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Energy Conersion EM 1 Lectures (Finally Corrected)
Energy Conersion EM 1 Lectures (Finally Corrected)
Part 1
Linear system
P=e i
d
dt
e= N
dW = e i dt
di
dt
or L
di
dt
dW = L
. I dt
=L i di
W=
1
2
N .
i
.L. i
Joule
1
2
. L i. i
1
2
,F=Ni
1 N .
.
.i
2 i
W=
= 2
N i
= 2
Joule
W in terms of (R, )
W=
W in terms of (F, )
L=
dW = 2 Li
W in terms of ( ,i )
W=
1
2
R .
1
2
1
2
(H
W in terms of (B,H)
W=
1
2
1
2
1
2
A
A
l )
A
.A
H . B . A l Joule
H .B
Relation between B, H:
Joule/m 3
F=R
=N
= H.
l
.
A
i = H.
l
= H.
=H
H=
W=
1
2
. H2 = 2
J/m3
Fundamental relations
F= m.m.f. = N.I = H. L = R
R=
N
L= I
( H. l
= H
Flux linkage =L I = N
l
, L=
A
N
I
NI
R
, = A
,N=LI
N2
l
=
A
N2
R
H. l
=R.. A
N2A
l
l
. .A
A A
Energy storage :
d Wm = e.i dt = L dt
Wm =
Wm =
L idi= 2
1
2
Sub. L =
Wm =
1
2
L i2 =
. i dt = L i di
L i2
1
2
1
2
L i. i =
N2
R
N2
R
F= * R
Wm =
1
2
2 R
Wm =
1
2
R. .
i2 =
1
2
NI =
1
2 F
H. = )
1
2
1
2
.H
1
2
l .A =
. H .Volume Joule
dv
H =
1
2
Wm =
. A .H.
1
2
H . l. A
.
R A
R. .
1
2
. Volume =
. H dv
=0 . r
Volume
Wm =
1
2
1
2
2
o
In case of air
r=1
Part (2)
dWm = e.i dt
e= dt
Wm
dWm =
dt .i . dt
i
. d
==================
Wm
= i d
=============
d Wm =
id , = N
Volume Joule
= id N )
=N
i d
===========
d Wm = F d
==============
d Wm =H. l
.d
=H .d .
.A
===================
= H .d. Volume
===================
Area with y- axis (B axis) is energy
And can be expressed as follows in terms of and F
d Wm= F d
=============
Wm =
F d
H
Wm`=
dH .Volume
0
(i) di
0
dF
0
In linear system
Wm= Wm`
Wm`+ Wm = Volume * H = I = F
1
2 . H.dV ,
d Wm =
d Wm=
1
2
( . H) d V
d V = A dg
1
2
d Wm=
H=
1
2
( . H) A dg
A dg
1
2
2
o
A dg =
2
Force = o
Force
2
dg
109
o = 36
40
J/m3
Welec=
1
2
1
2
o E2 Joule
109
36
* (3*106)2 =
1000
8
1
2
2
o
Subs in Wm
Wm =
1 ( 1.6 ) 2
2 4 107
Wm 106
Wm
=25000
We
=1019108.2
elec. i/p
= (E
mech. o/p
) + (E
) + (E
d
dt
d
dt
. i . d t = F e d x + d Wm
Fe d x = i . d d Wm
----------------------------------------
We have 2 cases :
Case (1)
is a function of i & x :
d i + x
dx
&
d Wm =
Wm
i
di +
Wm
x
Wm
x
( i,x)+
(i,x)
----------------------------------------- b
(no relation bet. ( i , x ) i.e. i is constant mathematically)
Another form of Fe :
We have Wm + W'm = i
Wm= i - Wm`
dx
Wm
x
(i, x)
x
(i , x) =i
Wm (i , x)
x
Substitute in b gives
Wm (i , x)
x
Fe =
Case ( 2 )
i= i ( &X)
&
i is a function of & x
& Wm= Wm ( &X)
di=
-----------------------------------------
Wm
d Wm =
i
x
dx
Wm
x
dx
Wm
x
( , x
--------------------------------------- d
is a constant mathematically)
Another form of Fe
Wm= i - Wm`
Wm
x
= x
Wm
x
Subs in d gives
Fe =
(
Wm
( , x)
x
- x
( ,x)
-------------------------------- e
is a constant mathematically)
================================================================
Notes :
1) in linear systems - i relationship is a straight line
1
2
2 L i & L is independent of i
Using relation ( C )
Wm
( i, x )
x
Fe =
( i
is a constant mathematically)
Fe =
( i
1
2
L
x
is a constant mathematically)
Fe = (
is a constant mathematically)
W=Wm`=
Fe= -
1
2
1
2
L .i2 =
1
2
.i
i
x
3) In rotating Systems
and
Fe Te
L = N2/R
L() = L0 + L2 cos(2 )
LdLq
2
L2=
L 0=
Ld + Lq
2
i s = Is sin( s t)
For each revolution there are two cycles of
reluctance . R and L is of double frequency.
Taking i is the independent
variable & the magnetic Circuit is linear (air gaps)
1
2
Wm`= Wm=
Te=
Wm
Te=
1
2
1
Te=- 2
L () is2
( i, )
L()
is2
1
Te= - 2
2
s
I * Ls {sin 2( m t ) -
(2(( m- s) t )}
Since m 0
1
2 sin (2( m+ s) t ) -
1
2 sin
|s|
1
4
(Te) av =-
L2=
max
LdLq
2
1
8
(Te)av. = -
which gives
1
8
(Te)av. = - T
Is2 (L d L q ) Sin(2)
Is2 (L d - L q )
max
Sin(2)
|m|
2- Since Te is due to
variation
Ld = L
, (T e )
av
=0
5 ( T e)
1
8
av= -
If < 0 , ( T e )
av
Is2 (L d - L q) Sin(2)
av
6-T
max
= 8
Is2 ( Ld-L
7 If T>T
max
9 - Applications :
Electric clocks record players small mechanism that needs constant
speed
sr
rr
,L
rs
sr
= L
rs
Machine equations:
s , r : flux linkages of the stator and rotor
s = L
ss
is +L
sr
ir
r = L sr is +L rr ir
Vs= Rs is + P s
Vr= Rr ir + P r
Where P is the operator d / d t .
Rs and R r are the stator and rotor resistance respectively.
Vs= Rs is +P L
V r= R
ss
is + P Lsr ir
i r +P L rr i r + P L rs is
Torque:
1
2
Wm=Wm` =
Wm(s , r , )
Te= -
1
2
Te=
L ss i
dLss
d
is2
ss
& L
T=i
e
1
2
rr
ir2 +
L sr
is ir
Wm (is , ir , )
Te: due to
variation of L
with
(reluctance
If L
1
+ 2
2
s
ir2
dLrr
d
+ i s ir
dLsr
d
Te: due to
interaction
between fields
rr
dLsr
d