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Bio Supplement e 2016
Bio Supplement e 2016
Supplementary Document
JointlypreparedbytheCurriculumDevelopmentCouncilandthe
HongKongExaminationsandAssessmentAuthority
RecommendedtobeusedwiththeBiologyCurriculumand
AssessmentGuide(Secondary46)
ScienceEducationSection,EducationBureau
2013
Introduction
The purpose of the revision is to provide space for enhancing the effectiveness of learning and teaching of Biology. This document is the result of a number of
discussion sessions of the following committees.
Working Group on the Review of Biology (S4-6) and Combined Science (Biology part) (S4-6) Curricula
It is applicable for the Biology Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) Examination in year 2016 and onwards. The explanatory notes in this
document are by no means exhaustive nor intended to dictate the scope of learning and teaching at the classrooms. It is recommended to be used together with
the Biology Curriculum and Assessment Guide (Secondary 4-6) jointly prepared by the Curriculum Development Council and the Hong Kong Examinations
and Assessment Authority.
General Notes
In each topic, there is a table with the following parts:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Curriculum Emphases
This part comprises Scientific Inquiry, ScienceTechnologySocietyEnvironment Connections, and the Nature and History of Biology. It outlines the
generic skills, scientific process skills, values and attitudes that are highlighted in the topic. It also helps enhance students understanding of the nature
of scientific inquiry in biology, the interconnections between science, technology, society and the environment, and biology as a dynamic body of
knowledge.
(5)
Footnotes
This part is to clarify the learning and assessment focuses of certain curriculum contents.
COMPULSORY PART
a. Molecules of life
Water and inorganic ions (e.g. nitrogen,
magnesium, calcium and iron)
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
life.
molecules of life.
isotonic drinks.
Building blocks
Functions
life in society.
tissues.
The following contents are not the learning and assessment focus: optical isomers, linear form of sugar molecules, structural differences of starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Cell membrane
of cell membrane.
functions
biological drawings).
Be aware of the applications of
eukaryotic cells.
sub-cellular organelles).
structures.
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
levels.
biological drawings).
Nuclear division
2
3
4
Mitosis
Meiosis
Detailed mechanism of active transport is not the learning and assessment focus.
Details of cell cycle are not the learning and assessment focus.
Crossing over is a feature of meiosis.
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
e. Cellular energetics
Metabolism: catabolism and anabolism
enzymatic activities).
enzymatic reactions
meat tenderiser).
society.
Photosynthesis
Site of photosynthesis
photosynthesis.
of chloroplasts.
Modes and mechanism of enzyme inhibition are not the learning and assessment focus.
Photochemical reactions
light absorption
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
fixation.
generation of ATP
rate of photosynthesis.
7
reaction.
photosynthesis.
glucose
Conversions of photosynthetic
products into other biomolecules
rate of photosynthesis
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Sites of respiration
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose to 3-C
compound (triose phosphate)
respiration).
Aerobic pathway
Conversion of pyruvate to
acetyl-CoA
respiration.
developments in biology.
of carbon dioxide
respiration.
and ATP
The following contents are not the learning and assessment focus: detailed biochemical reactions, names and structural formula of the biomolecules, concept of oxidation number.
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Oxidative phosphorylation
Regeneration of NAD and
FAD
Formation of ATP
Anaerobic pathway
exercise.
COMPULSORY PART
II.
a. Basic genetics
Mendels laws of inheritance
Inheritance in humans
Sex linkage
Sex determination
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
genetics.
records.
patterns of inheritance.
of humans.
1
2
Codominance, incomplete dominance and linkage are not the learning and assessment focus.
The learning and assessment focus is confined to solving genetic problems involving monohybrid cross.
Pedigree analysis
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
human traits).
Variations in characteristics
Continuous variation
Discontinuous variation
Causes of variation
hereditary information
rolling).
environmental factors
mutation
b. Molecular genetics
Chromosomes, genes and nucleic acids
Construct models of DNA and RNA. Use diagrams and physical models as
visual representations of phenomena
Read about the work of some
acids.
DNA.
Be aware of the application of
knowledge of molecular genetics in
society and its social, ethical and
economic implications.
3
4
Detailed process of transcription is not the learning and assessment focus. Limit to the concepts of template strand and base pairing.
Detailed process of translation is not the learning and assessment focus. Limit to the concepts of codon and anticodon.
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Mutation
Examine photomicrographs of
karyotypes of chromosome mutation.
Search for information on the
sources of mutagenic agents and
their effects on human health.
Biotechnology
DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting.
fragments by gel-electrophoresis.
fingerprinting).
science.
the HGP.
DNA fingerprinting.
projects.
and society.
Explain how the knowledge of
Detailed mechanism of recombinant DNA technology is not the learning and assessment focus. Recombinant DNA technology involves restriction and ligation.
Detailed mechanism of DNA fingerprinting is not the learning and assessment focus.
10
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Nature Reserve).
Classification of organisms
relationships of organisms.
ways of life.
genetics.
classification system.
11
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Origins of life
12
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Evolution
Origin of species
Speciation
genetic variation
isolation
evolution.
Mechanism of evolution
natural selection
Details of different types of isolation are not the learning and assessment focus.
13
COMPULSORY PART
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Plants as autotrophs
Photosynthesis
growth).
Design and perform investigations to
study the effects of light intensity on Use appropriate instruments and proper
loss.
14
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Transpiration
processes.
plants.
eosin solution.
transpiration
Cell turgidity
Support in plants
dicotyledonous plants.
1
2
3
The explanation of transpiration pull should be linked with the sub-topic Movement of substances across membrane. Cohesion-tension theory is not the learning and assessment focus.
Cohesion-tension theory is not the learning and assessment focus.
Mass flow hypothesis of phloem transport is not the learning and assessment focus.
15
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Humans as heterotrophs
Carbohydrates
requirements.
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Ingestion
Dietary fibre
Balanced diet
Dentition
Mastication
Digestion
oil.
Role of liver
egg white).
16
Egestion
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
tubing.
Gas exchange in humans
exchange.
Mechanism of ventilation
photomicrograph.
and dissections).
dissections).
photomicrographs.
17
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Vegetative propagation in
flowering plants
flowering plants.
flowering plants.
Floral parts
Pollination
wind-pollinated flowers.
Fertilisation
18
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Reproduction in humans
control).
Ovulation
Fertilisation
process of fertilisation.
Parental care
processes.
Be aware of the application of
implications.
of the foetus.
Birth process
Hormonal control of menstrual cycle is included in elective topic V Human Physiology: Regulation and Control.
19
Birth control
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Growth curves
and humans.
investigations.
20
Colour vision
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Eye accommodation
Eye defects (long sight, short
sight and colour blindness)
glaucoma).
Role of auxins
observations, hypotheses,
experimentations and analyses (e.g. the
shoot.
study of tropism).
21
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
medulla oblongata
function.
Synapse
Voluntary actions
Specific names of neurotransmitters are not the learning and assessment focus.
22
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Movement in humans
Components of the
7
musculo-skeletal system : skeleton,
system.
ligaments
contraction.
e. Homeostasis
Concept of homeostasis
Importance of homeostasis
Feedback mechanism
Types of lever system are not the learning and assessment focus.
23
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
f. Ecosystems
Levels of organisation
environment.
levels of organisation.
environment.
24
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Components of an ecosystem
Abiotic factors
Biotic community
Relationships between
organisms
Predation, competition,
habitat.
in an ecosystem.
commensalism, mutualism
and parasitism
Ecological succession
Primary and secondary
Construct and interpret food chains, Use diagrams, graphs, flow charts and
food webs, and pyramids of numbers
physical models as visual
and biomass.
Feeding relationships of
organisms
succession
Climax community
Functioning of an ecosystem
Energy flow
Source of energy
Materials cycling
Carbon and nitrogen cycles
25
materials cycling
factors of an ecosystem.
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Conservation of ecosystem
Sampling methods
Quadrats
26
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
salinity)
27
COMPULSORY PART
Activities
a. Personal health
Meaning of health
Curriculum Emphases
Nature and History of Biology
Infectious diseases
Non-infectious diseases
tuberculosis)
Causes
Ways of transmission
Activities
Treatment
Antibiotics
Action of antibiotics
Indiscriminate use
Cancer
implications.
Diabetes
diabetes.
Control of diabetes
1
non-insulin-dependent diabetes)
Kong.
relation to lifestyles.
Forms of diabetes
(insulin-dependent diabetes and
of infectious diseases).
development of penicillin.
Non-infectious diseases
Curriculum Emphases
antibiotics).
Specific example and action of drugs are not the learning and assessment focus.
29
Curriculum Emphases
Scientific Inquiry STSE Connections
Activities
Prevention of diseases
Vaccination: principle of
vaccination
development of vaccination.
Immunisation programme
yet known).
Healthy lifestyle
Community health
health.
immunisation programme.
mechanisms).
lymphocytes.
30
Activities
Immune response
Curriculum Emphases
endeavour.
antigen-antibody reactions.
31
ELECTIVE PART
Curriculum Emphases
Scientific Inquiry STSE Connections
Nature and History of Biology
content
machines).
body.
Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption
a healthy community.
content.
is a human endeavour.
Be aware that biological knowledge and
Curriculum Emphases
Scientific Inquiry STSE Connections
Nature and History of Biology
regulation
records.
Appreciate the role of science and
regulation.
Skin
Circulation
Hormone (thyroxine)
Muscle
Behavioural methods
regulation.
is a human endeavour.
Be aware that biological knowledge and
theories are developed through
observations, hypotheses,
experimentations and analyses.
Ask relevant questions, identify
in blood
Nervous control
Curriculum Emphases
Scientific Inquiry STSE Connections
Nature and History of Biology
heart rate).
Nervous control
records.
Hormonal control
Adrenaline
Oxygen debt
exercise.
Cardiac output
Effects of exercise
is a human endeavour.
Be aware that biological knowledge and
theories are developed through
observations, hypotheses,
experimentations and analyses.
34
menstrual cycle
cycle.
Use of hormones as contraceptives and
in the treatment of infertility
Curriculum Emphases
Scientific Inquiry STSE Connections
Nature and History of Biology
menstrual cycle.
treatment of infertility.
35
ELECTIVE PART
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Use of resources
Impacts
Overexploitation (e.g. in
fisheries)
agriculture.
investigations.
Classify, collate, display, analyse and
draw conclusions from both first and
second hand data (e.g. collect field data,
obtain data from the Environmental
agriculture)
or the Internet).
industrialisation
environmental implications.
36
human health.
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
dioxide.
causes.
endeavour.
observations, hypotheses,
local environment.
Understand the nature and limitations of
shore habitat.
scientific activity.
b. Pollution control
Reduce, reuse, recycle and replace
37
sewage treatment).
Sewage treatment
c. Conservation
Importance of biodiversity
Conservation of species
Conservation of habitats
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
related to conservation.
on environmental conservation.
Refer to the Information on Endangered Species of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) for examples of endangered species in Hong Kong.
38
d. Global issues
Sustainable development
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
rain.
Global warming
Acid rain
conservation.
39
ELECTIVE PART
VII.
Multiplication of viruses
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Diversity of microorganisms
Representative organisms of
Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
features.
Growth requirement
Temperature, pH, carbon and
nitrogen sources, oxygen and
microorganisms.
(e.g. yeast).
water availability
Stages of growth
Measurement of growth
in culture.
Analyse ways in which scientific and
technological advancement (e.g. aseptic
Aseptic techniques
Principles
agar.
40
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
microorganisms.
b. Use of microorganisms
1
microorganisms in fermentation.
Vaccines
Antibiotics
wine-making).
in bread-making or beer-brewing.
Sewage treatment
washing powder.
treatment).
Biogas production
1
work.
Details of the manufacturing processes are not the learning and assessment focus.
41
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
of genetically modified
microorganisms.
microorganisms.
humans.
Microbial deterioration
Organisation).
decomposers).
Refer to the sub-topic Infectious diseases of topic IVb for diseases caused by microorganisms.
42
ELECTIVE PART
VIII. Biotechnology
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
a. Techniques in modern
biotechnology
Process of recombinant DNA
technology
electrophoresis.
science.
PCR technology).
1
2
Use the production of insulin as an example to illustrate the process of recombinant DNA technology.
Use VNTR as an example to illustrate the major steps involved in DNA fingerprinting.
43
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
Plant cloning
products.
pharmaceutical industry.
Gene therapy
Detailed procedures of gene therapy are not the learning and assessment focus.
44
Curriculum Emphases
Activities
agriculture.
production.
c. Bioethics
Ethical, legal, social, economic and
environmental issues
Areas of current concern in
biotechnology
biotechnology.
cloning.
Gene therapy
45