Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AEE Presentation PDF
AEE Presentation PDF
Technology
West Coast Energy
Management Congress
June 21, 2000
E.J. Honton
ejh@sf.rdcnet.com
www.distributed-generation.com
Overview
1. Why All the Fuss About Distributed Generation (DG)?
2. Compare Evolving DG Technologies
3. Summarize Micro and Mini Turbine Technologies
4. Importance of Air Emissions
5. Speculate About Future Turbine Users, Technologies,
and the Marketplace
40
30
20
10
0
E/GDP Ratio
Source: Electric Power Research Institute
Electricity Fraction
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
18
80
18
90
19
00
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
1000 MW
700
600
Surplus
500
400
Peak Load
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
300
CA Electric Consumption
800
700
500
400
300
200
100
0
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
Trillion Btu
600
+15%
Total
Commercial
Residential
Industrial
Fuels Used in CA
to Generate Electricity
1800
1600
Total
1200
-11%
1000
Gas
Hydro
800
Nuclear
600
Geothermal
400
Oil
200
0
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
Trillion Btu
1400
Photovoltaic
4000
Fuel Cell
3000
Wind
Coal Plant
2000
1000
Microturbine
Small Gas Turbine
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Gas-Fired
Combined Cycle
DG Capital Costs
($/kW)
Technology
Diesel Engine
1990
1,000
2000
400
2010
350
Micro Turbine
800
700
400
Mini Turbine
700
550
375
Fuel Cell
4,500
2,000
800
Photovoltaic
5,200
4,000
1,500
Wind
2,000
1,300
1,100
DG Technology
Characteristics
Technology
Diesel Engine
Micro Turbine
Mini Turbine
Fuel Cell
Size (MW)
0.03 - 10
0.03 -0.2
0.5 - 10
0.1 - 3
0.005 - 0.015
0.004-0.010
0.003-0.008
0.002-0.015
% Electric Efficiency
36-43
18-32
21-40
40-57
Diesel 180-190,
Other IC 400-500
400-650
500-1,100
140-700
% Overall Efficiency
82
82
85
82
90-97%
90-98%
90-98%
>95%
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.90
O&M ($/kWh)
Availability
Footprint (sq ft/kW)
DG Commercial Status
Technology
Diesel Engine
Micro Turbine
Mini Turbine
Fuel Cell
Commercial
Availability
Well established
Evolving industry
Well established
Well established
Fuel Type
Diesel, propane,
NG, oil
Propane, NG,
distillate
Propane, NG,
distillate
Hydrogen,
propane
Noise
Moderate to high
(requires
enclosure)
Moderate
(enclosure
supplied with unit)
Moderate
(enclosure
supplied with unit)
Low (no
enclosure
required)
Baseload
Peaking,
intermediate,
baseload
Baseload,
intermediate,
peaking
Baseload
Industrial,
commercial,
UDC, residential
Industrial,
commercial, UDC
Industrial, UDC,
commercial
Residential,
commercial,
industrial, UDC
Typical Duty
Cycles
Likely Users Next
5 Years
DG for Combined
Heat and Power
Technology
Diesel Engines
Micro Turbines
Mini Turbines
Fuel Cells
Mini
Turbines
Pros
Cons
Limited cogeneration
applications
Quick start-up
Excellent for
cogeneration
Manufacturers/ Suppliers
Micro
Turbines
AlliedSignal
Capstone
Elliott MagneTek
GRI/Northern Research
Teledyne/Ryan
Mini
Turbines
AlliedSignal
Allison
Dresser-Rand
European Gas Turbines
General Electric
Greenwich Turbine
Kawasaki
Solar Turbines
Turbomeca
Micro/Mini Turbine
Technology Summary
Micro Turbine industry less mature than Mini
Turbine industry
Low efficiency unless used with CHP
Micro Turbines better for peaking
Mini Turbines better for baseload and CHP
Micro/Mini Turbine
Market Summary
Near grid-competitive, and falling, capital costs
Competitive O&M costs
Likely to be adopted by industrial and commercial
end-users, especially those needing high reliability
Face regulatory uncertainty
Acceptable emission levels with proper controls
Percent of Emissions
Generated by U.S.
Electric Industry
Pollutant
CO
Particulates
NOX
SOX
1994
0.3
0.6
33.0
70.4
1995
0.4
1.0
26.7
65.1
1996
0.4
0.9
25.8
65.9
CA Power Emissions
Tons per Day
Pollutant
CO
PM10
NOX
SO X
Pollutant
CO
PM10
NOX
SOX
Percent of Total
Electric Utilities Cogeneration
10.3
10.3
2.4
1.4
10.9
5.7
5.8
1.4
CO
PM10
NOX
SOX
.004-.006
.01-.05
.003-.050
.00001
0
0
.0002
.0001-.0002
.0001-.0002
0
0
0
.0015-.037
.007 -.009
.0005-.0050
.000002 - .000060
0
0
.0003
.0003
0
0
0
.00009
.00001
.0001
0
0
0
.00003-.00010
.002
0
0
0
0
.002-.004
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent of Electricity
Generated On-Site
SIC Industry
U.S.
20
24
26
28
29
35
10.8
9.1
50.5
23.8
29.3
0.5
Food products
Lumber products
Paper products
Chemicals
Petroleum refining
Electronics/computers
Future of Turbine
Technology
Technology improves - efficiency, durability, and
reliability
Acceptable emission levels through controlling
technologies
Lower costs through mass production
Global market
Overseas technology shakedown/improvement
Future of Turbine
Marketplace
For More
Information
www.dpc.org
www.cader.org
www.distributed-generation.com