Other Renewables-2

BSS-7
lecture 8

bioenergy

definitions
Bioenergy is renewable energy made from any organic non fossil
material of a biological origin such as from plants or animals.

PETRO-CROPS
-seed oils
-essential oils
-exudates &extracts

Biomass refers to the sources of bioenergy and includes agricultural and

forestry residues, municipal solid wastes, industrial wastes, and
terrestrial and aquatic crops grown solely for energy purposes.
Biofuels biomass converted directly into liquid fuels, most commonly
ethanol and biodiesel.
Biopower, or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate
electricity

US total reserves

bioenergy

bio energy

heat, electricity

biomass conversion
Biochemical (anaerobic digestion, fermentation)
Thermochemical (pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction,
ammonia production, combustion)
Chemical (acid hyrdrolysis)
Physical (densification)

production processes

biomass gasification

Pyrolysis
Air-gasification
Oxygen gasification
Hydrogen gasification

system types
Direct-fired systems burn biomass fuel is in a boiler to produce highpressure steam.
Co-firing involves substituting biomass for a portion of coal in an existing
power plant furnace.
Gasifiers operate by heating biomass in an environment where the solid
biomass breaks down to form a flammable gas through a partial
combustion route, by restricting the air supply.
Modular systems employ some of the same technologies mentioned
above, but on a smaller scale that is more applicable to villages, farms,
and small industry.

supply chain

GHG emissions

considerations
-Site conditions for high yields
-Proximity to resource for transportation costs
-Suitable for remote areas
-Baseload capacity for higher efficiency

cogeneration

combined heat and power (CHP)

waste heat

heating, cooling, power

cogeneration cycle

CHP technologies
reciprocating engines
steam turbines
gas turbines
micro-turbines
fuel cells

SMALL SCALE SYSTEMS

microturbines

fuel cells

fuel cells

CHP applications

district heating/cooling

considerations
Cost of utility power
Peak vs. non-peak rates of utility supply
Cost of electric vs. natural gas/biofuel
Connectivity to utility power
Reliability of utility supply in relation to program type
Base load requirements
Net metering availability
Environmental emissions from fuel mix used
Combination of use types
Assessment of life cycle economics

waste recovery

impacts of waste
MATERIAL RESOURCES
EMBODIED ENERGY, TRANSPORTATION ENERGY, PROCESSING ENERGY
PROCESSING COSTS
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

 waste typically from common

household garbage but also
includes some large-scale
industrial wastes and materials.
These wastes and materials are
not specifically hazardous, and
have opportunities for reduction,
reuse, and recycling.

waste with properties that make

it dangerous or potentially
harmful to human health or the
environment. This waste xhibits
at least one of four characteristics
- ignitability, corrosivity,
reactivity, or toxicity.

non-hazardous
waste

hazardous
waste

 Municipal solid waste : commonly known as trash or garbage.

Industrial solid waste

non-hazardous
waste

: made up of a wide variety of non-hazardous

materials that result from the production of
goods and products.

Waste management is
the collection, transportion, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials. The management of waste is generally
undertaken to reduce impacts on health, environment, and aesthetics.

coordinated mix
addressing reuse
and disposal

promoting
recycling and
recovery

reducing or
eliminating
waste

preferred order

1.
2.
3.

source reduction first

recycling and composting second
disposal in landfills or waste
combustors last

Waste reduction or minimization is aimed at reducing the production of waste

through education and improved design, production, and processes of usage to
reduce the amount and toxicity of what gets thrown away

Recycling involves processing used materials into new products to prevent waste
of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,
and reduce waste volumes and associated impacts.
Waste disposal is the process of collecting and removing waste and relocating it
to a place where it will sit, be combusted, or be recycled.

waste separation