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Achilles
Achilles
Achilleus redirects here. For the emperor with this cause of his death from a small wound in the heel, the
name, see Achilleus (emperor). For other uses, see term Achilles heel has come to mean a persons point of
Achilles (disambiguation).
weakness.
In Greek mythology, Achilles (/kliz/; Ancient Greek:
1 Etymology
Achilles name can be analyzed as a combination of
(akhos) grief and (laos) a people, tribe, nation.
In other words, Achilles is an embodiment of the grief of
the people, grief being a theme raised numerous times
in the Iliad (frequently by Achilles). Achilles role as
the hero of grief forms an ironic juxtaposition with the
conventional view of Achilles as the hero of kleos
(glory, usually glory in war).
Laos has been construed by Gregory Nagy,[1] following
Leonard Palmer, to mean a corps of soldiers, a muster.
With this derivation, the name would have a double meaning in the poem: when the hero is functioning rightly, his
men bring grief to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men
get the grief of war. The poem is in part about the misdirection of anger on the part of leadership.
2 Birth
Achilles was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, the
king of the Myrmidons. Zeus and Poseidon had been rivals for the hand of Thetis until Prometheus, the forethinker, warned Zeus of a prophecy that Thetis would
bear a son greater than his father. For this reason, the two
[4]
Achilles most notable feat during the Trojan War was gods withdrew their pursuit, and had her wed Peleus.
the slaying of the Trojan hero Hector outside the gates There is a tale which oers an alternative version of these
of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented events: in Argonautica (iv.760) Zeus sister and wife Hera
in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near alludes to Thetis chaste resistance to the advances of
the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him in the Zeus, that Thetis was so loyal to Heras marriage bond
heel with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with a poem that she coolly rejected him. Thetis, although a daughby Statius in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was ter of the sea-god Nereus, was also brought up by Hera,
invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel. Be- further explaining her resistance to the advances of Zeus.
1
Thetis Dipping the Infant Achilles into the River Styx (ca.
1625), Peter Paul Rubens
3.3
According to the Iliad, Achilles arrived at Troy with 50 3.3 Achilles in the Iliad
ships, each carrying 50 Myrmidons (Book 2). He appointed ve leaders (each leader commanding 500 Myr- Main article: Iliad
midons): Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix and Homers Iliad is the most famous narrative of Achilles
Alcimedon (Book 16).
3.1
Telephus
When the Greeks left for the Trojan War, they accidentally stopped in Mysia, ruled by King Telephus. In the resulting battle, Achilles gave Telephus a wound that would
not heal; Telephus consulted an oracle, who stated that
he that wounded shall heal. Guided by the oracle, he
arrived at Argos, where Achilles healed him in order that
Achilles sacricing to Zeus, from the Ambrosian Iliad, a 5thhe might become their guide for the voyage to Troy.
According to other reports in Euripides' lost play about
Telephus, he went to Aulis pretending to be a beggar and
asked Achilles to heal his wound. Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Alternatively, Telephus held Orestes for ransom, the ransom being Achilles
aid in healing the wound. Odysseus reasoned that the
spear had inicted the wound; therefore, the spear must
be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped o
onto the wound and Telephus was healed.
3.2
Troilus
deeds in the Trojan War. Achilles wrath is the central theme of the poem. The Homeric epic only covers
a few weeks of the war, and does not narrate Achilles
death. It begins with Achilles withdrawal from battle
after he is dishonored by Agamemnon, the commander of the Achaean forces. Agamemnon had taken a
woman named Chryseis as his slave. Her father Chryses,
a priest of Apollo, begs Agamemnon to return her to
him. Agamemnon refuses and Apollo sends a plague
amongst the Greeks. The prophet Calchas correctly determines the source of the troubles but will not speak
unless Achilles vows to protect him. Achilles does so
and Calchas declares Chryseis must be returned to her
father. Agamemnon consents, but then commands that
Achilles battle prize Briseis be brought to him to replace
Chryseis. Angry at the dishonor of having his plunder
and glory taken away (and as he says later, because he
loved Briseis),[11] with the urging of his mother Thetis,
Achilles refuses to ght or lead his troops alongside the
other Greek forces. At this same time, burning with rage
over Agamemnons theft, Achilles prays to Thetis to convince Zeus to help the Trojans gain ground in the war, so
that he may regain his honor.
As the battle turns against the Greeks, thanks to the inuence of Zeus, Nestor declares that the Trojans are
winning because Agamemnon has angered Achilles, and
urges the king to appease the warrior. Agamemnon
agrees and sends Odysseus and two other chieftains, Ajax
and Phoenix, to Achilles with the oer of the return of
Briseis and other gifts. Achilles rejects all Agamemnon
oers him, and simply urges the Greeks to sail home as
he was planning to do.
The Trojans, led by Hector, subsequently push the Greek
army back toward the beaches and assault the Greek
ships. With the Greek forces on the verge of absolute
destruction, Patroclus leads the Myrmidons into battle
wearing Achilles armor, though Achilles remains at his
camp. Patroclus succeeds in pushing the Trojans back
from the beaches, but is killed by Hector before he can 3.4 Penthesilea
lead a proper assault on the city of Troy.
Achilles, after his temporary truce with Priam, fought and
killed the Amazonian warrior queen Penthesilea, but later
grieved over her death. At rst, he was so distracted by
her beauty, he did not ght as intensely as usual. Once he
realized that his distraction was endangering his life, he
refocused and killed her.
Following the death of Patroclus, Achilles closest companion was Nestors son Antilochus. When Memnon,
king of Ethiopia slew Antilochus, Achilles once more
obtained revenge on the battleeld, killing Memnon.
The ght between Achilles and Memnon over Antilochus
echoes that of Achilles and Hector over Patroclus, except
that Memnon (unlike Hector) was also the son of a goddess.
Many Homeric scholars argued that episode inspired
many details in the Iliad's description of the death of
Patroclus and Achilles reaction to it. The episode then
formed the basis of the cyclic epic Aethiopis, which was
composed after the Iliad, possibly in the 7th century B.C.
The Aethiopis is now lost, except for scattered fragments
quoted by later authors.
The death of Achilles, as predicted by Hector with his
dying breath, was brought about by Paris with an arrow
(to the heel according to Statius). In some versions, the
god Apollo guided Paris arrow. Some retellings also state
that Achilles was scaling the gates of Troy and was hit
with a poisoned arrow.
All of these versions deny Paris any sort of valor, owing to
the common conception that Paris was a coward and not
the man his brother Hector was, and Achilles remained
undefeated on the battleeld. His bones were mingled
with those of Patroclus, and funeral games were held. He
was represented in the Aethiopis as living after his death
in the island of Leuke at the mouth of the river Danube.
3.7
5
committed suicide. Odysseus eventually gave the armor
to Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles.
A relic claimed to be Achilles bronze-headed spear was
for centuries preserved in the temple of Athena on the
acropolis of Phaselis, Lycia, a port on the Pamphylian
Gulf. The city was visited in 333 BC by Alexander the
Great, who envisioned himself as the new Achilles and
carried the Iliad with him, but his court biographers do
not mention the spear.[14] However, it was shown in the
time of Pausanias in the 2nd century AD.[15]
3.6
vention of Athena.[19]
5.1
In book 11 of Homers Odyssey, Odysseus sails to the underworld and converses with the shades. One of these is
Achilles, who when greeted as blessed in life, blessed
in death, responds that he would rather be a slave to the
worst of masters than be king of all the dead. But Achilles
then asks Odysseus of his sons exploits in the Trojan
war, and when Odysseus tells of Neoptolemus heroic actions, Achilles is lled with satisfaction. This leaves the
reader with an ambiguous understanding of how Achilles
felt about the heroic life. Achilles was worshipped as a
sea-god in many of the Greek colonies on the Black Sea,
the location of the mythical White Island which he was
said to inhabit after his death, together with many other
heroes.
The kings of the Epirus claimed to be descended from
Achilles through his son, Neoptolemus. Alexander the
Great, son of the Epirote princess Olympias, could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to
be like his great ancestor. He is said to have visited the
tomb of Achilles at Achilleion while passing Troy.[30] In
AD 216 the Roman Emperor Caracalla, while on his way
to war against Parthia, emulated Alexander by holding
games around Achilles tumulus.[31]
Achilles fought and killed the Amazon Helene. Some also
said he married Medea, and that after both their deaths
they were united in the Elysian Fields of Hades as Hera
promised Thetis in Apollonius' Argonautica. In some versions of the myth, Achilles has a relationship with his captive Briseis.
9
gius and in Benot de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie
and Guido delle Colonne's Historia destructionis Troiae,
which remained the most widely read and retold versions
of the Matter of Troy until the 17th century.
10
Popular culture
Achilles is portrayed as a former hero who has become lazy and devoted to the love of Patroclus, in
William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Achilles appears in Dantes Inferno. He is seen in
Hell's Circle of Lust.
Achilles is the subject of the poem Achilles, a fragment by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
10
12 NOTES
11
Namesakes
The 2005 video game Spartan Total Warrior features two campaign missions located in the ctional
buried city of Troy, with the story arc for this segment of the game culminating in the discovery of the
Tomb of Achilles and the acquisition of the Spear of
Achilles.
12 Notes
[1] Nagy, Gregory. The best of the Achaeans. http://chs.
harvard.edu''. The Center for Hellenic Studies. Retrieved
19 March 2015.
[2] R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill,
2009, pp. 1834.
[3] Epigraphical database gives 476 matches for .The
earliest ones: Corinth 7th c. BC,Delphi 530 BC, Attica
and Elis 5th c. BC.
[4] Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 755768; Pindar, Nemean
5.3437, Isthmian 8.2647; Poeticon astronomicon (ii.15)
[5] Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). The Death and Afterlife of
Achilles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
9. ISBN 0-8018-9029-2. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
[6] Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 4.869879.
[7] Hesiod, Catalogue of Women, fr. 204.8789 MW; Iliad
11.830-32
11
[15] Pausanias, iii.3.6; see Christian Jacob and Anne MullenHohl, The Greek Travelers Areas of Knowledge:
Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias Description
of Greece, Yale French Studies 59: Rethinking History:
Time, Myth, and Writing (1980:6585) esp. p. 81.
[16] Petteia.
[17] Greek Board Games.
13 References
Homer, Iliad
Homer, Odyssey XI, 467540
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca III, xiii, 58
[18] Latrunculi.
14 Bibliography
Ileana Chirassi Colombo, Heroes Achilleus
Theos Apollon. In Il Mito Greco, ed. Bruno Gentili
& Giuseppe Paione, Rome, 1977;
Anthony Edwards:
Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey,
and thiopis, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine
Studies, 26 (1985): pp. 215227 ;
Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic, Beitrge zur klassischen Philologie, 171, Meisenheim, 1985;
Kleos Aphthiton and Oral Theory, Classical
Quarterly, 38 (1988): pp. 2530;
Jakob Escher-Brkli:
Achilleus 1.
In:
Realencyclopdie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Vol. I,1, Stuttgart 1893, Col.
221245.
Hedreen, Guy (1991). The Cult of Achilles
in the Euxine. Hesperia (American School of
Classical Studies at Athens) 60 (3): 313330.
doi:10.2307/148068. JSTOR 148068.
Kerenyi, Karl (1959). The Heroes of the Greeks.
New York/London: Thames and Hudson.
Latacz, Joachim (2010). Achilles. In Grafton,
Anthony; Most, Glenn; Settis, Salvatore. The Classical Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 35. ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0.
Gregory Nagy:
12
15
The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero
in Archaic Greek Poetry, Johns Hopkins University, 1999 (rev. edition);
The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology
and 'Folk Etymology', Illinois Classical Studies,
19, 1994;
15
External links
EXTERNAL LINKS
13
16
16.1
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WikipediaTeacher1 and Anonymous: 1990
16.2
Images
File:Achilles-01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Achilles-01.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199010 Original artist: CNG, (uploaded by Odysses)
File:Achilles_Ajax_dice_Louvre_MNB911.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Achilles_Ajax_dice_
Louvre_MNB911.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Marie-Lan Nguyen (2011) Original artist: Workshop of Diosphos Painter
File:Achilles_departure_Eretria_Painter_CdM_Paris_851.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/
Achilles_departure_Eretria_Painter_CdM_Paris_851.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marie-Lan Nguyen
File:Achilles_in_Corfu.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Achilles_in_Corfu.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dr.K.
File:Achilles_killing_the_Amazon_Queen_Penthesilea.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Achilles_
killing_the_Amazon_Queen_Penthesilea.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cams0ft
File:Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tasoskessaris
File:Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/
a0/Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: User:Bibi Saint-Pol, own work,
2007-02-13 Original artist: ?
File:AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/
AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown
File:Birth_of_Venus_detail.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Birth_of_Venus_detail.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/b/botticel/5allegor/32birth.jpg' data-xrel='nofollow'><img alt='Inkscape.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.
svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.
png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='60'
data-le-height='60' /></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/b/botticel/5allegor/32birth.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img
alt='Information icon.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_
icon.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.
svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/
40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='620' data-le-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Sandro Botticelli
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Leon_Benouville_The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Leon_Benouville_
The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Franois-Lon Benouville
File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: collectie.boijmans.nl : Home : Info : Pic Original artist: Peter Paul Rubens
File:The_Education_of_Achilles,_by_James_Barry.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/The_
Education_of_Achilles%2C_by_James_Barry.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: painted by James Barry, photographed by
uploader Original artist: James Barry
File:The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
1/1f/The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg License:
Public domain Contributors:
Web Gallery of
16.3
Content license
15
Art:
<a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/t/tiepolo/gianbatt/6vicenza/1homer3.jpg' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Inkscape.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.svg.png'
width='20'
height='20'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='60' data-le-height='60' /></a>
Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/t/tiepolo/gianbatt/6vicenza/1homer3.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png' width='20'
height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png
1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-lewidth='620' data-le-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
File:Triumph_of_Achilles_in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Triumph_of_Achilles_
in_Corfu_Achilleion.jpg License: PD Contributors:
Own photograph by uploader. The original painting is a fresco on the upper level of the main hall of the Achilleion at Corfu, Greece.
Original artist:
Painter: Franz Matsch (died 1942) Franz Matsch info also here
Photographer: User:Dr.K.
File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Wenceslas_
Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Artwork from University of Toronto Wenceslaus Hollar Digital Collection Original artist: Wenceslaus Hollar
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
16.3
Content license