Again, as for the Hingle plot, values of RESS * RW / RMF can be plotted to estimate moveable hydrocarbon. If no
water zone exists in the interval, plotting RESS vs PHIe may find the slope M, since RESS sees mostly a water filled
zone.
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TYPICAL VALUES
Sandstones
Very fine grain
Fine grain
Medium grain
Coarse grain
Conglomerate
Unconsolidated
Fractured
Carbonates
Chalky
Cryptocrystalline
Intercrystalline
Sucrosic
Fine vuggy
Coarse vuggy
Fractured
KBUCKL
0.120
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.010
0.005
0.001
Linear axis Buckle's Plot of PHI * SW (left) and log-log plot of same (right). Hyperbolic PHI * SW lines become
straight lines in the log-log domain.
On a Pickett Plot, points of constant water saturation will plot on a straight line with slope related to cementation exponent M.
Saturation exponent N determines the separation of the Sw = constant grids, as shown below. A*Rw@FT can be deduced from the
intercept of the 100% SW line with the 100% porosity lines. The same technique can be applied to the flushed zones, using flushed
zone measurements.
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EXAMPLES
These examples of linear axis porosity versus water saturation plots show three different situations in three different
wells. First is a well with no water zone and irreducible water that varies along a single hyperbolic trend (constant PHI
* SW). The second illustrates a pay zone at constant PHI * SW underlain by a water zone in which PHI * SW varies
with porosity. The third example illustrates the need to see the production history and perforated interval data. The
well shows increasing SW with depth, as well as increasing PHI * SW with depth. But the well is perforated over the
entire interval and produces very little water, so these changes are related to pore geometry, and not a transition
zone between water and oil.
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Example of a 4-dimensional Buckle's Plot. X-axis = Sw, Y-axis = PHIe, Z-axis (numbers) = Vsh, W-axis (colour) =
frequency of occurrence. Hyperbolic lines are constant Buckle's Numbers lines (PHIe*Sw = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10,
0.12). Numbers along bottom and right edge are histograms of frequency of occurrence. All data points follow near
the KBUCKL = 0.025 line and no data points fall to the right side, so this interval will produce no water upon initial
production.
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Another example in which most data falls along the KBUCKL = 0.02 to 0.04 lines. These points will produce no water.
Data points at the far right are from the water zone and will produce water. X, Y, Z, and W axes are as above.
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Porosity vs water saturation plot in a reservoir with varying pore geometry. Most of these data
points produce clean oil with no water, except the X's on the far right, past Sw = 90%.
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