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Cognitiveradio
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Acognitiveradioisanintelligentradiothatcanbeprogrammedandconfigureddynamically.Its
transceiverisdesignedtousethebestwirelesschannelsinitsvicinity.Sucharadioautomaticallydetects
availablechannelsinwirelessspectrum,thenaccordinglychangesitstransmissionorreceptionparameters
toallowmoreconcurrentwirelesscommunicationsinagivenspectrumbandatonelocation.Thisprocess
isaformofdynamicspectrummanagement.

Contents
1Description
2History
3Terminology
4Technology
4.1Functions
4.2Cognitiveradio(CR)versusintelligentantenna(IA)
5Applications
6SimulationofCRNetworks
7Futureplans
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks

Description
Inresponsetotheoperator'scommands,thecognitiveengineiscapableofconfiguringradiosystem
parameters.Theseparametersinclude"waveform,protocol,operatingfrequency,andnetworking".This
functionsasanautonomousunitinthecommunicationsenvironment,exchanginginformationaboutthe
environmentwiththenetworksitaccessesandothercognitiveradios(CRs).ACR"monitorsitsown
performancecontinuously",inadditionto"readingtheradio'soutputs"itthenusesthisinformationto
"determinetheRFenvironment,channelconditions,linkperformance,etc.",andadjuststhe"radio's
settingstodelivertherequiredqualityofservicesubjecttoanappropriatecombinationofuser
requirements,operationallimitations,andregulatoryconstraints".
Some"smartradio"proposalscombinewirelessmeshnetworkdynamicallychangingthepathmessages
takebetweentwogivennodesusingcooperativediversitycognitiveradiodynamicallychangingthe
frequencybandusedbymessagesbetweentwoconsecutivenodesonthepathandsoftwaredefinedradio
dynamicallychangingtheprotocolusedbymessagebetweentwoconsecutivenodes.
J.H.Snider,LawrenceLessig,DavidWeinberger,andotherssaythatlowpower"smart"radioisinherently
superiortostandardbroadcastradio.

History
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TheconceptofcognitiveradiowasfirstproposedbyJosephMitolaIIIinaseminaratKTH(theRoyal
InstituteofTechnologyinStockholm)in1998andpublishedinanarticlebyMitolaandGeraldQ.
Maguire,Jr.in1999.Itwasanovelapproachinwirelesscommunications,whichMitolalaterdescribedas:
Thepointinwhichwirelesspersonaldigitalassistants(PDAs)andtherelatednetworksare
sufficientlycomputationallyintelligentaboutradioresourcesandrelatedcomputerto
computercommunicationstodetectusercommunicationsneedsasafunctionofusecontext,
andtoprovideradioresourcesandwirelessservicesmostappropriatetothoseneeds.[1]
Cognitiveradioisconsideredasagoaltowardswhichasoftwaredefinedradioplatformshouldevolve:a
fullyreconfigurablewirelesstransceiverwhichautomaticallyadaptsitscommunicationparametersto
networkanduserdemands.
Traditionalregulatorystructureshavebeenbuiltforananalogmodelandarenotoptimizedforcognitive
radio.Regulatorybodiesintheworld(includingtheFederalCommunicationsCommissionintheUnited
StatesandOfcomintheUnitedKingdom)aswellasdifferentindependentmeasurementcampaignsfound
thatmostradiofrequencyspectrumwasinefficientlyutilized.[2]Cellularnetworkbandsareoverloadedin
mostpartsoftheworld,butotherfrequencybands(suchasmilitary,amateurradioandpagingfrequencies)
areinsufficientlyutilized.Independentstudiesperformedinsomecountriesconfirmedthatobservation,and
concludedthatspectrumutilizationdependsontimeandplace.Moreover,fixedspectrumallocation
preventsrarelyusedfrequencies(thoseassignedtospecificservices)frombeingused,evenwhenany
unlicenseduserswouldnotcausenoticeableinterferencetotheassignedservice.Regulatorybodiesinthe
worldhavebeenconsideringwhethertoallowunlicensedusersinlicensedbandsiftheywouldnotcause
anyinterferencetolicensedusers.Theseinitiativeshavefocusedcognitiveradioresearchondynamic
spectrumaccess.

Terminology
Dependingontransmissionandreceptionparameters,therearetwomaintypesofcognitiveradio:
FullCognitiveRadio(Mitolaradio),inwhicheverypossibleparameterobservablebyawirelessnode
(ornetwork)isconsidered.[3]
SpectrumSensingCognitiveRadio,inwhichonlytheradiofrequencyspectrumisconsidered.
Othertypesaredependentonpartsofthespectrumavailableforcognitiveradio:
LicensedBandCognitiveRadio,capableofusingbandsassignedtolicensedusers(exceptfor
unlicensedbands,suchastheUNIIbandortheISMband.TheIEEE802.22workinggroupis
developingastandardforwirelessregionalareanetwork(WRAN),whichwilloperateonunused
televisionchannels.[4][5]
UnlicensedBandCognitiveRadio,whichcanonlyutilizeunlicensedpartsoftheradiofrequency
(RF)spectrum.OnesuchsystemisdescribedintheIEEE802.15TaskGroup2specifications,[6]
whichfocusonthecoexistenceofIEEE802.11andBluetooth.
Spectrummobility:Processbywhichacognitiveradiouserchangesitsfrequencyofoperation.
Cognitiveradionetworksaimtousethespectruminadynamicmannerbyallowingradioterminals
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tooperateinthebestavailablefrequencyband,maintainingseamlesscommunicationrequirements
duringtransitionstobetterspectrum.
Spectrumsharing[7]:Spectrumsharingcognitiveradionetworksallowcognitiveradiouserstoshare
thespectrumbandsofthelicensedbandusers.However,thecognitiveradiousershavetorestrict
theirtransmitpowersothattheinterferencecausedtothelicensedbandusersiskeptbelowacertain
threshold.
SensingbasedSpectrumsharing:[8]Insensingbasedspectrumsharingcognitiveradionetworks,
cognitiveradiousersfirstlistentothespectrumallocatedtothelicenseduserstodetectthestateof
thelicensedusers.Basedonthedetectionresults,cognitiveradiousersdecidetheirtransmission
strategies.Ifthelicensedusersarenotusingthebands,cognitiveradiouserswilltransmitoverthose
bands.Ifthelicensedusersareusingthebands,cognitiveradiouserssharethespectrumbandswith
thelicensedusersbyrestrictingtheirtransmitpower.

Technology
Althoughcognitiveradiowasinitiallythoughtofasasoftwaredefinedradioextension(fullcognitive
radio),mostresearchworkfocusesonspectrumsensingcognitiveradio(particularlyintheTVbands).The
chiefprobleminspectrumsensingcognitiveradioisdesigninghighqualityspectrumsensingdevicesand
algorithmsforexchangingspectrumsensingdatabetweennodes.Ithasbeenshownthatasimpleenergy
detectorcannotguaranteetheaccuratedetectionofsignalpresence,[9]callingformoresophisticated
spectrumsensingtechniquesandrequiringinformationaboutspectrumsensingtoberegularlyexchanged
betweennodes.Increasingthenumberofcooperatingsensingnodesdecreasestheprobabilityoffalse
detection.[10]
FillingfreeRFbandsadaptively,usingOFDMA,isapossibleapproach.TimoA.WeissandFriedrichK.
JondraloftheUniversityofKarlsruheproposedaspectrumpoolingsystem,inwhichfreebands(sensedby
nodes)wereimmediatelyfilledbyOFDMAsubbands.Applicationsofspectrumsensingcognitiveradio
includeemergencynetworkandWLANhigherthroughputandtransmissiondistanceextensions.The
evolutionofcognitiveradiotowardcognitivenetworksisunderwaytheconceptofcognitivenetworksisto
intelligentlyorganizeanetworkofcognitiveradios.

Functions
Themainfunctionsofcognitiveradiosare:[11][12]
PowerControl:Powercontrol[13]isusuallyusedforspectrumsharingCRsystemstomaximizethe
capacityofsecondaryuserswithinterferencepowerconstraintstoprotecttheprimaryusers.
Spectrumsensing:Detectingunusedspectrumandsharingit,withoutharmfulinterferencetoother
usersanimportantrequirementofthecognitiveradionetworktosenseemptyspectrum.Detecting
primaryusersisthemostefficientwaytodetectemptyspectrum.Spectrumsensingtechniquesmay
begroupedintothreecategories:
Transmitterdetection:Cognitiveradiosmusthavethecapabilitytodetermineifasignalfroma
primarytransmitterislocallypresentinacertainspectrum.Thereareseveralproposed
approachestotransmitterdetection:
Matchedfilterdetection
Energydetection:Energydetectionisaspectrumsensingmethodthatdetectsthe
presence/absenceofasignaljustbymeasuringthereceivedsignalpower.[14]Thissignal
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detectionapproachisquiteeasyandconvenientforpracticalimplementation.To
implementenergydetector,however,noisevarianceinformationisrequired.Ithasbeen
shownthatanimperfectknowledgeofthenoisepower(noiseuncertainty)mayleadto
thephenomenonoftheSNRwall,whichisaSNRlevelbelowwhichtheenergydetector
cannotreliablydetectanytransmittedsignalevenincreasingtheobservationtime.[15]In
[16]ithasbeenshownthattheSNRwallisnotcausedbythepresenceofanoise
uncertaintyitself,butbyaninsufficientrefinementofthenoisepowerestimationwhile
theobservationtimeincreases.
Cyclostationaryfeaturedetection:Thistypeofspectrumsensingalgorithmsare
motivatedbecausemostofmanmadecommunicationsignalssuchasBPSK,QPSK,
AM,OFDMexhibitcyclistationarybehavior.[17]However,noisesignals(typicallywhite
noise)donotexperiencethisbehavior.Thesedetectorsarerobustagainstnoisevariance
uncertainty.Theaimofsuchdetectorsistoexploitthecyclostationarynatureofman
madecommunicationsignalsburiedinnoise.Cyclostationarydetetorscanbeeither
singlecycleormulticyclecyclostatonary.
Widebandspectrumsensing:referstospectrumsensingoverlargespectralbandwidth,typically
hundredsofMHzorevenseveralGHz.SincecurrentADCtechnologycannotaffordthehigh
samplingratewithhighresolution,itrequiresrevolutionaltechniques,e.g.,compressivesensingand
subNyquistsampling.[18]
Cooperativedetection:Referstospectrumsensingmethodswhereinformationfrommultiple
cognitiveradiousersisincorporatedforprimaryuserdetection[19]
Interferencebaseddetection
NullspacebasedCR:Withtheaidofmultipleantennas,CRdetectsthenullspaceoftheprimary
userandthentransmitwithinthisnullspace,suchthatitssubsequenttransmissioncausesless
interferencetotheprimaryuser
Spectrummanagement:Capturingthebestavailablespectrumtomeetusercommunication
requirements,whilenotcreatingundueinterferencetoother(primary)users.Cognitiveradiosshould
decideonthebestspectrumband(ofallbandsavailable)tomeetqualityofservicerequirements
therefore,spectrummanagementfunctionsarerequiredforcognitiveradios.Spectrummanagement
functionsareclassifiedas:
Spectrumanalysis
Spectrumdecision
[20]Thepracticalimplementationofspectrummanagementfunctionsisacomplexandmultifacetedissue,

sinceitmustaddressavarietyoftechnicalandlegalrequirements.Anexampleoftheformerischoosingan
appropriatesensingthresholdtodetectotherusers,whilethelatterisexemplifiedbytheneedtomeetthe
rulesandregulationssetoutforradiospectrumaccessininternational(ITUradioregulations)andnational
(telecommunicationslaw)legislation.

Cognitiveradio(CR)versusintelligentantenna(IA)
Anintelligentantenna(orsmartantenna)isanantennatechnologythatusesspatialbeamformationand
spatialcodingtocancelinterferencehowever,itisemergingtobeextendedforanintelligentmultipleor
cooperativeantennaarraysoastobeappliedtotherecentcomplexcommunicationenvironments.Onthe
otherhand,cognitiveradioallowsuserterminalstosensewhetheraportionofthespectrumisbeingusedto
sharespectrumwithneighborusers.Thefollowingtablecomparesthetwo:
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Point
Principalgoal
Interference
processing
Keycost
Challenging
algorithm

Cognitiveradio(CR)

Intelligentantenna(IA)

Openspectrumsharing

Ambientspatialreuse

Avoidancebyspectrumsensing

Cancellationbyspatialprecoding/postcoding

Spectrumsensingandmultiband
RF

Multipleorcooperativeantennaarrays

Spectrummanagementtech

Intelligentspatialbeamforming/codingtech

Appliedtechniques Cognitivesoftwareradio

GeneralizeddirtypapercodingandWyner
Zivcoding

Basementapproach Orthogonalmodulation

Cellularbasedsmallercell

Competitive
technology
Summary

Ultrawidebandforgreaterband
utilization

Multisectoring(3,6,9,soon)forhigher
spatialreuse

Cognitivespectrumsharing
technology

Intelligentspectrumreusetechnology

Notethatbothtechniquescanbecombinedasillustratedinmanynowadaytransmissionscenarios[21]
CooperativeMIMO(COMIMO)combinesbothtechniques.

Applications
CRcansenseitsenvironmentand,withouttheinterventionoftheuser,canadapttotheuser's
communicationsneedswhileconformingtoFCCrulesintheUnitedStates.Intheory,theamountof
spectrumisinfinitepractically,forpropagationandotherreasonsitisfinitebecauseofthedesirabilityof
certainspectrumportions.Assignedspectrumisfarfrombeingfullyutilized,andefficientspectrumuseisa
growingconcernCRoffersasolutiontothisproblem.ACRcanintelligentlydetectwhetheranyportionof
thespectrumisinuse,andcantemporarilyuseitwithoutinterferingwiththetransmissionsofotherusers.
[22]AccordingtoBruceFette,"Someoftheradio'sothercognitiveabilitiesincludedeterminingitslocation,
sensingspectrumusebyneighboringdevices,changingfrequency,adjustingoutputpowerorevenaltering
transmissionparametersandcharacteristics.Allofthesecapabilities,andothersyettoberealized,will
providewirelessspectrumuserswiththeabilitytoadapttorealtimespectrumconditions,offering
regulators,licensesandthegeneralpublicflexible,efficientandcomprehensiveuseofthespectrum".

SimulationofCRNetworks
Atpresent,modelingandsimulationistheonlyparadigmwhichallowsthesimulationofcomplexbehavior
intheenvironmentscognitiveradionetworks.NetworksimulatorslikeOPNET,NetSim,MATLABand
NS2canbeusedtosimulateaCognitiveradionetwork.AreasofresearchusingNetworksimulators
include:
1. SpectrumSensing&incumbentdetection
2. SpectrumAllocation
3. MeasurementandmodelingofSpectrumusage
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4. Efficiencyofspectrumutilization
SomesimulationframeworksforCRNsbasedonNS2havebeenproposedrecently,suchasCogNS.[23]

Futureplans
Thesuccessoftheunlicensedbandinaccommodatingarangeofwirelessdevicesandserviceshasledthe
FCCtoconsideropeningfurtherbandsforunlicenseduse.Incontrast,thelicensedbandsareunderutilized
duetostaticfrequencyallocation.RealizingthatCRtechnologyhasthepotentialtoexploittheinefficiently
utilizedlicensedbandswithoutcausinginterferencetoincumbentusers,theFCCreleasedaNoticeof
ProposedRuleMakingwhichwouldallowunlicensedradiostooperateintheTVbroadcastbands.The
IEEE802.22workinggroup,formedinNovember2004,istaskedwithdefiningtheairinterfacestandard
forwirelessregionalareanetworks(basedonCRsensing)fortheoperationofunlicenseddevicesinthe
spectrumallocatedtoTVservice.[24]

Seealso
Channelallocationschemes
Channeldependentscheduling
Cognitivenetwork
LTEAdvanced
NetworkSimulator
OFDMA
Radioresourcemanagement(RRM)

References
1. http://web.it.kth.se/~maguire/jmitola/Mitola_Dissertation8_Integrated.pdf
2. V.Valentaetal.,"SurveyonspectrumutilizationinEurope:Measurements,analysesandobservations",
ProceedingsoftheFifthInternationalConferenceonCognitiveRadioOrientedWirelessNetworks&
Communications(CROWNCOM),2010(http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/49/20/21/PDF/paper9220_valenta.pdf)
3. J.MitolaIIIandG.Q.Maguire,Jr.,"Cognitiveradio:makingsoftwareradiosmorepersonal,"IEEEPersonal
CommunicationsMagazine,vol.6,nr.4,pp.1318,Aug.1999
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?
arnumber=788210&isnumber=17080&punumber=98&k2dockey=788210@ieeejrns&query=%28%28mitola%29%
3Cin%3Eau+%29&pos=5&access=no)
4. IEEE802.22(http://ieee802.org/22/)
5. Carl,StevensonG.Chouinard,ZhongdingLei,WendongHu,S.Shellhammer&W.Caldwell(January2009).
"IEEE802.22:TheFirstCognitiveRadioWirelessRegionalAreaNetworks(WRANs)Standard=IEEE
CommunicationsMagazine".IEEECommunicationsMagazine(US:IEEE)47(1):130138.
doi:10.1109/MCOM.2009.4752688(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2009.4752688).
6. IEEE802.15.2(http://ieee802.org/15/pub/TG2.html)
7. S.Haykin,"CognitiveRadio:BrainempoweredWirelessCommunications",IEEEJournalonSelectedAreasof
Communications,vol.23,nr.2,pp.201220,Feb.2005(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?
arnumber=1391031&isnumber=30289&punumber=49&k2dockey=1391031@ieeejrns&query=%28haykin+%3Cin
%3E+metadata%29+%3Cand%3E+%2849+%3Cin%3E+punumber%29&pos=0&access=no)
8. X.Kanget.al``SensingBasedSpectrumSharinginCognitiveRadioNetworks
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4804658&queryText%3DSensing
based+spectrum+sharing+in+cognitive+radio+networks),IEEETransactionsonVehicularTechnology,vol.58,
no.8,pp.46494654,Oct2009.
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no.8,pp.46494654,Oct2009.
9. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/wireless/posters/WFW05_cognitive.pdf
10. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/4234/30631/01413630.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1413630&isnumber=30631
11. IanF.Akyildiz,W.Y.Lee,M.C.Vuran,andS.Mohanty,"NeXtGeneration/DynamicSpectrum
Access/CognitiveRadioWirelessNetworks:ASurvey,"ComputerNetworks(Elsevier)Journal,September
2006.[1](http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/surveys/radio.pdf)
12. CognitiveFunctionalityinNextGenerationWirelessNetworks
(http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc41/files/Communications_Magazine_article_on_SCC41.pdf)
13. X.Kanget.al``Optimalpowerallocationforfadingchannelsincognitiveradionetworks:Ergodiccapacityand
outagecapacity(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=4786456&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D47
86456),IEEETrans.onWirelessCommun.,vol.8,no.2,pp.940950,Feb2009.
14. H.UrkowitzEnergydetectionofunknowndeterministicsignals(http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1967.5573),
IEEEProceedings,Apr.1967.
15. R.TandraandA.Sahai,SNRwallsforsignaldetection(http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2007.914879),IEEEJ.
Sel.TopicsSignalProcess.,vol.2,no.1,pp.417,Feb.2008.
16. A.Mariani,A.Giorgetti,andM.Chiani,EffectsofNoisePowerEstimationonEnergyDetectionforCognitive
RadioApplications(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6068200),IEEETrans.Commun.,vol.
50,no.12,Dec.,2011.
17. W.A.Gardner,Exploitationofspectralredundancyincyclostationarysignals
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/79.81007),IEEESig.Proc.Mag.,vol.8,no.2,pp.1436,1991.
18. H.Sun,A.Nallanathan,C.X.Wang,andY.F.Chen,Widebandspectrumsensingforcognitiveradio
networks:asurvey(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6507397),IEEE
WirelessCommunications,vol.20,no.2,pp.7481,April2013.
19. Z.Li,F.R.Yu,andM.Huang,ADistributedConsensusBasedCooperativeSpectrumSensinginCognitive
Radios(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5229125),IEEETrans.VehicularTechnology,
vol.59,no.1,pp.383393,Jan.2010.
20. Theword"cyclistationary"isaerrorfromthesourepassage,andthecorrectoneiscyclostationary.
21. B.Kouassi,I.Ghauri,L.Deneire,ReciprocitybasedcognitivetransmissionsusingaMUmassiveMIMO
approach.IEEEInternationalConferenceonCommunications(ICC),2013[2](http://hal.archives
ouvertes.fr/hal00845407/)
22. K.Kotobi,P.B.Mainwaring,C.S.Tucker,andS.G.Biln.,"DataThroughputEnhancementUsingData
MiningInformedCognitiveRadio."Electronics4,no.2(2015):221238.(http://www.mdpi.com/2079
9292/4/2/221/pdf)
23. V.Esmaeelzadeh,R.Berangi,S.M.Sebt,E.S.Hosseini,andM.Parsinia,CogNS:ASimulationFramework
forCognitiveRadioNetworks(http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs112770131184y)WirelessPers
Commun,vol.72,no.4,pp.28492865,Apr.2013.
24. CarlosCordeiro,KiranChallapali,andDagnachewBirru.SaiShankarN.IEEE802.22:AnIntroductiontothe
FirstWirelessStandardbasedonCognitiveRadiosJOURNALOFCOMMUNICATIONS,VOL.1,NO.1,
APRIL2006

Externallinks
BerkeleyWirelessResearchCenterCognitiveRadioWorkshop
(http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/MCMA/)firstworkshoponcognitiveradioitsfocuswas
mainlyonresearchissuesintopic
CenterforWirelessTelecommunications(CWT),VirginiaTech
(http://www.cognitiveradio.wireless.vt.edu)
CognitiveRadioTechnologiesProceedingofFederalCommunicationsCommission
(http://www.fcc.gov/oet/cognitiveradio/)FederalCommunicationsCommissionrulesoncognitive
radio
IEEEDySPANConference(http://www.ieeedyspan.org/)
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