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The Gasoline Engine On The Farm 1000032086
The Gasoline Engine On The Farm 1000032086
The Gasoline Engine On The Farm 1000032086
GASOLINE
ENGINE
ON
FARM
THE
Practical,Comprehensive Treatise
and
Farm
Power
the Farmer
and
BECAUSE
TREATISE,
THIS
OF
OF
PREVIOUS
BECOME
THE
CARE
OF
IS
A
ITS
COMPLETE
MANY
HOUSEHOLD,
AND
WORKER'S
HAND
SHOP
AND
INCLUDES
FIELD
TRANSMISSION,
POWER
By
Fnlhj lUtisirated by
interested
in the
USES
ON
AND
THE
PLANT
NORMAN
OF
THIS
TO
OPERATION
INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
CONSIDERS
TO
THE
THE
MOVER
POWER
OF
ARRANGEMENT
MOTOR
ALL
PRIME
UP-TO-DATE
INSTALLATION,
ENGINE
REFERENCE
XENO
THOSE
TRACTORS
LIFE.
FARM
BEST
WITH
THE
WORK.
PUTNAM
W.
NEW
THE
THE
THE
ON
MODERN,
CHAPTERS
TO
WISH
DEVICES.
BOOK
IN
EXPOSITION
WHO
ENGINES,
AUXILIARY
Out
VALUABLE
WITH
GASOLINE
APPLICATIONS
and
KNOWLEDGE
FAMILIAR
AND
AND
ESPECIALLY
IS
Machinery
NOX-TECHNICAL
SIMPLE,
of this
Use
Farm
Indoors
MECHANICAL
THOROUGHLY
AND
THIS
Work
PRINCIPLES,
MECHANICAL
WITHOUT
to All
Applied
as
the
on
W.
YORK
HENLEY
132
PUBLISHING
NASSAU
19L3
STREET
COMPANY
all
r:4
Copyright,
THE
NORMAN
W.
1913,
by
PUBLISHING
HENLEY
COMPANY
I Xill
"
Ives
Co., New
York.
PREFACE
It
inventions,
make
in
the
practical
of
philosophy
scientists
lightly,but,
the
theory
of
the
at
needed
the
in
field
results
mulae
forand
engineers
valued
or
too
who
the
apply
guage
lan-
every-day
exposition designed
an
that
The
workmen
to
to
academic
value.
among
time, the
same
gested
sug-
workman
obtain
discredited
be
not
new
first
great
world-wide
of
are
should
and
only
thus
and
work
discovery
new
practical
have
may
develop
to
have
may
the
for
that
study
accident
It remains
something
interest
careful
though
even
them.
adapt
theorist's
the
requires
for
their
instruction.
The
it is
the
gasoline engine
now
result
the
upon
With
the
to
work,
the
of
peculiar
there
face
the
demand
those
problems
farmer
for their
incidental
live
facing
stock
him
now
to
and
and
it is
of
of
the
solution
the
that
is
the
most
out
to-day
and
for
of
that
ment.
achieve-
its management
with
the
now
obtains
to
an
plicable
ap-
er's
farm-
the
intelligent care
continue
really
trained
is
of
sion
mis-
men
same
and
agricultural machinery.
will
into
for
engine
future
place
surrounding
and
where.
every-
unfilled.
that
mover
making
the
the
been
to
over
work
taking
demand
dream
world's
heretofore
theory;
turned
just entering
conditions
a
of
the
prime
comes
yesterday
was
The
his
of
coming
been
it is
has
opportunity, capable
which
will
that
recently, but
has
doing
but
power,
farm
the
and
industries
many
forms
is
It
getter.
In
other
fact
completed
until
was,
confront
tive
imperaregarding
control
They
him
of
are
until
vi
Preface
he
them
solves
triumph
volume
this
is
all
purpose
and
possible
to
simpler
needing
the
for
meeting
technical
exact
for
those
intended
in
them
assist
to
human
for
condition
new
of
statements
science
have
language
the
been
and
1913.
the
of
workmen
the
discarded
expression
farm,
of
because
of
laws
losophy
phi-
wherever
ble
intelligi-
information.
The
January,
another
inteUigence
magnitude.
of
This
wins
and
Author.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author
The
valuable
the
desires
by progressive
and
done
tractor,
of
and
The
to
following
Dept.
tries.
indus-
suggestions regarding
list of
complete
and
from
firms
of
literature
the
contributed
value
of
Products
Robert
Instrument
Mich.
Co., Detroit,
Ohio.
Sandusky,
Company,
Co., ]\Iinneapolis, Minn.
Austin
Mfg. Co., Chicago, Illinois.
]\Ionahan
Wis.
Termaat
"
Co., Oshkosh,
York
C. F. Splitdorf Co., New
City.
Electric
Ohio.
Packard
Co., Warren,
Electric
Storage Battery Co., Phila.
Bros.
Altorfer
Co., Chicago, 111.
Harvester
-International
Chicago, 111.
Company,
"The
Motor
"New
Co.,
Way"
Lansing, Mich.
The
Racine, Wis.
J. I. Case
Company,
"Sta-Rite"
Wis.
Co., LaCrosse,
Engine
Mich.
The
Bates
Tractor
Co., Lansing,
Clutch
Brown
Kinnard-Haines
"
"
New
Holland
Aultman
Bates
Reeves
The
Mch.
Co.,
New_
Holland,
Pa.
Lubricator
Detroit
"
Heald
Mch.
Co.,
Worcester,
Mich.
Mass.
Bosch
'
in
furnished
been
D.
Agriculture, Washington,
Ind.
Co., LaPorte,
]\Iinn.
Tractor
The
Gas
Co., Minneapolis,
The
Peoria, Illinois.
Avery Company,
The
Hart-Parr
Co., Charles
City, Iowa.
Machine
Pa.
Mfg. Co., Warren,
Jacobson
Ind.
S. F. Bowser
"
Co!, Ft. Wayne,
S.
Rumely
the
lent
publicity efforts and excelpopularize the gasoline farm
obtained
been
firms
associated
and
valuable
many
this work
making
U.
--
much
so
leading
the
part, have
most
whose
subject have
the
cheerfully supplied.
to
the
manufacturers
have
product
of
many
manufacture
illustrations,for
The
treatment
from
gasoline engine
of
field
engine
received
assistance
appreciation of
his
acknowledge
to
York
Co., New
City.
Magneto
Motor
Gray
Co., Detroit, Michigan.
Cushmann
Motor
Lincoln, Nebr.
Works,
Cream
Automatic
Co., Milwaukee.
Separator
The
Ohio.
Salem,
Deming
Company,
The
Coldwell
N.
Mower
Lawn
Co., Newburgh,
vii
Y.
terially
ma-
TABLE
(The
CONTENTS
OF
refer
figures
Paragraphs)
to
CHAPTER
THE
I.
Great
The
Fails"
Best
One
With
Boy"
Greatest
Man
The
Hired
of
13.
16.
First
The
21.
The
Complete
The
Two-Cycle
Excels
Parts
"
"
23.
Six
Cycle
The
25.
Conveniences
The
27.
28.
Functions
30.
Best
17.
"
the
Material
Eight-Cycle
The
31.
tempts
At-
Internal
of
26.
"
Engines
Power
"
"
Four-Cycle
24.
"
bustion
Com-
Engine
the
Engines
of
Types
Other
Four-Cycle
Trimmings
The
Vital
Necessary
42
...
III
CHAMBER
Cylinder
"
What
Where
22.
COMBUSTION
of
10.
"
12.
15.
Source
The
20.
"
CHAPTER
THE
Problem"
Engine"
Real
Necessary
"
Kitchen
the
ENGINE
First
Engine
and
Field
the
II
Success"
18.
"
in
33
The
14.
Includes
19.
In
The
6.
Engine
COMBUSTION
Principle"
"
Power"
Farm
All
INTERNAL
The
Farm
Man
CHAPTER
THE
4.
9.
"
Where
Farm"
Gasoline
Utility
II.
Mission
The
7.
"
the
Ideal
The
5.
General
the
of
Designer's
Machine
The
2.
"
Call
Answer
As
8.
"
The
3.
ANSWER
THE
Problem
Farm
Problem"
Power
AND
CALL
The
ix
"
29.
What
Foundry
It
Work
Determines
"
32.
"
Boring
Table
the
Cylinder
Compression
Is
the
It
Charge
Chamber
34.
"
in
AccompHshes
Compressed
Is
gine
En-
the
37.
"
What
pression
Com-
Is
Compression
Higher
38. Where
Gains
and
Losses
ance
ClearCompression
39.
40.
41. Faulty Compression
42. Testing Compression
Limits
Useful
"
"
"
"
"
Clearance
Through
and
Carbon
45.
"
Effects
Its
Increasing Power
Lubricating the Cylinder 46.
Clearance
Decreasing
43.
"
Combustion
35. What
"
36. How
"
As
33.
"
Contents
of
"
44.
"
"
Carbon
of
Symptoms
47.
the
Cleaning the Cylinder
Cylinder
49. Removing
Head
the
Re-assembling
Cylinder
Packing
51.
"
"
Material
Employ
to
Without
Cleaning
53.
"
48.
"
50.
"
52.
"
ing
Remov51
CHAPTER
PISTON
THE
54.
AND
of
Functions
Piston
Material
Best
Rings
the
Making
61.
and
Piston
AUXILIARY
55.
Construction
and
Construction
59. Their
"
ITS
Design
57.
"
"
IV
62.
Ring"
of
Piston
Workmanship
the
Their
and
for
Ring"
56.
"
58. The
"
60. Material
"
Truing
Diseases
Ring
PARTS
Rings
63. A
Remedy
"
Few
64. The
"
moving
66. Reand
Rings
65. Cleaning Piston
Piston
the Rings
67. Returning Rings" 68. The
and
Rod
Crank-shaft
Pin
Connecting
70.
69. The
Care
and
Lubrication
Repairs
Connecting-rod
71.
Dirt
Menace
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
72.
Troubles
Other
"
73.
74.
Subject
76.
The
AND
Rough
Treatment"
Port"
Intake
Troubles"
Bad
Air"
81.
79.
77.
Size
83.
The
System"
85.
Valve
Correct"
86.
The
82.
Timing"
of
Includes"
It
mon
78. Com-
Port"
Seating"
80.
How
Required in
84. Inspecting
Valve
to
Determine
Timing"
of
Effect
Fuel
Port"
Exhaust
Object
75. What
of Intake
Valve
Faulty
Leak-hunting"
Engine"
SYSTEM
VALVE
PORT
to
72
CHAPTER
THE
Suggestions
and
Hints
New
the
and
87. Testing
Table
"
the
Setting
and
Its
Muffler;
Valve
93.
Valve
Intake
Rules
General
89. Some
and
Use
Abuse
of
Heart
Alone
VI
the
Engine"
Real
Engine
Carburetor
"
Carburetor
"
109.
Size
in.
Adjusting
of Carburetor
the
105.
"
no.
"
Float
buretors"
Car-
ing
Misfir-
Priming
the
Adjusting
the
108.
"
"
Carburetor
103.
Barking
Flooding
107.
"
quirements
Re-
and
Automatic
Air"
104.
"
justment
Ad-
Vaporizes
loi.
Impure
Cure
Backfiring
106,
of
Fuel
of
"
Let
Unvarying
97.
"
Be
to
Carburetor
Gasoline
with
Their
and
Troubles
Fuel
the
Effect
102.
Carburetors
95.
98. Variation
"
How
Air
Mixing
"
"
CARBURETOR
99,
"
100.
Caution
85
96. The
Impossible
"
of
The
91.
"
Vagaries
THE
The
Word
92.
"
Valve
Exhaust
Valve-grinding
90.
"
The
88.
"
CHAPTER
94.
xi
Contents
of
Valve
cellaneous
Mis-
112.
"
Hints
99
VII
CHAPTER
IGNITION
THE
113.
Special Difficulties
Method
Flame
116.
"
Firing"
"
Electrical
121.
123.
What
125.
Life
127.
Their
Good
How
Charge
break
Dry
Hot
Tube
"
"
Ignition
Firing
"
Current
"
"
Care
of
The
137.
Jump
The
139.
Low
141.
Advantage
Magneto
Tension
Magneto
of
Double
Battery
Dry
Cells
Dry
"
"
Cells
Cells
"
"
"
129.
Connecting Battery to
The
Spark Plug"
132.
130.
"
Spark Coil"
the Spark Is Formed
135.
The
Processes
Connecting
Advantages of Dry
The
131.
Necessary
119.
124.
"
126.
128.
sion
Compres-
117.
"
Open
115.
"
Electrical
122.
"
Contains
Cells
Defects
120.
Failure
of
Four
Battery Arrangement
Engine"
133.
of
Effect
"
Cell
114.
Electrical
118.
Knowledge
the
Producing
SYSTEM
Spark
"
"
134.
"
"
How
136.
138.
How
140.
Care
System
"
It
The
142.
Fires
the
Make-andIt
of
The
Works
"
Magneto
Primary
"
xii
Table
Circuit
The
143.
"
Secondary
Ignition
145.
Timing
Circuit
CHAPTER
ON
148. Controlling
Governor
153.
Engine
Some
Rules
Fuel
The
Remember
"
"
"
"
155, The
"
Governors
of
166.
The
Pump
System
Water
to
freezing
"
Use
"
Systems
CHAPTER
173.
CRANK
The
Engine
and
Wheels
177.
Main
Bearings
Parts
"
Heat"
182.
Gear
180.
Casual
of
185. The
Crank
Shaft"
THE
Fly
Lining"
Best
Wheels
"
181.
.
of
.
"
Why
179.
Care
.
Fly
175.
Wheels
Minor
.
i49
ENGINE
Proper
133
BEARINGS
Acquaintances
SETTING
Heat
176. Heavy
178. The
"
CHAPTER
183. Importance
The
Mission"
Bearings
Anti-
171.
"
ITS
AND
174.
Their
of
IX
SHAFT
Frame"
Circulating
System
Water
"
Amount
169.
"
Utilizing Waste
172.
"
Good
167. A
"
of
Care
170.
Method
Open-jacket
Other
168.
Mixtures
THE
Water-
"
165. The
Circulating System
The
162.
"
"
"
Pick-blade
158. The
160. Controlling by
"
"
ernor
Gov-
the
of the
Governor
Type
159. Care
Ignition 161. Controlling the Temperature
Methods
Usual
164. The
163. Air-cooling
System
Changing
Governing
System
Types
Governor
Centrifugal
cooling
"
151.
of
Hit-or-miss
156.
"
of
"
Methods
152.
154.
"
Mission
True
to
"
Governor
Throttling
157.
Mechanism
REGULATION
149.
"
Adjustment
Regulating
"
VIII
ENGINE-SPEED
an
150.
"
Up
11
CHAPTER
Wiring
144.
"
Irregular
146.
"
Follies
Spark
147.
Contexts
of
tions"
FoundaFounda-
Table
lion
Foundation
Material
Frame
Setting
Final
The
195.
Lining
197.
Up
205.
Storing
Oil
207.
The
Bench
"
in
Paint
Abominations
the
THE
Gasoline
161
XI
"
Foundation
The
223.
Joints
Exact
Danger
Tank
From
Natural
Kerosene
"
Gasoline
"
Dream.
237.
to
Its
241.
243.
"
Rules
Its
245.
Is
Kerosene
Fatal
Notes
"
231.
Rules
233.
Common
How
Advantages
Which
Advantages
"
239.
"
242.
"
Weakness
on
Best?
Fuels
236.
"
"
"
"
in
Danger
for
Safety
Them
"
Objections
240.
"
and
Risks
Peculiarities
The
The
229.
to
From
Changing
238.
244.
Gasoline
Handle
to
Distillate
Some
Small
230.
"
"
"
The
225.
227.
"
"
Tank
"
Inflammable
Fires;
Its
Kerosene;
235.
Causes
Good
Feed-pipe
Gasoline
Gasoline
234.
"
in
Point
ger
Dan-
Tests.
220.
"
Connections
Not
Fundamental
Two
Errors
Gasoline
228.
"
the
Grades
222.
"
The
224.
"
and
Non-inflammable
219.
"
System
Guarding
226.
"
Dangers
232.
Is Obtained
Value
True
Vapor
Storage
Good
Its
216.
"
Gasoline
Gasoline
A
221.
Nature
Pure
How
218.
SUPPLY
FUEL
Its
and
217.
"
ing
Eliminat-
214.
"
Risk
Danger
CHAPTER
215.
Mission
Engine-room
212.
Cautions
Few
"
Work
The
210.
"
Room
Ventilation
208.
"
"
Muffler
the
And
213.
"
Shaft
Line
gines
En-
The
206.
"
Floor
Engine-room
tion
Founda-
Engine
an
Room
Engine
the
Painting
211.
"
of
Fittings
204.
"
Engine-room
The
209.
of
Shelter
203.
"
Other
Mounted
202.
"
Place
199.
"
Unique
A
"
in
Bolts
Engine
200.
"
Foundations
Portable
201.
"
Failings
Their
Foundations;
the
198. Leveling
"
the
196. Locking
"
Engine
the
Placing
194.
"
Making
192.
"
to
Preparing
190.
"
Templet
Pit
Filling the
193.
"
the
Making
191.
Required
"
Engine
Tying
188.
"
Material
189.
"
"
Prints
Foundations
of
Nature
Blue
Foundation
187.
"
and
Depth
186.
"
xiii
Contents
of
Alcohol
of
"
hol
Alco-
Engine-user's
181
xiv
Table
Contents
of
CHAPTER
XII
LUBRICATION
246. Importance
What
249.
"
Needed
Their
and
Oils
Hydrocarbon
Viscosity
Cold
The
268.
"
Waste
Engine
Systems
The
System
275.
System
Positive
the
Lubricants
Other
283. Foolish
Economy
and
Waste
Lubricating
The
Splash
sure
Pres-
276. The
Feed
Force
"
Test
278.
Filtering
279.
"
"
"
"
284. Ten
"
Fire
Grease
282.
Graphite
CommandLubricating ments
281.
"
Oil
"
or
Carburetor
ing
265. Test-
"
274.
Method
Ring
The
277.
"
Through
Oiling
280.
Loose
The
"
or
ing
263. Test-
"
272.
"
System"
Gravity
Mineral
261.
270.
Oil
of
Quantity
271.
"
Lubricants
267. The
"
bon
Car-
254.
ings
258. Bearpose
Specific Pur-
Adulterants
Caibon
Fluidity
"
Acids
Point"
269.
Oil
"
for
for
Flash
Test"
273.
"
The
266.
Oils
Testing
264. Testing
"
Gum"
for
"
in
The
259.
"
Vegetable
262.
Test"
Cylinder
Work
^251.
"
256. Variety
"
Engine
and
Cold
The
253.
Lubricants
Viscosity
250.
"
Requirements
Animal
260.
"
Gasoline
257.
"
Is
Acids
and
Gum
How
248.
"
Point"
Flash
255.
"
Lubricant
The
"252.
Purpose
247.
"
201
.....
XIII
CHAPTER
Trouble"
285. Classified
Troubles
ENGINE
286.
Starting
Troubles
of
Source
295.
"
"
301.
the
"
The
Spark"
299.
Coil
Where
304.
Facts
Troubles"
302.
"
"
308.
306.
When
Spark
A
the
A
First
294.
Thing
Do"
to
v^rith
Test
The
291.
"
tem
Sys-
Electric
Poor
The
Comes"
Questions
Few
Testing
297.
Good
292.
"
Trouble
Real
When
293.
Trouble
Most
ergy
289. En-
"
Troubles
Irregular
290.
"
ating
287. Oper-
Troubles"
Troubles
Transmission
288.
"
TROUBLES
OF
ELIMINATION
"
"
300.
Faulty
Shock
the
Testing
Magneto
Is
Suspected
the
Engine
Felt"
"
Starts"
303.
305.
Timer"
Batteries
309.
"
Good
nition
Ig-
Few
307.
Is
Other
Lack
of
Table
Power
Causes
312.
Overheating"
310.
"
Engine
Knocking
320.
"
Knocking
"
"
"
Selecting
XIV
Ratings
Affecting
335.
Where
337.
The
the
Price
340.
342.
When
the
the
Load"
344.
The
350.
Wheel
"
Power
"
of
Outfit"
The
Cooling
System
Carburetor"
351.
355.
Down
"
the
357.
"
And
Things
359,
Engine
Switch"
All
the
Think
to
361. The
"
the
364. The
Gasoline
the Farmer"
Not
the
Tractor
368. The
Satisfactory
"
370.
Is
"
Up
pel
Gos-
356. The
ting
358. Shut-
"
About
"
360.
"
Hazard
hauling
Over.
245
ENGINE
World
Second"
"
XV
TRACTION
to
Engine
Getting
Alone
Personal
CHAPTER
THE
Power
on
Spark
Starting the
354.
"
"
gine
En-
the
-352.
Letting
of
Turning
the
Retarding
Starting
After
Going
Attention
The
Fair
Second-hand
Oiling
349.
"
"
erations"
Consid-
Being
343.
"
The
347.
"
Other
341.
Come
345.
After
Just
353.
Not
Does
Weight
"
339.
"
Agent
of
as
336. Simplicity
"
338. Adaptability
Testing the Engine"
"
Buying
348. The
Wins
"
Overload
Question
Engine
Light
After
346.
"
The
334.
"
Power
Power"
The
333.
"
quired
Re-
Horse
"Horse
of
"
Power
329.
"
Size
Best
What
330.
"
Power
Horse
Purchasing
Engine
Kinds
Various
331.
"
Tasks^
The
327.
"
Small
Various
for
Needed
the
for
ENGINE
THE
OPERATING
Style
326.
"
Plea
332.
324.
"
223
AND
SELECTING
Means
Outside
Troubles
Common
Up
CHAPTER
328.
Lazy
firing
Back-
Advice
Parting
325.
316. A
"
"
Summing
323.
"
Governor
"
Speed
314.
"
Pre-ignition
317.
"
the
Overheating
of
Engine
Hot
Suspecting
315.
"
xv
Cause
311.
CooHng
313.
"
Variations
Contents
of
"
363.
365.
Doing
Small
Cost
And
"
Farm
of
Its
the
First
Third
ment
Accomplish-
366. What
367. Special Appeals to
Tractor
Tractor
"
"
369. Trailers
Farming
277
Table
^vi
Contents
of
XVI
CHAPTER
371.
Demand"
The
Construction-374.
Steam
375.
Best
379.
It
Differences"
Power
in
Needed
of
mission"
TransGear"
Gasoline
the
Plowing-383.
The
376
The
Works-381.
Power
-382.
Transmission"
of
Tractor
General
373.
Best
Clutch-378. The
or
Differential
Compensating
Engine-377.
380. How
Power"
Forms
Other
Gasoline
and
TRACTOR
Tractive
The
372.
IN
BEST
IS
WHAT
Tractor
Home-made
Tractors
290
XVII
CHAPTER
OPERATING
for
384. Preparing
Learning
phy-388.
to
First
the
Guide
Lots
THE
the
stacles-390. Speed
with
the
General
^^"93.
Care
303
XVIII
CHAPTER
POWER
Ob-
Other
and
Allowable-391. Hauling
^''''-
Philoso-
Mud-hole
389. Bridges
"rrT^!:^'''
394.
Start-385. Starting-386.
Tractor-387.
Sand"
of
TRACTOR
TRANSMISSION
An
Important
403.
in
Problem_39S. Methods
Use-jofi
Shaftmg_397. Poor
Shafting Unprofitable-agSGen
eral
Shaftmg Wisdom-399.
Balancing Pulleys-40
PulleysSpeed of Shafts-4ox.Size of PulIeysl4o..
405.
-407.
gers"
for
409.
Tight
Trouble-4rr.
and
Cone
Loose
Pulleys"
^in
Th
"
\Z "heir^
u/eiT;
Pulleys.
Table
Pulleys
Home-made
Ball
415.
"
Bearings
Boxes
Preparing
417.
Babbitt
ings
Bear-
Roller
414.
"
Metal
Babbitt
416. What
"
Is
Babbitting"
the
Bearing
Babbitting
420.
"
Split Box
BELTS
for
Reasons
XIX
426.
Dressing
"
429.
"
"
Belt
434.
436. Belt
Lacing
Lacing
"
Splicing
441.
"
and
Laces
Gandy
Kink
Belt
Canvas
or
ing
Cement-
440.
"
of
"
Gear
Wheels
Gearing
Gears
Wheels
Power
of
Gearing
456.
"
THE
Feed
Grinding
Fresh
"
"
"
464.
Other
Gear
Ideal
Leather
Repairs
Gear
An
of
Care
453.
"
Gear
Wheel
Balanced
Special
"
455.
der
Or-
XXI
ROOM
Does
460. Convenient
A
451.
34^
FEED
Grinding
462. The
448.
Intermittent
"
"
Spur
446.
"
Care
CHAPTER
458. When
Gear
Governing
Wheels
General
457.
"
Gear
Gears
Worm
Hide
Finish
445.
"
Miter
450.
"
Rules
454.
"
and
Raw
452.
"
Pinions
Cams
449.
"
Material
Bevel
447.
"
TRANSMISSION
OF
444.
"
442.
XX
FORMS
OTHER
"
33"
CHAPTER
Plan
Belt
Transmission
Rope
443.
Rule
433.
"
Belt
438. Methods
"
Hooks
Belt
428.
"
Belt
Useful
Leathers
Lace
437.
"
Belts
of
435.
"
ing
Belt-
Convenient
430.
Speed
432.
"
Hints
Wire
439.
Belts
Belts
Belts
of
423.
"
Rubber
425.
"
Care
Belting 427.
Size Required
of
Drawbacks
Few
Belts
Leather
"
Slipping
"
422.
"
"
Length
431.
Belts
424.
"
Canvas
BELTING
AND
Using
Essentials
Belt
313
CHAPTER
421.
"
the
418. Preparing
for
Casting
419.
"
Bearings
413.
"
xvii
Contents
of
Not
Pay
Feeding
Ration
459.
"
Convenient
461. Feed
463. A
"
Appetizer
"
"
465.
Good
Always
Feeding
Grinding
Cob
xviii
Table
Meal
"
the
of
Feed
Supply
Room
Family Grist
468. Objections to
"
"
Automatic
Troughs
467. Accessories
"
Renewal
469. Constant
Engine a Necessity
"
Gasoline
472.
Contents
of
Necessary
The
471.
A
473.
"
Constant
of
Trough"
Home-made
Substitute
The
"
"
Arrangement
Sanitary Way
Required
Final
479.
"
478. Flushing
"
Disposal
CHAPTER
Mission
Equipment
Place
Proper
The
483.
"
in the
Engine
Ideal
Position
Engine's
Work"
The
Trouble-healer
485. An
"
the
Out,
More
356
XXII
As
481.
"
ble
Sta-
477.
"
WORKSHOP
THE
480. Its
Work
Fields
on
The
470.
"
Open
474.
"
Water
488. Locating
Workshop
484. Its
"
Shop
Arrangement
Engine
Connecting
487.
"
Good
482.
"
Machines
"
489.
"
Effect
367
Boy
XXIII
CHAPTER
THE
490.
Cost"
The
497.
Saw"
Pile"
Wood
Saw
Rig"
Rig"
Automatic
Complete
Why
It
lar"
Popu-
Required"
496. Power
Rig"
What
492.
494.
Best
500.
"502.
Circle
Task"
Thankless
To-day's
493.
The
495.
491.
"
PILE
WOOD
FARM
Memories
Two
Really
The
499.
the
503.
Drag
Saw
Drag
ting
Split-
Wood
"
Is
for"
Method"
"
510.
512.
Results
Sprayed
The
of
Time"
Wasted
Spraying
Excels"
GARDEN
AND
ORCHARD
Slipshod
of
Causes
Hose"
Failure"
Pumping
Good
513.
Spraying"
505.
Method"
506. Nature's
508.
375
XXIV
CHAPTER
504.
to
and
Man
on
486.
Good
515.
What
509.
When
511.
Cheap
Trees
gine
En-
the
507.
Outfit"
and
Where
ing
SpraySuccessful
zles
Noz-
Good
Outfits"
Are
514.
Not
.387
Table
XX
Good
573.
Time
and
575.
"
Hoist
Cultivator
Fruit
Uniaue
Saw
Barn
Auto
577.
Harvester
the
Fighting
"
Work
The
"
Time
Hay
Field"
Short
tower
the
582. In
584.
592.
Shearing
and
594.
The
Road
to
Dipping
Market
The
Farm
the
"
Crop
What
589.
"
Roller
Yard
Poultry
Building
595.
"
Corn
Highways
In
593.
"
Wagon
Machine;
"
"
ing
583. Mak-
the
586. Harvesting
"
Road
588. The
by Cable"
for
Our
Is
Country
Doing
Weeds
591.
590. Ditching
Gasoline
Power
APPLICATIONS
Hauling
"587.
"
Home-made
XXVIII
Binder"
Threshing
578.
452
POWER
Spreader
585. At
Boys
Contrivances
MODERN
the
"
579.
"
ing
Thresh-
at
576. Two
Energy
"
Wheelbarrow
CHAPTER
581. Helping
Tender
Grain
574.
"
Home-made
"
Minor
580.
"
Contents
of
Home
ories
Mem470
XXIX
CHAPTER
IDEAL
THE
596.
Look
Farm
and
To-morrow
Into
Possible"
"
598.
-599.
the
How
When
Come
Dreams
RULES
600.
Tables,
in
Useful
Application
the
Barns
It
Makes
Engine
True
and
Hints
of
the
Suggestions
Farm
Modern
Power
601.
Mutual
602.
The
603.
Fire
497
Relations
Fire
of
These
Hazard
Horse
Fragments
607. The
608.
The
Brake
Prony
499
502
502
503
Formulae
Power
Measurements
500
Values
604. Heat
Efficiency
605. Thermal
606.
493
FORMULA
AND
Calculations,
Rules,
plete
Com-
XXX
CHAPTER
USEFUL
Garden,
Household,
Gasoline
the
of
Summary
597.
"
Including
Home,
Fields
FARM
Test
Brake
503
504
Test
504
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Fig.
Frontispiece
"
Forty
Gas
"
Horses
Tractor
Doing
Twenty
and
The
"
Portable
Practical
Fig.
The
"
Modern
Fig.
"
Farm
Call
Solves
Engine
the
Field
for
Hoe
of
Power
Met
Best
by
Tractor
with
Man
2"7
the
Action
Showing
"
of
Problem
the
35
To-day
CHAPTER
Fig.
2
....
Power
of
Gas
The
Gas
of
Work
Men
CHAPTER
Fig.
the
.40
II
of
Inlet
Valve
Suction
on
Stroke
Fig.
45
Piston
"
End
Nearing
Position
Prior
Just
of
Stroke.
Compression
Ignition
to
Fig.
Fig. 8
Descending
Piston
"
Depicting
"
Action
Power
on
of
-45
Stroke
Exhaust
Valve
on
.46
ing
Scaveng-
Stroke
Fig.
46
Sectional
"
of
View
All
Illustrating
Reeves
Important
Horizontal
Parts
of
Engine,
Gas
Modern
Motor
48
CHAPTER
Fig.
10
Sectional
"
View
of
III
Vertical
Engine
Showing
portant
Im-
Components
Fig.
II
"
Perfect
Defective
Wall
Liable
Defects
Illustrating
Compare
49
at
Spots
Shown
in
Boring
at
Cylinder.
and
with
54
xxi
xxii
List
Illustrations
of
PAGE
Fig.
12
Sectional
"
Showing
Fig.
13
View
Water
Denote
I.H.C.
Jacket
Sectional
"
of
View
and
of
Valve
12
19
Valve
Valve
21
Spring Key.
Inlet Valve
Spring. 23
for
Petcock
25
Valve
"
28
Porcelain.
Valve
Seat.
30
Valve
Stem.
"
45
"
"
Rod.
Screw.
Z7
Lever.
41
"
"
Cock.
Drain
35
42
"
50
"
46
Oil
14
Vital
"
Parts
of
Timer
"
vance
Ad-
Gear.
Cam
"
Oil
Level.
for
haust.
Ex-
.65
IV
Horizontal
Jacobson*
haust
Ex-
"
Timer
"
Camshaft
"
haust
Ex-
"
Groove
CHAPTER
Fig.
36
Regulating
Shaft.
Exhaust
"
34
Pinion.
Pipe
plug
Spark-
"
Spring.
Timing
"
Intake
"
31
Roller.
"
Inlet
"
Guide.
38
44
27
29
Spring.
Piston.
48
Cam
"
24
Contact
Operating
Gear
Valve
20
22
Valve.
Z'^^ Exhaust
Oil
"
Release.
Guide.
Exhaust
"
14
Sparkplug.
"
Exhaust
"
Operating
Cover
26
Cage.
Figures
Washer.
"
Valve.
43
Motor.
Compression
"
Valve
62
.
Crankshaft.
"
Pipe.
"
Cylinder
System
Air-Cooled
Parts:
Following
Engine
Gas
68
Engine
Fig.
Fig.
15
16
of I.H.C.
Piston
"
Rings
Section
Cross
and
Longitudinal
"
and
Engine
of
IZ
ton
Pis-
Typical
74
Fig.
17
18
Fig.
19
Fig.
20
Concentric
"
Eccentric
"
with
Ring
Pin
Piston
"
with
Ring
Oil
Diagonal
Stepped
Device
Simple
Lapped
Joint
Feed
.
"
or
Joint. Fig.
Cut
for
Removing
and
yy
Replacing
Rings
Fig.
21
79
Marine
"
of
Type
Bushed
Cross
22
Fig.
22^
"
"
Section
Sectional
24
Fig.
25
"
"
Typical
Sectional
Valve
Chamber
.86
View
Arrangement
Fig.
of
80
Rod
Connecting
CHAPTER
Fig.
74
of
of
Combustion
Valves
in
Valve
Mechanical
Chamber,
Cylinder Head
ing
Show-
Gear
.
Views
of
Conventional
87
.95
Mufflers
.
97
List
xxiii
Illustrations
of
VI
CHAPTER
PAGE
Fig. 26
View
Exterior
"
Model
One
of
buretor
Car-
Kingston
100
Fig.
2^
Fig.
28
29
Device
Breeze
of
View
Sectional
"
30
Shows
Fig.
31
Parts
Krice
of
Parts
102
buretor
Car104
VII
Igniter
Tube
of
Views
Sectional
"
Sectional
Important
Showing
100
Hot
Bent
"
Vaporizes.
CHAPTER
Fig.
Carburetor
Kingston
of
Carburetor
the
How
"
View
Fig.
View
Sectional
"
112
Standard
Cells.
Dry
American
B
Construction.
Design
European
in Series
Showing
Dry Cell Battery Wired
Fig. 32
Spark Wiring System
Simple Jump
Fig"-ZZ
"
115
"
116
"
.118
"
Fig.
34
Vibrator
Spark
Jump
"
Coil
One
for
Cylinder
Ignition
Fig-
35
Bosch
"
Z7
39
Spark Plug
Exterior
Magneto,
View
Rear
"
Breaker
Fig.
of
View
Bosch
View
of Bosch
Magneto
123
tact
Con-
Showing
Magneto,
122
Distributor
and
124
in
Ignition Magneto
Showing
"
of
120
....
Longitudinal Sectional
"
Fig. 38
View
Sectional
"
Fig. 36
Fig.
119
Place
Engine
on
Base
Fig.
40
127
Simple
"
Batteries
Fig.
Fig.
41
and
System
Using
Source
of
42
High
"
43
or
Make-and-Break
with
Magneto
Fig.
44
Fig.
45
"
"
Fig. 46
"
Batteries
Wiring
Auxiliary
as
129
Low-Tension
Current
Conductors
130
of
Speed
VIII
Regulation
Centrifugal Governor
Attached
Pick-blade
Showing
Side
Spark
Current
and
Method
"
Using
128
CHAPTER
Fig.
System,
Magneto
Low-Tension
"
Wiring
High-Tension
View
Cam
to
Carburetor
.
Governor,
of
Valves
through
Action
on
Cam
Action
Lever
.
136
138
139
140
xxiv
List
Illustrations
of
PAGE
Fig.
47
Flow
49
Sectional
"
Showing
Jacket
of
Through
Water
50
of
View
Bearings
Explosion
51
52
53
Fig.
54
Main
"
55
IX
Cap and
Bearings
Bolts
of
Crankshaft,
Approved
Bearing, Showing
.
Gasoline
"
59
and
Space
Method
"
Holes
of
153
Grooves
Factory
Made
Possible
Note
Wood
Saw
Trough
Engine
152
Engine.
Watering
and
of
Fig.
Farm
Oil
Plugs
Gasoline
Design
of
Flywheel
New
Modern
Fig. 58
Counterpoise
or
151
Engine
The
End
150
151
with
CHAPTER
"
Stress
Crankshaft
Retaining
and
150
"
Typical Engine
Strain
Twisting
Weights
Gas
"
so
Every Impulse
All
Correctly Placed
Engine
Throw
Three
"
"
57
Open
144
Bearings
Single Throw
"
Fig. 56
Fig.
in
Used
Hopper
Placed
Bed
by
Balance
Fig-
Engine,
149
on
Taken
Fig-
I.H.C.
Strain
of
Incorrectly Placed.
Exerted
Directly Against Cap
Impulse
Main
"
Comes
Fig.
Jackets
Bolts
and
Fig.
of
Cylinder
Integrally Cast
Cooling System
Main
"
of
143
CHAPTER
Fig.
on
Engine
Water-Cooled
Fig.
Cylinder
"New
141
Depicting
"
Used
Engines
Way"
Fig. 48
Air-Cooled
of
Type
"
Base
Needed
Securing
One
at
160
Other
the
at
by
Plan
Amount
Show
to
162
for Installation
Engine
Heavy
Concrete
to
163
Foundation
Fig.
60
Fig.
61
Fig.
62
for
Template
"
Engine
"
Method
"
Fig. 63
Fig. 64
Fig. 65
"
"
"
on
of
Gasoline
Gasoline
Wheeled
Engine
Locating
Holes
Bolt
Foundation,
Bolted
Re-inforcing
Wooden
Engine-Driven
Engine-Driven
Foundation
in
165
168
Place
Floors
170
Mixer
Concrete
Stone
Crusher
.
Needed
for
171
172
Tractor
I73
List
Illustrations
of
xxv
XI
CHAPTER
PAGE
Fig. 66
"
Fig. 67
"
Bowser
Gasoline
Storage
Gasoline
Bowser
System
with
Tank
Storage
venient
Con-
Fittings
Fig. 68
"
Bowser
Simple
"
Fig.
70
"
Tank
Underground
71
"
with
Measuring
189
Typical
Gasoline
Tank
lO-H.P.
Gauge
Polished
196
XII
Looks
Steel. Rod
193
....
Engine
Kerosene
CHAPTER
Fig.
185
Attached
Pump
Fig. 69
184
if Magnified
Rough
Greatly
Fig.
Fig-
72
"
73
"
202
Section
Four-Cylinder
Through
Lubricating System
Exterior
Interior
and
Gravity Lubricator
Fig. 74
Explaining the
75
"
Fig. 76
"
Loose
Splash
for
Ring
Mechanically
Force
Views
77
"
Either
Volts
Sight
of
Feed
Bearing
215
Lubrication
216
.
Plunger
Operated
Lubrication
of
System
Oil
Pump
sures
In-
Feed
217
XIII
CHAPTER
Fig-
209
214
"
Fig-
ing
Show-
Motor,
Size
Battery
Testing
Gauge
Indicates
Amperes
or
229
CHAPTER
XIV
Gasoline
Fig. 78 A Typical Horizontal
Engine
for One
and
One-half
Fig. 79
Easy Work
Horsepower
Gray Engine
Sheller
Corn
power
HorseFig. 80
Easily Operated
by One
"
246
"
248
"
249
Fig.
81
Fig. 82
"
"
Simple
Another
Prony
Type
Brake
of
Test
Prony
250
Brake
....
251
xxvi
List
Illustrations
of
PAGE
Fig. 83
and
Correct
"
Correct
Engine.
of
Case
the
Incorrect
Which
Incorrect
Either
Hand
in
Drive
Crank
Right
Used.
In
Hand.
Circle.
Kick
Back
Hand
Leave
or
Broken
Result,
From
Away
Crank
of
Against
Circle.
an
Jerked
Outside
Handle
Cranking
Hand
Is
Left
Uses
Method,
Will
Handle
Is
of
Left
Method,
Pre-ignition
Hand,
Method
Arm
or
Wrist
274
CHAPTER
Fig. 84
View
Assembly
Working
"
XV
Oil
of
Parts
Gas
Pull
Their
and
ing
Tractor, Show-
Relation
'
Each
to
Other
Fig. 85
"
276
Gas
Tractor
Production
Fig.
86
"
The
Carries
Fig. 87
"
The
Plows
Broad
Wheels
Cultivated
Add
Greatly
Part
as
to
of
Fields
Life
Plowing
of
Machine
The
Many
Smooth
"
Fig.
Bevel
92
Gear
"
"
Bevel
I.H.C.
93
"
Stand
the
Gear
of
Heart
of
Floors
and
288
Train
the
Are
Engines
Tractor.
of
the
....
292
....
293
Tractor
Gas
Steering
Gear,
Front
Truck
Differential
and
Spur
Driving
Gears
of
Tractor
Simple
294
295
299
CHAPTER
Fig-
Should
....
Cycle Type
Tractor
Typical
Showing
91
Four
286
.
XVI
Traction
Reversing
Reversing
"
Fig.
Cylinder
as
284
Tractor
Tractor
Machinery
Is
Plant
Present-day
Four
Fig. 89
Fig. 90
Power
of Soil
Gas
the
CHAPTER
Fig. 88"
the
in
Gain
Tillage
Farm
as
of
Cent.
Thorough
Small
Hackney
Per
100
More
Through
the
Make
Insures
Home
Made
XVII
Tractor
and
Circular
Saw
303
xxviii
List
Illustr.' vnoNS
of
CHAPTER
Fig,
III
Fig
112
Fig
113
Fig
114
Fig
115
Fig
116
Fig
117
Fig,
118
"
Internal
Spur
External
"
Bevel
"
"
"
"
"
Gear
Spur
Gearing
347
348
Gears
Action
of
Worm
Gearing
348
Outlined
Cam
Used
Illustrating
Terms
349
in Tractor
Used
Spiral Gear
Gear
347
Gearing
Intermittent
"
XX
Cam
for
119
"
120
Feed
Fig.
121
and
with
XXI
Direct
Shaft
122
Drive
from
New
356
Grinding
for
Driven
Two
Kinds
of
Grain
.
Mill
for
Grinding
Grain, Cob
360
"
Handy
Shop
XXII
Engine,
Three
and
Equipped
Different
Sizes
with
of
tershaft
Coun-
Driving
Pulleys
Fig.
Fig.
123
124
"
369
The
Most
Gray
"
Important
Engine
Farm
Implement
Bandsaw
Driving
in
125
General
"
Good
of
Engine
371
Farm
Workshop
Floor
of Machines
Arrangement
in Separate Compartment
Plan,
Housing
and
to
ing
Show-
Fire
Reduce
Risk
372
CHAPTER
Fig.
126
"
Task
370
working
Wood-
shop
Fig.
359
Husk
CHAPTER
Fig.
Spur
Engine
Power
"
Ordering
350
352
Mill
Mill
"
in
Operation
350
Wheels
Holland
Fig.
Shaft
Used
CHAPTER
Fig.
Steering Gears
Sawing
Wood
XXIII
by
Gas
Power
Not
.
Irksome
an
.
.374
List
xxix
Illustrations
of
PAGE
Fig
12/
Gasoline
"
Portable
Fig.
128
Fig.
129
"
Engine
Works
378
Saw
Drag
Worked
in Combination
Well
130
Fruit
"
Same
Fig.
with
Gasoline
"
Basket.
Fruit
of
Was
386
Saw
in
Fruit
Pile,
On
Adjacent
Not
Sprayed, Only
Tree
of
42
Sound
Was
with
Engine
389
Triplex Pump
Outfits
Capacity Spraying
381
Power
Circular
Sound
Trees.
which
Variety,
Cent,
131
in
Engine
by
XXIV
Sprayed
Fruit
Wormy
Per
of
Power
Engine
by
Splitter Operated
CHAPTER
Fig.
in
Outfit
Saw
Form
Wood
"
Circular
and
or
Water
Typical
Spraying Outfit
Portable
Fig- 133
Spraying Outfit
Showing
Utility of Platform
Gas
for
Large
poses
Pur-
Supply
390
Fig.
132
Animal
"
Drawn
Engine
ated
Oper392
"
in Orchard,
at
Work
in
Reaching
Top
of
Trees
Fig.
134
Fig.
135
393
A
"
Fig. 136
Perfect
Spraying
of Spraying
Basket
137
"
Drought
Has
Outfits
Good
Centrifugal Pump
"
Fruit
Plenty
of
Terrors
Are
Fig.
140
Upturned
on
where
Driven
Power
Used
400
Irrigating
Water
Contains
Plant
Here
Directly Coupled
to
line
Gaso405
.........
141
"
Small
Diaphragm
Fig.
142
Fig.
143
Fig.
144
"
"
"
Garden
Power
Deming
Gasoline
Power
Plant
Two
Operating
406
Pumps
Irrigation by
Pumping
401
403
Motor
Fig.
395
Baskets
XXV
No
What
"
394
397
Fig. 138
Fig. 139
"
Left
at
Pumping
Nine
Illustrated.
CHAPTER
Fig.
Work
at
Unsound
Peaches,
Nozzles
Spraying
Outfit
Results
"
of
Examples
Power
"
of
Few
Outfit
Horizontal
Flowing
for
Power
Deep
Pump
Method
.
Well
.
409
410
.411
List
XXX
Illustrations
of
PAGE
Fig.
145
Air
"
Cooled
Common
Fig. 146
Water
Fig.
Water
"
Distribution
Distribution
Fig. 148
The
Woman's
Fig.
The
New
"
"
Household
Fig.
150
151
Fig.
152
by
Seepage
Method
by
Flooding
Method
Fig.
Engine
No
"
417
Lightens
418
Outfit
Washing
Lifting Except
Electric
A
for
Adapted
W^asher
"
"
Gives
Pulley.
for
Use
Tap
on
Wringer
"
Switch.
Snap
"
Lever
421
Pneumatic
Complete
Supply
Water
Important
City
Convenience
Portable
Vacuum
Cleaner
System
in
Country
Homes
Fig.
154
"
423
A
Farm
Cushman
Fig.
155
"
Creating
Operated
by
Motor
the
427
for
Vacuum
Milking
by Gasoline
Power
Fig. 156
"
429
Milking
and
Sanitary
Fig.
157
"
The
Power
"
Cows
Not
The
Dairy
Day
Note
Advantage.
Separator
Steady
by Vacuum
Injurious to
Present
to
Cream
Fig. 158
Animals
Maid
Cleanly,
.
Uses
Engine
on
159
of
Base
432
Governor
Speed
Drive
Pulley
Gas
Intermittent
Even
from
Secures
Fig.
160
Fig.
161
433
Parker
How
"
430
Gasoline
Parker
Separator
Process
Power
Fig.
420
Pulley.
Pulley.
Motor
Countershaft.
on
Motor.
Operate
to
Wringer
"
Electric
"
Pulley
Electric
Release
Power
153
"
Is
Pulley.
Driving
I
Fold
to
Power
Washer
"
Countershaft
"
414
419
When
"
413
Former
Power
Hangers.
"
XXVI
Washerwoman
Complete
Washer.
on
Burden
"
with
Fig.
Pump
412
CHAPTER
149
Mounted
Base
"
147
Engine
and
Speed
Pulley
Governor
ployed
Em-
Is
434
Fig.
162
"
"
"
Churning
Gasoline
A
Well
Lawn
by
Motor
Kept
Mower
of
Power
Driven
Lawn
Gray
Ice
Insured
Motor
.
435
436
Cutter
.
with
Motor
pelled
Pro-
438
List
xxxi
Illustrations
of
PAGE
Fig. 163
"
Light
Dynamo
"
Electric
Fig. 165
"
into
the
Engine
.
Turns
Outfit
Night
Farmer
443
Residence
for
Outfit
Lighting
try
Coun-
Use
Fig.
444
House
168
Electric
Fig. 167
"
"
Using
Lamp
"
Tractor
Goes
Fig.
170
"
of
Outfit
Work
to
Leslie
Under
Filament
446
Made
452
Own
Power
Apparatus
Home
Double
Drum
Hoist
for
Use
Made
by
Brown
Engine
wood,
Cotton-
Reed,
Its
Ingenious
Gasoline
with
445
an
Is
and
with
Connection
XXVIT
Sawing
Idaho,
in
Incandescent
CHAPTER
Fig. 169
440
Convenience
City
Another
Provides
Complete
"
Gas
vides
Pro-
Current
Lighting
Farm
and
Day
for
166
439
Small
Operated by
Inexhaustible
Lighting
Fig. 164
Fig.
Use
Household
for
Suitable
Engine
I.H.C.
Air-Cooled
Horizontal
in
Connection
Clutch
pany
Com459
Fig.
171
"
Unloading
Brown
Fig.
172
"
Hay
Double
Gasoline
Hoist
Drum
Outfit
Engine
of
by
Easily
Wheelbarrow
Utilizing
Power
461
.....
by One
Moved
cause
Be-
Man
465
Truck
.....
Fig.
173
"
Small
Gray
174
175
"
"
Truck
The
Motor
The
Modern
Binder
.
in
the
Connecting
Hay
Link
Field
473
Farm
Between
Market
and
475
"
Gas
Tractor
Fig. 178
"
The
Made
Outfits
Gas
470
XXVIII
CHAPTER
Fig.
Fig.
the
Helping
Motor
Tractor
at
Small
Cost
by
480
......
Shortens
the
Road
to
ket
Mar-
487
Fig.
179
"
Home
Memories
490
THE
GASOLINE
THE
ON
ENGINE
FARM
CHAPTER
THE
The
1.
for
CALL
Great
bread
AND
Farm
the
and
farmer
he
cultivates
farmer
is for
efficient
which
required
the
is
50,000
meager
of
demands
alone
on
which
mechanic
time
little
while
the
done
w^th
costly
more
that
2.
intellectual
the
more
He
part
of
levers.
Hand
labor
the
and
factory
in
mill
expensive
more
and
farm
adhered
has
performed
power
to
might
ter
betextra
must
be
have
it be
long
was
wdierever
the
the
ture
cul-
be
of
more
than
has
acting
ex-
soil-tilling,
and
and
than
must
will
will
more
for
future
the
It
and
labor
farmer
method
less
men
laborer.
day
of
but
call
with
farmer
The
it is
adequate
some
and
with
The
answered
the
of
supply
to
work
and
the
Intensive
; more
acre,
of
turn.
figured,
supply
that
scarcity
every
to-day.
demand
be
the
wheels
afford.
can
but
because
possible
the
For
savage,
to
citizen
than
manual
dispensed
ago
each
cannot
rather
for
single
available
every
by machinery.
met
a
meet
can
work
helpers
of
has
one
at
asking
call
is
him
available
are
The
There
hampering
necessities
acres
lands.
is
it.
supply
helpers.
some
world
The
"
must
his
acres,
twenty-five
ANSWER.
THE
Problem.
purpose
workmen
factory
harder
and
work
manually
have
done
ter
bet-
cheaper.
The
Machine
Designer's
33
Problem.
"
]\Iany
de-
Gasoline
The
34
vices
that
have
never
Engine
have
might
on
reduced
the
been
farm
limits
of
the
horse
farm
the
in
than
Without
restricted
speed.
designer has
other
any
the
to
In
and
power
implement
seriouslyhampered
be
all
because
market,
to
farmet
of the
labor
the
placed upon
machinery formerly had
Fx\rm
the
this
been
spect
re-
more
of inventors.
class
factories
our
electricity
much
still be in their infancy. How
the world
would
has lost through its most
ture,
important industry,agriculthe
aid
be
made
order
only
be
have
been
abandoned
light or
they might
farm
Call
of the
for power;
some
means
single man
can
The
work
as
work, in
the
ordinary
or
of
hundred
four
and
bushel
of
this to
forty-one
corn
Forms
Various
forms
failed.
The
clumsy
means
animal.
some
became
is hard
upon
to
exposure
of
work
the
power
was
their
with
do
that
much
as
from
of
great
shelling, it
to
to
raise
one
reduce
commercial
ments
argurender
factories
it
farm.
Fail.
and
Where
They
have
been
tried and
not
transmitting
is
power
and
same
do
advanced
livingto
plowing
in the
of Power
tread-mill
indeed
The
power
of farm
will
Machinery
minutes.
necessary
Other
4.
farm
intelligenceof
could
men
hours'
hand.
demand
which
more
by
that
has
one-half
takes
the
force
call of the
which
Farming
simply making
project. From
commercial
the
able
Many valubecause
they had
at.
by
The
"
by
hands.
plane
"ven
Farm.
direct
dozen
unaided
soon
her
upon
for effective
handled
be
placed
team.
3.
the
guessed
slow
too
too
that
limit
can
appliances
inventions
to
and
of this unfortunate
because
field
of steam
the
real
power,
limited
"
"
have
but
energy
of
of
was
its operators
to
every
storm.
The
Gasoline
Engine
is of very
restricted
The
36
wheel
water
easily fail
in
about.
moved
Wind
motive
competitor of
is not
by any
The
His
places.
in
wdiile
It
at
of steam
different
at
moment's
maintain
to
safe, reliable,easy
to
operate
tions
condiElec-
out.
or
excepting portability,
obtained
be
except
weather
by
indoors
place,
farmer's
the
many
ready
anything
be
any
farm.
the
upon
unless
is not,
usually
or
in transmission
waste
be
generally to
more
energy
must
of
at
easily disturbed
not
avail
might
tricit}^
and
it
; still
work
power.
Much
"
runs
cost
It must
use.
; available
it
power
not
must
portable;
were
short
in
ideal
and
notice
and
done
farm
serious
only
general farm
Power.
Farm
the
the
of their
nature
been
ideal
the
means
be
cannot
objectionablefor
has
in
horse
Ideal
is
work
the
best,
at
unreliable
the
It may
application.
are
alone
Steam
force.
5.
from
also
reason;
same
mills
Farm
the
and,
weather
dry
on
of
electrical energy.
to
The
6.
the
only
all
of
Best
One
at
pow^er
Answer.
the
flexible power,
adapting
the
being
teams
is free
as
day's
upon
are
to
go
is the
back
than
properly
run
pick
the
the
to
operate
engine
farthest
the farm
up
and
No
fuel
is
operator
being used,
conveyed
machine
lot
there
is
steam
mechanical
to
necessary
it there.
wood
started
in
is needed
power
take
the
the
greater
no
washing
and
of
corner
w^agon
the
While
be
may
boiler, while
If
binder.
wonderfully
all conditions.
considered
be
answ^ered
has
mill ; then
needs
should
a
feed
steam
is
engine
the
breakfast.
operator
training
kitchen
to
with
case
The
raised.
the
at
run
itself to
fed
that
It
demands.
is
gasoline engine
time
present
various
these
The
"
it
two
the
can
men
If w^anted
can
without
be
the
set
neces-
in
on
Gasoline
The
sity of
neither
driest
second
or
is there
and
it break
wand.
It
obtained
five
successful
in
weather
zero
Fig.
3."
or
the
Avhat
The
from
Call
most
What
It
in
of
the
is
to
horse
The
it, nor
the
fiercest
sizes
power
if
engines
properly in
power
works
and
fuel;
erect.
in
moorings
^ horse
heat
and
disturb
not
It
37
functions
ter
mat-
no
registers.
.
Field
Gas
7.
its
operation.
mercury
tank
water
does
thousand
excessive
Farm
the
feed-wires
weather
be
can
on
trip for
trail of
away
required, while
are
third
calmest
does
Engine
for
Power
Actually Doing
convincing argument
Best
Met
by
Modern
Tractor.
in
the
in
the
world
Field.
"
The
is achievement.
us
see
what
the
The
Gasoline
tractor
would
38
steam
it is
is
barns
of
fear
and
thirst, it
or
water
requires
follow
to
wagons
and
converting
form
placing it
for
feeding
then
and
loading
un-
out
With-
in stacks.
from
its
procession of
fuel
turns
no
ing,
thresh-
after
fields
the
in
or
supplies and
of
source
hunger
market
to
available
most
loading hay
it in the
the-Farm
on
helpless; then,
part
the
into
It
cattle.
be
conveying
balance
the
Engine
away
its trail.
upon
the
If
threatening,it turns
its own
the night into day with
headlight and lives
fully
cheerits working life in twenty-four-hour days as
Where
in periods of eight or ten.
as
necessary
without
it has
^Monday morning
run
stopping from
is short
season
weather
the
or
is
annually saving
It is
wood
of
life much
life
human
more
energy.
fungus
post-holes;
dollars
and
insect.
Perhaps
its greatest
destroys
through
than
dreariness
occupations,
cutting his
taking out
Avhich
drudgery
that
it is
It is
sheds.
the
through
every-day, humble
value
is in
from
these
and
pended
ex-
the
it
shirks.
never
9.
of
ravages
farm
of
the
of fruit from
worth
of
thousands
world
the
to
In
the
implements]
labor-saving
engine
washer
pumps
is
completed
not
and
the
water
been
and
has
clean
the
carpet, wash
In
numberless
the
ways,
the
field.
It
housewife
the
known
the
general
of
work
the
her, does
for
even
in
for
wringer
milk,
dishes.
the
Unlike
Kitchen."
the
run
gasoline
the
runs
with
ease,
churning, skims
to
windows
after
sweep
and
doing
of
the
the
the
the
floor,
dinner
heavy
Gasoline
The
field
leisure
the
of
or
With
10.
beauty
of the
heart
Boy
the
engine and
special bond
latter
those
drove
his
the
his
terrors
of
away
11.
house
or
Farm.
that
lawn
touch
of
dear
so
to
Between
"
the
line
gaso-
to be
boy of the farm there seems
from
the
sympathy that removes
of wood-pile and
grindstone that
from
the
farm.
it.
which
The
love
with
out
his ambition
his
of
and
It silences
is based
Hired
the
is the
The
Man
the
hard
boy's
that
world's
Problem.
"
work.
farm
or
progress
engine
develops in him
friend, for it
upon
of the
is crushed
with
from
added
tired
some
girl.
brother
life feeds
up
for
39
ambition
keep
burden
and
the
Farm
the
the
call of
school
of
older
attractive
to
farm
the
on
lightened the
housewife
semi-invalid
or
it has
work,
Engine
love
either
must
he
His
will
confidant
of
grow
and
machinery
achievements.
Modern
farm
work
has
the
outgrown
"
extension, and
of
workers
their
remaining
solution.
on
the
As
farm
the
portion
pro-
becomes
Gasoline
The
40
less, their
Engine
importance
on
those
to
Farm
the
who
have
left
comes
it be-
greater, and
the
cost
of civilization
nothing raises the standard
in any
in
community so quickly as a decrease
life by surof power
rounding
; a conserving of human
robbed
been
have
intellectual
her
Fig.
and
it
the
demand.
human
world's
The
is
times
at
the
machine
intelligence
and
too
as
With
that
fast.
true
machine
The
do
controllinglever, where
action
rules
is
supreme.
flexible
power
This
is
up
with
the
w^ell
the
than
matic
auto-
human
wonderfully
the
and
self
him-
man
where
placing
of
use
tive
produc-
as
more
and
needed
slow
more
some
place for
true
too
keep
in
can
to
To-day.
economy
it to
than
become
of
Hoe
the
conservation
more
has
the
putting
a
of
little ; it cannot
only
lies in
than
work
twenty
Alan
accomplishes
energy
longer dwarf
women
labor
Manual
The
4."
and
men
which
conditions,
drudgery and no
The
highest form
material.
raw
better
of
man.
the
applies to
with
workers
its
versal
uni-
modern
Gasoline
The
work
farmer's
on
its
It
life
which,
and
and
and
farm
by
environments
and
to
it
the
The
farm
and
that
home
no
springs
makes
life
an
the
from
which
man
of
reach
last
at
the
with
of
most
they
ideals
new
its
becomes
influence
actual
an
of
boy
better
received
of
atmosphere
home
of
Out
impossible.
the
best
the
enjoyment
of
stripped
live
both
among
surrounded
made
sponsible
re-
life.
of
longer
try
coun-
been
within
it, but
to
toil,
grinding
is
leisure
added
itself,
house
culture
where
loyal
and
To-day
has
appreciation
broader
drudgery
still
social
life
intellectual
of
hour
farm
farm
placed
craved,
world.
have
youth,
country
given
social
town
people.
are
has
undesirable
measure,
of
halls
and
the
great
unpopularity
lecture
After
and
the
between
young
door
the
return
in
country
schools
them.
the
false
existed
formerly
for
city
the
science.
it
in
former
definite
place
41
turning
automobile,
rightful
down
that
barriers
the
its
is
and
into
the
expression,
one
broken
has
plane
Farm
the
on
farming
of
intelligence
farm
higher
methods
hit-or-miss
In
Engine
and
affection
life
the
spect
re-
because
his
training.
of
CHAPTER
THE
INTERNAL
The
13.
against
distance
have
we
from
the
minute
would
or
power
in
one
that
of
its
engine
in
the
destruction
peaceful
years
of
to
this
for
it
in
First
the
ago
began
sort
some
gun,
bustion
com-
Such
made
but
powerful
so
aid
to
structive
de-
machinery,
to
required
idea
the
and
and
chamber,
put
Other
than
powder,
until
i860
that
this
out
Attempts.
explosive
gas
were
hundred
and,
in
more
built.
It
"
that
at
regular
the
of
grease,
working
Other
experimented
practical working
42
be
solid
success,
powder
intervals
to
and
soot
the
sticky
condition.
attempts,
could
engine
an
not
feed
fifty
chemist,
1680,
was
to
and
French
about
mechanism
delicate
amounts
soon
Two
"
d'Hautefeuille,
actually
was
combustion
15.
be
the
internal
use.
energy
that
principle
might
Engine.
Abbe
develop
suitable
residue
life
the
deliver
working
first
"
occupations.
The
14.
of
the
exerted
impulses
probable
applied
that
thinking
such
of
is, by
can
gun
practical
be
not
is
was
to
put
could
to
men
It
that
is
the
teen
four-
multiply
"
pressure
amount
types,
ever
force
it set
the
about
we
barrel
hundred
amount.
earlier
the
that
Three
If
the
at
gun,
of
it.
the
energy
multiply
by
of
which
working
shot
pressure
before
length
impulse.
one
load
through
ENGINE.
ordinary
dehvers
the
the
by
pressure
the
An
"
discharge,
tons
this
COMBUSTION
Principle.
of
moment
11.
more
usually
readily
it
w^ith, but
engine
was
was
with
fed
not
brought
Gasoline
The
44
Engine
on
Farm
the
the
In
wasted.
a
the
of
use
while
greater waste,
however,
steam,
animal
there
is
even
of
"
or
combustion
;
chamber
third, the
second,
compressed charge
burned
others
with
engines
in
this with
use
upon
next
the
the
be
must
be
per
of
fired ;
the
vapor.
Some
of the
cent,
gines
en-
crank,
of
all
class, the
of the latter
are
pressed
com-
from
charge
cycle.
revolution
one
farm
must
driven
perhaps eighty
As
two.
be
must
gases
this
"
inward,
stroke
is shown
is held
shut
cylinder.Fig 10.)
vacuum
behind
closed, and
as
by
As
it; in other
the
suction
spring.
(See top
piston descends
it leaves
heavy
the
during
words,
creates
of
a
suction
The
which
Gasoline
intake
the
causes
Engine
valve, A,
Farm
the
to
open
45
and
admit
of the
charge
the
to
its
fuel
on
mixture
chamber
small
the
between
the
of the
end
cylinder head.
"
Fig. 6.
Piston
"
When
(or a
Nearing
Just
the
little
piston
upon
of
Inlet
of
End
Prior
has
is fired
the
and
Valve
on
Compression
to
Ignition.
returned
before, in actual
fuel
loose
Action
Showing
5.
at
is illustrated
This
Fig.
piston
to
Stroke.
Stroke.
Position
point
its outermost
practice),the highly
the
intense
heat
expanding the
against the piston, now
task
Suction
of
pressed
com-
is turned
confined
gases
just entering
its third or real power
stroke, illustrated at Fig,
upon
this carries the engine
from
impetus received
7. The
ing
or
through the return
discharge stroke (Fig. 8), durand
hurling them
which
means.
the
crank
engine.
the
exhaust
These
shaft
four
cal
valve, 3, is opened by mechanistrokes
complete
the
or
two
cycle
of
revolutions
the
of
four-cycle
Gasoline
The
46
Engine
on
the
Farm
"
Fig.
Fig.
8.
"
Piston
7.
"
Depicting
Descending
Action
of
Stroke.
Power
on
Vahe
Exhaust
Scavenging
on
Stroke.
it
the
through
the
of the
power
engine.
with
and
The
a
valves
long chapter
fouling or warping
two-cycle engine has
for
wear
and
in part
are
with
the
fewer
is easier
moving
same
son
rea-
for the
or
of trouble
heat
to
the
weight
pensed
wdiolly disfrom
is avoided.
their
The
understand.
Because
the
greater
"
to
Engine
Gasoline
The
stroke
Farm
the
of burned
chamber
combustion
rid the
on
47
in the
gases
the
small
fuel, of
of fuel ; and
continuous
The
expense.
represents
course,
crank
definite,
the
of
too,
case,
field work.
Six-
23.
have
two
and
Eight-cycle Engines.
been
manufactured
strokes
extra
all burnt
gases
Six-cycle
"
and
being
devoted
the
admission
scale, the
small
on
the
to
of
gines
en-
discharge
Even
air.
pure
of
Their
recently announced.
eight-cycleengine was
advantages, however, are so questionableand their use
of an
much
so
experiment that at the present time
be
of a curiosity than
regarded as more
they may
anything of practicalimportance.
Parts.
The
Vital
Every gasoline engine of
24.
an
"
form, in order
whatever
into
for
the
working
confinement
to
convert
energy,
and
must
the
have
explosion
of
energy
of
the
receptacle
gases
means
of
bustion
com-
proper
a
able
mov-
it into
Gasoline
The
48
Then
and
for
their
Other
parts which
of
continuous
convert
Fig. 9.
"
the
the
a
timing
the
essary
nec-
other
There
"
the
none
are
parts
tain
cer-
are
the
less
tions
opera-
essential
to
form
some
operation
with
Which
of the
necessary,
is
retain
the
are
each
Are
so
engine
gases,
although
and
of
the
Some
of
other.
Necessities.
essential
that
necting
con-
necessity;
to regulate
to
too,
shaft
it.
of governor
and
admit
to
Motor.
transmit
and
ing
Illustrat-
Engine,
Gas
Modern
to
piston
mechanism
conveniences,
of
Parts
is needed
between
; valves
Horizontal
Reeves
of
Conveniences
considered
frame
directlyinto
enter
parts in unison
various
the
not
Important
piston pin ;
speed
26.
View
substitute
rod
Components.
cycle, that
Sectional
some
also
is the
there
the
to
operation. A crank shaft is necessary
and
belt pulley
a
sliding into rotary motion
All
or
do
considered
be
keeping
positions.
relative
Necessary
Farm
the
may
engine.
its support
together in
on
These
motion.
mechanical
25.
Engine
they
they
to
"
ous
continu-
the
may
take
almost
no
be
direct
Engine
Ti-iE Gasoline
EXHAUST
VALVE
SPRING
Farm
the
on
EXHAUST
m5HfR'W
VALVE
49
VALVE LEVER
ROD HEAD
Fig.
10.
"
Sectional
part in the
tank, without
be
View
of Vertical
Engine, Showing
Components.
operations.
which
the
Chief
time
among
of
the
these
Important
is
operator
fuel
would
the
un-
Gasoline
The
50
less
is
willing
the
engine
one
beside
but
the
will
be
with
with
become
engines
actual
necessities
General
special
which
purposes
distinct
and
designed
the
motor
the
solid
that
base
and
two
give
to
exercised
might
engine
light
also
baseless
and
point
of
types
some
the
opposite
be
lightness
is
of which
have
possible exception
engines,
place
upon
of
none
the
as
the
farm.
spoken
per
of
the
above
been
3
by
and
factory
act
counter-
to
impulse,
in
impulse
The
an
one
being
motor-cycle
extreme
the
last
the
aviator's
w^ith
and
to
type
of
of
all
word
motor,
capacity
With
weight.
entitled
the
is
compression
automobile
are
of
lacking
power
created
pounds
base
cylinder principle
side.
engine, though
horse-power
one
included
as
also
farm
the
an
classed
requirements
arranged
are
of
resistance
the
from
the
acteristics
char-
some
without
engine,
imder
shaft
crank
the
direction, while
the
meet
for
made
be
may
made
and
vertical
in
opposed
vibration
other's
each
engine,
cylinders
four
or
they
the
work,
kinds
characterizes
introducing
of
several
automobile
; the
lines
the
that
to
ies
luxur-
Besides
constant
marine
be
circumstances.
other
so
are
particularly
boat
in which
and
; the
types
are
all makers
with
engine
there
cups.
may
which
certain
are
operator
lubricating
of
under
"
for
bearings,
and
engine
use
in
Types.
engines,
horizontal
both
or
the
over
trimmings,
or
stand
oiling provisions
the
by
some
Other
27.
other
else
or
pail. Except
oil-holes
extended
attachments
and
dipper
no
Farm
the
frequently
efficiency of
life and
greatly
Other
on
down
occasional
than
necessary
of
shut
to
piston lubricator,
the
in
Engine
the
motor-cycle
a
legitimate
The
52
Engine
Material.
Best
The
30.
is
Gasoline
favored
for
on
The
"
Farm
the
best
iron
cast
gray
is an
iron
cyHnder. This
contains
sufficient graphiticcarbon, that is uniwhich
form
is reasonably free from
of texture,
and
which
of light and
dark
phosphorus and sulphur. Patches
serious
defects, as they indicate a difference
are
grav
now
wdiich
in texture
the
result in
may
An
high temperatures.
stand
to
varies
from
about
same
well
as
normal
well
of the
In
walls
be
to
such
permit,and
smaller
of
stream
the
weak
places
developed in
insure
the
as
Engine cylinders
"
blow-holes
prompt
stress
of the
mould
well.
of
corners
matter,
the
sand
the
best
of
with
Even
cylindersthat come
seemingly perfect must
that
are
this
at
man
inclined
32.
who
to
be
Boring
will
later
disclosed
stage, and
be
the
by
At
this stage
be
larly
particu-
bit
of
mould
unner.
cor-
good
smooth
and
rejected because
lathe.
the extra
occasions, should
it sometimes
them
foundry work,
from
many
defects
the
fill out
foreign
cooling
upon
to
fusible
not
are
thin
heavier
than
hotter
Foundry.
to
thin
as
pressure
pockets or
order
permissible.
have
Dirt
cast.
and
contain
find.
to
sure
Work
The
be
must
of heat
extremes
cylinderare
31.
it will
other, but
any
the
which
the
must
order
the
engine cylinder
der
un-
the
little below
very
as
which
temperature
expansion
uneven
not
cost
be
The
in
lost
care
quired
re-
production
sight
of
wants
the
to
buy
Cylinder.
"
Even
of
greater
care,
by
is
if
Gasoline
The
Engine
on
Farm
the
53
wall
the
will be
surface
is made
first cut
of
allowed
all
out."
Then
the
by
wheel
emerv
the
obtain
the
full
vary
of the
by
the
work
in size
vibration
high speed
must
be
held
springing away
no
it is very
far
in
excess
inch
of cut
mathematical
not
an
set
and
from
the
that
its circular
from
up
the
against
necessary
of
or
drill
this
follow
makers
of
last one-thousandth
almost
must
Some
lighter
the
remove
to
"season
to
is followed
cut
to
lathe
; this
much
very
made
the
days
stresses
made,
best
from
60
The
is
cut, which
third
to
mainly
tool.
coarser
30
and
is
cut
intended
first and
of the
marks
second
removed
from
strains
molecular
allow
than
''rest" for
to
in the
then
quite heavy;
thickness.
uniform
final
fine
moving
re-
with
must
bore
form.
cause
Be-
grinding machine
the
soliditywith which
in the
the
tool
there
spot in the
any
hard
the
machine
requirements
that
so
for
frame
such
is
metal,
be
rigid
seemingly
lightwork.
manufacturers
the
grinding
the heavy
and
of its cost
method, partly on account
of the possibility
machinery required,and partly because
and
that
abrading powder
particlesof emery
A
few
argue
against
Gasoline
The
54
remain
may
in the
Engine
is
process
free of tool
or
]\Iost of
finished
to
best
in this
marks,
or
the
grade engine
ever
What-
manner.
should
and
them
score
the
Farm
the
walls
cylinder
in use.
piston when
cylinders,though, are
on
left
be
with
entirely
mirror
face.
sur-
Fig.
II.
Liable
IllustratingDefects
Defective
Spots Shown
"
Wall
at
passed
over
In
at
Boring
a
and
Cylinder.
b
pare
ComPerfect
With
c.
hard
compression
and
can
soft
places in
be
never
the
obtained
metal.
in
fect
Per-
cylinder
like that.
vitrified
so
grinding
and
many
wheel
such
left smooth
walls
are
since
there
is
do
their
work
rapidly moving
as
practicallyno
mirror
and
pressure
of
by means
points that the
absolutelytrue,
put upon
them.
The
Lapping
glass or
Gasoline
and
Engine
all forms
of
on
Farai
the
smoothing
55
with
powdered
other
abrasing material, while fairlyeffective
if well done, require very
careful
cleaning,as any of
left in the
the cutting material
cylinder w^ould be
of scoring upon
its work
both
likely to continue
cylinder and piston.
Severe
Chamber.
Of its
Duty as Combustion
33.
out
"
several
functions, that
exacting than
the
other
any
the
While
pressure.
initial pressure
it is
of
chamber
the
excessive
neither
accurately determined,
an
which
to
of both
account
on
of combustion
of
is
cylinder is
these
be
can
ject
suband
temperature
generally considered
350 pounds per
around
more
very
that
square
economical
results, while it is
gives the most
of discharge the temperaprobable that at the moment
ture
developed inside the cylindervaries between
2,000
and
3,000 degrees Fahrenheit, depending a great deal
of spark, correctness
of
compression, hotness
upon
inch
mixture,
the
What
34.
fluffed into
on
etc.
the
in the
of
palm
barrel
of
the
muzzle
the
expansive
other
is the
the
in
compression.
gun
barrel
into
the
all the
same
space
much
as
gun
is fired
gas
expanding
and
the
we
under
charge
In
to
escape
force
is
Let
us
in the
have
several
through
the
case
one
drance.
hin-
without
The
but
the
because
of
the
into
the
ram
now
can
be
pansion
ex-
crowded
probably several
first charge. When
the
the
times
quantity of
pressure
was
confined
out
cases
that
danger
confined.
its results
cotton
gun
in both
same
cotton,
gun
mass,
force.
free
violent
same
hurl
would
are
gases
more
momentary
as
gun,
of
ignitedwithout
The
considerable
the
of gas
is
times
bit
"
be
hand.
the
with
In
amount
Is.
Compression
lightmass, may
suddenly in the
firing charge is either
same
hurled
fixed
space
out
w^th
The
56
Gasoline
tremendous
Engine
else
or
energy
on
Farm
the
the
barrel
itself
must
burst.
"
inlet
valve
w^ould
that
and
allow^ed
fillthis space
of the
air
inch
square
; then
fuel
until the
the
on
the
internal
no
fuel
more
equaled
14.7 lbs.
would
it
enter,
pressure
about
outside, or
to
vapor
the
to
ing
fir-
By
enter.
this
Avill say,
we
inch
forward
or
pressure
of surface.
valve
of
still open,
its stroke
dimensions
its inner
the
turn
we
the
fuel
the
to
five
point
end
outer
its first
This
piston back
intake
the
times
of
mospheric
at-
75 lbs.
us
the
gas.
square
normal
with
now,
to
per
leave
piston to
increase
other, fills
the
Charge Is Compressed.
cylinder and is pressed
fills the
returning piston
escape
the
us
would
piston
greater
atmospheric
to
the
end
of
stroke.
How
gas
so
let
receptaclefor
; then
pressure
36.
and
the
the
14.7 lbs.,would
advance
the
like
area,
of
working energy.
firingthe charge
Before
against
pressure
of active
thrust
in
between
that
it closes
way.
The
intake
the
As
"
by
upon
valve.
rings prevent
soon
as
the
It cannot
its
slipping
its inner
about
the
stroke, the
one-fifth
gas
of its normal
has
been
volume
compacted
and
into
consequently
Gasoline
The
Engine
on
inch.
square
We
call for
gases
than
fire
now
nearly
Farm
the
force
57
five times
nearly 80
the
charge
five times
greater
pounds
and
the
greater
per
panding
ex-
space
w^orking pressure
hurled
inch
of the piston head
against each square
pheric
400 pounds. Deducting the originalatmosup to over
from
have a working energy
this, we
pressure
of about
inch
of piston head
pounds per square
400
surface.
of
the
by a
might
in
Limits.
Compression
37.
fuel
be
may
moderate
rendered
our
power
the
clearance
practice it
is found
compression
becomes
so
been
has
that
great
working
available
more
it would
energy
that
seem
we
almost
minishin
indefinitely
by divolume
of the cylinder,but
be
done
that
this can
only
limits.
moderate
the
much
so
compression
increase
within
If
"
After
the
done
it
uses
certain
resistance
up
of
much
as
of
amount
the
gas
in
power
another.
Higher Compression
Where
alcohol
is used
may
ignition;
be
as
run
in fact,
fuel
much
an
it is found
higher
alcohol
Is Useful.
that
without
engine
to
the
Where
"
sion
compres-
danger
work
of
pre-
efficiently
requires
Engine
Gasoline
The
58
compression
of
on
Farai
the
something
like
lbs. per
140
inch.
square
been
"
cylinder and
that
the
is wasted
its associates
smaller
surface
the
the
sacrifice of temperature
without
forced
are
we
lows
it fol-
energy,
cool
to
gain in
compression
we
more
reason
why
efficiency.This is another
tion
of the engine, the real combusadds
to the efficiency
chamber
being practicallyconfined to that small
the fuel is compressed
portion of the cylinder into which
the charge is fired.
at the moment
'Tt
has
per
cent,
per
cent,
for
38
for 66
greater
lbs.
the
43
other
explosive
efficiencyof
ideal
an
will increase
compression
lbs.,and
On
means
that
shown
been
for 88
cent,
per
hand,
greater
pressure
and
lbs.
to
33
40
pression.
com-
compression
greater
strain
on
in
of 40
and
'Tn
with
80
lbs.
experiments
a
combustion
made
by Dugald
chamber
swept
the
horse-power
per
hour.
Clerk
in
England,
cubic
With
0.4
feet
per
cated
indi-
compression
6o
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
its motion.
During this
piston reverses
period the ring touches neither side and permits a brief
but many
times repeated leakage of highly compressed
livered
degas or of the explosive force w^hich has just been
rings cause
against the piston. Dirty, gummy
work
A
similar
trouble.
ring must
absolutely free,
but without
reciprocatingor end motion, in order
any
to do its work
properly.
compression of a
Testing Compression. The
42.
rule be too
P. engine should
five H.
as
a
great to
out
by hand withpermit of the wheel being turned. over
opening the relief cock in the cylinder,while even
horse
and
two
a
one
engine should put vip stiff opposition.
By holding the piston of the engine at the end
the
of the
compression stroke for a few moments
critical
of compression leakage at the
most
amount
be remembered
but it must
point may be determined
that
stant
the
"
this
that
compression
which
do
at
not
appear
other
some
does
alone
test
of
not
determine
the
ating
oper-
the
engine, as many
at this point may
cause
place or while the parts
leaks
ble
trouare
in
motion.
of a leak somewhere
is indication
hissing sound
end, the leak
and, by listeningat the inner and outer
If it comes
from
can
frequentl}^be located at once.
fault is
end
of the cylinder the
the lower
or
open
the piston, its rings or the castings;
about
somewhere
scored
or
or
cylinderwall, or one that
perhaps a worn
A
is not
true.
If
the
sound
seems
to
come
from
the
valve
and
cylinder,test the exhaust
works
that it seats
see
properly; also, that the stem
this test while the engine
easilyin the guide. Make
valve.
A little
is at running heat, then try the intake
sometimes
water
help in determining the
may
soapy
Sometimes
leak, the escaping gas creating bubbles.
other
end
of the
The
broken
Gasoline
thread
the
on
the
If
cylinder
Farm
the
will
spark plug
should
them
6i
cause
leak
troublesome
it should
of
internal
an
leak
jacket,a muffler
the
engine, it sometimes
problem, but the search
water
is found,
trouble
be
not
as
into
or
difficult
to
enclosed
an
other
some
two-
bearings
leakage as
four-cycle engine. Where
is external
In
of
avenues
in
rings
shaft
two
between
packing
examined.
crank
worn
in
cast
are
and
joint
carefully
be
cycle engine
head
and
the
pieces
separate
the
on
its base.
around
case
Engine
are
the
as
piston
the
leak
locate,but
crank
in
a
case,
hidden
part of
becomes
quite a puzzling
be persisted in until
serious
damage may
should
otherwise
result.
Leaks
difficult
multi-cylinderengines are more
in a single cylinder,the compression
to locate than
strokes
frequently overlapping or blending together.
This difficulty
be overcome
by removing the spark
may
plugs of all but one cylinder; then turn the wheel over
and
the compression in that.
If satisfactory,
note
remove
the remaining plug and
of the
place it in one
then
be tested, until all
other cylinders,which
may
tried.
The
of leak once
source
are
located,the remedy
in
is self-evident.
crank
shaft
The
Decreasing the Clearance.
most
bearings always wear
rapidly on the side
away
the
opposite the cylinder and through wear
piston
43.
may
Metal
the
"
be
drawn
or
compression
disks
farther
have
piston in
order
objectionable, as
bolts
is to
out
and
space
and
sometimes
to
are
all other
lengthen
the
weaken
been
overcome
increase
so
bolted
this but
remedies
chamber.
connecting rod,
but
the
to
the
the
ance
clear-
pressure.
the
end
of
remedy
is
wdiich
duce
intro-
Another
way
it would
seem
62
The
that
the
restore
necessary
be
made
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
would
be to
simplest and cheapest method
the worn
bearings to the condition
thought
by the designer. Changes of this sort should
with
a
good deal of caution by the amateur
engine operator,
EXHAUST
but
when
is certain
one
the
compres-
PORT
Fig.
12.
Sectional
"
View
I. H.
Jacket and
Water
sion
of
C.
Vahe
is
more
power
within
certain
will
limits, there
come
or
to
when
the
the
extra
point
wdiere
power
the
increased
temperature
this resistance
against the ascent
pre-ignition,
piston,or negative stroke, as it is termed, is not
its
allowed
use.
to
mechanism,
more
Were
power
its force
exert
the
the
strain
pronounced
than
and
it
stroke
of
the
causes
of the
out
with-
engine
Gasoline
The
Engine
on
Farm
the
63
of compressed gas.
against this elastic cushion
Lubricating the Cylinder. The
requirements
45.
ferent
difwhich
meet
are
so
engine cylinder oil must
gas
from
those
of the steam
engine cylinder that
best oil suitable for the latter might
the very
to use
for a gas
])e worse
all.
at
none
engine than to use
In the first place,the temperature
of the combustion
chamber
is so great that ordinary oil is burned
up at
part
"
it has
before
once,
lubricant.
Then
carbon
dirt which
and
chance
combustion
the
do
to
its work
leaves
in themselves
do
as
residue
of
Steam
harm.
be used
in the gasoline
not
engine cylinder oil must
for a short
To
this rule
run.
engine cylinder,even
is positivelyno
there
exception; at least not for the
novice.
The
and
subject of proper
improper oil is
here
is
fully discussed in another
chapter. A word
the
be
sufficient in explanation of how
oil should
introduced.
All
parts of the
usually
reached
oils the piston
through the lubricator which
and its rings,the oil dropping or being forced
through
and
the piston rings which
its channel
upon
scrape
the surrounding surface
of the cylinder
spread it over
No
other part of the surface
against which they press.
needs
The
oil.
of
system
mixture, wdiich
is
of
oil, under
the
test
though
had
time
oil contains
process
to
not,
in
Cause
and
which
is
the
accomplish
some
of combustion
head.
its proper
are
case
"
The
best
it by
placed upon
is very
sumed,
quickly conof good oil, until it
its mission.
carbon, w^hich
and
Effects.
is
spreads
The
released
itself
over
best
by
all
of
the
sur-
The
64
faces
the
and
Gasoline
which
to
it has
cylinderwalls
the
Engine
access,
and
muffler.
on
the
Farm
the
piston head,
combustion
chamber,
the
the
rings,
valves
gine
glance into the muffler of an enwdiich
has been
the
long in operation will show
and nature
of this deposit. Inside the cylinder,
extent
it is subject to the alternate
influence
of
however,
and baking heat, and eventually a hard, slaty
moisture
shell may
be
depositw^ll
of
formed
be
of
the
gas
free
receive
the
with
action
of
with.
and
pressure
leaks.
detached
this
and
the
coating
to
so
are
stand
heat
liable
this
sions
occa-
to
that
being
the
or
alone
out
the
In either
valves
This
impulse without
In
cooling influence.
entire
any
tarry, stickynature.
interfered
Scaly projectionsof
in part
in others
parts while
some
be
rings is likelyto
many
in
more
forms
these
in
come
be-
they
tact
con-
condition
heated
dull red and, after
to
a
they quickly become
the fuel charge is inhaled by the down
stroke
of the
creases
inpiston,as compression begins and the temperature
the upstroke, these
fire
on
living coals may
the
charge against the ascending piston, not only
wasting the power
impulse, but extending it directly
against the proper working of the engine. This is one
of pre-ignition.
of the most
causes
common
This
heavy scale of hard carbon, too, may interfere
seriouslywith the cooling of the cylinder walls and
in the
cause
heating of piston or cylinder. Carbon
with
of the
most
frequent troubles
cylinder is one
has to contend.
which
the gasoline engine man
of these
The
lubricatingoil is not the only source
of oil may
them,
cause
cylinder deposits. An excess
much
too
or
gasoline. All the gasoline vapor wdiich
from
the air supply to
fails to find sufficient oxygen
oxide
and
will
water
acid, carbonic
produce carbonic
depositfree carbon, providing the heat is great enough
The
Fig.
Gasoline
13." Sectional
View
Following
Petcock
for
12
22
65
Motor.
note
Cooled
Figures DeCrankshaft.
Oil
Pipe. 19
14"
Release.
Valve
20
Spring Key.
"
"
Compression
"
Farm
the
on
Air
of
Parts
Valve
Washer.
Valve
Guide.
24"
21
Engine
"
Spring.
Valve
Inlet
"
Intake
23
Inlet
"
Valve
Valve.
Cage. 26
25
Exhaust
Porcelain.
28
Valve.
Sparkplug. 27
Sparkplug
Exhaust
Exhaust
Seat.
Valve
Valve
Guide.
29"
31"
30
Exhaust
Exhaust
Stem.
Exhaust
Valve
Spring. 34
2"^
"
"
"
"
"
"
Operating
Zl
"
Rod.
Contact
Pinion.
35
"
Spring. 38
"
42
"
Cam
"
Roller.
Cam
Timer
Gear.
36
"
Timer
Advance
Drain
43
"
Cover
Screw.
Lever.
ing
Tim41
Cock.
Pipe
44
"
"
Operating Shaft.
50
"
Oil
Groove.
46--Cam-
66
The
break
to
and
Gasoline
the
up
Engine
on
Farm
the
gasoline formation.
To
this silicon
various
47.
"
of
carbon.
It
is
by the
the spark
when
as
knocking of the engine the same
is advanced
much.
too
Back-firing is frequently
caused
firing
by carbon holding the valve from closing. Misbe occasioned
by carbon
short-circuiting
may
the pointsbeing entirely
spark plugs or by the gap between
closed.
is
Usually only a part of the current
and
the ignishort-circuited;then the spark is weak
tion
characteristic
irregular. One of the most
toms
sympof carbon
of plenty of
deposit is the presence
at
duced
high speeds but little when
speed is repower
symptom
one
load
and
thrown
This
on.
announced
is due
the
to
fact
the speed is
pre-ignitionwhen
of the
slow
while
at
firing
high' speed an advance
instant
is not
ing
great enough to catch the rapidly movpiston on the up-stroke with an}^ retarding force.
twice
or
48. Cleaning the Cylinder. At least once
from
the cylinder
be taken
the piston should
a
year
If the
all carbon
and
deposits thoroughly removed.
matter
is removable
it is a comparatively easy
head
that
the
carbon
causes
"
thoroughly clean
best liquid cleansers.
to
walls
surface
porous
or
break
good
harsh
iron.
new
use
Do
of the
one
carbon
as
stroys
it de-
gasoline,as
with
the
which
the
leaves
nothing
kerosene,
iron
original
to
of
solvent
which
destroy
not
as
is less
in action.
the
When
have
of
this
up
not
glaze
polished and
become
have
Do
is
Kerosene
mirror
smooth
the
all parts.
to
be
but
cylinder or
deposits
resorted
with
to
care
scratch
are
to.
not
the
very
This
be
done
oughly
thor-
to
68
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
Oh
"
The
which
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
69
This
much
saves
readilyremoved.
in compressing
and
trouble
holding in place several
unruly and delicate rings.
Blown-out
or
Packing the Cylinder Head.
51.
defective
of as
cylinder packing has been the cause
much
profanity among
probably as
gas engine users
of trouble, not
one
source
even
barring the ignition
any
they
be
may
"
The
system.
the
factory,in
begin
at
if not
there, then
joints are
and
that
held
the
the
of
this
trouble
construction
of the
in its selection.
with
studs
and
off
avoidance
studs
and
ample
are
See
not
in
size.
made
engine;
all packed
that
with
should
screws
cap
A
little
an
lessness
care-
twist
may
that
is
of
small
take
size
gines.
en-
care
of
itself.
Material
52.
Employ.
to
packing injured by
the
combustion
heat
end
of
"
All
is barred
rubber
from
or
use
other
around
the
needed,
one
of
in which
two
sheets
heavier
of this
thickness
are
better
ings,
grade. Copper-asbestos pack-
expected.
Do
the
not
sheet
mark
material
out
the
packing by hammering
lightlyagainst the face of the cylnew
The
70
inder
to
Gasoline
head.
the
send
few
such
back
head
Engine
on
treatments
the
to
Farm
the
almost
are
lathe
for
certain
refacing. By
laying the sheet upon the faced side of the head and
rubbing along all edges with the finger a sufficiently
distinct
will be made;
then
mark
a
lay sheet upon
clean board
with a sharp knife.
and
cut
out
Dip the
sheet
long
in boiled
If
separate.
of
flake
when
asbestos
the
or
linseed
fibres
side
one
plumbago
it
removed
and
next
oil but
do
will
allow
not
have
it to
soak
tendency to
with
is coated
a
good quality
will detach
head
readily from
will be fit to use
again. In case
a
is
times
speciallydifficult to hold, shellac is someAllow
added.
no
ing
fragments or edges of packchamber
to
or
they
project into the combustion
heat and cause
pre-ignitionand be careful that no
may
ports or gas openings.
ragged edges projectinto water
Removing Head.
Cleaning Cylinder Without
53.
for a complete cleaning
If not
down
convenient
to shut
method
effective temporary
of the cylinder a very
a
packing
"
which
has
been
known
to
answer
for
time
some
is
disulphide
equal parts of alcohol and carbon
This
acts
into the cylinder through the lubricator.
be
quicker without oil but enough of the latter must
included
to keep the
cylinder from cutting while the
other
is being applied.
in equal quantities
By pouring alcohol and kerosene
into the top of the cylinderslowly when
shutting down
also be loosened
do not
at night the carbon
; then
may
be deceived
into thinking the oil bad the next
day on
to
work
account
of
the
dense
smoke
which
rolls
out
of
the
muffler.
be done
be resorted
to it may
scraping must
through any small opening in the top of the cylinder
ducing
reflect the light,or
of a mirror
to
by introby use
The
bulb.
small
incandescent
scraping can
a
Where
The
then
be
done
have
which
hoes
Gasoline
bent
at
and
leave
of
means
been
for
material
by
Engine
soft
purpose,
fragments
steel
into
fashioned
different
this
on
in
wires
sharp
Never
angles.
or
Farm
the
any
the
metal
cylinder.
use
that
71
the
of
ends
scrapers
hard,
might
or
brittle
ture
frac-
CHAPTER
54.
PISTON
The
Piston's
fit of
of
in
required
to
cylinder
and
of
secure
cylinder
rings
walls
than
full
described
head,
the
the
at
head
around
cut
of
enough
with
possibly
open
end
56.
The
to
by
one
assist
Best
closed
three
for
small
in
the
Material.
72
would
be
by
the
necting
con-
tween
Be-
grooves
the
for
number
with
ception
re-
ferent
dif-
usually
medium
size
engines,
lubrication
"
will
being
the
between
but
four
or
and
of
piston
in
vary
quently
fre-
may
to
number
the
will
piston-pin.
or
at
structed
con-
end
one
attached
of
These
at
gine,
en-
place.
piston
pivot
the
they
as
The
"
piston-pin
builders,
Use
first
the
and
outside
rings.
engine
considered
other
the
the
the
Piston.
center
and
in
cylinder
the
at
open
rod
are
of
short
as
efficient
fitted
properly
if
of
carefully
most
the
efficiency
developed.
as
in
against
them
Construction
55.
flat
make
ever
of
set
of
is
care
and
part
the
out
piston
degree
the
be
never
other
highest
convert-
More
grooves
any
pressing
com-
vapor,
and
the
four
the
scavenging
fit for
of
fuel
cycle.
their
in
power
can
improve
the
impulse
next
in
the
engine
been
the
the
the
point,
have
the
perfect
for, without
if
in
the
Upon
"
rings depend
action, and
advance
cyHnder
seldom
its
drawing
mechanical
it into
this
and
piston
PARTS.
Functions.
charge, receiving
the
the
the
AUXILIARY
Several
functions
important
ting
AND
THE
smooth
IV.
Pistons
piston-pin
and
the
process.
should
be
made
from
to
then
Gasoline
close
grained
that
the
in each.
or
The
other
to
from
expansion
serious
on
cast
heat
iron, of
which
will be
no
Farm
the
cylindersin
contain
must
more
sand
troublesome
/^3
texture
holes, blow
leak
ilar
sim-
they work;
nearly alike
foundry imperfections,else
likely to develop
hard
gray
in the
used
They
Engine
which
holes
there
may
is
be
locate.
^Piston
ring
grooves
.^^up
joint
piston
rincs
'^0000
Fig. 15.
"
Piston
of
I. H.
C.
and
Engine
Rings.
Gasoline
Design and
Workmanship.
engine
be longer than
the pistons of steam
gines
enpistons must
the
because
not
steadied
piston rods are
by
guides but are united to the crank shaft through a
the
This, without
single connecting rod.
greater
From
length, would
give a tendency to tilt or rock.
times
the diameter
is the length
to one-and-a-half
one
favored
in the United
most
States, though in Europe
much
rings. Flat
longer pistons are used, and more
surface
best because
piston heads are generall}^considered
surface.
they cool more
evenly than a curved
Deflectinglipsand all projectionsare defects, as they
are
apt to over-heat, often to the point of causing preignition. Built-up pistons are usually objectionable,
heat.
the bolt heads
retain too much
The one-piece
as
piston is best.
It would
not
Purpose.
58. Piston
Rings; Their
be possible to fit a solid block of iron so closelywithin
tween
bethe walls of the cylinder that no gas could escape
time keep it loose enough
them
and at the same
57.
"
"
Gasoline
The
74
Engine
on
Farm
the
a
high speed under
This
is not attempted.
of temperature.
great variation
of the finished
Instead, the diameter
piston is made
slightly less than the bore of the cylinder and the
to
work
Fig.
easily back
i6.
Longitudinal
"
of
escape
gases
forth
and
and
Section
Cross
of
Typical
Piston.
prevented by introducing
it is
past
at
in the surface
of the
cut
expansive rings into grooves
piston. The
rings should fit closely but smoothly in
their grooves
expand,
to
should
ii^-iiiimi^^
iiiiiii:r^^iii-iiiiiiipaiiiiiiiiiiii"^
17
Fig.
Fig.
press
At
to
the
the
17.
"
18.
"
18
Concentric
Eccentric
time
minimum.
With
Ring With
lightlyagainst
same
Ring
the
their
Diagonal
Stepped
or
Joint.
Cut
Lapped
cylinder walls
reduces
elasticity
at
Joint.
all
the
points.
friction
'j^
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
and
"
there
oval, while
them
wears
is
because
leak
ring ought
or
ground
to
be
to
outward
in
the
desirable
glass or
is
be
completed
to
cut
63.
to
or
w^ill be
Piston
up
piston.
It will
give
against
hard
are
high
so
fore
be-
finished
and
tension,
uneven
and
the
and
form
uni-
inder
cylsoft
low
it is
places
specially
for
it will
walls
the
the
around
split
Some
must
clear
The
lathe, returned
groove
around
way
touch.
then, if there
metal
that
texture.
of the
then
upon
in the
metal, there
ring, due
necessary
not
place
evenly
Even
in the
spots
into
pressure
walls.
it does
circle, and
true
itself
seat
rest
clamped together in
it is sprung
then
the
of the
and
Ring
adhere
to
the
cylinder to
Defects
and
surface
some
Their
and
tend
extent.
Remedy.
"
be relied upon
to prevent
specialremedies
may
nearly ever}^ defect of piston and rings; cleanliness and
Two
lubrication.
Unlike
other
machine
bearings,
the
perature
tem-
so
The
walls.
Even
account
of
the
a
a
piston or
; or
necessary
as
the
the
engine may
complaint
and
dry
continue
while
after
each
for
v^ork
to
flash.
Since
time
some
the
without
Fig. 19.
"
Dirt
The
the
cylinder
supply, on
it is
be
others, should
64.
the
over
of
17
set
clogged oil tube or empty cup, may
cylinder to cutting and render reboring
stead;
disaster may
to the pistonrings income
oil is very
quickly burned
up, leaving
hot
surface
it
failure
brief
very
Farm
the
on
spreading
then
rings and
the
and
Engine
Gasoline
Pin
Piston
Menace.
Oil Feed.
Cleanliness
"
all
depends
great
deal
upon
crank
65.
year
the
of
cjuality
the
case.
Cleaning
the
piston
thoroughly
Piston
and
cleaned
and
Rings.
"
At
be
rings should
by scraping, after
least
twice
inspected and
the deposit has
The
78
Gasoline
softened
been
with
used, is
the
Engine
kerosene.
powerful
particleswhich
minute
on
too
Farm
the
Gasoline, though
dissolvent,for
it
times
some-
removes
have
face
lodged in the surgrain of the metal and so destroys the mirror or
glaze finish which use puts on the rings and cylinder
and
which
renders
less satmotor
an
isfactory
absolutely new
this point than
at
that has
erate
modone
seen
This
use.
high glaze surface, once
acquired,
should
neither
be removed
nor
severe
by chemicals
scraping.
66.
for a
Removing the Rings. It is a mistake
novice
the rings from
to
the cylinder every
remove
time the piston is cleaned, although some
books
engine textthat.
A well tempered ring is
freely advocate
brittle aftair and
it requires more
a
springing of the
metal
than
to
to
one
remove
replace it; hence it is
liable to break
in the hands
of the inexperienced.
very
to
remove
Occasionally though it will be necessary
them
in order
to correct
a
roughened edge; then each
its own
to
always be returned
ring should
groove.
"
The
of
best
machine
characteristic
each
ring
better
in
for slides
individual
than
likely that
in which
groove
the
Replacing
replace if three
used
more
some
been
it has
run
other.
any
67.
to
it is
and
use
than
develop
parts
"
four
or
and
Rings.
Rings
metal
thin, narrow
expanders
until
the
difficult
not
are
stripsare
ring
is
slipped
stripsmay be
that joints in
Rings should be so turned
pulled out.
successive
two
opposite each other
rings do not come
and, if either edge of a ring presses more
firmlyagainst
its
directlyover
the
own
cylinder than
toward
68.
should
the
The
be
groove
the
made
the
other, let it be
combustion
Piston
; then
the
one
turned
end.
Pin.
of hi^h
"
The
piston
.o^radecase
or
gudgeon
hardened
pin
steel and
heavy enough
be
must
this
As
of 450
Fig.
of
20.
"
about
three
for
sure
pres-
piston face it
a
piston area
of
and
Removing
of
pulse.
im-
power
maximum
4-inch cylinder,with
Simple Device
12.5
over
every
inch
square
per
at
reaches
79
jerking thrust
the
stand
Farm
the
on
against it
sometimes
pounds
that
is evident
to
delivered
full load
the
Engine
Gasoline
The
Replacing Rings.
sudden
of
strains
far from
one
used
good
in
are
point, as
be
inch
the
upon
in
diameter,
which
is about
the
diiTerence
in cost
of
so
the
the
cheap
material
small
while
the certaintyof at
insignificant,
punched through the piston head in case
at
size
gines
en-
this
part would
least
of
hole
broken
Gasoline
The
8o
pin
would
the
pin
be
is
into
Fig.
other
needed
^larine
distance
rod
hand,
Some
use
"
All
the
between
heavier
short
rod
tends
times
some-
veloped
de-
power
the
necting
con-
engine is
heavy, long-stroke
the
favor
is
relatively
proportion. On
to
iron, semi-steel
is
the
of
in
the
increases
There
is
and
bearings
be
malleable
engines
Connecting Rod,
Bushed
must
and
best
through
strength
In
of
the
of
is delivered
engine builders
castings.
In
pressure.
Rod.
here.
Type
Farm
the
piston bosses
under
full
the
cylinder
thrust.
type
"
the
great and
the
21.
the
engines
others
place
and
consequently
in
fit the
to
Connecting
by the engine
rod
on
absolute.
The
69.
the
almost
ground
forced
Engine
the
cramp
piston
friction
by
drop forged
or
considerable
bronze
sidesteel ;
I-beam
difference
the
of
the
piston
end
further
than
to
furnish
removable
The
which
bushing
replaced when
be
can
Farm
the
on
danger
use
Babbitt
is too
soft
is less
reason
cheaper
accident
8i
out
w^orn
; this
by bolts
justable
All makers
provide adwedges working loose.
bearings at the crank shaft, though not all
has the advantage
material.
the same
Phosphor bronze
of cutand the drawback
ting
of being unwearable
is neglected.
the shaft A'ery rapidly if lubrication
and
is
Engine
the
avoid
to
Gasoline
from
durable, but
be
to
for
shaft, and
the
to
menace
caused
that
the
very
material
replace.
to
tion.
LubricaConnecting Rod
The
engine designer usualh^ provides for the
that oils
oiling of the piston-pinfrom the same
cup
the cylinderand piston,so the operator has little more
this than to keep the lubricator filled. The
to do with
of any
nary
ordioiled
be
shaft
crank
by means
may
be
lubricatingdevice ; or the splash system may
adopted where an enclosed crank case is used. Enough
the revolving shaft
to reach
oil is poured into the case
or
splashed
dip and is thrown
nicely at its lowest
Shaft
Crank
70.
and
"
and
efficient
bearings. This is a very sure
system so long as the oil supply is kept at the proper
and
is not
level in the case
permitted to go too longwithout
renewing. The system requires the occasional
of the
but
not
the frequent attention
operator; in
that
of oilingyet discovered
fact, there is no
system
unless
will do its work
a supply of oil is furnished
by
the
over
watchful
the
attended
to
be
days
to
operator.
once
forgotten
the
shaft
under
around
with
it
than
however
day
that
one
that
is self
has
to
be
is Jess
likely
regulating for
weeks.
or
Sometimes
upon
twice
or
method
The
wire
ring or
and,
the
quantitv
as
constant
chain
this
is
suspended loosely
its way
slowly works
vibration, it carries
of oil continuallv
up
In
82
The
Gasoline
Engine
engines without
open
end
some
similar
devices
on
crank
have
be
to
Farm
the
oil
case
cups
or
used.
"
"
that
should
break
here
also.
broken,
and
be
done
with
the
easilywreck
Piston-pins may
may
new
ones
the
fact
engine
be
substituted.
mind
in
and
driven
Leaks
that
the
out
and
ator
oper-
when
blow
holes
have
been
closed
up
in
Gasoline
The
84
is
serious
thing
each
stroke
Don't
is
good
possible
be
cooled
off
retain
still
load
all
in
turned
fit
been
in
possible,
all
to
the
of
other
cation
lubri-
and
once
be
caused
of
that
case,
to
disturb
hot
too
it
and
of
an
them.
have
they
groove
work
well
as
where
best,
always
is
that
only
Xot
engine
in
around
them
to
rings
directly
are
turn
is
the
by
all
refuse
may
whims
accident,
itself
about
piston-pin,
these
Of
result.
may
particular
way,
the
favor
can
ing
work-
right.
piston
Nothing
the
in
is
joints
not
they
any
Barring
the
best
occupying;
turned
in
and,
careful
be
they
the
that
so
things
w^ay.
piston
leaky
Investigate
will
usual
the
at
the
much
as
may
walls
the
that
until
off
turned
be
there
seen
down
piston
at
failed.
granted
it is
motion
seized
though
otherwise
together
for
If
scraping
has
slow
up
or
must
Sometimes
line.
it
better
keep
little
it
getting
take
down.
hard,
attempted,
to
rubbing
lubrication
why;
shut
happen."
"
but
the
course
the
out
drawing
as
that
and
reason
is
piston
find
to
metals
Farm
the
to
dry
of
means
wait
on
certain
pretty
noise
grating
or
Engine
may
if
it
the
have
there
it
is
made
was
wears
it
connecting
to
little
be
to
right
is
get
in
protected
rod
replaced
and
with
wrong
the
first
from
the
place.
that
rings.
occasionally.
by
All
CHAPTER
THE
Subject
engine
troubles
than
AND
PORT
74.
V.
Treatment.
Rough
probably
to
While
"
from
come
all other
from
SYSTEM.
VALVE
the
more
ignitionsystem
there
combined,
sources
is
much
rough physical
and
for its regular heritage as the
chemical
treatment
it is of special
exhaust
port and valve system ; hence
just
importance for the engine operator to understand
for and
how
what
the valves
are
they ought to work ;
troubles
what
commonly afflicted with
they are most
and
how
to
System Contains.
engines require two
openings
port
method
exact
differ
may
using
for
the
In
"
or
general way,
inder,
ports in the cyla
admission
of
expulsion of burned
of accomplishing these
two
little in different engines, some
exhaust
two
of
instead
ports
fuel
the
exhaust
an
The
the
intake
an
and
as
them.
remove
What
75.
all
receives
part which
other
no
one
gases.
esses
procgines
en-
; but
accomplish and a
variation
different
in design represents, not
principles,
but a difference
for getting
in the ideas of individuals
at the same
effectively.
thing most
Port.
Intake
76. The
Through the intake
port,
which
is situated
in or near
end of the cylthe closed
inder,
a
discharges
pipe leading from the carburetor
they
all have
the
results
same
to
"
the
fuel
is the
for
the
into
mixture
work
of
the
admission
the
valve
of
this
chamber,
combustion
at
this
charge
85
point
and
to
then
open
and
it
freely
close
ab-
Gasoline
The
86
Engine
on
the
Farm
of the
intake
Fig.
svstem
22.
"
Cross
fixes in
some
Section
of
measure
Valve
the
amount
Chamber.
from
an
gine
enspeed variation obtainable
through varying the charge, and is of course
parture
defixed by the designer in the shop.
While
some
be
allowable
through a change in the
may
frequency of the charges, the valve area
provided by
the maker
of the engine is a fixed condition
designed
for a certain
capacity, and is usually not so well
adapted to any other.
in
Approximately, the size of the intake passage
usual
engine practiceis about as follows :
Diameter
of passage
plied
equals that of piston multiby .316;
of
power
or
The
Area
Gasoline
of passage
.1
of
equals area
Farm
the
87
piston multipliedby
minute
While,
the
speed of
then
divided
by 6,000.
question of size is one
for
the
designer
operator, it is referred
to
here
in order
the
than
rather
the
emphasize
Fig. 23.
"
to
the
their
Sectional
passage
full intended
View
Some
suffers
are
pitted valve
Valves
Common
dirt,leaks
faces.
In
from
in
Chamber, Showing
Cylinder Head.
Troubles.
Valve
dangers
common
of
Combustion
of
of
78.
struction
keeping dirt and oband of keeping the valves
capacity.
importance
of the
out
opening
of piston
equal area
the piston in feet per
should
area
passage
multipliedby
most
on
; or,
Intake
to
Engine
v^hich
joints or
very
small
the
"
The
intake
pipe, and
rangement
Ar-
three
system
worn
or
obstruction, though
not
enough
to
close
the
passage
88
The
Gasoline
it may
though
even
particleof
valve
of
and
the
against which
loss during the
serious
combustion
A
power.
bad
leaks
bad
by
follow
back
carburetor.
that
The
it would
of both
be
prone
to
part
of
the
valve
and
the
engine
to
the
to
the
is then
compression
of
decrease
rather
difficult
though
al-
multi-cylinderengine,
rather
result
be
rest; there
may
smaller
current
corresponding
permitting a
through the
much
trifle from
up
pressure
of this kind
are
the air
valve
locate, especially in
to
Farm
the
run.
it should
and
leak
to
along by
hold
may
on
continue
dirt carried
seat
surface
Engine
selves
them-
announce
firing flash
intake
pipe to
is much
the
to
the
same
if the
was
firingchamber
left partly open
and
to
a
part of the charge allowed
sile.
without
exerting any pressure against the misescape
A singlescale from
in this way
a rusty pipe may
of the engine as
far reduce
the power
render
to
so
it incapable of accomplishing work
under
for which
favorable
have
conditions
it would
ample power.
Causes
of
Common
Trouble.
Other
Faulty
79.
result
from
weak
a
compression
valve-seating may
spring or from the stem
rubbing too heavily against
side of the guide, or
one
by becoming warped from
latter condition
The
over-heat.
only appear after
may
heated
when
the engine has become
running; or it may
to
gun
"
defect.
become
is often
speciallydifficult
The
80.
laden
This
Effect
drawn
In
Air.
through
the
wheel
can
the
former
"
The
danger
carburetor
hardly
where
case
be
the
from
into
dust-
of wood
deposited
are
overestimated.
engine
around
or
almost
the
certain
valve.
to
Any
be
take
in-
the
is
wood-working machinery,
fine, lightshavings and
turning lathe, where
emery
it
case
locate.
to
of Bad
near
as
air
"permanent
drawn
considerable
set
such
ticles
par-
in and
ob-
The
is likely
struction
power
the
at
dust-laden
engine
so
Farm
the
89
but
once
air may
the
settle and
gradually that
is not
fine
noticed
ing
fail-
the
until
it has
useless.
all but
become
on
noticed
valve
the
about
of
be
to
in from
particlescarried
accumulate
Engine
Gasoline
"
much
serious
more
since
in their
effect
than
in
wdien
the
exhaust,
and
A
leak
they
not
wasted.
should
be
tendency to back-fire
it ignitesslowly and
strongly suspected
or
if the
mixture
is
if there
so
the
weak
valve
is
that
next
appear
to
receive
in the
the
form
of minute
bubbles
or
"soap-suds."
The
90
Gasoline
Note
82.
Fuel
Engine
Required
on
in
Farm
the
New
Engine. Every
of
engine purchaser should note carefullythe amount
fuel consumed
by his purchase, both running empty
and
under
load, then
make
decided
seats
of
its power
The
83.
ilar to
the
all the
so
valve
and
of
the
leaks
set
besides
more
exhaust
the
the
ing
reduc-
port is simi-
entire
particle of
whom
engine
likelyto
most
are
should
straw-carrier,upon
of
occasional
an
The
"
residue
is where
instead
Port.
behind
man
soot
here
deposits or
Exhaust
same.
point may
engine a fourth or
by an equal amount.
the
of the
record
first results
this
at
"
pours,
Here,
occur.
rust
dirt,the
or
is
with
of
all sorts
being constantly bombarded
deposits which, owing to bad fuel, bad lubrication,
bad
the engine has occasion
to
or
ject.
remanagement,
It is the
charge
is
heated
air from
brief
fired, to
of the
chemical
valve
No
be
or
chamber
firingof
is
burned
actions
warp
part of the
abuse
the
to
burned
all the
sure
the
to
than
the
on.
which
it
so
that
entire
exhaust
in almost
of the
The
as
hot
extreme
gases,
engine
and
gases
charge requires.
be deposited with
it touches
heat, is liable
up
the
as
exhaust
combustion
or
all that
set
of the
conduct
the
interval
an
More
mission
is
not
given
port and
seat
more
too,
surface
erly.
proptinual
con-
valve, and, in
of
The
92
ity
will
instant
Gasoline
fuel
cause
after
the
filled,the
if
given
those
words, for
worked
the
valves
by
suction
which
cams
the
be
thus
have
and
open
has
after the
gas
space
"pile up"
to
ically
mechan-
that
seen
distinct
advantage
over
compression alone,
and
an
menced.
actuallycom-
instant
an
for
entering
stroke
cause
It will
chance.
Farm
the
continue
to
will
velocit}^
operated
on
compression
In other
is
Engine
close
them
viding
proset
are
properly.
In
most
small
each
other,
great deal
w^ell defined
upon
is in
as
both
of trouble
and
permanent
the
and
fly wheel
first-class working
are
from
now
sometimes
may
marked
be
guide
marks
gear
when
valve
condition
in
that.
co-operate with
must
this
; in
manner
avoided
are
the
if
placed
engine
fact, many
gines
en-
before
being
the
factory.
volve
ReValve.
87. Testing and
Setting the Intake
rection
-the engine fly wheel
slowly by hand in the ditmtil the intake valve cam
it should
run
barely
begins to lift; then stop engine and note position of
reached
and
should
have
passed by
piston, which
about
ten
inner, or (in the case
degrees its extreme
If much
of vertical engines) upward, stroke.
beyond
sent
"
The
Gasoline
position the
full charge
a
this
Engine
is
valve
of fuel
on
opening
and
Farm
the
the
93
late
too
ing
insur-
for
of the
engine
reduced.
This
be due
to improper setting or
may
bent rod or to wear
off the cam
a
operating valve.
determine
which, again revolve the engine, always
the same
direction,and note the positionof piston
is
to
To
in
the
at
permits
it to
traveled
has
difference
the
cams
the
error
setting of
advanced
be
to
the
late.
Both
intake
valve
should
and
the
The
Exhaust
three
where
the
past the
the
open
and
beyond
should
close
the
open
centers, its
of
exact
the
valve
should
should
begins
spectively,
re-
full
to
This
"
and
five to
stroke
ten
center.
of its outward
from
point
is, barely
stroke.
allows
us
valve
late
formu-
to
tw^o
degrees late,
The
center
valves
both
should
that
to
is,
valve
exhaust
late in relation
the
the
that
open,
until
open
closing the
intake
the
when
open
remain
return
fore,
be-
engine, as
travel
of the
opening
from
Turn
crank
Rule.
follows
as
during
open
four-fifths
and
valve
General
somewhat
"
about
center
of
center
extreme
remain
exhaust
degrees
time
outer
Valve.
stroke
extreme
The
89.
and
covered
inlet
should
and
revolution.
The
downward
within
rule ; if
the
as
it should
of the
by hand.
piston has
and
inner
degrees
88.
as
the
the
degrees past
180
rod
is wrong
wheels
gear
retarded,
or
too
or
bent
crank
the
point of opening
the
or
wear
before
occur
the
similar
this
and
valve
and
are
of
If
the
releases
degrees from
is due
opening
roller
cam
close.
180
the
time
the
instant
power
the
dead
being greater
in
Gasoline
The
94
relation
Some
time.
the
time, while
same
in
used
open
for
an
may
add
is
One
of
otherwise
and
wear
and
the
in its limited
valve
bar
of
time
be
to
move
to
open
course
valve
and
bar
the
in
be
may
and
the
afitect the
work
stant
con-
closing fully.
increased
by
farther
open
to
gine,
en-
slight clearance
for expansion of
from
begins
movement,
W'Ould
stem
in
the
when
kept
so
may
high speed
speed.
allow
the
this, wdiile it
stem
be
to
hot
bar
compel
so
before
This
wdien
however,
space,
should
inch
an
with
contact
This
of
that
at
time
top of the
it there
valves
to
affect the
the
Betw^een
1-32
efficiencyof
may
the
time, but
same
sacrifice of fuel
fault
depresses
the
time
its closing
to
exactly the
gines
high speed racing envalves
are
actually
both
the
at
regard
opens
of the
some
Farm
the
so
intake
the
automobiles
distinct
1-64 to
metal
in
little to
operates.
wdiich
and
instant
other
makers
engine
closes
exhaust
on
less with
and
opening
its
to
Engine
ward
down-
unable,
be
passage
wdde.
done
by the
engine
of the
the
might reduce
power
of fuel or
either by curtailingthe inflow
by preventing
from
the burned
being properly discharged.
gases
valves
The
and
of
amount
clearance
this
space
the
pit
sometimes
to
valve
removes
its seat
be
and
necessary,
than
them
to
remember
needed.
of the
action
more
be
that, like
a
so
The
saw
part of the
advances
they
oftener, but
much
gromid
the
Valves
"
will
when
should
inlet valves
not
do
be
new
ground
not
as
tainly
cer-
have
it is well
filing,the grinding
metal, drops it deeper
time
as
season,
valves
Burned
less.
or
when
and
the heat
and
gases
noted
be
should
of
valve
any
rule
into
wall
oftener
need
to
reground
not
pit as
be
do
Fig.
for
month
from
often
as
them
24.
Typical Alechanical
"
with
examined
to
once
Gear.
Vah^e
carbon
the
pittingand
be
they
inclined
much
so
should
Valves
heat.
95
valves, since
not
are
Farm
the
on
exhaust
the
as
quickly and
the
with
warp
Engine
Gasoline
The
removed
be
should
kerosene.
grades of powdered
into a paste with
lubricatingoil are genglass made
erally
used, though many
object to even
engine men
Fine
the
finest
tends
to
remain
the
of the
be
taken
grains
that
chamber.
no
cuts
in
embedded
once
cylinder. Emery
looks
glass,which
perfect finish.
To
grind, remove
valve
finest
the
continue
and
At
also
as,
emery
engine.
size
and
dust
emery
varies
emery
the
like the
the
be
not
greatly.
so
is allowed
to
used,
Care
stem
and
paste
must
powdered
spring from
Apply semi-fluid
as
fastest, while
finest
it
in the
action
erosive
should
metal,
the
cap
of
oil
most
from
and
The
96
Gasoline
or
screw
driver
Do
not
to
remove
there
much
balls.
examine
it turns
When
insures
This
well.
Wash
in
all
remove
part of the
block, called
plug.
Test
valve
and
is the
and
release
few
every
best
both
When
seconds.
valve
valves
Polish
the
Where
powdered
good mixture,
The
is used
metal
but
in
be
machines
are
in
one
exact
Its Use
so
are
in
are
a
spark
valve
is
volved
re-
job
a
use
slow
heating; also,
should
be
not
the
above
garded
re-
test
seat.
whether
hard
the
spindlehas
against the guide.
cloth.
emery
thoroughly
MufHer;
class
drill press
show
by rubbing
emery
seats
like
the
will pass
notice
out
are
better
avoid
to
The
the
spindle w^ith
emery
clean 'the
and
smooth
worn
In
pressure,
complete until it
gasoline or at least will
around
carefully
valve
when
reversed.
much
not
the
wear
grinding,
perfect. Hand
method, though some
use
hand
grinding, motion
as
made
when
Avill
then
is removable
is
Wlien
frequentlybe
speed
but
its seat
lathe.
or
Some
cage.
grinding job
press
should
are
and
though slower,
91.
much
is not
valve
which
wipe dr}';
which
after
spring
the
the
cage,
these
the
and
gasoline
cylinderhead
If there
of
without
discontinue
face
smooth
grit from
been
frequently
water.
with
with
hands.
the
lift valve
frequently and
seat
valve
surface
drill
revolve
between
but
When
Farm
the
; then
seat
pressure,
dirt
is
on
by twirling stem
or
use
friction
valve
glass on
emery
Engine
grinding,two teaspoonfuls
a
pound of vaseline make
with
after
and
the
measurement
and
grinding.
Abuse.
perfectthat they
"
do
Few
not
human
include
The
some
Gasoline
Jonah, yet
soon
cracks
of
running
made
revolutions
air, became
pipes
Mufflers
of
should
lost
and
be
not
length
down
of
with
power
least
the
diameter
are
destroyers.
hampered by long
straightestcourse
power
or
The
Conventional
of
Views
so
that
Mufflers.
be
should
obstruction
compressed
of the
it would
obstructed
mufflers
it resembles
air the
not
muffler
plateshave
of
that
is
been
run
must
is desired.
greatest power
from
some
P.
the
using a muffler or an
exhaust
an
or
high,
pipe high in air. Some
shut the
to
pipes have actually been known
Dirty and
if the
H.
cent,
least
and
turns.
exhausts, whether
engine
them
33
per
and
"
rule
all
to
destroy
P. engine
a 36 H.
minute, exhausting
30
small
too
many
Sectional
25."
nearly
with
narrow
of
size
relative evil,
little over
possible and
exhaust
of cannon-like
only
per
silencers
pipes with
with
gine's
en-
muffler.
greatest
effective
Fig.
be
may
pipes, and
exhaust
gasoline
sufficient
and
design
correct
1,500
open
Vv^ith both
They
97
neighborhood
fusillade
at
the
most
entire
it the
constant
pressure
power.
exhaust
is the
it is
although
into
Farm
the
public nuisance.
back
some
on
muffler
without
the
vote
muffler
avoid
The
evil.
necessary
would
Engine
When
a
at
all.
be
not
the
continuous
tolerated
sound
stream
or
suing
isof
else
muf-
98
fler
The
Gasoline
note
result
and
clean
and
engine
in
are
gases
human
or
beings
exhaust
valves
plug
spark
lacks
exhaust
speed
the
plugs
the
engine
steel
of
Black
too
much
and
dirt
Blue
and
smoke
in
"
adjustment;
that
is,
steam.
out
stock
live
the
to
ous
poisonthe
carry
small
pipe
issuing
and
with
goes
too
mxans
be
also
or,
it
throttle
resist
do
uses
carbon
the
the
all
steel
from
head
the
the
engine
loses
is
consumption
valves
to
late
too
early
not
exhaust
cleaner.
open
too
and
cylinder
much
practice
gasoline,
which
and
inlet
the
steel, but
welded
smoke
does
common
it should
AVhite
remain
exhaust
smoke
closed
burned
through
the
gasoline
automobile
electrically
The
well
is
not
of
close
they
heats
those
Latest
if
If
"
valves
foul, the
Nickel
than
but
sides
will
points
the
When
other
any
turns.
opposite
on
it
air,
Vagaries.
are
or
gasoline
outright by
reason
the
many
Valve
93.
in
up
with
one
this
allow
poison
killed
better,
returning.
life.
active
be
may
For
well
animal
is
much
runs
Never
stable
cases
many
fumes.
or
there
where
it
before
"
inside
Farm
the
If
muffler
Caution.
exhaust
to
building
the
of
Word
on
engine.
on
overhaul
92.
Engine
power,
high,
too
down.
heat
better
much
not
wear
nickel
so
well.
head
steel
stem.
indicates
exhaust
extravagance
in
fuel
it.
much
oil.
Though
less
jurious,
in-
corrected.
means
it may
too
mean
much
water
oil
"
in
and
the
laziness
gasoline
100
The
Gasoline
alone.
All
require
mixture, and
quantity
Fig. 26.
"
effective
be
used
two.
Exterior
View
It
is the
best
to
all until
27.
mix
the
chamber.
alone
Model
it is converted
the
View
of
amount
pipe
to
and
much
be
largest
quite as
Kingston Carburetor.
and
gasoline cannot
of air
the
air-like
an
to
Kingston
from
the
would
into
deliver
combustible
the
of
carburetor
the
Farm
the
supplied in
of One
; then
intake
part
gasoline alone,
of
it with
on
Air
Sectional
"
combustion
to
as
mission
Fig.
and
fuel
as
be
the
at
air
it must
of
Engine
convert
so
gas.
it
Carburetor.
thence
to
the
bustion
com-
The
Engine
Gasoline
Farm
the
on
lor
"
and
no
Mechanical
other.
mixtures, however,
ical
proportion as are chemall petroleum vapors
in
are
combinations, and
mechanical
measure
some
blendings. Water
vapor,
less
carbonic
acid
or
nitrogen and other more
gas,
incombustible
are
always present, but by no
vapors
of the
means
proportion. Some
always in the same
from
the
burned
main
previous explosion, too, regases
in the C3dinder,and
delivered
the mixture
to the
dififerent chemically from
spark is sometimes
very
that
by the carburetor, while the exact
passed over
are
never
constant
so
conditions
which
under
in any
in their
it is
fired
may
not
be
the
consecutive
charges.
Fuel
and
Its
98. How
Requirements Vary. If
in the proportion of air
there was
not
some
range
and
that
be ignited the gasoline
can
gasoline vapor
engine would
hardly be possible. Air mixed with 1.25
of gasoline will barely igniteat atmospheric
per cent,
increases
the vigor of the combustion
; then
pressure
duced,
steadilyuntil about 2.5 per cent, of gasoline is introit diminishes
when
again until at about
5.5
non-inflammable.
Greater
per cent, it again becomes
heat permits the use
of a somewhat
weaker
mixture,
and it sometimes
happens that the fuel which is right
for starting the
cold becomes
too
engine up when
rich after the metal
heated.
has become
pression
High comsame
two
"
also makes
so
that
compression
amount
part
is made
of fuel.
The
the
of
up
use
the
of
energy
in the
mixture
weaker
lost
increased
which
mixture
in
sible,
pos-
the
extra
economy
is correct
at
in
nor-
Gasoline
The
102
How
AMien
"
leaves
Fig.
How
"
responding
a
behind
Device
back
the
to
of
supply
Shows
air.
Not
into
the
only does
cylinder and
the
across
surface
carburetor, it
carries
air
it
turns
along
evaporate
of
as
a
we
saticer
pool
portion
of
air
seen
of
in
to
poses.
purrush
passing
vapor
in
the
and
of heated
current
gasoline
admits
gasoline in
into
of
the
two
begin
but
this
View
from
serves
vacuum,
shallow
it
valve,
opening
an
of
current
of
intake
current
action
This
have
the
where
fill the
a
Gasoline.
Vaporizes. Sectional
Important Parts.
carburetor,
outside
the
low
inhaling stroke
it,and
suction, admits
the
to
its
upon
for
weak
too
Vaporizes
Carburetor
the
Breeze
pipe
starts
partialvacuum
28.
piston
Farm
the
hand,
Carburetor
the
the
on
other
the
speed is, on
speed.
mal
99.
Engine
the
sunlight
The
when
the
Gasoline
wind
Engine
Farm
the
on
103
"
nozzle
the
into
in the
form
of mist
be
gasoline to
the
midst
admission
of the
connection
off
or
admits
known
area
for
of
combustion
of
gasoline as
more
a
made
the
possesses
cork
most
or
certain
Automatic
are
speed
the
with
falls belovv^
loi.
flow
the
of
area
be so
gasoline may
resultingmixture will approximate
valve
float
by
or
present
so
light metal
and
hollow
air-tight,regulates the
can,
liquidinto the float or receiving chamber
cylinder or
flow
and
current
With
upon.
air the
the
relativelylarge surface
acted
of
of
to
cuts
rises above
supply
level.
Carburetors.
intended
the
in turn
"
Automatic
partiallyclose
retors
carbu-
low
at
engine
and
the
as
gradually open
speed increases.
the load thrown
on
They are speciallyessential when
the engine is likelyto vary
considerably,as it does in
much
farm
work
such
as
hay pressing. Formerly
it was
the one
was
thought that the best carburetor
which
did its work
with
the least possible variation,
but it is known
that where
the load varies the supply
"
of fuel
should
fit the
work
it is intended
to
do.
importance of
keeping dirt out of the pipes and valves by keeping
the gasoline free from
dirt particles. That
the air
be
to
supply needs
equally well guarded does not
If the engine gets its air supply from
appeal to some.
a
dusty barn or workshop and there is no trouble
102.
Bad
Air.
"
It is easy
to
see
the
104
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
Gasoline
The
that
heard
from
breathes
later
or
sooner
be
should
is from
dirt ;
of
saving
The
seats.
free from
as
and, in cold
if the
energy
Farm
the
105
be
pipe, we
may
gradual accumulation
the
valve
in the
on
intake
the
place along
some
Engine
be
gasoline
will
there
warmed
be
engine
an
the
as
weather,
air
will
air that
dust
sure
be
somewhat
before
Carburetor
103.
Nearly
"
all
Temperature
that
Troubles
faults ;
troubles
and
troubles
carburetor
avoidable
two
the
incorrect
may
Cure
to
come
from
mixtures,
arise,but
is little mystery
there
How
are
about
so
Them.
one
and
well
them.
of
dirt.
stood
underways,
Al-
outside.
ing,
barking or after firand
be confused, though it often
should
not
is,
be due
back
too
to either
firing. Barking may
It always indicates
firing
misfuel.
weak
too
or
a
The
or
remedy is obincomplete combustion.
104.
with
rich
Barking.
"
This
is called
io6
vioiis
find
rich
caused
by
of
with
the
muffler.
and
mixture
is not
until
Sometimes
of
misfiringby the admission
correctly proportioned mixture
is
roll
to
seen
gradually
appears,
misfiring dis-
the
visible.
is not
leaky
mixture
If the
becomes
misfire
also
is
present,
smoke
first the
occurs
trouble.
black
the
It
will be
smoke
If this
it.
causing
gasoline supply
else
or
latter
less black
or
the
often
ignitionvagaries.
various
the
increase
mixture
rich, more
the
Farm
the
"
too
out
is wrong
what
out
on
105.
too
Engine
it.
correct
or
Gasoline
The
due
retor
carbu-
to
intake
pipe
which
dilutes
air
delivered
by
If
causes
the
the
buretor.
car-
the
"
the
combustion
charge
toward
faults, the
remedy
Flooding.
107.
"
shut
to
ceases
on
the
is to
Like
sure
for
the
float
gasoline at
the
right
The
to
with
overcome
or
without
even
the
abrasive
difficulty.If
Occasionally
breaks
down
and
until
inclined
to
the
permits
sink
too
the
low
failure
float
may
is
in
will
wash
the
of
its
If
seat
probably
out
a
fit.
the
under
lodged
float to
in
valve, either
valve
coating
be
may
imperfect
paste
dirt
float,depressing it repeatedly
mixture
reason
result.
to
the
charge ;
incoming
defect.
any
of
supply
next
all other
the
correct
When
the
along
carburetor.
off the
time, flooding is
due
back
flashes
the
admit
to
opens
cork
the
struction
ob-
valve
become
soaked
liquid.
In
the
io8
The
the
Gasoline
result.
for
with
will
area
to
be
carburetor
no.
best
rules
types
speed
and
valve
allowed
passing through
at
course,
There
that
by degrees
to
apply
air valves
lowest
at
until
to
gine
en-
mum
maxi-
The
and
speed
justable
is ad-
stop, which
of
maximum
the
size
the
flutteringand
prevent
would
highest speed.
depends upon
is usually
many
to
close
to
so
it is difficult
The
one.
any
the
With
"
market
intended
are
is reached
to
to
cases
open
engine.
the
adjustment
to
lift, of
the
the
than
being
in
fuel
carburetor
the
excess
Carburetor.
on
for
in all
even
automatic
of
the
of
pipe.
Adjusting the
opening
and
area,
formula
the
given
and
down
all,or
is
size, a little
dift'erent carburetors
lay
Farm
the
slighth^larger
friction
overcome
valve
diameter
the
on
chapter
effective
outlet
an
another
In
findingthe
Engine
control
the
maxi-
This
should be carefully
opening of the valve.
sort
adjusted. Usually a needle valve of some
lates
reguThis
the liquid entering the spraying nozzle.
should
be adjusted until the engine runs
best
at its
lowest
speed with throttle as nearly shut as possible.
should
throttle
The
then
be gradually opened and the
diminished
tension
of auxiliaryair valve increased
or
is
running condition
slowly until the best average
found; then at high speed a slight readjustment of
mumi
the
needle
valve
speed
for
economy
start.
The
only to
to
keep
movements
be
desired,
some
a
If maximum
improvement.
little wider
of
opening
both
valve
needle
than
is
may
and
auxiliary air
hold
valve
it there
should
seat
on
under
lowest
be
valve
with
be
enough
throttle.
controlled
change
should
screw
by
in the
pressure
valve
The
size
size
used
or
of
the
number
The
Gasoline
coils, and
Engine
on
Farm
the
109
not
"
the
from
and
shut
valve
does
high
in the
to
shut
not
it off
shut
Carburetor
both
needs
be
the
and
chamber
valve
If it does
liquid is
the
float valve
the
should
be
too
justed
ad-
sooner.
is
adjustment
and
care
the
is, press
dripping continues.
properly; if not,
if the
see
and, if there
nozzle
spray
little skill.
some
the
delicate
which
thing
It should
not
unless
novice
sary.
absolutely necesWhen
it must
be done, attempt but one
ment
adjustthe points are
at a time
and, when
finallyfound
in all the adjustments where
the engine runs
the best,
in some
mark
the places so as to save
complete
way
should
arranged.
be disever
re-adjustment if the carburetor
be the means
A
small, simple mark
may
difficult task.
of avoiding a very
attempted by
system
the
by
of
case
there
the
trapped. The
pitch toward
flow
that
slow
rather
all the
more
leaking.
point
the
of
be
engine
the
the
in
tank
line
gasocaused
are
while
ning.
run-
overflow
have
in
except
gasoline
should
pipe
in the
and
the
wherein
overflow
pipe
will
be
distinct
tank.
the
gasoline through
has
carried
chance
to
along.
the
settle to
This
renders
pipes
the
is
so
bottom
straining
necessary.
Occasionally
other
is
tank
all dust
than
the
of
develop near
injury or accident.
direct
than
The
carburetor
seldom
Sometimes
lower
leaks
Most
"
vibration
continuous
the
near
occur
They
no
Hints.
Miscellaneous
112.
set
purpose
drip
than
pan
to
under
see
for
carburetor, if for
certain
it is not
The
no
Gasoline
have
Always
and
carburetor
the
which
the
then
it
valve,
prime
of
discard
not,
at
the
low,
release
weak,
increase
spring
too
enlarge
upon
is
engine
intake
is
and
less
lifestituted
sub-
will
readily.
start
by
too
close
needle
in
the
gasoline
of
supply
poor
in
line
gasobe
may
the
fire.
for
pipe
a
is
spray
the
new
inlet
air
from
thrown
the
this
remedy
may
one.
mixture
at
normal
valve
auxiliary
opening
too
carburetor
gasoline
new
the
reduces
continuous
for
and
dirt
or
tension
stiff
the
stale
engine
mixture
for
correct
the
water
back
larger
off
so
fuel
the
by
in
caused
which
cause
inlet.
If
the
become
drawn
before
as
Occasionally
if
when
long
may
sometimes
is
anything
that
idle
be
priming
well
as
stood
is
must
firing
Back
has
engine
by
fact,
somewhere
depend
not
flow
the
line
idle.
Gasoline
the
Do
off
shut
Farm
the
on
carburetor.
to
standing
while
on
stopcock
good
tank
between
Engine
on
ordinary
speed
spring
spring.
speeds,
slightly.
If
reduce
is
rich
too
little
this
if
too
makes
needle
or
CHAPTER
THE
IGNITION
Difficulties
113.
of fuel
charge
VII.
of
SYSTEM.
the
Problem.
is
mixture
extinguish from
and
flames
separate
for
used
simple
fire
minute
to
into
single
To
matter.
hundred
one
per
To
"
duce
intro-
fifteen hundred
the
ceptacle
re-
same
receiving and
charge
which
power
size
of
missed
to
to
and
of
power
115.
first met
Failure.
The
by
to
form
entails
more
and
accumulate
rich
too
Open
the
occasional
waste
in
a
the
active
ing
miss-
fuel
as
and
the
portion of the
cylinder to prea
mixture
in the
of
serious
more
; it leaves
increases
ignitelater
making an
the
The
"
only
becomes
charge
pressure
of
not
engine
our
ignite or
charge, or
the
Effect
The
114.
with
the
next
working
force
against
engine.
Flame
of
Method.
"
continuous
The
problem
was
igniting agent
shut
from
which
the cylinder excepting at
was
away
certain
idea
points in the cycle of the engine. The
has been fairlysuccessful, though more
less trouble
or
from
the
fact
that
arises
no
separating device has
been
obtained
that is absolutely instantaneous
in its
the
with
the
action, and
operating delay increases
use
III
The
112
with
aid
the
of this
made
were
on
that
Farm
the
of actual
system
to
is referred
This
Engine
dirt accumulation
and
soot
Gasoline
use.
the
first
Still it
was
gines
gasoline en-
run.
merely
to
as
matter
of
history;
importance, as the
longer of mechanical
abandoned.
It was
method
has long ago been
found
that the exploding impulse of the engine, as well
as
outside
likely at any time
disturbing elements, was
the
to
required
extinguish the flame ; hence
system
it
is
constant
ii6.
no
attention
Hot
Tube
and
even
Ignition.
FiG. 30."
cessful
was
"
Bent
Hot
This
Tube
then
has
hot
tube
engines
been
fairlysuc-
Igniter.
spark, enough
unreliable.
are
for
the
still in
electric
vise
to
Gasoline
The
attention.
merit
heated
heat
by
As
of
means
conducted
by
chamber.
In
the
from
heat
and
from
down
first
a
this
on
iron
the
of
the
however,
tube
flame
tube
flame
the
was
The
tubes
was
and
the
to
itself
explosion.
caused
113
iron
an
burner
of the
way
Farm
the
produced,
Bunsen
means
blast
pressure,
Engine
the
ing
ignittected
pro-
intense
to
break
"
use
this
very
feature, which
limits
the
compression
have
compression.
been
of
at
pre-ignijust the
the
entire
time
allow
While
in
general use.
118.
Firing by Electricity. Nearly all gasoline engines
of the farm
fired by electricity,
the
type are
only known
igniting agent that is quick enough and
dependable enough to fire every charge of an engine
at high speed.
Perhaps the greatest objection to it
is the specialelectrical knowledge which
the operator
not
"
Gasoline
The
114
which
needs, and
always
not
may
arise
and
on
Farm
the
trained
For
possess.
combined
the
the
even
electrical troubles
engine
Engine
general
this
reason,
very
in all other
than
they
more
parts of the
harder
are
mechanic
locate
to
cause
be-
itself is invisible.
current
Gasoline
Electrical
Engine
Knowledge.
Without
tricity,
attempting to go into the details of electhe
electrical appliances in common
in
use
engine ignitionwill be named, brieflydescribed, and
their exact
to
uses
designated, always with a view
in
accurate
being practicallyrather than scientifically
1
19.
"
terms.
The
120.
Electrical
Four
Processes
Their
and
tery
Producing the current.
Agencies, batof cells, wet
or
process), or
dry (the chemical
the magneto
or
dynamo (mechanical process).
of the spark coil
2nd.
Intensifying,either by means
Agents.
"
in the
or
or
ist.
magneto
itself
low
includes
wires
ing
tension, the switch, binddistributor.
breakers, which
current
change the
intenselyhot spark.
visible
in-
point of
miliar
The
general meaning of all of these should be fato all engine men.
ods
methTwo
121.
Producing the Electric Current.
for the production of the electric curin use
rent
are
a
battery (usually composed of dry cells)
; from
latter is practically
of a magneto.
The
and
by means
small
at high speed by being
a
dynamo, which is run
belted
or
geared to the engine, either with tooth or
current
into
made.
This
current.
terminals, and
posts, and
4th. The
sometimes
as
"
friction
The
122.
two
gear.
or
more
engine),
connected
bv
wires
so
that
consists
in
all the
of
line
gasocells
ii6
the
of
end
top
Engine
Gasoline
The
carbon
the
on
form
Farm
the
the
the
poles of
two
cell.
"
Fasten
the
other
to
32.
Showing
"
zinc
the
same
w^ire in this
of the
cup
Cell
Dry
Battery
cell.
next
wire
same
for
Connect
(though
or
the
way,
this
No.
10
through
125.
uncertain
Life
with
of
the
to
of
Cells.:
best
to
open
"
of
The
care.
of
number
correct
battery.
be
must
pipes, would
The
14
insulated
w^ater,
as
to
No.
least
at
cells
This
carbon.
is not
a
Series.
all the
whole
short-circuit, just
was
Dry
be
better) and
network
that
course
is
12
or
w^ill
current
shortest
should
connection
in
Wired
in the
manner
COIL^
SPARK
Fig.
of the
end
take
culating
cirthe
it.
life of
One
dry
cell may
cell is
become
The
Gasoline
in
exhausted
make
last
them,
such
for
few
as
Engine
weeks
and
another
Abuse
months.
many
Farm
the
on
of
117
the
same
exhausts
soon
a
connecting them
spark coil
up with
down
display of electric sparks. One runinteresting
cell in the battery weakens
the rest and should be
an
as
Under
removed.
cell is
fresh
though
fair treatment
the
between
three
and
time
and
probably
that
fail before
many
life of
average
six
months,
have
some
much
longer.
126.
Advantages of Dry Cells. Their first cost is
from
They are simple
25 cents
per cell up.
very light,
and
and, if let alone, do not get out
easilyconnected
be obtained
of any
trical
elecof order
easily. They may
supply store and may be installed by any one.
lution
They are ready to produce a spark with the first revoof the flywheel ; are
clean, reliable when
fresh,
and not easilybroken.
Their
Defects.
of life and
They are uncertain
127.
reliable after a month
though
not
old, algenerally counted
the writer has secured
good results from cells
that had been in the engine (though not in steady use)
gone
"
"
for
over
with
even
the
Care
128.
box
Often
engine standing
because
expensive
are
in
year.
of
Dry
of
the
Cells.
"
idle.
In
the
end
they
renewals.
constant
Dry
worthless
cells should
be
kept
wired
by themselves,
as
up
two
runs,
both
Good
129.
separate
will
and
other
batteries
and
used
on
last much
longer.
A plan
Battery Arrangement.
sets
nate
alter-
"
in
use
ii8
The
of the
some
en
service
iron
in their
set
are
of
inches
Farm
the
of the
paper
cases,
paraffinepoured
around
then
connected,
used
alternatelyan
laid in the
in
six
will
box
United
hour
at
absorb
service
ocean
the
for
all moisture.
the
space
Fig.
33.
"
Simple Jump
electric energy.
the
terminal
spark
which
The
the
or
Connection
carbon
induction
carries
the
to
On
cells
this the
two
three
or
They
are
batteries
two
lump
of
in this
of
kind
lime
tinuous
con-
of six months.
130.
GROUND
twelve
Used
hardest
sea
galvanized
them.
time.
States
of
and
series, and
frequently stand
cells
way,
boats
motor
on
hot
cells
Engine
is worth
is
and
Gasoline
for
Spark.
"
volts
nine
A
of
WJRE
Spark Wiring
is made
System.
with
wire
from
the
coil
direct
current
from
the
the
with
batteries.
timer
and
the
iron
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
119
"
Fig. 34.
gives
a
Jump
"
much
delicate
those
Spark
Coil
Vibrator
hotter
This
spark.
affair, which
for
should
One
Cylinder Ignition.
spark
only
be
coil is rather
disturbed
by
who
it. Though
it contains
fully understand
little that is likelyto get out
of order, a break
in any
coils of wire
part of the insulation
along its many
would
short
circuit and
make
a
cause
essary.
rewinding necAbout
all the
care
novice
is called
upon
to
and
give it is to see that water
abrading substances
are
ing
kept away from it and that the connections, sparkpoints,etc., are kept clean and bright. The system
of connecting here given is speciallyintended
for
the jump spark or
of tiring.
high tension method
The
120
Engine
end
other
cut
with
and
off from
electrical
the
of the
rest
is attached
top with
the
with
How
133.
electric
the
current
to
will try to
broken
forms
break
leap
such
near
an
and
over
with
the
a
when
of
w^e
the
is in direct
other
"
Spark Plug.
wire, it is silent
obstruct
its passage
path that
opposition,just as a
in
dam
layer
current
at
engine frame.
So long as
an
interruptionalong
Formed.
that
of
its
stops its
air
If the
obstruction.
the
tion,
insula-
like copper
the
down
plug by the
binding post
; the
View
medium
only
with
Avithout
non-conductor
circuit
Is
Sectional
"
connection
cylinderand
pass
It is
invisible.
cable
Spark
good conducting
by throwing
the
can
Fig. zS-
and
of the
by means
high tension
communication
ablv
Farm
the
"
wires,
of these
on
the
to
tion
illustraSpark Plug. Reference
will show
two
platinum wire points at the inner
of the spark plug which, together with
the insulating
One
substance, comprise the essential
parts.
The
132.
the
Gasoline
is
creek
course.
the
ends
between
ends
it attempts
are
reason-
The
jump
to
Gasoline
the
across
the metal
This
is the
How
134.
air to
we
the
is not
cause
long
the
that
tube
the
as
current
floating,heated
only difl'erence
is heated
much
more
intense
timer
closes
between
gap
is strong
other;
and
the
circuit
wire
it is
enough
of
and
as
all floating
proof
jumping
the
No
of
gap.
of electricity
amount
of sufficient
the
is.
break
and
an
The
ignitionis
and the floating
in the one
case
but the heat from
the spark is
the
easier to regulate. When
this
and
and
hot
allows
the
tube
current
suddenly interrupted by
platinum points and, if the
the
1-16
to
1-32
"
wire
between
the
the
Charge.
particles where
particlesin
through
particlesof
pacity
carrying caan
explosion in a keg of gunpowder
it was
not
interrupted; in fact, it
itself that does the ignitingbut the
passing along
so
of in
use
121
see.
It Fires
would
heat
white
made
spark
Farm
the
carrying minute
and heating these
it
the
it has
energy
on
gap,
with
along
particlesin
the
Engine
there
is
space
the
between
inch
of
to
pass
this air
current
only
about
points, it leaps
"
There
the
the
for
is little about
points
become
it to
worn,
out
get
of order
and, when
136.
make
of two
which
These
The
and
Make
break
metal
or
and
Break.
low
tension
"
Some
system.
engines
This
use
the
consists
of
of
The
122
Engine
Gasoline
by
the
the
when
system
the
between
the
and
accumulation
The
points are
broken
a
spark
frequently been
jump spark system.
liable
the
heat, and
and
make
has
intense
moment
spark, and
hottest
the
at
contact
is
contact
points.
two
engine
an
fired,the
the
rather
furnishes
of
be
when
and
interruptedas
is to
charge
pulled apart
leaps
in the
air gap
is not
them
electricity
passing through
Farm
the
on
break
the
ficiency
ef-
increased
The
by
points
get
out
to
of
of carbon
presence
less accessible
are
screws
cleaning or repairingthan the plug, which
these
into the cylinder at the top. For
reasons
cipally,
printhe call
the jump spark method
to have
seems
while
the non-professionalengine owners,
very
among
for
of the
many
because
of the
Fig.
the
experts favor
hotter
mixtures,
"
spark
and
by firingthe
moment
Bosch
Magneto,
in the
the
presence
increased
charge
and
make
dependable
more
36.
the
more
and
service
the
from
obtained
of variable
given
promptly
system
View.
Exterior
power
condensing
break
at
time
or
the
the
of
faulty
engine
most
ficient
ef-
impulse.
124
The
wound
with
magneto
may
with
Gasoline
may
wire.
Because
be
at
run
of
handful
which
magnet
of
38."
becomes
of
Bosch
Breaker
objects.
If
to
have
strength
the
iron
of
strength
were
and
stant.
con-
contact
separate
metallic
be
become
loosely around
wound
all these
of the
substituted
Contact
Showing
Magneto,
Distributor.
without
said
wire
small
up
speed
be
in
brought
pick
to
the
view
View
Rear
difference, the
this
Rear
Fig.
Farm
the
speed or
dynamo must
magnet,
used
be
may
of
nails, each
wire
horseshoe
common
on
desired
any
that
varied, while
be
Engine
coil of the
may
magnets
will
make
magnetic
field.
magnet
magnet
and
be
total
the
separate
for the
wire
net
mag-
and
separate
so-called
the
up
soft
current
of
If
electricity
passed through, the magnetic action of the
be much
intense, but
more
surrounding coil would
while
the
current
would
was
passing,
only remain
while
the magnetism set up by the steel, though less
The
Gasoline
intense, remains
set
in the
up
instead
because,
with
some
been
influenced
This
coil
second
induced
By increasing the
coil and
revolving
it has
which
on
magnetic
electric
or
induced
an
current
by direct contact
magnetic fluid,it has
or
into
number
it
125
created
being
of electrical
or
Farm
the
coil is called
of
source
electrical
on
its influence.
exerted
action
Engine
existence.
of
rapidly
fields,this induced
wire
of
turns
between
current
in the
magnetic
or
be
greatly
magnetic
may
coil
is carried
consistingof
of many
length.
of
turns
of fine
turns
with
few
is wound
in
all of which
wire,
The
influence
electrical
has
to
be
its
electricity
of
nonconductor
some
the second
wire, and
coarse
first
parts, the
two
or
current
set
sulated
intire
en-
up
coarse
or
circuit-breaker,so
only by
short
jerks.
set
current
secondary
it is by
as
intense
or
the
that
the
These
up
large coil
hundreds
an
to
interruptionsto
induced
current
of fine wire
of turns
the
in
flow
mary
-prithe
which, intensified
of
wire, becomes
so
the high
presently passes over
cable
the
finds
tension
there
to
a
spark plug and
break
between
the firingpoints, it promptly leaps the
intenselyhot spark.
gap, forming an
this spark is only produced by the breaking of
As
the primary circuit it is necessary
for the magneto
to
be
set
that, when
is allowed
current
in definite
so
that
the
it
relation
break
to
will
the
occur
crank
at
shaft
the
of the
instant
gine,
en-
the
Engine
Gasoline
The
126
with
connection
high
on
tension
Farm
the
magneto.
is induced
when
the
secondary current
is interrupted would
of explanation.
require pages
is a lazy fellow
however,
so
Electricity,
long as things
with
that he
he is interfered
run
smoothly. It is when
his
puts forth
of
useful
exerts
or
alternating
suitable
for the jump
current, high tension
magneto,
spark system of firing with spark plug. They^ are
the
driven
by suitable worm,
spur or bevel gears from
shaft of the engine and, once
crank
installed,need no
attention
for years
oilingof the
beyond an occasional
of them, like the one
described, have
bearings. Some
is staIn others
the armature
tionary,
a
revolving armature.
The
energy.
while
Low
139.
the
is for
magneto
in which
the
the
revolve.
magnets
Tension
an
Magnetos.
make
and
does
current
The
"
break
low^
of
system
have
not
to
tension
be
tion,
igni-
intense
the
out
enough to jump a gap, but simply follows
is broken,
moving point for an instant as the contact
for the
It is also used
forming a short electric arc.
is installed
high tension or jump spark system in which
a
separate intensifier or spark coil. It works
like the high tension
excepting that there is
magneto
sists
no
secondary winding, while the one coil of wire conof moderate-sized
Care
140.
the
attention
for
of
be
let alone.
where
it
was
the
coil
the
winding.
are
In
"
x\ll the
the
expert
understands
easilyaccessible;
little oil should
the
A\^ater
oil
insulation
may
cause
terms
amateur
be
the
less
the
ter,
bet-
how
to
ordinarilyneed
parts which
intended, but
softens
general
gets from
electrical
them.
readjustment
Magneto.
magneto
onl}^an
reassemble
wire.
the
used
rest
on
should
the
all
parts
dropped carelesslyon
and
easily ruin
may
short
circuits
also.
Gasoline
The
While
most
is
term
magnetos
Rust
weather.
the
for
not
Fig. 39.
should
be
Showing
"
last
renewed
is not
sending
the
certain that
to
five years
dollar
the
may
to
or
of
and
In
of
less.
the
If
Even
Base.
Engine
on
then
it
can
If the
may
broken
spark becomes
need
remagnetiz-
down
at
the
amateivr,
back
to
the
works
the
to
ought to
magnetic field
for
is where
exposure
magneto
repair job
magneto
emergency
connections.
Place
fifteen.
magnets
be
for
the
attacks
winding
eight
uniformly Aveak
ing or a winding
This
also
127
water-proof, the
as
months
or
Ignition Magneto
from
for
weeks
Farm
the
intended
and
the
on
regarded
are
relative
only
safety only,
Engine
trouble
some
but
for
is located.
point.
before
repairsbe
]\Ianu-
128
The
facturers
say
the
that
right and
engine.
that
Where
141.
of
the
sparking
least
back
the
the
all under
40.
"
Simple High
TO
is
engine
the
spark
Tension
turned
is not
Wiring
Magneto.
the
magneto,
without
the
spark.
system.
start
the
used
engine
the
until
while
Some
battery
; then
balance
Best.
are
part of
other
Not
"
all
first
tion
revolu-
reluctant
about
available
while
System, Using
hand.
by
produced
runs
so
speed
netos
mag-
rewinding
the
even
the
CTiClNZ FRAME
and
the
low
the
for
Is
with
are
of
cent,
some
System
some
Farm
the
is in
spark
CPCyNO
Fig.
to
trouble
fly-wheel;
at
on
fiftyper
the shop
Double
produce
magnetos
Engine
at
coils sent
and
all
Gasoline
In
dry
time.
though
on
use
cells
it is switched
satisfactorycombination,
better
now
grade magnetos
words,
and
engine starts
engine will not
operators
of the
other
the
the
of
Batteries
the
double
with
tion
igni-
is installed
of" and
This
start
the
makes
market
neto
magvery
of
some
the
to
the
spark
The
Gasoline
is
produced
not
needed.
so
What
142.
Engine
on
that
the
promptly
Primary
the
Farm
the
129
auxiliarybattery
Circuit
Includes.
is
The
"
contact
Its
timer.
coil
the
breaker
object is
induced
current
magnetize
current
breaker
contact
to
or
by
and
buzzer
or
the
been
has
vibrator
the
the
and
commutator
of the
core
set
set
or
to
up,
up
interruption of
spark
operate
secondary
the
primary
a
circuit.
Secondary Circuit.
secondary coil of the induction
The
143.
or
Fig. 41.
Using
plug,
"
Low
Tension
Magneto With
and
"
This
includes
coil, and
the
the
fine
spark
and Break
Make
Spark Wiring System,
Batteries as Auxiliary Source of Current.
or
cable.
Its mission
tensify
is to inhigh tension
the primary current
vey
by induction, and to conit to the engine cylinder,where
the spark gap that
fires the charge is located.
The
130
The
144.
should
be
wire
Gasoline
Wiring
short
on
System.
The
best
high
of
twisted
twenty,
Fig.
tinned
42.
tension
and
and
Low
carbon
pole
The
fine
terminal
wound.
are
from
by
It
second
wire
of the
the
the
of
"
with
It
is
the
nuts
that
on
the
for
the
to
that
see
connected
with
binding posts
connections
the
as
many
successive
wire
nects
con-
same
terial
ma-
battery to a
the engine.
third
wire
nects
con-
timer.
important
thoroughly
Conductors.
tension
negative pole of
ground connection
usually the frame
the negative pole of the coil a
From
runs
as
of
wires, around
copper
consists
Current
low
larger
of the
coil.
the
on
and
in
used
coil is much
covered
Tension
layers of insulatingtape.
the
cable
wires, often
copper
together
High
"
wiring system
heavily insulated
of
Farm
the
The
"
and
possible
as
cable.
or
Engine
terminals
are
all of
clean
may
contacts,
screwed
free from
be
these
down
rust.
made
of
wires
and
are
the
tightly,and
A good varnish
sealing wax
in
gasoline, with
The
132
Gasoline
break
system
of
trip
spark,
the
and
of
Avould
be
weaker
from
great
danger
the
piston,
and
Do
not
engine
is
good
is
of
run
it
Advance
of
ascending
all
any
place
behind
escaping
to
the
gases.
them
has
in
the
length,
springs
tion
condi-
new
is
engine
retarding
speed
almost
be
to
is
it
is
far
too
Aside
impulse
this
strain
is
cranking,
certainty.
arm,
a
spark
the
hand
of
a
broken
one,
result.
conditions,
is
to
governor
the
lag
advanced.
be
piston
bearings,
upon
connections.
its
of
length
gradually
developed,
If
crank
this
vary
may
meet
to
slow
kick
back
or
of
one
the
ber
num-
adjusted
the
change
normal
the
for
alike
cylinder
without
for
pound
against
lag
spark
engine
by
once
one
should
spark
advanced
a
To
the
Set
worse.
much
in
measured
If
foolishness.
the
start
the
of
greater
were
tween
be-
lag
the
runs
step.
spring
Follies."
the
faster
To
into
and
formation
the
covers,
explosion
wasteful
is
the
stififer
changing
without
fall
and
make
the
perceptible
all, and,
for
would
has
cylinders
the
same
Spark
147.
lag
all
In
engine
the
this
weaker
and
sparker
faster
the
or
still
the
If
others
run
igniter
degrees
revolution.
and
the
Farm
the
on
Mechanism."
Irregular
146.
the
Engine
time
until
but
learn
exhaust,
not
full
the
enough
useful
retarded
on
lessons
studying
of
power
to
the
pound.
on
the
spark.
spark
character
ing
timof
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
VIII.
ENGINE
ON
REGULATION.
distinct
two
Controlling an
Engine. The
ment
phases of engine regulationthat require separate treatsuch
control.
Of
as
are
speed and temperature
148.
these
"
The
149.
A
good
hunting
in the
former
the
two
True
first considered.
be
Mission
of the
the
around
world
the
When
when
governor
matter
Speed
have
engine operators
many
mission.
will
except
Controller.
nothing
was
mistaken
trouble-
gone
there
"
idea
of its
an
rise above
to
normal,
it has
people
many
the
keep
normal.
of overload
account
on
the
think
to
the
to
up
poor
fuel
whatever
nothing
seem
speed
or
With
the
standard
to
the
it
low
drops bedo, although
should
governor
as
speed,
well
as
down
it.
to
Governors
is
are
preventing
standard
we
and
their
fixed in the
the
the
we
as
This
a
wrong
133
Their
sole
sion
mis-
from
risingabove a certain
change their adjustment,
standard
mission.
mind,
creators.
speed
and, when
merely change
not
speed
not
which
they operate,
idea should
be firmly
conception of it has
at
The
134
been
the
Gasoline
Engine
Farm
the
confusion
of endless
cause
on
with
engine
many
operators.
A
150.
Rules
Few
normal
at
speed
If the
fall
be
load
is increased
trifle below
the
the
load
full load
the
the
gine
en-
governor
in action.
few
normal
is decreased
is inclined
engine
When
"
pounds
the
; still the
speed
may
will
governor
inactive.
and
unnecessary
If the
is under
is not
and
is unnecessary,
Remember.
to
little
rise
to
that
so
above
the
speed
the
normal,
of
ernor,
gov-
if in
and
act, and
to
to
In
only
is the
dency
working order, promptly checks the tenbrings it back to normal ; then it ceases
is no
until the speed attempts
longer necessary
rise again.
with
the
is
three
fault ; in
no
load
the
conditions
cited, the
if it remains
fault
at
governor
first there
the
of
one
the
is
inactive.
last,
In
the
trouble
second, the
is
full load
151.
We
to
requires
set
may
below
run
the
its
continually below
under
variable
full power.
We
may
order
not
to
it for
increase
is
the
; it has
no
too
moment
load
no
its work
for
two
or
the
ernor
gov-
regain control.
Governor
Adjustment Does.
the engine
to allow
as
so
governor
normal
speed; then it will keep it
hold
it steady at that
and
speed
loads, but
set
respond
If there
adjust itself to
What
Changing
to
"
fuel, or
the
engine
higher
power;
and
than
then
will
not
normal
the
develop
speed
governor
to
may
in
will
contribute.
have
suf-
The
Gasoline
when
ficient power,
the
steam
engine might
be
would
due
engine
the
to
and
not
to
run
released
to
the
above
up
or
inclination
higher
runaway
normal.
This
the
contribution
any
natural
of
powers
135
the
to
up
horse
runaway
climb
It is the
governor.
trolled
uncon-
from
of any
the
engine
when
extreme
its entire
it and
Either
capacity.
the
just as good as
helplessas the other
of its
energy
Methods
152.
is sufhcient
one
is
one
quite as
any
as
Farm
the
on
unchecked,
speed
same
Engine
to
the
to
strained
re-
control
to
other, while
add
in
is
one
from
speed
own.
of
The
Governing.
"
speed
of
an
over-
industrious
in either
be
moderated
of
engine may
three
by retarding the spark, by limiting the
ways:
complish
supply of fuel, and by changing its quality. To acone
more
or
which
of
these
we
use
of
one
three
with
the
153.
valve
other
we
methods.
two
and
possession
engine misses
speed returns
interfere.
fire and
to
normal
Sometimes
The
"
and
so,
fuel
that
supply
Sometimes
then
fuel
new^
loses
power
and
the
it is the
fuel
the
the
the
burned
cannot
enter,
so
valve
main
re-
the
until the
ceases
governor
volume
exhaust
gases
impulses
intake
is regulated
that
of vapor
to
is
mitted
ad-
plosion
reducing both the compression and exor
by cutting ofif the gasoline only,
pressure,
without
reducing compression, introducing a
so
will
not
explode
at
all
; or,
if it
does, with
Gasoline
The
136
greatly diminished
the fuel supply is
to
speed responses
rather
Method
The
154.
varietyof
from
energy.
cut
out
this
on
In
Farm
the
smaller
many
entirelyand
method
are
engines
engine's
the
but
quite prompt
wasteful.
Fig. 43."
in the
Engine
of
Speed
Hit-or-Miss
mechanical
fuel, most
System. There
devices
for making
of which
Valves.
Regulation Through
"
may
best
be
are
these
studied
great
changes
direct
the
some
chain
of mechanical
contrivances
The
this
deflect
to
it does
not
closed.
In
the
Gasoline
governor
than
in
once
little interval
suddenly
the
; then
137
course,
the
of
its full
that
so
valve
suitable
while
for
load, would
very
remains
engines
reduced
be
economical
intended
cream
Farm
the
its usual
stem
this system,
is not
on
released
and
much,
from
rod
push
touch
Engine
or
and
for
any
liable,
re-
driving
such
chinery
ma-
of steadiness.
requiring the maximum
Like the hit-or-miss
Throttling Governor.
155. The
is almost
type, the throttlingsystem of government
varied as the different makes
of engines. They vary
as
the size of the charge instead
of cutting it out
entirely,
and are
the best for close regulation.
considered
Either
of these forms
of
156. Types of Governors.
speed control may be secured by one of several types
"
"
of
controllers, the
most
has
of
common
and
inertia
which
are
governors.
the
Each
its limitations.
The
centrifugal
all depend upon
the principlethat a weight
governors
tends
to swing out
center
a
revolving rapidly around
from
the center.
fitted with
Two
each
a weight
arms,
at the outer
end, are
hinged at opposite sides of a
The
157.
shaft
To
a
to
Centrifugal
sleeve
which
is free
toward
feed
the
of the
center.
Governor.
to
"
slide upon
the
shaft.
of this
engine gets
from
the
of these
swinging outward
weights beyond a certain
point. The springs try to restrain the weights within
that point,but when
the latter are whirled
by the speed
of the engine up to a certain
velocity their tendency
The
138
Gasoline
Exgine
on
Farm
the
from
the center
the power
overcomes
swing away
of the spring and the restrainingmechanism
; then
as
the speed decreases
the centrifugalpull is reduced
so
that the springs again overcome
it. This
type of governor
take the form
of two
familiar
to
fly-balls,
may
all as a part of the steam
engine ; or they may consist
of weights in any
form
and
be attached
the
to
may
cam
shaft, the crank shaft, the fly-wheelor any other
rapidly revolving part of the engine. Xearly all farm
to
Fig.
44.
engines
"
are
Centrifugal
Governor
fitted w^ith
Attached
form
some
to
Carburetor.
of governor
of this
type.
158.
The
Pick-Blade
device, which
Type.
receives
"
swinging
its motion
or
from
dulum
pensome
to a push rod
moving part of the engine, is attached
at ordinary speed swings into a
or
"pick-blade"which
in a rod or lever operating the valve.
notch
the
AVhen
speed of the engine increases
beyond a certain point
this blade
too
swings outward
quickly and misses the
valve
lever; hence
operating speed
of
the
this
valve
type
remains
of
closed.
governor
may
The
be
Gasoline
The
140
one
little
area,
and
Engine
the
to
nearer
spark timing
the
time
on
Farm
the
when
will
be
valve
governor,
of harmonious
out
adjustment.
e
o
Fig, 46.
"
Side
View
of
Cam
Action
Lever.
on
can
Governing by Ignition. Spark control
only be applied within very restricted limits, as all of
lie between
the point where
its possibilities
a
reverse
impulse is fired against the piston and that w^here the
of the pressure
spark is so late that the full volume
reaches
the piston at all. These
limits may
be
never
stroke
30" of the outward
approximated at about
before
and
much
dead
center
as
perhaps one-fourth
160.
"
To
after.
retard
the
spark, too,
this
is very
when
with
results
aside
form
be
may
from
such
is
unite
it is customary,
some
method
wasteful, and
used,
to
of
it
same
and,
when
engine, it seems
starting the
hand-cranking and
out
preferableto depend upon governing the speed withinterferingwith the spark.
161.
Although the
Controlling the Temperature.
heat
internal
combustion
gine
ena
engine is essentiall}^
the conservation
of all heat
and
produced would
"
seem
to
be
of fuel economy,
matter
why it is necessary
destroy a part of
to
our
introduce
there
are
reasons
cooling system
high temperature
after
we
and
have
The
obtained
Gasoline
First
it.
pre-ignition.If
to
remain
would
before
the
141
is the
reasons
combustion
the
metal
extreme
chamber
in the
FiG. 47."
For
to
the
cylinderit
be
162.
temperatures,
hot
too
of business.
used
these
Farm
the
of
danger
allowed
was
the
at
Such
out
of
on
it attained
at the
high temperature
of ignition all subsequent charges of fuel
be fired the instant
they entered the chamber,
the latter could
be filled or
the charge compressed.
moment
heat
Engine
operate
is also
put
the
piston
lubricants
the
that
necessary
soon
the
perature
tem-
controlled.
Usual
Systems.
Type
of
Cooled
Oil cooled
and
protectionof
The
gines are
too, would
cooled
Air
by
engines
"
Practicallyall
Cylinder Used
Engines.
one
have
of two
been
methods
built, and
On
farm
"New
air and
some
en-
Way"
water.
of them
Gasoline
The
142
conditions
such
under
but
good work,
done
have
Engine
they
the
as
Farm
on
the
are
not
in
common
farm
average
use
would
have
meet.
to
air
the
Air
The
163.
is not
engine
than
few
at
the
house.
under
they
forgetfulnessdoes
not
cooled
and
gines
en-
is
more
quite
small
are
portant
im-
engine,
work
about
simpler, have
less
are
for
engines
hand
also
are
reasons
In
costly.
decided
advantage ; a bit of
burst water
jacket. The
mean
size
especiallywhere
quality that
especiallythe
They
have
weather
small
full load
Air
chores
these
for
parts and
extra
method,
time.
motor,
do
to
and
barn
cold
favorite
usually run
farm
is used
fewer
"
easily moved,
in the
the
hours
light and
wdiich
is
cooling
For
Engine.
Cooled
cooled
water
engine
all have
to
for, cleaned
cared
"
with
air cooled
the
absent
cooling also
when
has
alone
the
power.
be
may
less, is
cooling is adopted.
advantage of keeping a more
after it is once
regulated.
decreases
or
more
water
temperature,
losses
system
from
energy,
to
35
per
while
from
cent,
Water
stant
con-
An
ficient
ef-
radiation
decrease
variation
The
15
will
tirely
en-
ing
cool-
poor
this
of
source
the
heat
generated.
165.
The
Open
jacket is a part
being
cast
of the
double
Jacket
and
the
Method.
space
"
between
filled in with
water.
then
the
Fig.
of
The
Gasoline
The
water,
as
it has
course
advantage
of
Engine
to
be
small
and
method
of
amount
of Water
Through
Cooled
Engine.
143
evaporates;
This
renewed.
a
Farm
the
heats, boils
it
using
on
Jackets
has
water,
of
Water
which
can
be
"
jacket
the
and
water
jacket and
the
is
tank.
Once
filled,the
flowing from
the
upper
circulation
of
risingin
the
water
outlet
over
to
the
The
144
tank
Gasoline
cooler
the
while
Engine
on
of the
water
connection
tank
in
is
pump
Farm
the
is
the
replacing it
bottom
of
this
with
connected
the
TAPPET
ARM
INLET
VALVE
SPRING
VAL
INLET
CHECK
GASOLINE
FEED
CUR
Fig. 49.
"
the
system
and
action
of the
in
the
allows
cone
large
thin
This
makes
and
water
surface
as
quite
168.
of
the
an
is needed
to
spread
so
an
little water
pump
by
"
engines
through
engine.
A Good
CirculatingPump System.
quite general use in the cooling of
167.
now
forced
water
to
out
fall at
to
by
its
efficient cooler
in
is
required.
elevate
the
Systems. While
of water-cooling designs
all of them
depend upon
diversion
pump,
of
some
of
small
size
an
verted
in-
relatively
weight.
paratively
com-
this system,
water.
upon
the
difference
running
plan
which
With
there
"
own
One
of
top
air in
the
it descends
Other
engine
the
positive
are
the
riety
great vamarket, practically
a
action
in
stream.
of
gravity,
temperature,
Of
or
all these
The
Gasoline
last is the
systems
the
wasteful
of
nothing
goes
danger of
it is the
engine
Water
that
will
that
so
having
deviation
than
intervals
results
be
will
is the
tity
quanof
the
with
190" and
200", or
Water
System.
the
only a
quantity to
best
such
this
is, the
the
as
ence
differ-
An
ing
engine workgreater tendency
rule
obtained
between
least
what
have
As
rest.
the
The
might require.
of
though
beginning,
best.
only partiallyloaded
one
of which
temperature
be
will
constant
itself remains
water
it should
full load
steadilyat
heat
the
if
; so,
is the
"
more
right
is
overcome
determined
once
all
resistance
Use.
to
keep
the
from
145
the
there
costly in
boiling point
the
of conditions
to
to
circulation
of
down
and,
only
force
water
little below
use
it, but
obstruction, the
Amount
of
with
of forced
Farm
the
costly because
Gravity feed is
enough
complicated and
more
169.
on
most
units.
wrong
have
form
some
heat
some
it will not
Engine
that
or
the
has
quent
fre-
efficient
most
where
somecooling water
just a littlebelow the
boiling point.
170.
Care
of
"
In
cold
weather
the
full
weather
that
Wherever
it is
is used,
water
part of the
care
of
connections
pipes and water
secured
from danger.
the circulatingsystem
Where
is
water
really circulates,and clean
occasionally.If the scale is hard use
acid
the
to
from
four
to
condition
to
ten
times
however,
an
are
used
out
one
its volume
of the scale.
Be
sure
in
engine
in
to
some
see
the
cold
see
way
that
the
sediment
pint muriatic
of water,
and
add
cording
ac-
the
Gasoline
The
146
acid to the
the
not
water,
remain
mixture
Engine
from
is almost
sort
all of them
depend
certain
and
this
flush
then
ways
nearly al-
result.
vised
be
not
chemical
as
form
Let
are
should
to
some
upon
acid.
These
"
some
the
48 hours,
thoroughly.
Anti-freezing Mixtures.
171.
injurious to the metal and
except where
absolutely necessary,
of
Farm
the
to
water
to
12
on
action
Practically
oil, alcohol
of
or
salt.
Where
with
circulatingsystem is not in contact
cium
or
galvanized iron, 3^ to 4 lbs. caleach
is cheap and
to
gallon of water
the
zinc, aluminum
chloride
effective,but
similar
electric
to
inclined
before
stand
and
will
solution
loses
exposed
to
zero,
not
has
no
Twenty
to
in
water
reached, and
is
will
not
55%
will
is
This, however,
below.
will stand
water
the
15" below
gradually
will
alcohol
be
cent,
for
the
and
raises
also
jurious
is in-
Where
air.
to
sediment
10"
above
and
alcohol
any
met,
less than
per
tubing, though,
open
mixture
is suitable
When
freeze
not
its
the
must
in
is also
acid.
and
rubber
to
used
10"
15 parts
boiling point
15"
sediment
trouble.
harmful, but
of
of water
as
action
out.
mixture
the
destructive
salt
The
zero
of
alcohol
glycerine
contains
is not
evaporate
70
of
above
15"
and
One-third
make
temperature
expensive
zero
and
cent,
per
it starts
battery.
settle
to
Thirty
freeze
zinc
with
much
as
30%
should
and
does
wood
ordinary
temperature
temperature
25%
as
them
render
of
be
not
alcohol
effective.
used.
must
and
low
be
If below
alcohol
AYood
corrode
alcohol
as
machinery.
80% water
weather.
falls to
40"
draw
the
water
Gasoline
The
148
extending
of
tank
be
it
in
through
so
and
water
be
allow^
back
water
to
of
the
water
by
or
hot
tank
air
there
to
engine
run
the
is
with
utilized
no
down
cylinder.
leak
into
the
by
in
the
of
air
pipes
both
heating.
the
ing
boil-
providing
ends
in
will
there
to
series
open
engine.
and
minutes,
be
greater
brought
be
and
can
the
from
passing
through
up
interference
less
can
60
pipe
pipe
blast
to
30
that
taken
the
and
the
across
must
will
from
circulation
its
this
Farm
the
larger
exhaust
tank
gallon
point
hot
the
on
larger
surface
with
twenty
for
The
water.
be
of
means
heating
the
will
by
Engine
pipe
exhaust
the
Care
which
and
CHAPTER
THE
The
that
frame
Fig. 50.
"
we
definite
any
BEARINGS.
seems
possible
utterly im-
so
of
the
provides
and
engine
to
It also
any
holds
correct
in
and
attained
It
use.
has,
of
independent foundation
the
various
relation
line with
gives
unless
to
with
the
all
these
the
none
Explosion
of
Bolts.
First, it supports
uses.
means
forced
its presence
Strain
Bearings Incorrectly Placed.
Impulse Exerted
Directly Against Cap and
important
without
sort
any
Main
of
shaft
It
consider
to
less, a number
in
"
engine
an
apt
are
without
us
upon
construct
ITS
AND
Frame.
Engine
to
a
SHAFT
CRANK
173.
IX.
anchoring
wish
we
to
it
curely
se-
erect.
parts of the
each
piston stroke
a
stabilitythat
various
149
parts
were
and
its
could
tions,
connec-
never
be
securely tied
The
I50
Gasoline
all
together by
Engine
being
on
fastened
Farm
the
this
rigidlyto
common
base.
Gasoline
Fig. 51.
not
only
of
Fig. 52.
"
to
Bearings
Cap and
resist
them
to
come
case
Main
"
frames
engine
Placed
Main
absorb
vibration
afifect the
horizontal
more
engines
the
which
delicate
bed
Comes
Strain
On
Impulse.
which
shocks
or
the
measure
speciallystrong.
of blows
power
large engines, to
be
Twisting
Every
series
each
so
Bolts
the
with
should
"
All
Stress
Taken
would
otherwise
parts.
In
design
should
the
be
by
ously
sericase
such
of
that
the
the
the
between
union
bolted
Farm
the
151
frame
of the
on
the
of
force
Engine
Gasoline
The
and
cap
bed
main
of the
bearings.
than
the
toward
Shaft.
Crank
The
174.
It
gine.
deliver
must
receive
must
it to
strong enough
a
to
twisting strain
Fig. 54.
"
Three
the
the
not
the
en-
Crankshaft.
full
of
powder
the
engine,
driven
give and
instead
Throw
has
of
backbone
the
Single Throw
"
shaft
crank
The
"
called
inappropriatelybeen
FiG. 53.
chamber.
inner
be
machinery, and must
the impulse under
to receive
of a straightpull. It should
Crankshaft,
With
Counterpoise
or
ance
Bal-
Weights.
be
made
be
cut
The
of 400
of
out
the
of
crank-pin
pounds
best
of
mass
should
per
mild
be
square
steel
metal
and
rather
the
should
crank
than
forged
designed to stand
inch of piston area,
on.
strain
and
the
The
152
of the
diameter
length
times
of the
in the
the
diameter
the
main
of the
projection depends
bolted
to
the
fly wheel
latter, which
is
long enough
there
will
wheel
out
be
order
to
the
the
shaft
should
175.
mission
"
Fly
Gas
of the
the
be
only
pulley; then
operator
so
increase
shaft
engine
or
Flywheel
Engine
and
flywheel
speed arisingfrom
from
is
to
set
the
ing
twist-
the
shaft.
make
Wheels
If the
run
smoothly
more
to the crank, to
weights are fastened
compensate
its weight beyond the center
of shaft revolution.
Fig, 55.
The
of the
wheel
shaft.
the
and
gearing
belt
of the
be
1.75 to
length
the
to
full hub
to
from
the
keyed
temptation
the
be
whether
or
engage
the
on
should
preferable, the
no
from
stress
In
to
bearings should
the crank-pin.
shaft, and
upon
Farm
the
of
bearings
diameter
on
main
shaft
1.25 times
about
Engine
Gasoline
of
Their
to
correct
the intermittent
varying
crank
Design.
Approved
Mission.
any
"
It
is
unevenness
poAvers
for
of the
positionsby
the
of
line
gasostor-
up
out
again
In
when
in that
the
they
sense
one
also
they
of
bursts
excessive
ing
Engine
Gasoline
The
tends
as
store
Farm
the
and
energy
speed
act
on
to
then
but
Fig. 56.
"
is
they
it
normal.
do
more
energy.
Needed.
greater
"
The
that
carry
the
the
its full
the
instead
It is necessary
the
capacity for
given by
energy
being consumed
out.
heavier
is its
giving
fall below
governor,
stroke,
153
Oil
imum
max-
sion
compresof
Grooves
given
and
rim be heavy
fly wheel
all excess
given out at the
enough to absorb
energy
of the power
instant
impulse and then without
any
sudden
change of velocity,give enough of it back to
engine
however,
energy,
to
a
leave
its curved
straight one
stronger
over
in
at
the
compression
inclines
path
tangent
around
to
the
a
it; and
stroke.
swiftlymoving
and
center
this
ugal
Centrif-
take
rim
up
tendency is
volving
relighterone
the point is
The
154
Gasoline
reached
soon
the
the
the
unbalancing
why
so
There
wheels.
divide
we
wheels
tw^o
and
there
the
place
will
be
the
That
is
fly
two
distinct
several
however,
carry
vantages
ad-
these
to
and
are,
its velocity,
necessary
shaft, where
modern
many
increase
reduce
we
power
between
of the
least
further
to
compression stroke,
strain
end
each
at
its
Farm
the
safe
unless
provide
to
engine past
and
wheel
the
in order
weight
one
of
on
it is not
when
weight
so,
Engine
accessible.
sets
in the
variation
Any
serious
up
the
With
is
strain
third
the
bearing
has
the
engines,
moderate
of
small
the
price nearly
low
or
and
power
all have
shaft.
the
upon
wheels
two
and
This
twisting
wheel
one
between
inertia
the
be
to
each
vided
proside.
pensive
large, ex-
engines
of
wheel
two
system.
At
dinary
engines of orsize requireflywheel
weight of about 100
horse-power of engine, the weight being
about
250
farm
pounds
per
divided
between
revolutions
the
two
engines require
than
throttled, while
load
can
inclined
use
to
on
Hit-and-miss
heavier
somewhat
of itself to
run
with
steadier
heavier
erned
gov-
fly wheels
variable
than
cycle
Four-
motion.
fly wheels
impulse only comes
one
than
two-
at
every
revolution.
Fly wheels
spokes. When
put
wheels.
an
engines require
the power
cycle,because
second
minute
per
the
shaft
straightand curved
latter, they should
invariably be
they will revolve with the advance
made
are
the
so
with
both
The
156
be
Gasoline
circle.
accurate
an
Engine
suitable
material, and
well
the
The
should
lining,too,
includes
this
Farm
the
on
be
of
lubrication,as
the
lining.
of
is a good deal
Best
178. The
Lining. There
be
should
difference
of opinion as
what
material
to
The
softer alloys,as
used
for babbitting the boxes.
babbitt
true
metal, have the advantage of being first
as
permanent
"
suffer
to
in
is
lubrication
of
case
to
break
wear
down
their
very
close
to
of
instead
crank
The
babbitt
shaft
being
the fault of not
only being too
well ; under
heavy loads they tend to
loads
moderate
and spread, though under
fitted
best
keeps them
pliancy sometimes
been
shaft that may
have
wearing out of
out
simply melted
ruined.
They have
soft
failure.
a
form.
Phosphor bronze,
under
almost
on
load
any
the
and
other
almost
seems
up
unwearable
but
should
be
lubrication
grains which
bearings.
is perhaps
Lead
are
coarse
known,
with
under
but
the
pressure,
loses
certain
on
the
conditions.
best
soft to stand
it is too
antimony,
but,
the
brittle
and
for
worthless
wear-resisting
the
metal
IMixed
pressure.
whole,
An
is
alloy made
up
of but
two
sub-
Engine
Gasoline
The
Farai
the
on
157
hence, three or
pliability;
are
generally preferred.
important
lining the boxes for heavy usage one
more
In
should
difference
so-called
white
copper.
If
part of the
acts
the
alloys and
bronze
is used
as
is
melt
the
on
and
revolving shaft
the
The
friction.
the
instead, and
softened
and
friction
contain
tendency
increases
course
the
between
bronzes, which
there
cling to
to
copper
remembered
be
always
in
lacks
however,
stances,
of the
protecting the shaft, though at the expense
lining.
Heating may be caused
Why
Bearings Heat.
179.
by insufficient or poor lubricants, or by being too
tight or too loose, or by the shaft or bearing being
be a fit unless the journals
There
cannot
out of true.
true
are
cylinders,and there is a tendency with gasoline
engines to flatten at the points of highest
"
pressure.
In
the latter
grinding; the
not
a
job for
the
shaft
the
careless
As
with
strictlyalone
doing what can be
of
fully in
180.
the
or
accuracy.
machinist's
better
be trued
bearings must
by grinding or filing;and
the
case
and
should
the
novice
the
shape
content
engines will
be
"
On
noticed
had
ings
bear-
himself
with
The
done
Wheels.
is
of the
of oil.
by means
hot
boxes, also babbitting, will
another
chapter.
Gear
this
It needs
amateur.
rule
by
up
almost
all makes
various
small
be
gear
ment
treat-
treated
of gasoline
wheels,
of them
push levers
is to
court
and
trouble
unless
the
exact
purpose
The
158
of
wheel
the
made
to
the
he
the
which
of
tooth
they
and
without
with
no
one
reason
any
wheels
from
fail to
first
the
afford
to
that
the
positivelyknowing
is
change
depression into
Most
engines are so
the factory; but some
from
can
If for
of these
and
its mate.
come
the
circumstances
no
wdieel
and
any
under
Farm
the
fault.
remove
should
when
not,
are
to
on
understood
previous
it meshes
marked
Engine
fully
occasion
shaft
mark
is
correct
has
one
Gasoline
take
chances
any
marks
already
are
there.
To
detail
would
be
about
every
make
keeping
given, a
in
disclose
the
all
describing
attempt
of
mind
little
make
to
it
these
describe
to
the
on
in
trimmings
necessary
engine
the
market.
By
principles already
engine itself will soon
general
of
study
of
the
of
purpose
and
each
how
it
is
attained.
Care
181.
strain
no
but
that
Minor
of
the
Parts.
They
"
friction.
usual
under
are
the
All
tention
at-
them
dirt.
is of
turpentine
or
of
of These
graphite
renders
relieve
and
then
smoother
and
now
them
will
of gum,
for
the
and
wheel
gear
them
causes
dressing
to
teeth
with
mesh
less friction.
Casual
182.
outfit, after
fittingsof
or
more
whim
much
are
its
more
needed
by
heavier
no
"
it has
of
and
Acquaintances.
means
been
which
own
the
use
for
represent
and, while
common
rating, they
few
the
are,
of
course,
years,
has
needs, wisdom
are
becoming
they
are
5 H.
or
for
engine
every
Self-starters
owmer.
for
in
Almost
not
very
P., and
considerably
always
conve-
Engine
Gasoline
Tpie
they
providing
nience,
on
not
are
Farm
the
159
and
complicated
too
costly.
Gasoline
and
stationary
with
pumped
is
from
or
back
overflow
level
in
there
is
of
fuel.
purchasing
or
supply
A\nien
to
it
all, whether
intake
that
of
is
or
the
doing
and
care
the
exhaust
manufacturers
satisfactory
the
work
the
and,
attention
that
or
any
by
other
installed,
service.
most
taking
that
tuating
fluc-
to
tachment
at-
what
if
or
the
it
part
really
will
extra
do
is
expense,
of
important
of
that,
is
it
latter,
it
is
it
the
with
obstructing
and
the
and
due
interfere
may
either
engine,
sell
If
warrant
to
the
uncommon
filled.
whether
something
is
the
be
tity
quan-
for
well
to
gine
en-
constant
any
just
to
importance
extra
working
needs
the
to
insures
consider
created
consider
next
enough
the
was
that
place
wise
of
it
whether
fills
first
such
variations
engine
considering
should
one
for;
of
possibility
no
in
always
remains
carburetor
the
This
tank.
of
provided
is
pipe
base
line
gaso-
delivered
excess
the
to
below
tank
return
the
in
constant
then
carburetor;
the
is
The
engines.
tank
stationary
there
that
from
feed
gravity
of
place
portable
even
up
the
taking
are
pumps
the
the
left
air
system
alone,
i6o
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
CHAPTER
SETTING
X.
THE
ENGINE.
"
"
include
and
they
which
all foundations
should
have
The
185.
and
absorb
four-fold
purpose
as
same
the dreaded
or
to
of
purposes
certain
the
engine,
its
to
of other
ideal
tions
condi-
include, that
better
than
Good
tion.
Founda-
foundation
are
maintain
to
work,
it
at
protect it
to
vibration
probably
any
to
moving machinery,
of the
amount
engine.
the
aim
study.
Object of a
vibration,as
outside
to
should
weight of the
position in relation
fixed
from
the
the
support
a
several
of
closest
Four-fold
The
"
our
many
so
other
of the
serves
this
stance,
sub-
common
it is firm
and
at
enough to do the work
contains
time
enough elasticityto retard
which
crystallization
always sets up more
less in metals
whenever
an
irresistible force
is made
batter
persistentlyagainst a rigidobject.
of Foundation.
Surface
186.
Depth and Nature
disturbances, so
clay,however, is subject to its own
to
"
the foundation
should
be carried
161
well below
the
surface
62
The
Gasoline
by a wall
depending
the
and
three
of
stone
an
a
the
upon
the
concrete,
or
of
size
depth
the
engine
will be
heavy
large
deal
Farm
the
of
of the
nature
feet
on
brick
or
great
Engine
to
H.
twelve
or
P. and
as
as
Id'-
-/6'
-/6-
nu
-=M
C|/l
IB
=iJ
t"i
f"V-^t^
3f"-
t?
-fO'-
^S4"-
-/(T-
-56"
Fig. 58.
"
Gasoline
Engine
and
187.
engine
always
follows
sale
the
right angles
to
the
foundation.
Blue
Print.
include
off from
two
base
of
the
crank
lines
of
lines,one
shaft
the
horizontal
engine
each
and
other
blue
of this
and
crank
these
Space
ary
station-
Every
"
foundation
lines
center
In
cylinder.
for
of
Show
Amount
Installation.
The
center
the
to
factory.
measured
represents
of
should
the
at
Plan
Needed
Foundation
The
prepared
Holes
Base
are
print
nearly
of which
other
the
and
shaft
lines
parallelto
the
are
at
plane
The
164
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
The
operative
Tying Engine to Foundation.
is only as
strength of the best foundation
great in
188.
"
relation
them
the
to
engine
But
together.
an
engine
loosen
be
must
possible to
as
of the
ties which
be
ings
fasten-
the
least
making it
firmly as possible
as
This
to
time
same
engine
the
with
released
the
at
is desired.
bind
occasionally necessary
foundation, and
may
the
secure
that
whenever
its
labor, while
of
amount
it is
from
such
that
as
double
consideration
is
189.
the
to
bolt
rods
for
pit,the
foundation
the
Needed
there
as
Foundation.
requires
engine, two
heavy cast washers
nuts
; a length of gas pipe for
of
in
put
Each
should
bolt
two
nuts
end
and
besides
all but
is to
bolt
holes, have
one
end
the
other
obtain
threaded
merely
of
inches
it cut
for
rod
into
will
two
at
through
size, and
or
each
at
required),
be
tion.
founda-
size
a
are
engine.
long bolts,
lengths by
sharply
small
concrete
of proper
and
nut
tity
quan-
we
threaded
the
such
get
iron
reach
to
rod
few
an
the
bolt, with
of suitable
nuts
to
of
suppose
for
head, three
turned
end
is
bed
bolt, and
us
washers
cast
it is hard
way
Let
"
foundation
bolt
each
filling
long
many
each
justlong enough
two
without
for
of
templet.
Material.
be
(ifthe
As
the
three-foot
engine bed,
the
for
Preparing
190.
to
boards
inch
as
and
tion
addi-
for
in the
holes
bolt
are
needed
cement
work
In
"
the
to
good
fit the
blacksmith,
three
inches
right angles
for
of
a
head.
For
each
diameter
bolt
provide
of which
is at
gas
least
one-half
inch
side
in-
larger
The
than
the
head
of
bolt.
These
bolt
the
used),
is
Engine
Gasoline
the
to
(or
on
should
pipes
the
surface
washer
of the
Farm
the
reach
the
at
concrete
i6s
from
the
head, if
one
only.
foundation
plet
temMaking the Templet. The
of one-inch
is usually made
boards, and in the
four inches
of a rectangularparallelogram,about
form
This
wider and longer than the size of the engine bed.
and
represents the surface of the completed foundation
projectionall around
beyond
provides for a two-inch
the iron frame.
(see Fig.
Lay off on this the line AB
igi.
"
6o.
Fig.
"
Templet
for
this
on
hole
line from
and
end
each
end
the
distance
between
in blue
bolt
templet
down
to
holes
trifle
head
threaded
on
these
larger
of
end
than
bolt, then
lines
and
the
bolts.
put
on
through templet
bore
holes
in
Slip washer
sert
length of pipe, infrom
under
side,
The
Gasoline
upper
washer
i66
put
on
between
Making
192.
raise
it is best
to
build
the
floor, but
this form
have
above
inches
few
The
to
usually thick
the
the
fly wheel
the
of
clear
tion
founda-
concrete
surface
frame
square,
draw
templet tight
by pipe.
frame
of small engines
made
"
Farm
the
and
nut
Frame.
on
enough
is
and
shoulder
and
nut
Engine
and, in order
is necessary.
to
Some
side pieces
by 4-inch stuff is about right,the two
for convenience
longer than the foundation
being somewhat
in lifting.The
will be on
top of this frame
2
it
we
will
lay
into
the
until
shifted
the
level with
exact
an
templet, the
The
pit below.
the
with
square
the
bolts
and
upon
extending
ward
down-
frame
lines
then
must
the
on
be
templet,
the
course,
"
lines in relation
also
that
see
templet
as
within
three
careful
not
Fill to
the
the
five
to
disturb
top of frame
the
the
square
Fasten
moved.
left to
Continue
one.
from
this
until
; then
top of frame
lift off
templet, being
pipes encasing the bolts.
with
proportion of
Placing
be
tamping down
filling,
top change proportion of
and
washers
be
been
not
inches
four
now
should
engine
continue
near
and
the
should
has
and
or
to
the
frame
about
to
nuts
194.
which
When
remove
in about
the
frame
on
needed.
concrete
to
two
to
harden
Engine.
"
sand
clean
To
and
The
one.
cement
tion
founda-
thoroughly.
set
heavy
engine
The
fresh
upon
Gasoline
of
block
Raise
care.
foundation
Farm
the
two
both
and
engine
be
six
167
blocks
inches
above
at
foundation.
one
it,the
chief,
mis-
doing
upon
engine
about
and
being topped by
the
on
foundation, without
cement
requires
end
Engine
to
clude
in-
Holes
or
planks to avoid
the bolt ends.
Slip small rollers under engine, across
the plank, and
work
the engine slowly over
its place
lers
the foundation.
on
Keep blocking in front of the rolgine
constantly to prevent any possibilityof the enroller comes
As one
to a bolt end,
getting away.
in ahead
of the bolt and
the first.
remove
slipanother
Final
the engine is apThe
Setting. When
195.
proximate
in position,
lower
the
bolts
gradually until
all engaged in their respectiveholes in the engine
are
frame, then the engine should be carefullylined up
with
it is expected to work
to
shafting which
any
bolts will now
The
when
of the pipes around
set.
use
be appreciated, as they give far greater latitude in
could
than
this shiftingor in correctingslight errors
possibly be had with bolts set rigidly in concrete.
in Place.
the enWhen
gine
196. Locking the Bolts
is finally
and pure
placed,flow a mixture of water
notches
may
have
to
in these
made
"
"
into
cement
each
pipe
shiftingit, lower
lines
a
final test
couple
around
of
the
days
until
engine
and
upon
leave
the
the
cement
until
bolts.
it is
The
result
the
engine
be
in the
a
job
the
for
undisturbed
hardens
will
give
pipes
that
is
and
as
"
68
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Far
The
Gasoline
the
it. To
and
methods
is tacked
edge, at
shifted
then
the
shaft
say
one
other
in
fasten
them
the
to
extent
second
Measure
between
the
the
line
ends
these
no
the
head
over-
edge
straight-
from
each
one
other,
straightedge is
the
side
shaft,
as
of
the
or
one
slightlydeflected by
the
is all guesswork.
much
the
above
shaft
crank
the
tances
ceilingequal disof these
two
straightedges;
two
plumb bobs clear crank
on
If
shaft
If
the
will
the
them
their
"
work
be
exactly parallel
at
the
taking
This
foundation
been
has
Engine.
their
would
was
made
time
same
not
proper
be
ficult
dif-
perfectly
in the
variation
conditions
may
shaft
gine's
engine has been built to that. In the enportance,
longitudinaldirection, the setting is of less imend
the preferencebeing that the combustion
cylinder in a horizontal engine be a trifle the
of the
of the
with
top of the
It is the crank
rest
be
interfere
if the
of
from
The
the
off
steadies
positions.
198. Leveling
level and
and
lines clears
located
shaft.
in the
This
water.
not
shaft
just how
"
shift
does
former,
eight feet
with
contact
certain
to
by swaying
of
the
use,
distance,
by exactly the same
undertake
to
drop the lines so
engine.
with
the
or
then
the
little
prove
; remove
of
in
some
Slide the
In
may
169
it
Never
is almost
to
common
of these
each
passing
inch.
contact
in
suspended.
are
until
will be
they
of six
bobs
plumb
two
shaft
lightly over
distance
are
Farm
the
floor method.
the
on
liningto
amateur
difficult. Two
Engine
Gasoline
The
170
highest in
the
other
crank
end.
shaft
In
room.
order
the
such
Engine
incline
to
Farm
the
lubricatingoils
the
is
If there
on
to
room
work
is
simple, but
cases
it is sometimes
use
level
is
there
toward
the
on
always
not
take
to
necessary
level
the
from
"
Fig.
to
excellent
used,
is
so
the
even
are
62.
almost
Alethod
"
of
Reinforcing
iron
girders,reinforced
to
develop
are
wooden
when
often
floors,
troubles
Vibration
time
some
Floors,
timbers
Wooden
satisfaction.
are
Wooden
an
engine
Direct
vibration
absorbers
dampness
for the
foundations
earth
but
good
are
of the
apt
are
to
unexcelled
collect
machinery,
too
besides
as
much
being
172
The
carried
by
Gasoline
two
secured
with
down.
Even
market
Engine
When
men.
floor
on
hooks
there
should
running, they
form
by some
or
wheelbarrow
; then
Farm
the
foundations
of
are
be
staking
the
on
horse
are
sled-runner
either
to
it is little trouble
; then
end
and
the
move
hitch
to
engine
about
at
will.
Fig.
64.
"
Mounted
202.
add
course
about,
Gasoline
to
they
as
No
Driven
Engine
IMounted
Engines.
"
the
convenience
also
add
engines
moving
of
both
to
Crusher.
Stone
the
cost
should
be
the
and
the
of
engine
tion.
vibra-
it is available
purchased for
first findingout whether
mounting without
for such a purpose.
Some
engines would
produce
much
this
stationary engine
style of
would
support
so
be
vibration
Others
destroyed.
upon
an
that
half
may
be
set
barrel, without
empty
of
their
without
any
power
other
display of
unsteadiness.
Where
should
the
be
engine
hinged
at
place while
coupling is long
the
into
the
is
each
mounted
end
wheels,
trucks
and
braces
forced
If the
running empty.
should
be very
heavy or a
engine
sills
of the
on
is
jack-screw
the
Often
least
Fig.
65.
"
foundation
of
power
the
engine
rigid.
traction
the
Shelter.
"
There
For
middle.
increased
be
for
173
the
making
Needed
at
vibrating
Tractor
hngi
foundations
tractor
see
engine.
is
nothing
will
and
up
Foundation
Wheeled
Farm
the
on
cross-piecenear
by jacking
more
chapters on
203.
under
set
third
Engine
Gasoline
The
with
about
that
a
steam
gasoline
requires greater
engine ought
to
have.
pays
any
Tpie
174
Any
Gasoline
and
Nothing
elaborate
will
wind
turn
air
in cold
of
some
in cold
can
kind
that
Dust
if the
operator
human
stables
; but
against
be
can
from
good,
pipe
almost
one
air.
is
much
intake
Air
taken
gases
of
be
must
many
harm
as
from
the
be
kept
line
gaso-
air
bad
can
is
elevation
and
workshop
ample size
of
the
insure
to
the
engine
supply of
certain
is almost
be
the
to
an
power
ally
usu-
it should
it should
pipe
of
The
turns
at
or
heat
with
own
ingenious.
is used,
as
friction.
excessive
pure
or
the
the
do
its
heat,
waste
dust, and
the
lungs.
of the
enclosure
may
much
regulating temperature
used
in creating power.
use
of
and
present
used
waste
make
engine through
best, away
is to be
been
will exclude
within.
the
engine
in
spent
weather,
Whatever
something
structures
from
that
walls
have
farm
if the
Once
otherwise
service.
extra
block
cement
that
serves
de-
tractor,
double
still,the
water;
of
it in
for
pay
always wholly
not
Besides,
to
Farm
the
of economy
heat, but
clean
is
w^eather.
might
will
and
spaces
arguments
least
on
dead
Engine
the
to
take
in-
give
trouble.
There
is more
Fittings of the Engine Room.
tools and
supplies in the
danger of having too many
of not
than
engine room
having enough, but no room
there
is special provibe
can
sion
kept in order unless
for all that has to be kept there.
Every engine
204.
room
"
should
be
provided
with
closed
shelves
or
boards,
cup-
shelf
entirely
about
the engine, and
needed
wrenches
to the various
of its regular
found
then
out
regard every wrench
in use,
much
not
as
so
place, when
misplaced matter
and
that
should
few
be
set
drawers.
back
Devote
where
one
it belono-s.
Another
The
Gasoline
shelf
may
contain
etc.
This
should
order
ful of
hammer,
time
of these
any
give
to
be
locked
for
10
or
and
needed
cold
175
chisels,files,
the
key mislaid in
thought before applying
to the engine. A
shelffor the ignition system
ammeter,
bare
Farm
the
punch,
tools
be
12
on
second
harsher
supplies will
wire
pliers,an
coil of No.
Engine
insulated
some
copper
wire,
wire,
pair of
ber
rub-
proud
to
made
the
is
no
learn.
of spar
treatment
consult
them
varnish
when
engine knows
disgrace for the
man
also
drawer
should
; then
do
in doubt.
The
things
some
who
be
too
who
man
about
it that
it to
runs
be
not
have
it
to
all the
printed
of parts, or any
other
literature
price-lists
pertaining
the
the
to
selling claims
help
engine. Even
may
what
determine
reasonably be required of it.
may
the engine company's litbe afraid to consult
erature,
Don't
and
to study it frequently.
One
partment
comStoring Oil in the Engine Room.
205.
given
to
"
which
room
from
tin
zinc.
should
excepting
be
when
outside, should
closed
in
actual
be
lined
from
use,
with
the
and
sheet
gine
en-
lated
venti-
iron,
should
oil-tighttray at the bottom
be provided to catch any drip and to prevent disagreeable
on
rugated
oily bottoms
jugs and cans, a sheet of corbe
liberal perforations,may
roofing, with
fitted in just above
the tray.
In this compartment
be stored
should
barrel
of the best
a
or
large can
the bottom
gasoline-engniecylinderoil,and fitted near
with a faucet and a funnel that is small enough to conor
An
kept
The
176
duct
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
oil
rest
for
waste
of the
possible
premises
should
metal-lined
be
close
This
for
should
strictlyfire-proofagainst
its
The
206.
Work
Bench.
partly
used
waste
fire
any
"
separate
and
will not
be
it should
likelyto
small
be
in
occur
A
is
advisable, also
pipe,with drawers
The
Engine Room
gas
207.
engine
cement
because
it
Where
surface
complete
A
If
great convenience.
while
standing
at
Floor.
"
lengths of water
for the couplings.
For the stationary
floor is better
when
out
though
farm
does
not
and
under
not
run
use
the
to
than
both
is
earth,
necessary.
enough
gravel
insure
to
plank
or
sides
used,
tractor
absolutely
close
to
rivets in drawers
large door at
a
plank floor
work
convenience
tractor
below
drainage,
run-way.
enough
engine room.
the
housed, grade up
is
and
few
scrubbed
be
can
for
wooden
or
tractor
the
rack
bench
work
elaborate
nothing
repair work
to
general farm
limited
supply of nails,bolts,and
for
there
so
and
convenient, but
are
attract
and
of drawers
with
small,
as
contents.
own
vise
clean
as
hand,
at
be
x-\ box
accumulation
great
any
be.
for
it
keep
to
should
tight drawer,
oily cloths.
room
it is not
necessary,
the
pit for
is
is
ground
great
as
like
locomotive.
208.
Ventilation.
"
Ventilation
is
of
great
portance
im-
Gasoline
The
Window
ventilation
enough.
the
into
should
the
of the
hinged shutters
gasoline supply
leak
any
certain
well
safest
tank
which
find
to
to
as
is not
room
is
when
the
located
ing
Durcomfort
occurs
in
the
this
Because
tampering with
locked
engine room
main
room,
is pretty
system
room.
with
the
in
let
left
closed
from
pump
not
be
use.
be
may
be
in this
is
these
personal
should
outlet
the
in
not
the
ever
an
and
room
of
this,
engine, it
the
prevent
keep
to
of
As
inside.
177
provided, but
grating should
operator
Farm
the
of the
the
weather,
severest
be
sides
opposite
two
on
surface
three-foot
constantly when
open
as
Engine
the
when
is
ator
oper-
there.
Lineshaft.
Where
tionary
staa
Engine Room
both
are
used, it is a
engine and a tractor
a lineshaft
good plan to run
through the engine room,
The
209.
to
which
be
belted.
the
the
when
tractor,
in
not
the winter
During
engine
inside
needed,
"
work
of
then
elsewhere,
use
heavier
the
of
much
when
months,
can
will
sort
be
and
at
plenty of power
the same
time
have
the advantages which
the small
offers over
Care
a large one.
engine for some
purposes
in belting two
be taken
shaft
must
engines to one
that the proportion between
the driver and the driven
wheels
be figured out
correctly,so that both engines
will be driving the shaft at the same
number
of revolutions
can
one
minute
per
of lost energy
ends
is saved.
each
of
The
engines can
shaft a good
plan is to use
and
tractor
Mission
of
will be
strain
be
two
member
or
there
unnecessary
the
better
driving
small
engine
engine.
210.
; otherwise
and
If the
have
deal
a
located
"
This
posite
op-
strain
pulley next
belt
from
from
is
not
deal
chinery.
ma-
near
of torsion
free, driving
Paint.
good
of belt and
loose
the
run
to
either
only
one
different
The
178
Gasoline
on
of
action
action
; but
it has
be
discovered
been
more
metals
it is
highly important
consideration.
One
may
of
iron
oil
the
from
of
the
is red
rust
in the
ing
paint-
this
take
to
best
very
electrical
that
destructive, and
even
the
machinery
is
to
to
farm
tions.
condior
exposed to hard weather
usage
In general,paint is intended
to protect the surface
cal
it is applied from
which
atmospheric chemi-
which
turn
Farm
the
all kinds
around
its mission
from
Engine
paints for
lead, but
to
into
tecting
pro-
it is
use
to
small
will
adhere
not
its contraction
the
over
while
will
drying
be
coated
the
render
to
be
must
cracks
minute
up
and
spots
iron, and
w^et
or
work
the
the
of
the
under
unsuspected
order
varnish
to
exposure
can
In
the
opens
continue
surface.
waterproof,
Iron
rusty, greasy,
imperfectly
destruction
painted
to
iron
entirely
fore
absolutely dry be-
weather.
cleaned
of
the
grease
and
gum
with
which
this
an
purpose,
lye will
failed, as
but
sometimes
it unites
is better.
turpentine
succeed
with
the
where
grease
other
to
Concentrated
methods
form
soap,
have
and
be
The
afterwards
easily removed.
lye must
cleaned
oft' very
thoroughly before painting.
fler
For
211.
painting the mufPainting the Muffler.
heat, mix equal
or
pipes that are subject to severe
of Japan varnish
and boiled linseed oil.
parts by vv^eight
For each half-pound of this mixture
add
slowly and
that
is
"
i8o
The
rules
Gasoline
know
for
how
by
knowing
when
the
around
are
which
by
the
they
precautions
in
necessary
other
attractive
flywheel
exposed
The
making
rapidly
enclose
of
exhaust
should
inopportune
pipe,
be
of
too,
covered
burns.
iron
is
with
often
the
asbestos
the
source
bers
mem-
this
mechanism,
ing
cloth-
The
flywheel.
lagging
has
this
of
ends
of
to
against
If
projecting
in
danger
wood
or
member.
any
caught
of
vised
guarded
pipe
enclose
to
prevent
becoming
carefully
revolving
wire
will
from
frame
the
poultry
precaution
be
when
element
an
should
light
to
walls
that
engine
average
introduces
places
onlooker
the
of
tecting
pro-
purchase.
Risk.
Danger
farm
what
same
make
any
the
and
are
way
certainty,
"
revolving
by
or
Eliminating
214.
the
horse
one
with
the
taking
only
fixed
they
would
new
is
connected
who
circumstances
in
is
There
not
engine,
Farm
the
impression
people
that
doing;
are
this
make
on
them.
apply
to
to
anyone
Engine
menace
to
hot
and
prevent
CHAPTER
THE
Gasoline,
XL
FUEL
and
SUPPLY.
Its
Nature.
Perhaps more
killed
or
injured annually by gasoline
people are
than
through ignorance of its true character
by any
other
industrial agent; yet, properly handled, it is no
At 40" a lighted match
more
dangerous than water.
its surface
would
be
thrown
on
extinguished. At
be in liquid gaso90" it might be ; it certainlywould
line
or
gasoline vapor.
pure
Its True
Value
and
216.
Danger. Liquid gasoline
will not
flame
at
ignite from
ordinary temperatures,
but far less heat than
that from
a burning match
will,
if favorably placed, be enough to convert
it rapidly
215.
"
"
into
gas
which,
mixed
with
the
oxygen
of
the
air,
This
tendency to vaporize
highly inflammable.
few
a
so
readily,in fact at any temperature
degrees
above
makes
freezing, is what
gasoline so readily
available
As more
heat is applied,the
for engine use.
dish
of
more
rapid. An
vaporizing becomes
open
brisk
of
current
a
gasoline in the sunlight where
air passes
it will evaporate
warm
over
so
rapidly as
of boiling. So the current
to
present the appearance
its surface
of air passing over
in the carburetor
ries
carof the readilyformed
mixture
a
gas along with it
into the engine cylinder.
Pure
Gasoline
Vapor Non-inflammable.
By
217.
will not
itself,gasoline vapor
ignite; it requires the
is very
"
presence
of oxygen,
which
it
181
gets from
the
air. About
i82
The
Gasoline
part of vapor
one
for
to
thorough
Engine
eight of
on
Farm
the
air makes
the ideal
ture
mix-
combustion
theoretically,
though, on
of atmospheric impurities,one
account
part to twelve
of air is more
nearly the proportion in actual practice.
little
variation
either
a
Only
destroys the
way
combustible
propertiesof the mixture.
How
218.
of
the
volatile
most
coming
over
process
of
little or
no
mention
the
Gasoline
Mineral
referred
products
one
of
Industries
distillations from
naphtha.
Obtained.
the
"
from
Gasoline
crude
is
of
first
the
United
petroleum being
one
petroleum,
by-products in
It was
distillation.
formicrlycounted
value, 5c. per gal.being a good price.
made
of it in the
1890 Census
report
as
is
Is
States,
the
of
No
on
all the
classed
together as
rise in commercial
be
importance may
wholly to the development of the gasoline
Its
almost
engine.
It is
colorless
"
so
not
much
in recent
will
probably give
only
kerosene
but
years
no
the
that
serious
distillates
Some
thermal
this lower
trouble
ard
standin
fact,
coming into
of these
low
grade
value
than
gasoline.
are
Gasoline
The
but
they
are
solid
more
the best
simple
best
tests
183
and
vaporize
to
tests
contain
important now
could
only vaporize
less
are
of carburetors
gasoline; still,there
of
times
are
when
few
convenient.
are
volatile
The
Quality
"
the
Farm
the
like carbon.
matter
when
than
on
difficult
more
Tests.
220.
Engine
be determined
qualitiesmay
by pouring
quickly the
few
means
the
of
non-volatile
some
been
engine. If the
grade unsuitable
and
substance,
residue
for
trouble
for
gasoline is
is
sticky,the
engine use, or
it has
else
adulterated.
Water
readily be discovered
by pouring the
will sink to the bottom
liquidinto glass. The water
and
a
sharp line of division will be seen.
A Good
221.
Storage System. A good storage system
without
leaks is the best insurance
policy in the
this, no other sort of
handling of gasoline. Without
can
"
insurance
will
in barns
Gasoline
aside
the
is far
from
escape
the
of
Barrels
avail.
for
more
even
much
very
not
to
small
as
be
to
water
gasoline
stored
leak
an
lessly
care-
tolerated.
confine
may
and,
permit
engine would
the temperature
underground tank is best, where
is cool and unvarying. Three
nect
pipes should conwith the surface ; the one
terminating in a gasoline
in
a plate and
ending
plug through
; a second
pump
An
use.
which
the
tank
can
be
refilled,and
tanks
are
difficult than
danger,
as
day
and
the
air
several
feet
above
the
should
the
third, a smaller
be
discharged
ground, where
the
The
i84
Gasoline
will
air
any
FiG.
66.
will
driven
by
out
THE
Storage System.
and
While
mixed
vapors,
ideal
an
with
source
GREATEST
THE
THE
VENT
PIPE
AND
PIPE
WHILE
be
kept
Good
Copper
at
lightsof
and
a
distance
Tank.
is best
"
The
for
the
the
tank
is
air, are
forced
for
sion.
explo-
an
DRIVEN
CONTAINED
TANK
THE
it unless
GASOLINE
VAPORS
Fire
from
escape
THE
REFILLED.
222.
before
FROM
IS
OF
OUT
Farm
the
pressure.
almost
OF
DANGERS
IN
internal
form
ONE
Gasoline
rise up
not
refilled these
and
out
diluted
be
Bowser
"
line vapors
being
on
reaching the
there
might be danger of ignition.
the tank
will enter
place
through this pipe to rebut
the heavier
out
gasoline drawn
gaso-
gasoline vapors
ground, where
Fresh
Engine
IS
all kinds
WAYS
AL-
must
while
fillinga
tank
should
smaller
BEING
tank.
be
drical.
cylin-
sizes, but
for
Gasoline
The
sulphuric
petroleum
other
and
'Suction
to
any
of
of
"pin-hole" leaks.
Lock
feed
These
filler cap
pump.
filler
-Inner
flange
pipe
perforated
Filler
Suction
This
close up
later
or
the
up
gasoline.
time
the
to
breaking
tapped bushing__^
Double
iron
sensitive
are
sooner
e'lbow
Union
pipe
jeadinO
at
itself is
Galvanized
in
yield
may
dangerous
most
used
the
that
metal
the
that
acids
Farm
the
well.
coatings
increase
to
on
very
zinc
sediment
pipe, and
by
does
used, but
is often
causes
steel
tank
large
Engine
pipe
^-niler
connection
pipe
pipe
flange
^
connection
Double'*
brass
foot'
Fig.
6j.
"
Bowser
Gasoline
Storage
Tank
With
Convenient
Fittings.
acids
do
nearly
not
seamless
The
223.
placed
attack
as
tin,and
heavily tinned
possible,makes
Foundation.
broad
Tanks
"
tank,
first class
should
be
as
tacle.
recep-
solidly
A
rigid foundations.
full weighs something like
hundred-gallontank when
800
should
be planned
pounds, and the foundations
not
only to support this weight, but to so distribute it
that not all the strain will come
one
portion of
upon
the
on
and
tank.
224.
not
bearings
less
The
than
Connections.
^-inch
"
inside
Flexible
diameter
copper
is the
tubing
best
con-
of
i86
The
with
nector
the
Gasoline
the
threaded
with
while
carburetor,
better
engine
than
unions
least
lead
service
it resists
as
make
if
Farm
the
vibrations
joints.
shellacked
inch
on
soldered
well
fittings
flared tube
pipe at
give good
Engine
Brass
satisfactory,
joints. Heavy
easily worked,
exposed
not
pipe
are
excellent
is
of
and
will
blows
to
and
bruises.
The
"
the
upon
carburetor
the
Guarding
fillingpipe should
226.
strainer, and
small
feed
small
in
pipe leading
dirt in this
227.
Pipe. The
provided with
guard
the
to
the
small
very
and
Nearly
Dangers.
"
good
screen
mouth
scale
be
Gasoline
of the
bottom
of
carburetor.
may
unsafe.
"
should
another
is very
Feed
be
diameter, and
business
alone
the
This
grain
engine out
or
for
all
the
is
of
of
ator.
oper-
gasoline
With
dangers consist of either leaks or carelessness.
a
good storage system properly installed, the careful
need
have
fear.
No
no
gasoline engine
engine owner
did a steam
line
ever
engine. Gasoexploded, and never
tanks
outside
and
heat
limits ; but
boilers
steam
raises
the
gasoline
sometimes
internal
itself is
"burst"
pressure
quite
as
when
beyond safety
non-explosive
i88
The
Gasoline
The
229.
Exact
Engine
and
distinct
layers
zones
bottom
layer
which
the
higher
above
have
mere
the
pure
air.
trace
of
side
our
know
have
vapors
there
belt
enough
little stronger.
mixed,
where
Some-
be
must
Here
where
Now
we
there
burn
to
In
Let
pile.
reached.
not
is
Just below
gasoline; not
is
of air is
combustion.
of
vapor
fire.
support
gasoline we
below
zone
other
ignite.
not
take
cannot
proportion
to
The
gasoline
pure
and
small
the
at
will
us
several
of
another.
upon
of
layer
oxygen,
this
which
place
Let
"
composed
piled one
nearly enough
begin
now
in Gasoline.
its vapors
it is
next
not
Farm
the
liquid itself;that
no
though
next
is the
contains
zone
us
or
above
Directly
Point
Danger
imagine gasoline
on
is
; but
the
if the
top
of pure
pileconsists of pure air and the bottom
these
gasoline,it is evident that at some
place between
is exactly right
belts is a spot where
the mixture
two
the
of which
the most
to support
complete combustion
air and
are
capable. It is also certain that a
gas
above
from
must
dropped downward
lighted match
of
our
reach
this inflammable
dense
in
that
and
zone
to
nearer
in
gasoline vapor
it that
instant
an
from
the
to
of
mass
almost
the
to
comes
It
extinguish it.
disturbance
almost
which
as
it
before
zone
so
entire
far
ignites
all those
mixes
pilebecomes
vapor
burning gas,
as
quickly
so
one
the
and
heat
the
convert
rent
cur-
liquid
seething flame.
Natural
Tank
from
in
Small
Danger
L'nless
the
gasoline is being subjected to
itself into
230.
Causes.
normal
than
more
it
"
heat
or
by
agitated and mixed
proportion of inflammable
are
the
time
in
closed
tank
is very
air
the
some
and
mechanical
The
of its
means,
one
ger
greatest dan-
to mix
up
ready abilit}^
proportion out of the surrounding
consists
above
existingat
mixture
small.
vapors
an
mable
inflam-
material.
The
air enclosed
The
and
Fig.
in
inflammable;
not
of
danger
Engine
Gasoline
flame
58." Bowser
from
tank
there
hence
the
Underground
becomes
soon
is
189
Farm
the
on
saturated,
no
practically
engine following
Tank
With
the
tube
Pleasuring Pump
Attached.
back
the
to
or,
tank.
if it did
in the tank.
The
liquidgasoline in
not, there
would
be
it would
vent,
pre-
mable
nothing inflam-
The
igo
Gasoline
Rules
231.
for
easily made
tank
out
or
that
should
should
they
No
remedied
be
at
ventilated
should
pass
people
many
free
; that
gasoline outside
which
leaked
has
which
through
be
air is tested
air.
the
found
once.
room
ever
are
in its
carelessness
or
be
however,
can,
great
trouble
causes
poorly
pipes
; and
Farm
the
and
exposed to
purposely drawn
for. When
constantlybe watched
been
Leaks
"
through ignorance
It is always the
management.
the
on
Gasoline
Safety.
dangerous
hurt
getting
Engine
entered
with
gasoline
light
open
an
For
most
gasoline vapor.
should
is a partialtest and one
which
people,the nose
be disregarded. Never
not
bring a light into a room
where
there is a noticeable smell of gasoline.
until
the
Gasoline
be
The
will
be
much
are
vapors
usually
strongest
should
surely be found,
the
Avith
searcher
in
as
room
for
lighted match
an
by
heavy
the
as
will make
room
one
dish
open
soon
be.
not
may
flame, the
chamber
combustion
first class
for
evaporated
to
the
floor ; hence
ignition,but
settle down
will
air, and
than
below.
the
but
be
may
boiling without
vapors
the
is searched
that
Gasoline
heavier
near
from
ventilated
leak
for
impulse
power
only.
of
One
gasoline
the
is
commonest
its
after
purposes,
in
use
w^hich
discarded
into
the
sink
to
room
spell disaster.
Gasoline
spigot
flame,
should
poured
or
as
the
and
from
process
the
be
never
fumes
one
exposes
come
drawn
vessel
a
from
in
large
the
common
presence
surface
ofl:*rapidly. For
to
of
ization
vapor-
this
rea-
The
Gasoline
gasoline should
son
another
Engine
be
never
who
person,
on
drawn
is liable
Farm
the
at
in the
191
instant
any
of
presence
to
lessly
care-
light a cigar.
Gasoline, in fact, should
wasteful.
too
rubber
of
If drawn
into
hose
the
end
hose
outer
of the
release
; then
from
the
tightly between
be
not
poured
barrel, lower
barrel, then
fingers and
reaches
the
end
out
length
the
end
until
the
pinch
draw
below
and
all ; it is
at
siphon
the
out
desired
quantity.
Two
232.
much
as
a
Fundamental
cool
place
2nd.
See
is
system
This
and
the
and
from
away
all vapor
but
any
kept constantly
the
at
gasoline in
saturated
air space
or
ration
evapo-
in the
air.
storage
saturation
stage.
them.
Common
233.
locate
Risks
and
Errors.
Do
"
gasoline to
not
use
dirty
gasoline in the
pipe. Keep a clean
have
and
at
fingerand
the
scale
and
note
the
in
result
clean
place for
inches
in
close
then
measure
Some
end.
out
to
It may
in
rod
ends,
draw
stick
tank.
its lower
both
at
open
to
.^
the
marked
expect
leak
air is reached.
Do
not
ture
by dripping liquid,or even
by moisof
it. In such
quantitiesit is the nature
invisible the moment
vaporize and become
small
around
the
Avoid
ist.
"
possibleby keeping
as
that
within
the
Rules.
the
the
lower
upper
height
and
depth of
a
clogged
that
pose,
pur-
fractions
glass tube,
end
of
with
the
gasoline in
tube.
Do
not
oil,and
the
kerosene.
in
of its
use
These
mixture, but
own.
funnel
same
each
are
for
gasoline,lubricating
sometimes
funnel
fed
develops
to
dirt
the
gine
en-
enough
The
192
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
when
kerosene
evaporates
Specially treated
rubber.
hose
the
rot
soon
life out
is furnished
for
of
such
purposes.
All
be
unfailinglymade
up
merely "good enough
gasolinejointsshould
shellac.
A singlejointthat
is
answer"
other
defeat
may
them
and
care
Unfiltered
with
into the
Then
the
carburetor
line
gaso-
the
to
most
bustible
com-
in
cigar-lightergets
not
great trouble
skin
t"o
that
his
easily
and
part of
convenient
some
from
rusted
usually
of
an
elements
is
carburetor
the
in
galvanized
it pays,
Occasionally
of time.
has
idle
spot
through.
waste
stood
engine
drain
the
never
to
for
lose
may
carburetor
in
time
some
useless
become
and
Better
solder
to
gasoline that
starter.
is small
tion
protec-
saver.
has
carburetor
at
enough
not
are
valve
remote
attempt
not
it is
needle
The
chamois
system
The
diluted
alone
strainers
dirt.
clogged.
but
some
trouble-
of
air to be
open
screen
from
tank
likelyto cause
intake
pipe or
work.
Wire
Do
away.
process
point.
deadliest
der
ren-
rated
fillingit; while the satubeing displacedby the inrushing liquidand
is the
air is
the
the
forget that
tank
forced
the
to
later.
or
Never
very
and
precautions
thrown
money
gasoline is
interview
sooner
all the
in
its
as
tile
vola-
more
engine
an
and
the
renew
the
supply.
Make
it
conditions
The
rule
where
draw
lightfrom
occasional
gasolineat night
a
naked
exception
may
flame
not
is
prove
under
sary.
neces-
dis-
it will
but
astrous,
be
Fig, 69.
the
Som.etimes,
when
serious
time.
some
strips
gasoline engine repair
temporarily
leaky union
shellac
and
engine
until
Simple Gasoline
"
finished.
every
down
shutting
without
in
repair
will
This
chest.
yellow
mushy
should
cloth
of
of
bottle
"
193
and
rule
the
follow
to
Farm
the
on
become
soon
sure
are
consequences
A
Engine
Gasoline
The
the
is
run
Gauge.
Tank
this
few
be
obtained
leak
small
engine
faster
than
the
does.
Gasoline
234.
most
gasoline
consume
may
Fires; How
to
do
with
important thing
to
Handle
a
Them.
"
gasoline fire
The
is to
it out
by
thing is to smother
cutting off the air supply, or the gasoline. Fighting
wasted
with
is time
than
water
worse
; it spreads the
a
gasoline over
larger surface and increases the area
of the
of evaporation. Sand
and
sawdust
two
are
be
best
not
extinguishers,though sand should
very
used
the engine, as
too
near
inder
grains of it in the cyl-
prevent
it, and
the
cut
and
may
near
next
ruin
it.
gasoline engine
A
or
few
buckets
storage
system
of
dust
saw-
should
The
194
be
Gasoline
much
as
water
do
not
If
such
binder
This
Chemical
fire
One
of the
mixture
the
and
use,
this
the
engine
carpets, blankets,
of
doors,
and
shut
to
few
the
out
shovels-
able.
readily obtainthe engine
objection around
same
best
very
most
and
scattered
over
made
an
then
by mixing
add
; then
of
fire
will
for
bottle
A
emergency.
gasoline
all
of bicarbonate
of its bulk
for
them
equal parts
thoroughly;
screen
in stock
keep
be
in
of
many
may
sal-ammoniac
two-thirds
Mix
soda.
Out
to.
extinguishers are
salt and
common
to
its
has.
sand
right.
It not
prevents
into
anything
sufficient
the
has
liquidand
of
damage.
covers,
be resorted
be
boilers.
available, old
stack
of steam
the
buckets
as
grains drawn
serious
canvas,
air,should
that
few
Farm
the
equipment
absorbs
is not
sawdust
the
on
furnace
the
but
only smothers
spreading, while a
will
of
part
around
are
Engine
little of
it
conquer
quickly.
thermal
In
heat
in the
gasoline
Nearly
value
kerosene
gasoline is
while
Drawbacks."
stands
higher
of about
is familiar
one
and
Advantages
proportion
every
treatment,
of
Its
Kerosene:
235.
22
with
with
18.
to
kerosene
people
many
than
and
a
its
series
experiments.
In
some
stations, while
certain
at
at
corner
any
able
gasoline is only obtainkerosene
If the
grocery.
can
fuel
be
tained
ob-
supply
runs
before
of the
season
It does
This
not
argument
certain
the
have
housewife
to
is
be
can
carried
burn
over
it in her
till another
in the
lamps.
year.
case
of
The
196
gasoline,and
in
Engine
Gasoline
are
less available
Which
on
account
for
small
engine
is
H.
10
For
Is Best."
engines kerosene
but
Farm
the
for interior
237.
on
and
the
of their
units
and
P. Kerosene
distillates
cheapness
for
probably enough
are
out-of-door
able
speciallyavail-
and
in-door
better
etc.
Engine.
and
tractors
work, especially
to
superior power,
the gasoline
work
pay
the
difference
The
the
in
Gasoline
on
Gasoline,
fuel.
of
cost
Engine
Farm
the
197
is best
too,
for
high
slower
is much
speed engines,as kerosene
burnnig.
from
Gasoline."
most
Al238. Changing for Kerosene
sene
good gasoline engine can be used for keroany
supply tanks are
by a few minor changes. Two
needed,
large
the
should
turned
be
gasolinecan
the
then
up;
turned
on.
night it is
carburetor
well
the
engine
on
minutes
to
change back
charged
with
small
one
gasoline
is well
iron
before
few
the
switched
be
will be
and
kerosene
gasoline."
In
starting
for
at
for
one
warmed
off and
sene
kero-
closing
down
of
in the course
starting. Short shut-downs
do not
a
run
usually require this change, as the engine,
hot enough for a reasonable
hot, remains
once
Timeto vaporize the kerosene.
If at any
time
it will
for
should
carburetor
start, the
not
be
drained
of kerosene.
use
of
waste
time
suitable
more
Valves
and
sparker
hot
air from
or
for
Sometimes
some
a
be
must
hot
essential
it is
generally
loads.
kept tight,and
it is necessary
part of the
across
water
be
engine
jacket can
is
Kerosene
variable
for
then
are
change.
than
constant
clean.
these
the
attempt
to
connections
and
Without
and
to
rings
pipe
the
buretor,
car-
used.
The
pre-ignition
troubles are likelyto come
Some
engine operators
up.
favor mixing a quart of gasolinewith each five gallons
sene
keroof kerosene, while others operate successfully
on
spark
must
alone.
not
be
Under
much
as
from
gasoline to
forty per
advanced
too
favorable
conditions
cent,
has
kerosene,
been
and
much
or
saving
of
as
reported by changing
with
an
increase
of
power.
239.
Distillate."
Distillate, which
is
really a
low
The
198
Gasoline
Engine
on
same
kerosene
way
Some
not
more
and
heavy engines
speedy
kerosene
others
are
kerosene
objections to
mam
heavier
more
of low
work
presents
in
are
Also, the
so.
appear
it is
distillates in
their
aggravated
an
place,when
cheapest engine
very
the
fuels.
is the great
This
Alcohol."
240.
in
gasoline engines
advantages which
marked, while
so
of the
traces
can,
more
Farm
the
unfulfilled promise
the mdustrial
to
mdeed, it
gme;
few
regarded
was
it
favor, and
Its
internal combustion
alcohol
important
so
as
laws
special revenue
ago
years
of the
world,
would
revolutionize
that
in
enacted
were
the
natured
de-
that
confidentlyexpected
was
en-
small
power
industries.
Its
241.
Advantages."In
speciallyfitted
less odorous
for
than
engine operating
about
when
cent,
run
be
with
done
cent,
per
to
run
180
It will
alcohol
pressure
kerosene
or
242.
Some
heat
from
and
thus
be
gasoline would
the
which
be
than
flame
fire caused
by
it
be
line
gaso-
10
of
per
provided
for
not
nearly
30
in order
higher
much
than
pression
com-
either
permit.
gasoline,and
goes
could
that
seen
Peculiarities of Alcohol."
is slower
is obtained
about
will
power
economically
should
and
by increasingthe
then
pounds,
190
or
gasoline, the
greater.
on
cleaner
ordinary compression
alcohol;
on
to
compression
under
increase in power
will
70 pounds
is far
It
work.
it for
from
this
is
alcohol
respects
many
up
less
bustion
com-
noisy. The
spreading out,
rapidly and is
less
instead of
spreads
Alcohol
The
readily
Gasoline
All
be
to
alcohol
in the
presence
engine
corroding
to
gummy
metals
with
has
water
been
value.
In
3, while
The
244.
dream
be
time
farm
of
source
and
be
industry
then
of
little
dream,
fuel
and
be
in each
or
almost
in
as
will
farming
ideal
an
and
of the
waste
from
source
alcohol
of
there
realization
other
any
realized, be
estimabl
inhas
of
this
engine
of
promising possibility
prices
regarded
an
potatoes, etc.,
far, however,
made
its present
at
alcohol
present
ever
Thus
progress
only
can
for its
itself,if
advantage.
been
that
been
production and
transportation. The
of
tax
independent
has
of local
utilize the
could
must
be
power,
excessive
too, that
It
"
farm
reversed.
than
It would
thermal
than
more
users
the
on
its low
ness
weak-
gasoline,
proportion of 2 to
Dream.
power
farm
to
its fatal
lower
in the
User's
produced
cost.
inexpensive
not
subject
power,
about
of
from
community
low
it is much
when
cent.
prohibitiveprice and
Engine
unrealized
"
loading
over-
engine, too,
50 per
So far
as
position
com-
will stand
and
proportional price is
the
habit
in its
constant
more
operate the
Weakness.
standing
sometimes
troublesome
its
and
water;
of steam
its action
much
units
heat
it mixes
changing lubricatingoils
It is
as
the
relation
of
It will
Its Fatal
243.
at
also
gasolinein
better.
some
It has
substances.
than
diluted
form
199
which
some
in the
and
Farm
the
with
contains
considered.
of
the
on
extinguished by water,
greedily.
has
Iingine
as
an
the future.
245.
Notes
gasoline is
years
ago
of greater
American
cent,
Fuels.
on
much
its
use
carburetor
an
and
oils furnish
of kerosene
and
of
the
than
it
spite
costly now
engine fuel
more
as
In
"
is less
fact
was
so
that
a
few
because
only
an
6 to
average
8 per
cent,
about
of
54
per
gasoline.
The
200
Gasoline
Gasoline
but
it
can
cannot
be
be made
to
burst
may
the
Engine
be
said
difiference in the
The
the
of
mstallation
tank,
internal pressure
tank.
operating
the
failure
of
of
cost
the
is free
gasoline
consist
to
the
until
vaporize
only dangerous
entire
danger from
may
Farm
the
ignited by overheating
The
the
on
storage
gasoline engine
the
confine
to
and
good
and
gasoline,
in
job
poor
should
system
fuel.
be
not
considered.
It is the
weak
point
gasoline finds.
are
in
never
Those
dirt and
surely
as
rusted
or
red
Litharge
is not
lead
become
in the
pint
pints
of
horse
power
kerosene
13
40
and
this
and
should
cents;
and
i.i
or
them
cuts
thick
the
attacks
soon
that
arise
in small
paint
bright red.
required by law,
paste
usual
rate, with
cost
alcohol
at
from
as
the
some
it should
states
be
1.4
or
one
gasoline
cents,
30
at
and
cents,
10
line
gaso-
cheap.
storage
gasoline receptacles
In
it to
average
of
quantities in similar
all
as
an
on
should
still be
would
pints of kerosene
produce
with
or,
sense.
to
up
unreliable.
At
hour.
accidents
kerosene
prevent
shellac
gallon, alcohol
cents
and
as
shellac.
as
gasoline
per
per
IMany
of
mixed
making
alcohol
centf
at
good
as
fuel-soaked
One
14
glycerine
and
leak
for
attacks
with
clogged
means
suitable
gasoline
dissolves
float found
This
properly.
pipe.
become
may
seat
Alcohol
enough
strong
are
evidence.
fail to
White
are
that
the
that
svstem
storage
parts
float-controlled valve
Any
out.
of the
this
in
all
gasoline
To
cans.
on
the
side
out-
precaution
by
common
is
CHAPTER
XII.
LUBRICATION.
become
Importance. If intelligentlubrication
the gasoline engine owner's
politicsit
be
for him
246.
could
"
well
in the
be
to
throes
of
great national
causes
the
shame
would
of it is that
is sacrificed
other
much
mate
legitiof this
is
easily prevented.
Not
in lubrication
only does carelessness
destroy
of
the
amount
machinery, it seriously diminishes
available
in useful w^ork by introducing a great
energy
and
of needless
The
ficienc
efamount
unproductive work.
of
per
any
power
through
cent,
lack
fire risk
The
Destructive
fires
be
may
reduced
of proper
is
also
attention
greatly
much
as
the
at
increased
50
ings.
bearit.
by
by hot boxes
that the rate
of insurance
ing
building containupon
any
machinery is considerably higher than normal.
iron
cylinder
Purpose. An
ordinary cast
247.
covered
with
shows
to the naked
eye a rough surface
It is easy to see
that
sand-holes
and foundry defects.
such
the
a
bearing w^ould not be permissible in even
Steel and
other
slowest
of moving machinery.
some
are
so
often
as
started
"
metals
may
think
not
until
the
polished
see
have
present
of
using
surface
smoother
any
was
until
all of
been
removed.
of
worked
these
201
surface, but
these
in
to
true
defects
would
we
journal boxings
circle and
which
we
then
readily
The
202
The
will, under
Fig. 71."
the
to
gave
Polished
furnish
to
the
multitudinous
them
down
more
smooth.
that
surface
Looks
which
pressure,
of the
each
holes
little
other
Work.
Some
friction
steel
ing
will-
are
to
tear
these
apart
and
grind
the
lubricants
shaft
complish
ac-
wholly by fillingup
and
then, under
inequalities,
surface
new
globules
until
we
render
must
"
and
hardest
unless
energy
unfinished
almost
and
forming
to
Magnified Greatly,
The
surface
force, we
mission
the
If
Rough
power
Lubricants
their
minute
extra
main
known
(Fig. 71),
eye
inequalitiesof
by
How
248.
into
metal
naked
Steel Rod
Farm
the
with
is not
the
on
microscopic exactness.
incompressible either; and,
works
these
unlike
not
appearance
iron
Engine
highly polished
most
mechanics
an
Gasoline
they
of oil
form
of their
pressed
smooth,
own
and
hard
posed
com-
ground
glaze.
The
204
two
fluids
of them
is
these
of
Gasoline
Engine
will
on
do
as
lubricant
truly viscous.
Fluidity."Fluidity is just
neither
251.
Farm
the
the
because
of
opposite
of friction between
viscosity. There is a certain amount
all moving
in contact,
not
are
things which
excepting the separate particlesin the oil itself;and
this internal friction or tendency to cling together is
less fluid.
are
greater in the kinds of liquids which
This
sistance
stationary tendency in an oil increases its reto all motion, includingthat of the shaft, and
after the point is reached
where
the oil has sufficient
body to sustain the required load, any addition to the
is only adding to the friction between
resistance
the
oil and
shaft v/ithout
serving any useful purpose.
In gasoline engine lubriThe
Flash
Point
cation
252.
the flash point and
fire test of the oil are
of
first refers to the lowest
great importance. The
very
the vapors
from
the
at which
degree of temperature
"
oil will
the
into momentary
flash
second
to
form
that
point
and
burn
flame
which
at
then
and
the
die
will
vapor
out;
tinue
con-
ture
constantly. As the temperain the engine cylinder is so high, it is necessary
that a good cylinder oil have
a
high test in both
very
of these, else it would
be ignited and
fore
beconsumed
its work.
A
to do
fire test of
having a chance
than
the working temperature
of the
400" F., or more
insist
and some
cylinder, is necessary,
gas engine men
600".
on
as
high as 500" or even
to
253.
The
;
Cold
still it
is to be
is
so
proper
run
usually accepted
around
at
20"
Fahr.
is of
cold
cold
be
should
nearly congealed
channels
The
Test."
low
test
considered
temperature,
that
no
test
it will
use
for
as
not
a
portance
is of less imwhere
as
chinery
ma-
oil which
follow
lubricant.
gasoline engine
in
its
The
oils is
The
Carbon.
254.
the
engine
Engine
In
on
Farm
the
"
is of very
carbon
of
Gasoline
the
all the
consumes
205
each
inflammable
of
cent,
per
impulse
of
parts
and
cylinderand leaves the free carbon
other unconsumed
the pisingredientsbehind to gum
ton
and
rings with their troublesome
deposits.
Gums
and
and
Acids.
Gums
acids, though
255.
the
oil in the
"
present in
and
from
oil should
an
them
detriment
metal
the
gum
in
lubricate, while
for
of
oil is intended
cylinder oil
256.
of oil is best
for
all machines
or
free
as
the
protect and
is not
"
sons,
rea-
attack
to
troubles
is
course,
it is
as
obvious
which
selected
be
possible. Acids,
as
of the
surface
oils, are
most
to
be
engine
more
No
ated,
toler-
kind
one
same
machine.
the
wheels
kinds
thick
line-shaft
of
of
of
an
locomotive.
metal,
too,
steamer
ocean
Friction
it has
been
or
between
proven,
certain
is best
at
by certain oils,wdiile the temperature
the
is an
machinery works
important matter.
comparison tests of good oils of seemingly
nature
it has
of the
oil
been
sometimes
required of
one
found
brand
will
that
drive
the
duced
re-
which
In
similar
three-fourths
accomplish
more
2o6
Gasoline
The
with
work
brand
the
Engine
machine
same
would
require, and
saving
in
that
Farm
the
load
and
and
power
on
there
than
would
repair bills
other
some
be
the
at
terial
masame
time.
Gasoline
"
adhesive
or
stickiness
to
carry
its load
well
at
these
test
also, and
which
be
it must
sometimes
are
the
free from
used
to
various
make
ants
adulter-
cheap
oil
semble
re-
glycerine, instead
seen
on
the
the
market
dark
;
but
green
color
or
amber
alone
does
quently
frenot
The
prove
the
acids
until
it
Gasoline
Engine
quality. Oil
it resembles
contains, in addition
certain
can
of free
amount
on
be
the
Farm
bleached
by
207
certain
the
to
acid
cylinder walls.
"
the
which
of
shaft
the
best
is
run
in the
lubricant
main
for
most
determine
the
ture
na-
parts of ordinary
load
and
not
much
The
more.
oil should
be
fluid
The
3o8
Gasoline
supplying
enough.
to
not
Engine
them.
To
There
valuable
and
lard
valueless
other
in the
same
load
if the
viscosity is
sufficient body to
have
not
Beef
suet,
favorite
until the
with
boxes
machinist
prevent hot
to
cially
spe-
possess
would
Tallow
machine.
then
gets above
destroyed,
hold
the
fatal
ioo",
and
metals
two
they
apart.
hot
begin to feed
enough to be
weakness
in its lubricating
will
become
be
might
is
chinery,
largely used on farm malubricatingvalue where
some,
have
alone
conditions
temperature
their
because
down
under
practicallyno
is much
there
machine
the
conditions, which
oil,for instance, so
have
Farm
the
oils that
some
certain
under
them
render
know
are
peculiaritythat
some
on
not
the
purpose
of
boxes
rather
than
good
provide
every
to
It is
melting his grease.
the temperature
always well when
selectingoil to consider
that high temof the place,and to remember
peratures
readilydecompose the animal oils and render
the
them
for
them
rancid.
Animal
260.
of
purpose
and
Oils.
Vegetable
"
Formerly
the
of animal
lubricants were
as
use
only oils in common
or
largely due to their
vegetable origin. This was
oils are
more
cheapness and greater supply. Animal
oily,however, than mineral, and they mix better Avith
able
desirmoisture.
For
the latter reason
they are more
than
around
steam
gasoline engines, though even
for steam
they are not ideal. As a class they are more
oils, and
some
oily than the hydrocarbons or mineral
said to hold
their viscositybetter.
of them
They
are
all
contain
oxygen,
however,
atmospheric changes,
the
metal.
heat, and
spontaneous
and
They
become
combustion,
and
form
also
are
serious
a
a
are
so
fatty
liable
fire
property
acids
to
menace
that
subject
which
to
tack
at-
ternal
develop inthrough
the
mineral
Gasoline
The
oils do
not
Engine
The
possess.
chief animal
vei^etableoils
cotton-seed.
include
Of
these
Four
oils
oil ; the
olive, rape,
209
sperm,
are
best
known
palm and
specially
good, but
castor,
oil is
sperm
72.-SectionThrough
Fig
Farm
the
on
cating
Lubri-
System.
for
not
heavy loads
oils
261.
or
as
at
Mineral
hydrocarbonoils
are
obtained
crude
from
volatile
by driving off the more
refiningby acids and filteringwhat
table
vege-
are
or
technicallyknown
The
volatile.
particularly
Hydrocarbon Oils." The
class
high temperatures.
elements
mineral
petroleum
and
remains.
then
This
is
classification comes
arising from
crude
for
oil taken
instance,
phaltum, while
the
variety of brands,
difference
from
contain
Texas
in the
different
more
or
of them
many
characteristics of the
fields.
less
The
Ohio
sulphur
and
oils,
as-
sulphur,
The
210
have
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
much
oils have
asphaltum. The Texas
and
a
are
purple bloom
specially desirable, because
of their fine cold test, in refrigerating
works.
sylvania
Pennoil has
and
is
a
distinctlygreenish bloom
much
in the cylinder oils of commerce.
used
262.
Mix
little oil with
a
Testing Oil for Acids.
alcohol
which
has
about
to
previously been heated
120".
After
minutes
several
dip a slipof litmus paper
(obtainableat any drug store for a few cents) into the
fully as
"
mixture.
if it
If the
red, acid
turns
waste
or
hours
in the
test, rub
brass
and
of
some
leave
for
oil and
oil which
Or
is
saturate
leave
acid
no
bit
for
eight or
highly polished metal
the
turn
denotes
oil
over
bit
of
free
acid
objectionable,as
it
soon
ten
face.
sur-
polished
If acid
will
of
acid.
free
is present
It is needless
green.
contains
is
and
there
twenty-four hours.
will
metal
surfaces
the
sunlight on a
a
slight corrosion
third
that
blue
is present.
with
cotton
Even
the
remains
paper
add
to
injure metal
roughens the
bearings.
relative viscosity
263. Testing for Viscosity. The
different
oils may
be determined
or
by
body of two
placing a drop of each side by side upon an inclined
thinner
of glass. The
the
oil wall of course
run
pane
farthest
in a given time.
By keeping a systematic
"
record
may
of
have
soon
body
determine
the
and
fall from
temperature
In
with
relative
a
test
small
and
suits
tested,
and
has
his purpose
of
the
one
parative
com-
used, and
best ;
so
ing,
provid-
perature
temat the same
always made
glass always equally inclined.
is by counting the
drops that
is
the
test
used
different oils he
that
one
oils
good knowledge
very
in the
always, this
Another
different
all the
orifice,tlie
two
oils under
the
same
pressure.
testing viscosityit
should
be
remembered
that
The
212
Gasoline
exposed
moment
About
the
only satisfactorytest
than
whereon
the
less than
not
on
the
the
charge is fired.
of this requires a special
much
reading goes
thermometer;
ordinary temperature
400'^ Fahr.
porcelain dish
Farm
the
instant
the
at
thermometer
higher
Engine
filled with
Place
oil in
small
metal
thin
or
is
temperature
at
then
The
flash
not
be
should
Fire
is
where
the
any
Test.
the
The
"
oil is
shown
low
be
cold
lowest
Test.
easilytaken
There
an
and
remembered
the
Carbon.
accurate
"
The
guide
considerable
that
not
is apt to
all, a
after
be
the
portance,
im-
It should
carbon
qualitiesat
rigid,since
of the
test
is
high
fire test
cold
while
oil has
an
sacrifice
mean
good
too
specificgravity
to
point.
instances
some
working
should
test
This
flash
experiment.
reasonable
After
extreme.
actual
though
like
the
ing
firthe
burn.
to
are
the
as
which
at
as
same
engine is to be operated
The
congealing point of
of convenience,
nearly a matter
is a positivenecessity.
pretty
farther,
oil is of
the
by
superiorityhere
269.
is the
test
little
temperatures.
temperature
other
lowest
fire
take
temperature
"
of
test
anything
extra
fire
is carried
Cold
in low
always
oil vapors
the
speciallywhere
much
is, the
that
point;
The
268.
which
test, but
point
vapors
flash
out.
go
267.
the
the
of
an
more
oil is
it contains,
pro-
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
have
been
not
viding adulterants
in the cylinder is enough to burn
oil
less, and
or
more
it follows
that
load
the
greatest
oils
deposit
is of
which
oil richest
the
dirt
of
carbon
some
added.
in
when
they
and
heat
evaporate
any
the
hydrogen,
will deposit
carbon
trouble.
213
the
out
and
lightest weight
As
and
drives
this
as
Farm
the
All
burn.
of
these
That
oil
still possesses
body
is best, where
specificgravity
enough to do its work
alone
is taken
the test.
as
By ignitinga quantity of
vessel and
the oil in a small
holding a bit of window
it burns,
it for a stated length of time while
glass over
it deposits can
of carbon
be readily apthe amount
proximate
Oil Waste
270.
test
of the
not
include
and
Engine
has
lubricatingsystem
the
the
behind
man
Waste.
been
oil
thorough
No
"
made
that
The
can.
the outside
of the
squirted carelesslyover
value
to the
no
engine, though it serves
is
of
mission
in
engine, if
clean, but
and
to
must
it sometimes
just when
know
know
be
it is used
used
how
to
frame
an
is
portant
im-
line
gaso-
do
to
cannot
unless
not
not
are
this
it is
oil that
of dirt.
accumulation
an
does
be kept
good work, must
unless
done
good oil is used
lubricators
properly. Where
ment
judgrequires considerable
to oil ; when
they are, one
them.
set
pretty
"
conclusive
oil is better
better,for
than
it
soon
evidence
too
that
little,but
loads
the
there
is.
it is not
piston
and
Too
much
very
much
rings down
The
214
Engine
Gasoline
on
Farm
the
with
them.
sooty
While
Lubricating Systems.
272.
"
lubricating devices
and
systems
common
are
many
those
use,
terest
probably prove of greatest inof a farm
to the owner
engine.
The
Gravity System. The
gravity system,
in favor
some
years
ago, depends for the flow
described
273.
below
will
"
much
Exterior.
Fig.
in
there
'/2i- Exterior
"
Sectional.
hiterior
and
Views
of
Sight
Feed
Gravity
Lubricator.
of
the
through
be
oil
a
upon
small
regulated to
the
elevated
outlet
very
pipe
nearly
location
from
a
which
stated
of
the
number
the
cups
flow
of
can
drops
The
While
miiuite.
"
oer
Engine
Gasoline
'ot
these
are
on
Farm
the
215
fairlyaccurate
it does
a
great obstruction to cut
very
m.re
the oil above
the pressure from
so
m
flow
a
This
miel is insiguiflcant.
style,however
off
small
S
ve
y common
The
In
bottom
case
that
ends
connecting
rods
splash into
the
every
so
carry
at
is
all
up
which
wnicn
some
there
of forget-
automatic
is
IS
then
has
to
is very
the
might
supply
of
effective
tank.
Explaining
System
Splash
the
of Lubrication.
XV...
be
attended
to
than
with
thing
some-
same
gument
ar-
used
Occasionally,as
through use.
oil
be
74"
for
auLuiiidLi^
requiringconstant
hold
Fig.
anything
with
and
davs
tank
surplus oil
is
caught.
chance
fulness
oil
the
people
some
more
ply
sup-
for
last
and
With
to
Enough
to
carried
oil to
parts of the
placed in
once
time,
thrust,
crank
and
be
or
liquidon
enough
up
them.
can
dip
revolution, and
working
shaft
shaft.
of the
downward
at
crank
the
quire;
re-
crank
the
of
the
u.
placed m
oil is
the
enclosing
case
simplicity
of its
because
is
Enough
their
part
tight'
the
in
use,
he
it should
be
the
"lrawn
oil becomes
off and
discolored
filtered or
new
introduced.
a75.
The
System.-Thisis
.
Loose
Ring
-i^^
smidar
"
very
The
2i6
the
to
Gasoline
Engine
splash system,
on
Fig. 75._Loose
276.
held
in
The
a
with
is maintained
pressure
the
exhaust
277.
method
of
various
feed
the
engine.
some
of the
certain
use.
This
forces
it
oil is
which
through
various
bearings and
by connecting the tank
enclosed
crank
Force
the
with
case.
Feed."
favorite
is the
efficiency
is geared to the engine
quantity of the oil through
pipes
attached
This
has
as
the
as
of its certain
which
pump
the
or
because
now
forces
which
an
Positive
The
oil
an
with
or
in
it
with
effective
to
Bearing Lubricati
introduced.
connecting pipes
oil up
the
System." Sometimes
of supply, into
or
source
tank
be
can
pressure
for
Ring
Pressure
central
Farm
the
to
it with
each
stroke
use
and
the
of
important advantages,
and. with a supply of oil back of it,there is practically
looked.
no
being overdanger of any bearing thus connected
is not
this system
Of
so
simple as
course,
others, and
several
it is
more
costlv
to
install.
Engine
Gasoline
The
Oiling Through
278
method
enouo-h
indeed, when
of noHce;
76.-Mechanically
Operated
Fig
to
mix
to
cylinder oil
strain into
into
fine
stav
on
from
with
where
upon
other
all other
immediate
course
case
are
the
cups,
methods
means
of
not
as
the
mended
recom-
along
with
viscosity
the
oil
fuel
settle
to
lubricated
keep them
this method
fail. When
and
cylmder
engme
is
used
lubricating the
be
cylinderand its
dispensedwith, though
Insures
Pump
divides the
This
and
walls
accessories may
the
and
hot
gallons of gasohne
five
enough
the
Oil
worthy
carburetor
still it retains
fire spray
of
pint to
the
it
it is sometimes
gasolinesupply tank.
globules which enter
readily through
vapor;
Plunger
them
each
render
Feed.
Force
oil refu";es
to
cylinderwalls get
the
this
experimentalstage,
the
attained
been
has
success
217
While
Carburetor."
the
hardly passed
has
Farm
the
on
As
These
the
the
crank
through
applied through the
must
oil
in
be
oiled
The
2i8
Gasoline
better
is
gasoline
it is
where
it is
Engine
on
distributed
Farm
the
directly to
the
claimed, occurs
point
less
bon,
car-
cylinder.
Oil finallybecomes
unfit for use,
Filtering."
not
only through a mixture of dirt,dust and the metal
scale from
the bearings, but through
particleswhich
evaporation and actual chemical
change. Still it may
be used
over
again several times for the bearings if
after filtering
be used
should
not
filtered,but even
a
again in the cylinder. Ordinary wicking makes
good filtering
material, though it may take filler out of
oil or
heavy compounding out of paraffin oil or that
of high viscosity,
and leave it without
body. Oil may
279.
be
filtered
tAvo
oil should
new
be
liable
make
to
and
filtered before
be
dirt and
much
times
three
or
used
in
This
using.
in
pipe
some
will
otherwise
impurities that
trouble
Even
over.
move
re-
would
cating
lubri-
the
system.
Other
280.
be
not
Lubricants."
complete without
supplemental lubricants
it
that
hardly
to
to
oils in their
refer
them
to
few
nature
under
the
head.
same
Graphite.
281.
"
in both
nature
free
from
for
It is not
oil.
by
upon
it will stand
pressure
down.
some
that
the
surface
over
them.
that
be
Its
cold
or
break
would
is
is
the
not
over
acted
too, there
when
liquid lubricants
a
the
removes
surface
is
its work
under
up
lubricated,while
glaze
and
graphite
measure
it fills in and
to
In
advantages
several
heat
by
alkalies.
or
resistinga
oil in
places
certain
places where
In
in
occurs
aflfected
acids
substance, which
This
crystallineand
grit and
possesses
are
reference
unlike
so
best
seemed
brief
chapter would
this
Perhaps
supplement of
inequalitiesin
oil
probably
merely
more
slides
durable
The
220
Gasoline
into
screwed
their
Engine
socket, and
on
Farm
the
insures
absolutelytight
joints.
Grease.
282.
that
is best
There
"
be
to
seems
lubricant
one
no
in all
places. In some
respects grease has
decided
oil. It stays in place better
a
advantage over
for one
duced,
thing and, if a surplus happens to be introinstead
of running down
of the
the outside
boxings, it pilesup in high collars on each side of the
of dirt and
bearing and shuts ofif the entrance
grit.
Oil is not heavy enough in body to protect the shaft
from
real abrading substance
which
happens to
any
is. It also acts
as
get into the bearing, while grease
a
cushion, and makes
run
more
quietly,and of
gears
with
less strain and
friction : hence
course
they are
liable to chip when
Grease
not
so
going into mesh.
is also best
is
differentials,and
for
objectionable it
it is
graphite
for
to
of
one
Foolish
Economy.
with
known
lubricants
Friction
"
and
actual
abuse
two
to
measure
has
said
lubrication
that
should
be
if that
speed
the
made
that
Certainlv
is
is put
w^e
who
be
are
this
upon
seems
hands
are
one
cheapest
it is the
by
memory
the
than
statements
cheapest
Both
true.
of
owner
every
strain
time, it
human
cheaper
gasoline engine.
tremendous
same
Avith
to
should
and
machine
the
of these
Some
expense.
else that
one
committed
machinery,
is
some
Both
repairs.
this
overcome
machinery is,and
at
best
drip
chinery
mathings which above all others make
expensive, and it is certainlyfoolish economy
able in
we
are
thing with which
cheapen the one
the
some
of
very
where
IMixed
value.
special
the
places
wheels.
gear
283.
are
is of
in
of
could
endure
benefitted
and
heat
all
mechanism
that
wonderful
sider
con-
we
pressure,
bit of
one
When
any
it and
should
so
thing
survive.
far
co-
operate
The
Gasoline
with
our
oil is but
be-t
of
most
make
us
in the
care
few
of
'the
world's
oil
-etting the
it is needed
that
fact
may
we
and
the
greater
trouble
of the
it
gasolineengmes
faulty lubrication-faults
we
When
sideration
con-
spot where
very
wonderful
into
perfectedmethods
the
to
use
take
we
more
our
effected
have
Much
of
first crude
the
knowledge.
the
but
great
so
can.
discovered, lay in
been
of
oil
of the
use
not
d.t-
the
and
in cleanlier habits
it up
experiencedwith
has
cents;
all
After
worthless
price of
the
between
ference
221
to
as
affords.
market
Farm
the
on
little assistant
supplies the
best
Engine
saving
the
excuse
quantityof oil used, we surely have no possible
best lubricants, be they
but
the very
for using any
will
market
the
oil or
or
graphite,.
grease, that
''"28/
Ten
of the
rolls out
that
not
Lubricating Commandments."
in the
It is the
pipe;not
the
oil
to
small
large
engine
Some
one
cannot
seem
to
owners
engine
an
that
is
by
Too
is
feed ,
,,
the
the
best
in.
that
absorption system,
try
woolen
with
it.
yarn
stead
in-
hay-seed.
much
oil is
little better
than
than
Don't
bearings; the
forget
the
"Te'ros^'ene
will
gasoline
or
not
otherwise
go.
not
enough
and
seized piston.
it would
think
Don't
get
the
through
of smoke
form
lubricatingexpense.
way
exhaust
oil
The
carry
Be
lower
well
as
as
the
that
it
gets there,
if it is needed.
The
in
best
place and
oil is
do
usually the
its work.
thinnest
that
will stay
The
2.22
Gasoline
Engine
lubricants
Proper
insure
on
Farm
the
against
cylinder
many
troubles.
There
of
mav
is
good
be
many
only
and
poor
dollars.
few
cents
lubricant.
difference
The
in
later
the
first
difference
cost
CHAPTER
ELIMINATION
XIII.
OF
ENGINE
Classified Trouble.
285.
classified if
look
we
is the
and
system
else
it is the
Even
"
after
them
writer's
wish
which
to
troubles
our
with
thing
one
TROUBLES.
be
may
sufficient system
above
urge
in
everything
this unlucky
thirteenth
chapter.
Starting Troubles.
286.
include
may
with
enough
real life
to
chance
to
upon
or
have
we
engine
numerous
of which
one
all
those
Gasoline
"
the
prevent
come
troubles
big, any
startingat
engine from
keep it in motion
our
second
until
class
of
difficulties,or
operating troubles.
mean
287. Operating Troubles.
By this we
various
matters
wuich, while they permit us to
the engine and
keep it going, compel us to face
less disagreeable behavior
which
is not
or
more
"
and
wish
we
Transmission
288.
may
which
operate
to
start
some
mal
nor-
discontinue.
Troubles.
without
the
fault, and
"
The
engine
because
still,
of
itself
some
may
personal effort, or
not
else
in
at
not
all.
It is not
so
mon
uncomEnergy Troubles.
very
for an
of repair to run
out
empty
engine when
much
as
seeming willingness as usual and still
it along when
to
develop enough energy
carry
289.
with
have
hitched
"
to
load.
223
The
224
to
results
which
time
account;
very
often, and
remedies
to
on
look
The
troubles
surprises for
from
and
To
all of these
of Most
A\ hen
Trouble."
of
fairlymost
of two
one
classes
we
will
attention.
moments'
matter
come
the
is called
attention
our
however, occasional
avail.
Origin
the
at
to
come
might expect
we
as
soon
troubles
at the
perhaps cannot
the irregularthings that do not
happen
for which
the usual list of ready made
few
which
Farm
the
Some
prepared,
will not
give
as
are,
not
are
we
291.
get
we
There
them.
now
from
of conditions
out
very
Engine
Irregular Troubles."
290.
us
Gasoline
we
come
gasoline engine
our
the
sources,
things we
don't
The
know.
frozen
forget, and the things we
water
jacket is not one of the inevitable results of gas
Usually it troubles us only once
engine management.
before draining the
at the first of the freezing season
fixed habit.
So it is with
a
pipes becomes
nearly all
often go wrong
trouble ; something that doesn't
gives
a
us
surprise,or else some
part of the engine that has
have
been
never
so
completely self-attendingthat we
given it any thought springs something upon us that
did not
we
previously know.
first thing
The
The
First Thing to Do."
292.
very
to
get when
trouble
is
there
that
be hard
may
else
If
condition
normal
be
is to
to
has
until
firm
later
all
ran
there
is one,
right in
The
and
son
rea-
nothing
is hunted
reason
idea
it is because
on
disturbed.
been
that
of the
grasp
engine
it fails
find, but
done
The
reason.
condition.
normal
that
is
comes
out.
Above
boiler
and
it. While
full head
we
engine
studying the
just a harmless
are
is
of steam
and
heavy
situation
piece
of
over
fire behind
the
iron, no
line
gasomore
The
Gasoline
than
dangerous
in the
reason
until
world
anvil
on
beside
it
keeping
to
understand
Farm
the
it ;
for
begin
can
we
the
Engine
there
so
22^
is all the
of iron
just a piece
the
of
nature
the
trouble.
It's
the
over
go
sometimes
less
forget,or are careabout
because
they are simple. It does not take
long to investigate these, and it is surprising how
been
called
out
gasoline engine experts have
many
the gasolinetank needed
the engineer
when
or
refilling
Look
first of all
had
forgotten to close the switch.
If it is full,notice whether
to the tank.
a flyingnew^geven
or
paper
at
the
can
coming
way
be
no
and
its
to
leaf may
shut
so
this
of
closed
the
is to
some
of
the
fuel, and
pipe
the
open
the
While
ignition,then have
stand
directlyback
supply
have
oxygen.
Maybe
over.
test
not
off the
better
carburetor
is
good
dead
and
entrance,
we
is
looking
the
the
valves
so
crank
there
the
exhaust.
are
line
gaso-
clogged.
switch,
one
air
gine
en-
If getting
working
as
of gasoline is noticeable
they should, a strong scent
in the discharge. If the engine is water
cooled
notice
whether
it has been
ice is in
if no
overheating. Even
before
the heavier
the jacket pipes are
to freeze
prone
is affected.
body of water
293.
It Proves
When
convinced
that
none
Be
to
of
the
Real
little
Trouble.
outside
"
Once
slips
of
are
to
blame,
we
are
22.G
in
The
Gasoline
convenient
Engine
reach
on
there
Farm
the
is
turbing
disnothing more
than having to spend
to the puzzled machinist
half his mental
in finding things. A
good
energy
is a great help in this, while
assistant
is
a
one
poor
than
worse
wrench
Test
294.
is system
On
and
another
In
"
engine
than
in the
in
permit
account
of
of
part
no
assistance
an
no
over
handle.
more
one
there
System.
of trouble.
hunting
any
without
with
management
or
as
yourself
on
side.
other
another
After
the
first cursory
the entire
glance over
engine for some
the most
superficialdifficulty,
rigid attention to system
is surprisinglyhelpful,even
a
system being
poor
better
than
engine
troubles
that
is the
295.
and
lie in
Few
of
confusion,
60
over
let
the
us
take
one
little before
With
things apart.
Is the suction
the
switch
engine slowly
soon
after
of the
exhaust
close
to
back
all
stroke
opening
be
to
appear
go.
To
avoid
the
sibility
pos-
thing at a
beginning to
time
let
one
open,
and
study
it
as
the
end
and
Does
right?
some
each
take
stroke
of the
let the
not,
and
somewhere,
and
cranking
Is
there
should
be?
should
be
crank
the
suspect
as
test
study
much
The
carburetor
in
the
notice
the
If
to
the
in
for
just a little too much
opening the
against without
whether
the
over.
system
continue
the
stroke.
compression
compression
till
intake
so,
step
continue
coming
are
or
it appear
If so,
cranking
detail.
resistance
does
stroke?
valve
the intake
should, and
the
to
to
itself.
by
If
all real
some
of
cent,
per
"
it
crank
As
logicalplace for us
Simple Questions.
most
think
hand
all.
at
none
piston
as
there
five-horse
an
engine
ordinary man
relief cock.
If it
The
228
the
Gasoline
work, and
Engine
used
pair
on
Farm
the
for
only
engine repairwork,
if kept free from
oil, will last a long time.
Testing the Electric System. Before making
297.
all the wires
any internal investigationnotice whether
fast on
if the latter are
the binding posts, and
are
screwed
a
perfect contact
up tightlyenough to insure
a
"
with
metal.
the
is found.
Next, release
plug hy
wire
touching ; have
wheel.
the
the
the
or
pale
color
the
that
point
and
force
to
the
of
the
repair
bill
than
strong
up
the
if
with
Test
this
down
the
the
crank
tween
be-
gap
if it is of
or
appears
the
clean.
plug
and
broken
For
gap
the
or
and
doAvn
tion
insulaserious
inexperienced, less
the
gap
should
be
If
the
spark
the
cylinder
"
from
used.
points has
the
have
may
the
having
the
seems
and
gotten
by replacing
between
and
switch
is
wide
the
the
to
probably nothing
unless
it is in the plug
between
carbon
the
cap
there
too
be
gap
Clean
of
the
spark
no
over
may
the
porcelain
close
Spark Is Good.
the spark plug
the
corroded.
running
trouble
the
is in all probabilitybetween
difficulty
the battery. Care
be taken
not
must
remove
closed
but
spark
whether
wire
electric system
coil
If
298.
note
frame
engendered.
eighth of an inch
an
end
the
timing;
the
wire
loose
assistant
wire
with
wrong
near
an
If
is
spark
the screw
cap, and, holding the
the engine frame
but not
quite
off
turning
of the
point
If there
wire
and
but
faulty; if about the same,
of the ignition system
is 'at
been
wire
terminal,
engine
down.
broken
screwing
cranked.
trouble
is in
some
weaker
than
that
the
frame, the
weak,
fault.
some
These
If the
other
which
plug
other
is
part
directions
The
have
written
been
Engine
Gasoline
with
on
Farm
the
the
229
in
mind,
but
not
back
appear
from
at
all
the
plug
77.-Pocket Size
Fig
to
its other
Battery
Volts
ticularlywhether
a
none,
with
see
broken
there
wire
that the
good contacts
Testing the
300.
follow
will
we
or
cable
the
does
carefully
terminal, notmg
Testing Gauge
Amperes.
Indicates
par-
Either
are
any
points in
it which
under
the
covering.
If there
terminals
under
are
the
Batteries."
free
from
grease
dicate
inare
and
binding posts.
Beginning
at the
other
Gasoline
The
230
end
of the
system,
Avhether
all
and
the
wires
then
in
and
each
test
for
them.
is weak,
one
others
rapidly.
If
results
same
ends
is not
ammeter
an
of
at
hand
nected,
con-
signs of
minal
ter-
ammeter;
time
ing
watch-
with
it will
white
the
run
testing,the
this
the
by bringing
the
are
both
cup
for
to
see
us
any
the
it,as
remove
attached
wires
of
obtained
be
may
two
are
disconnect
outside
on
crystals. If
down
if there
Next
we
if all terminals
reading with
separately,at the same
coated
Let
properly
are
the
test
cell
one
wires
or
Avhether
out
spark.
broken,
good,
Farm
the
find
make
are
contact
on
now
battery
any
short-circuit
will
the
of
whether
clean
will
we
that
anything
have
Engine
bare
terminals
battery
cell can
pulling apart. Each
be tested separately in this way,
although, of course,
mated
the intensityof the resultingspark can
only be estiby its color.
have
to
now
reason
Testing the Coil. We
301.
believe
that a good spark is being delivered
to the
into
then
and
contact
"
is, after
coil ; that
have
we
that
seen
are
these
to
else
coil.
the
test
either
tions
connec-
delivering
is
broken
wasting
down
insulation.
the
Remove
and
substitute
air gap
may
post.
secondary
a
be
wire
short
formed
If, with
with
gap
from
cable
from
the
the
end
coil terminal
of which
an
sion
primary or low-tenabout
% inch, a good
any
of
removed
be
spark is delivered, the wire may
if the coil fails
and the secondary cable replaced. But
the spark, a readjustment of the platinum
to deliver
contacts
help matters.
(see that they are clean) may
them
that holds
the screw
Loosen
slightlyand then
white
little at
tighten a
and
timer
right and
pretty certain
somewhere
that
has
within
novice
attempt
to
removed
be
factory where
it
insulation while
of the
made
for, or
If
such
It is useless
as
in most
sulation
in-
for
the
instances,
seldom
the
posure
Ex-
happens.
will in time
placed
of the terminal
path
in the
than
gap
the
out
rot
coil is
the
through
wires
terminals, may
greasy
through the insulation in
easier
then
of its branches.
one
wider
is,
current
cause
or
break
an
to
or
very
contact
poor
to
find
to
wasted.
over-resistance
connections
spark
the
permittingthe
however,
an
current,
careless
the
of
is
this
moisture,
to
wire
made
was
abuse
from
Except
winding
local
for the
may
that
remedy this,or,
to
we
out;
and
be
spark
If
coil is burned
that
way
short-circuit and
to
the
the
to
broken.
not
is still no
there
that
given
spring is
231
look
Then
test.
inside
the
Farm
the
on
and
time
that
see
all is found
be
Engine
C7\soline
The
its effort
path.
with
down
If
spark
the
uniformly
condenser
dov/n
broken
is
still,an
better
weak
which
oil
there
stone.
shop had
the
be
may
better
replace.
A
302.
weak
in the
of
case
remagnetizingor
out.
In
If the
Faulty Magneto."
either
the
case
field
the
magneto
else the
spark
must
uniformly
need
magnets
winding
armature
magneto
is
be
is burned
returned
to
the
shop.
Irregular firingof
incorrect
be
working
determined
the
of the
magneto
the
in
be
breaker.
contact
by swinging
may
(see
to
This
the
can
spring (numbered
end
(117) and
cap
No. 45). Also
cut
flat
the
due
232
The
tighten
screw
Gasolixe
at
Examine
21.
of
the
be
and
breaker
contact
Xo.
at
screw
and
ox
the
by
magneto
but
steel
and
remove
further
any
at
segments
oil
any
be removed
can
novice
Farm
the
the
platinum points
The
grease.
Engine
by
or
means
dismantlingof
is useless
and
should
not
undertaken.
Aside
from
of
hundred
coil
dirty or
the
times
points, it
contact
that
it sometimes
that
the
or
placement
slightdis-
is not
will be
trouble
any
indeed,
magneto;
or
connections
wet
found
is overlooked
with
is
here
trouble
in
once
the
quent
infre-
so
because
is
one
that
times
trouble
likely to forget between
can
any
here.
solutely
occur
Always, before condemning either,be abthat all connecting Avires are
insulated
sure
that the terminal
and
connections
are
complete. A
loose binding nut
due to a stripped thread, or
even
dirty contacts, may be enough to interruptthe current.
shortSpark plugs, it is well to remember, may
circuit
electric
an
cold ; also
they
when
do
in
when
so
303.
what
Good
its feeble
A
hot
into
in the
Spark."
or
spark
It
be
may.
well
Where
of
what
like and
red
flame, look
of the
the
when
primary
so
always
spark
of
some
is
it is weak.
ahvays
causes
that
secondary
no
shock
currents
If divided
If
for short-circuits.
is Felt."
ignition system
circuit
handled
the
Shock
the
may
describe
to
erly
prop-
it.
compact
If it shows
little tongues
when
not
are.
blue-white
one.
produce
to
spark looks
hot
and
cylinderalthough they
from
imitations
w^hite
good
place
removed
good
fail
sometimes
hot
when
current
In
one
making
is
that
amination
ex-
that
inconvenience
felt, and
have
the
notice
may
serious
short,
the
that
it is
sting
in
Gasoline
The
The
them.
of
purpose
on
induction
current
How
well
tension
surmised
from
system.
the
fact
that
there
is
current
to
than
line
always
be
of
may
be
of
six
about
volts
Faults
of
the
secondary
battery
4,000
nine
to
duce
pro-
insulation,
more
are
complete bridge
between
the
latter
for
the
cross.
The
is for
this is done
like
"
233
transmission
the
of
current
^-inch spark.
A
Few
Ignition Facts.
305.
coil
that, while
Farm
the
Avinding in the
intensifyingthe
high
or
Engine
connected
with
the
the
carbon,
should
spark
system.
With
the
the
wiring
characteristic
wheel
is turned
wrong
with
Six
volts
the
all connected
the
the
up,
buzz
at
coil box
over
is evidence
that
ampere
of current
when
absence
of
the
engine
something is
system.
and
one-half
should
be
cells
to
the
seek
are
a
fresh
and
short
cut
strong,
in the
may
coil
cause
and
the
break
rent
cur-
down
insulation.
The
make
and
break
The
234
there
that
tion
Engine
Gasoline
is
on
Farm
the
coil.
or
Often
porcelain in
broken
short-circuit; and
the
the
plug
this.
is
306.
that
and
accurate,
the
lest
timer
out
castor
oil
wire
in
with
sufficientlyaccurate
to
the
any
absolutely
worn
looked
after,
in
it.
new
engine
turn
shut
escaping
whether
prove
are
fuel
and
delicate
very
break.
put
cylinder and
just after
be
so
oil.
closed
switch
The
become
interferingwith
machine
of
plug
about
oil, and
and
gum
which
A
be
accurate
be
may
top
thread
must
enough
if there
should
circuit
lightsewing
or
hand
by
nothing
lubricants
pet cock
Open
is
use
often
may
Notice
It
ing
screw-
Never
porcelain will
"
causes
to
needed.
cold
timer.
all grease,
Clean
over
there
ground
The
parts.
the
the
parts about
worn
be
may
wdien
Timer.
Suspected
is
}4-inch pipe
tight
heated
tight when
due
tightly.
hand
The
leverage
moderately
spark plug
is often
too
standard
break
the
its socket
for
wrench
large
into
the
off.
air stops
test
but
it is
the
timer
has
slipped.
good spark at the
all right
coming over
plug and the gasoline mixture
ing
stickfor a balky engine are
of the other reasons
some
first of
in the gasoline. The
valves, and water
be detected
these
by watching the valve stems
may
ing
while the engine is being cranked
; the second, by testthe gasoline.
Often, too, the novice, in his anxiety to start well,
in supplying gasoline to the carburetor,
is overzealous
and
or
the
floods
the
Troubles.
Other
307.
it
so
that
other
hand, there
With
"
too
be
may
rich
mixture
small,
too
be
an
or
excess
comes
obstructed.
over;
On
of air because
^Z6
The
the
right moment
Gasoline
proportion
miss
of
fire is
bad.
not
sometimes
symptoms
the
right
loadt
full
under
short
time
accomplishes
than
several
exhaust
should
right direction
if about
under
running
each
these
in
Farm
the
Running
explosion
one
on
revolution,and
missed.
are
and
of
Engine
hours
of
studying
in the
more
dismantlingand
reassembline.
The
4th.
the
is
valve
it is
closingas
that
there
it should.
of carbon
that
the
black
smoke
white
inferior
an
which
right time
blue
quality.
in
smoke,
too
much
oil
too
While
be
may
only
found
fuel
much
too
means
smoke,
expense
the
at
if
or
It is
symptoms
faulty combustion
oil, and
studied; whether
is not
of
be
next
or,
much
or
lubricating
water
itself,this represents
oil of
or
of
matter
here;
rather'
gant
extrava-
in
condition
is daily bringing
cylinder which
broken
bent
to the time when
us
or
nearer
pre-ignition,
similar troubles
shafts and
will be taking our
crank
the
interior
of
the
attention.
5th.
shaft, or
Is
the
is it
bearingsand connections,
piston rings,worn
in
useless
overcoming
of line?
out
proportion
in
of the
6th.
Is
It is not
it is
in
consumers
more
is
per
one
the
minute
of
the
world.
will
wasted
or
shaft
ings
bear-
or
large
produced dissipated
to
see
add
worst
Often
lo
to
be
it should
what
the
loose
way.
lubrication
the
in
uncommon
after
power
useless
such
some
friction
crank
needless
means
machine
a
20%
few
to
and
tion,
fric-
energy
drops
the
all
at
of
oil
available
Gasoline
The
Engine
on
Farm
the
2};j
or
to
be
minute
per
if force
increased
water-cooled
Three
if w^ith
amount
in each
individual
When
consider
w^e
by
itself
of
things
over
too
One
than
much
for
the
cooling system.
engine heats, the oil
that
less
than
half-dozen
matters
comprehensive
scatter
of power
burns
gas
shaft
enough, the
by appearances
determined
to
If that
the
be
crank
view
attention
our
once.
lack
and
should
more
try
we
territoryat
cause
for the
of these
each
when
have
case.
apt to get
are
we
other
chamber
minute
per
will
and
"
gravity feed,
being of course
bearings,
exact
drops
is used,
of
account
four
or
little if the
a
on
"
feed
may
fails for
out, the
expand
may
come
rings
leak
in
in
the
reason
any
so
up
pression,
com-
the
hot
full
"
"
be
some
It may
overcome.
other
form
of
be
due
mismanagement.
to
overload,
Dirt
may
or
to
have
The
2sS
the
clogged
pipe
the
the
be
port
and
in
system
lift
not
may
small
too
An
muffler.
Farm
the
valve
different
heat
on
lubrication
exhaust
under
in
Engine
or
The
exhaust
come
may
water
valve.
or
the
or
Gasoline
or'the
of
overdose
enough
result
same
from
name
some
back
sure
preswill
gasoline
late spark is
troublesome
specially
heat producer and
a
as
extinguisher as
power
well.
Nearly all of these difficultiesare registeredin
the discharge from
the exhaust.
cause
excess
Other
312.
tested
on
the
has
done
troubles
that
cooled
there
air
is
the
blade, or
partition
trouble, if
of the
the
be
is
ing
correspond-
directed
cylinder; or
all,
engine
displacedfan-
pump.
not
at
If the
of
possibility
any
With
it lies there
is the
may
been
once
again.
to
by
near
done
come
current
jacket around
air
be
similar to any
purely mechanical,
has
nated
overheating has elimifaulty construction.
causes
can
the
engine
that
engine
without
possible
been
water-cooled
IS
An
Causes."
full load
from
What
against the
possibly some
the
ready air
very
interferingwith
supply.
noticed
be
iron
has
removed
it may
be
piston
may
at
unsafe
fuel
cut
temperature
up
the
314-
such
is
load
the
carefullyduring
the
chance
cooling circulation.
Speed Variations." A
SQon
certain
but
to
Watch
continuance
conditions; then, as
seized
spark advance,
effective again.
as
amount
drag
to
keep
case,
not
should
seen
entirely,or
becomes
it may
suddenly until
is
engine
down
the greatest
almost
favorable
more
If
result.
lubrication
so
if the
shut
to
hot
The
cool.
to
is not
trouble
circulation
water
but
If the
is very
engine
chance
once,
slowly,with
the
the
up
had
Engine."
the
after
until
be safe to start
the
Hot
Cooling a
313.
ning
run-
with
cool
the
of these
safe,start
of
speed
variation
Engine
Gasoline
The
is to
expected
be
in the
of
running
of
account
on
Farm
the
on
of sudden
239
the
power
rather
blows
tendency
is very
electric generator
an
direct
single-cylinder
four-cycleengine, which
wheel.
These
a
specialbalance
provided w^ith
from
is not
which
normal
however,
are,
they
indicate
within
certain
fault
some
ticeable
no-
tions
varia-
limits, after
in
the
due
engine
its
or
management.
Suspecting the
315.
dying
normal
below
way
governor
or
to
Governor."
the
one
are
blame
the
they should.
without
missing when
normal
and
then
dropped below,
the
the
of
to
or
the
well
are
that
way
above
after
it has
part of the
some
hard, either
casting,or
not
exploded
are
runs
missed
are
chances
Lazy Engine."
have
other
some
of
account
on
leak
in the
lazy engine
source
valves
the
or
is pretty
result
every
charge under
carry
is
the
extreme
load
'nothing
is left
to
suspect very
tain
cer-
piston rings
and
charges
friction.
excess
316.
If the
charges
engine
number
is working
too
governor
a stiff spring,or
a rough
stifif
too
are
exploded regularly,do
If several
governor.
which
springs of
respond as readily as
being admitted and
to
be
may
is the
fault.
In
be
sidered
con-
cause.
If
engine will
spark is all right
seriously except
the
slow
too
compression. If the engine still runs
when
firingevery charge and the compression seems
oft' a part of the
all right,suspect overload.
Throw
load and note
whether
speed is increased so that the
is some
If not, there
begins cutting out.
governor
other
The
it is findable.
and
day of spooks
cause,
the
The
240
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
from
.nto
the
combustion
en,
and
and
there
as
Heated
be
may
there may
or
trouble
of
admission
proper
rhis
to
cause
the
be
normal, may
the
engine
im^
The
irregular
allowed
spee^
to
con
tighten
The
alignme
affect the
friction and
me
The
heating
affected by this
most
for the
fortunately
Pre-ignition.-Pre-ignition,
317.
self
the
mixture.
cause.
time
in'
even
down
be
never
excessive
cause
slow
will
hunting out
bearingsmay i"
enough
are
air
shaft,or
the
witliout
worn
at^onc
the piston'
be looked after
with
that must
trouble
IS
tinue
of
be
'
steam
or
threatened seizingof
occurs
J"
water-coo^
The
he
chamber.
leak
th
much
so
that it is not
vigor
'^ *'"
'."'''"'"^
itf'.
It
for
first
the
time.
may
-ho
""^-'"
be
be
to
apt
long
with
nieets
bv
caused
advancing
impul'se
against
against
its
the
spark
soot
.ng
which
stored
own
the
permits
to
It, or
cause
an
of
temperature
the
reach
attempt
load has
excessive
below
energy.
failure of the
or
chamber
an
far,so
too
point
igniting
to
run
crowded
an
on
the
of
combustion
gasoline,may
advanced
spark when
advanced
spark
can
be used.
it
and
and
.on
too
and
-'"ch
closelyresembles,
''"""\''^'='!-fi-""^"
v!it?
which
confused, in that pre-igniIt
wit
IS
the
result
eariy in
may
not
the
IS
often
ignitinginfluence exerted
may
engine cycle, while back-firing
be.
of
some
Often
the
latter is caused
by
Gasoline
The
which
faulty mixture
of
tliecombustion
the intake
when
the
then
burns
chamber
valve
that
along
or
241
interior
the
of flames
mass
receive
to
carburetor;
the
slowly
is still
opens
Farm
the
on
so
flashes back
flame
to
Engine
its next
charge
intake
the
quently
fre-
pipe,
poorly fittingvalve
sufficiently
tight,and the flame rush
back
Pre-ignition is accomplished in the cyhnder,
while back-firingtakes place in the intake pipe,
too;
be in the cyhnder.
although its source
may
from
of several
318. Misfiring."This occurs
any
causes
be
close
not
may
or
combination
faulty and
system
enou-h.
fail to
of them.
or
ignite,
occasion
may
batteries
Weak
spark
of
speeds or
tends
adjustment.
the
wastes
fluctuation
does
slowing
hurling its
reduce
serious
hot
or
foul
spark
down
the
and
it
speed
but
engine,
shaft
results,
considerable
of
crank
ly
frequent
its
directlyagainstthe
energy
not
the
more
in
tric
elec-
slightlyout
be
to
perhaps
allows
jeopardizethe
not
is
so
and
charge
and
happens
not
is
misfiring,especia
Misfiring
but
pre-ignition,
than
that
to
may
of the
faulty insulation
or
if the timer
mixture
defect
some
The
it
piston by
already
energy
stead
developed. Its efl:ect is negative almost wholly, inof a positivehindrance.
of the
Back-firing.-Thisis one
legitimate
319
^
of misfiring,which
results
it very
unfired
there
is the
there
to
these
often
consumption
is
perhaps
the
good
of
who
amateur,
ing
terrify-
more
a
fusillade of
startlingly
sharp reports, especiallyif
more
charges happen
them
is
ignited. If
to
the
be
delivered before
mixture
was
too
and
benefit, but
fuel without
first receives
muHler
greatest harm
engine prank
other
no
follows, the
hot
its
rich
two
or
either
to
of
burn
Gasoline
The
242
well
in the
Engine
cylinder it
on
Farm
the
may,
"
"
less
serious
this
where
that
be
can
taken
should
one
no
but
cause,
the
as
occasions
a
allow
so
many
alarming symptom
most
are
knock
to
gated.
uninvesti-
go
classed
with
knocking, is
Pounding, often
tions,
only an aggravated form of the other in its manifestaby a pre-ignited
although it is usually caused
charge being hurled against an ascending piston,and
is generally due to an
over-advanced
spark.
the
outside
Outside
Knocking. Knocking
322.
cylinder is less difficult to locate, though it demands
attention.
immediate
some
purely
Usually it means
321.
"
and
about
trouble
mechanical
the
the
that
force
extra
occasion
Any loose shaft may
occasionallya cylinder loosened
323.
Summing
of
terms,
most
engine
troubles
as
follows:
up
the
may
Common
shaft
crank
ings,
its bear-
or
the
gasolineengine,
cause
little more
severity bethe
is behind
piston.
to
it
or
more
from
less; also
its base.
Troubles.
In
"
distinctlycharacteristic
be
subdivided
into
four
general
gasoline
groups,
The
244
is
with
the
frequent
understood.
Engine
Barring
user.
the
wear,
engine
Gasoline
only
the
source
of
trouble
the
accidents
that
trouble
through
comes
on
and
ever
the
long
fact
that
tinued
con-
to
comes
while
operator;
is
Farm
the
it
the
most
is
not
CHAPTER
AND
SELECTING
XIV.
OPERATING
GAS
ENGINE.
is
Selectingthe Engine. Perhaps no mistake
common
more
purchasers of the first gasoline
among
to get the best, unless
engine than the determination
is no
best
it is the effort to get the cheapest. There
the most
for all purposes;
nor
can
gineer,
experienced enafter having tested
different standard
engines
he
side by side for months, always decide which
one
likes best even
for his own
Almost
use.
engine
any
will give entire satisfaction so long as everything runs
the engine is apt to be
well.
When
trouble
comes
325.
"
criticized,whether
not
work
it is wanted
wholly
to
is the
out
of the
blame
it is to
best, but
for.
The
farm,
or
not.
The
first
from
the
kind
of
work
it is
do.
the
Style Required. For stationarypurposes,
floor space
than
the
horizontal
engine requires more
cause
upright,and is not so well adapted to high speed. Beof its broader
a
base, it is firmer under
heavy
belt pull than
the upright, the piston and cylinder are
more
accessible,and it can be bolted more
rigidlyto
Its lower
of gravity,too, renits foundations.
center
ders
solid for portable purposes,
in most
it more
and
it will probably give the best results
in larger
cases
than four or five H. P. sizes.
For the smaller engines
326.
"
245
The
246
intended
Gasoline
ExNgine
speciallyfor
on
Farm
the
portability,such
extreme
as
for
the
also
sizes
in floor space,
economical
more
be
to
seem
in the smaller
and
preferred by purchasers
and
facturers
manu-
Fig.
327.
size
work
-A
The
farm
like
Best
needs
Size.
two
"
Every large or
engines;
threshing,wood
baling, etc.,
and
another
to
one
sawing,
of
Engine.
Gasoline
'J'ypicalHorizontal
from
even
do
the
heavier
grinding, hay
feed
one
moderate
to
three
horse-
The
Gasoline
capacity
power
bits
numerous
and
three-horse
in
engine
the
heavier
it is well
for
will
who
doing
those
the
save
buys
in
put
247
man
two-
or
machinery
more
require more
; then
power
probably regret having purchased so small an
engine, but
needs
may
in
use
man
will
now
which
two
or
year
will
he
the
rule
Farm
the
that
drudgery
a
on
economical
for
of
As
woman.
Engine
small
he
work
one
him
than
worse
if he
can,
remember
to
other.
any
has
that
For
the
with
along
to, get
he
hired
to longer
engine, by adapting his heavier work
while
the light engine is used
runs
perhaps several
times
day in doing that back-breaking drudgery
every
that is killingmore
and women
men
daily on the farm
in
than
still be done
anything else, but that would
the old way
in spite of the larger engine. Only the
small
with
either
engine fits into this work
power
have
convenience.
or
economy
their
How
buildings so arranged
economical
or
to
tasks
as
these, however,
lives of hundreds
that
it would
instance,
be
venient
con-
power
eight or ten horsecouple of buckets of water
use
for
many,
an
separator
cream
five
that
cows?
are
in
It is
just
shortening the
man
328.
little like
hat
the
to
will
Plea
derive
for
advising
tell
advice
of
him
in
how
both
direct
benefits
from
it.
a
Engine. It seems
man
regarding the size of his
engine he needs,
large an
instances
:
same
being the
the
a
more
Small
"
The
248
the
get
Gasoline
size
though, the
when
both
the
be,
doing
the
the
say,
be
time
relieved
engine
purchased
the
wife
and
tion
ques-
life of greater
ease
family,
and
more
or
best
the
solution
for
horse-power engine
drudgery,and a tractor
the
farmer
real
tasks
be
cutting could
more
of smaller
work,
two
farm
day
the
of
his
or
one
hay baling,wood
same
be
farm
range,
operations. Perhaps
every
AVith
farm.
the
is to
and
In
unusual
an
between
one
farmer
field
extended
would
be
to
Farm
the
place.
required has
engine only
one
on
fits the
that
power
seems
for
Engine
and
work
ing,
thresh-
as
done, while
through
care
at
would
housewife
the
and
for
the
size.
for
Work
One
and
Horse-power Gray
One-half
Engine.
Power
329."
For
one
will
run
the
run
wash
a
about
work
the
will
modern
bath
running
water,
room
run
or
and
the
the
flower
vacuum
all
be
and
dairy a
ample. This
and
machine
those
windows, including
dish-washer
house
Tasks."
quantities,separate
washing
water
Farm
Various
in moderate
water
milk, churn,
spray
for
horse-power engine
two
pump
the
of
most
or
Required
rooms
bed
of the
sweeper,
of
the
the
wringer,
garden,
story,
upper
and
supply
house
with
shop lathe,grindstone,emery
Engine
Gasoline
The
that
tasks
backs
price of aching
the
same
aid of
time
the
the
residence
at
With
could
be
at
the
in its spare
would, with
trical
enough elecbattery,accumulate
give the farm buildings every night
to
three
to
five H.
the
the
in
enjoyed
city
run
corn
shelled, stock
through
P., the
farm
supply
of wood
and
ground, hay and straw
cutter, grain and hay elevated,
feed
stalks
almost
Horse-power.
little cost.
very
sawed,
handled
done
are
little worker
lighting conveniences
same
ilar
sim-
storage
Corn
"
be
can
other
all ; while
at
not
or
than
few
farm
average
industrious
energy
Fig. 80.
the
on
and
lawn
249
wash
buggies, white-
faster
times
outbuildings,ten
by hand, sprinklethe
the
done
Farm
the
cut-off,wash
small
and
on
the
and
watered,
without
hand
feed
An
work.
conveyors
eight to ten
of the
heavy
do
horse-power would
practicallyall
work
be made
to do upon
a
a stationaryengine could
farm; such tasks as threshing,ensilagecutting,heavy
grinding,corn husking. For a tractor, less than twelve
factory
horse would
hardly be advisable, while for real satiswork
at the
on
plow and harrow
say a 200-
farm,
acre
For
half that
For
less than
smaller
power
that
attaching to
twenty
farms,
will do
the
tractors
good
table
could
horse
or
now
are
work
rear
with
of
be
not
made
the
machine
vised.
adof
plow.
for
The
250
Gasoline
the
great deal
and
man
do
of the
who
the
of the
on
more
the
on
engine ; in
it.
runs
work
under
to
words,
engine
P.
the
the
on
dition
con-
the
upon
that
is
and
machine,
itself
of the
care
big enough
unfavorable
most
made
now
of the machine
condition
other
An
H.
good deal
delivered
material
Farm
the
lightthree
required depends
power
of
Engine
conditions
to
is,
a
Fig. 8i."
of
one
powerful
course,
that
will
come
enough
to
up
the
Test.
all the
others,
estimate
only
while
on
extremely
There
farm
sonably
reaare
bad.
is,of
overloaded
the
in
course,
a
work,
short
but
danger
time
for
of
having
if it is installed
reallysaving
engine
small
the
for
work
eral
genand
The
252
Gasoline
exactly the
mean
done.
to
take
the
to
order
of
understand
know
to
what
Various
331.
which
Kinds
Actual
are
certain
Farm
the
of work
amount
ally
actu-
have
been
known
others
have
certain
men
this while
own
measurement
necessary
m
machine
some
of their
on
thing in
same
advantage of
standards
111
As
Engine
recognized generally
kinds
of
the comparative
it is
ener-y
value of each
horse-powerreallymeans.
of
Horse-power Defined."
the horse-power really developed,
horse-power is
as
proved by trial.
Brake
horse-power is the power shown by a friction
of measbrake,the Prony brake being a favorite means
This is not scientifically
unng.
accurate, but is near
all practical purposes.
power
horseBrake
enough to answer
the amount
of working energy
livered
derepresents
at
the belt.
Effective
brake.
as
horse-power is the same
of the power
Indicated horse-power is the measure
ably
developed in the cylinder,and is,of course, considerm
excess
of
the
actual
energy
It is
delivered.
the area
of the piston head
figuredout by multiplying
niches by the length of stroke in feet and the prodm
uct
first by the number
of strokes
per minute and then
the
effective pressure
on
by the average
piston in
The
stroke.
pounds during each power
result, being
m
foot-pounds,is divided by 33,000 for the indicated
all
which
horse-power. This is the measure
upon
for computing horse-power from
formula
piston area
The
brake
based.
are
horse-power is equal to the
mdicated
horse-power after we have subtracted from
the latter the energy
lost in friction,
ance,
passive resistetc.
Nominal
calculated
method
of
horse-power is defined as
and
by a conventional
rating, as that based on
the
horse-power
usuallv
the
area
incorrect
of
the
The
It has
piston
had
have
mav
for'
the
Engine
Gasoline
far
so
of
This
gearing and
usually amounts
brake
horse-power,
market
which
claims
elastic
would
admitted
be
absorbed
as
draw-bar
of its
the
one
energy
tractor
of
belt
the
is
own
between
to
that
mission
trans-
weigh^
now
of the
the
on
Sofo.
Horse-power.-With even
to
the relative
meanings
different ratings,purchasinghorse-power
an
term
ment
rapid advance-
the
now
moving
the
careful attention
most
to
is
power
though
Purchasing
332
exeeptmg
commercial
draw-bar:
at the
less whatever
energy
ever
delivered
ino- energy
owing
traction engine,must
of the
measure
as
it
confusing purchasers.
Tractive horse-power,
fixed meaning
any
it is still used
for
253
it is of littlehnportanee
that
fact that
lost
Farm
the
on
operation. Many
operate for
hour
an
engines,
or
so
is
-
at
the
of these
stUl
what
some-
tance
f""
latec
hot that
so
capacitywould by that time have become
they could not be run at all. While most farm work
short runs,
is done on comparatively
an
engine should,
nite
the less, be capableof maintaining for an indefinone
period the full rated capacityfor which it was
sold. Probably no
gasolineengine can develop more
it
than
and maintain
90% of its full possibilities
that an
steadilyfor an entire day ; hence it is necessary
engine to be honestly rated, have at least 10% reserv
energy
above
makers
In
more.
an
now
unknown
its
rating.
Many
of
the
best
engine
of them,
some
supply this reserve;
buying a cheap engine,though, or one
firm, it is well
to
gasolineengine before it 1.
to suffer from
or
comparison with steam
engine
horse
must
ratings,we
give fair consideration
subject of overload.
In
justiceto
the
mtic
om
mincl
made
actual
to
the
254
333.
The
Gasoline
The
Overload
horse, under
tua
made
and
with
engme,
highest
Its
rated
might be able
for
50%
below
Farm
the
AffectingRatings."An
as
lash
the
on
of
brutal
handle
to
the meantime
its
steam
it had
the assistance of
wdling fireman.
The gasoline engine will
good
boiler at
40%
it
of
even
or
raised
was
utes
min-
fire back
of
be
few
rated
hot
overload
an
while; then
until
normal
heavier
or
and
pressure
little
equal
an
ac-
driver,can
to
steam
Engine
in
again unless
strenuous
m.ost
and
built
to
less
carry,
without
margin,
its
abuse.
It It
from
the
it
draw
It to
point
of
grates,
an
stored
the
horse
even
and
good fireman
is
time-
force
be
creasing
inand
back
in
needed
under
steam
coming
over-
that
made
the
steam
the
is worked
engine
capacity,as
and
of
it may
which
the
-as-
is set
horse-power boiler
engine
steam
short
gasoline engine of
if the
15
it into
sometimes
its permanent
If
small
tempt
reserve
conditions
true
Beyond
little may
outpull
it constantly
little
raised
to
hind
bethe
doing
his best
to
make
it
the
engine carrying
of several
overload
horse-power so long as the
steam, the overcharge of fire,and the energy
The
fireman hold out.
gasoline engine is selfand
contained,
for
has
alunder-rating
will carry
will
even
statement
not
is.
hotter, there
of
The
with
engine
10
for
that
will
accordance
urging
unfavorable
rating is
oline
It
and
t)f
margin
effect at
any
job.
engine
same
in
has
working.
steam
of
exertions
on,
the
be
any
up
conditions,and
help from anyone.
amount
no
small
for unfavorable
lowed
take
nothing
depends
greater
to
upon
prevent
overload,
for
its shafts
strength
and
bear-
Gasoline
The
ings
to
it
use
it has
no
that
energy
has
borrowed
it
it is
power
the
as
to
power
lot
used
not
was
255
stored-up or
no
reserve
overloads, neither
wasted
Farm
the
along. Whatever
develops and uses
and, if it has
on
on
it
help
to
energy
but
heavier,
are
Engine
of
occasion
help
it
quires,
re-
along
reserved
when
quired
re-
and
overload
an
consider
that overloading
we
required. When
strain
its
engine is an unwarranted
any
upon
if the engine that
structural strength,it would
seem
as
be depended upon
ily,
to develop its full rating steadcan
not
was
without
reserve
the best
has
of the
without
and
power
wasted
power,
argument.
The
"
"
hand,
of
one
the
greatest
one
of
added
always strength,not
than
greater strength is needed
heavier
no
one
than
will
light machine
machine,
the
say
thereto
unless
the
that
it is
parture
de-
Weight
better
it is put where
indicates
the
every
is
advantages.
binders
old-fashioned
of
portability;and
its great
is not
The
in favor
arguments
Often
the
balanced
less
bered
cum-
the
heavy
back
of it
256
The
supply
is,the
greater
every-day
the
of
of
the
or
farm
stored
idle
to
Farm
the
up
the
carry
strokes, but
engine
for
the
work
and
massive
balance
wheel
that
energy;
lightengine
strictly
stationarypurposes
preferable. For
bed
on
is greater
loads,
engine
Engine
amount
momentum
sudden
the
Gasoline
is
over
of
much
decidedly
the heavy
absorb
much
destructive
of their
much
so
of the
account
on
because
price as
down.
336.
is
greater convenience.
tained
Always, when
Simplicity."
simplicityis obthrough a skillful placing of parts, the engine
durable
more
less
for
energy
from
the
easier
and
its
own
of
omission
the
whether
to
consider
in
than
have
we
efficiency
The
engine should
good work,
discarded,
should
but
and
always
It
require.
the
usefulness
few
extra
should
we
attachments
that
a
only
little
pays
or
parts enough
for
value
a
an
that
are
the
to
curtail
engine
little in
for
alone
show
the
of
the
weighed against
choose
render
more
the
of the
parts
have
even
never
in mechanical
gained
added
will lose
obtained
result
those
be
ing
managed, besides requirit results
propulsion. When
important details,we have
to
the
price and
task
of
complicated.
taking
On
to
insure
be
should
parts they
degree
of saving a
sake
weight. Neither
material
for
needed
omy.
econ-
conveniences
extra
engine cumbered
not
more
care
farm
with
our
work
of the
where
lot
of
and
engine
hired
The
Gasoline
help is kept
farm
should
we
engine ought
Engine
to
be
hand
so
can
on
Farm
the
always bear in
simple that the
soon
learn
to
mind
most
operate
257
that
the
enced
inexperiit under
it should
be
not
ordinary conditions, while
beyond
its management
the boys of the farm
to fathom
under
of
So long as kept within the bounds
any conditions.
continued
freedom
from
efficiency,
simplicity means
trouble
for
337.
The
the
novice.
Price.
than
"
Price
it deserves.
for, usually,but
in the
sometimes
We
gets greater
get about
what
sideration
conwe
purchase of an engine it is
whether
well to consider
we
really need all that we
of the price is being expended
some
get or whether
Quality,experience in
things of negative value.
upon
rial
engine building,good workmanship, and good mateall worth
are
paying for. Expensive clerks and
salesmen,
big commercial
splurges,are not unless the
increased
sales they bring enable
the manufacturer
to
ways
give better quality on a closer margin of profit. Alhas
it is the purchaser who
the manuto
facturer's
pay
ited
to a limbills,but he can only judge of them
they represent a policy that is
extent, and when
speciallyaggressive.
Continued
improvements represent a progressive
spirit. Excessive
changes every season
represent
may
periments
designs that have not been w^orking out right or exwhich
be more
costly than beneficial.
may
It is a good idea for the prospective engine buyer
and study the catalogues of a good many
to read
ufacturers,
mannot
only for the suggestion he will get
in the selection
but because
of an
engine for his purpose,
he will finallyget at something like
in this way
normal
a
an
price; then when
agent asks him much
this figure he will be in a posibelow
above
much
or
tion
to
to find out
why. It is well, too, for everyone
pay
The
258
Gasoline
remember
that
the
Engine
on
''terms"
of
Farm
the
30
trial offered
days'
by
many
"
than
phases
some
''terms."
The
engine
than
not
that
be
the
suitable
for
is
made
good
under
one
record
of
certain
been
too
the
or
stand
periods,and
under
full load
that
engine
one
quires.
re-
pump
could
hour
two
ning
run-
all
had
not
itself and
pumped
steadier
cylinder
or
alluring
or
hoist
steady pull
nearly submerged
have
work
hay
into
cut
was
There
would
needs
light, air-cooled
day.
when
price consideration
separator
cream
The
work
of the
cellarful
the
much
cellar
for
of
water,
dry,
feat
that
sturdier
gine.
en-
many
tiently
pa-
is always
Repair economy
feature
worth
a
paying something for, and the
is
home
near
engine made
by a responsible house
worth
several
dollars
than
sent
out
more
one
by an
institution
about
the stability
of which
nobody knows,
Other
339.
and
which
at
Considerations.
best
"
is hundreds
of miles
between.
heavy freight rate
nearly equal, the engine with
be kept in working order
can
one
that
one
of
Ease
can
its
of
own
never
receive
Other
a
local
better
and
with
away,
things being
representative
cheaper
supervising word
than
from
people.
adjustment
is
speciallyimportant
on
farms
Gasoline
26o
The
liberate
effort
force
it to
stall the
to
show
of work
furnish
rather
undertake
receive
him
to
busy
handy for
too
get
for
think
and
assist him
to
than
Have
reasonable
if he
lot
all the
sawed,
needs
Do
test, with
Let
them.
busy
rial
mate-
two
or
do
to
keep
of
man
him
not
not
plenty
or
Do
neighborhood.
will keep you
too
them.
give
gine,
ena
him
lot of wood
his instructions.
about
to
the
and
men
give
to
good
nor
the
that
anything
part of its
ing
get the engine into good work-
to
amusement
way
install
to
of hostile
Plan
some
business
is there
crew
in
or
is not
good
in his face.
world
in the
order
big
piled up
chance
that
expert
Farm
the
engine
new
is neither
have
not
on
weakness
factory inheritance
intelligence.If an
do
Engine
the
ing,
test-
to
the
how
see
it
worth
are
of
a
watch
lot to
practicalfield
great deal
will
if you
him
agent
or
get him
and
Power
work
to
you,
a
and
be
has
great deal
is sent.
In
had
to
shut
parts
of
the
crate, be
engine
which
but
learn
off
thoroughly
careful
first.
with
made
are
with
to
down
the
that
case
the
so
is worth
to
"
pert
ex-
help
you
Sometimes
the
hammer.
stand
or
average
more
Come.
hour
engine
it
efficiencycurves
sure
by being reasonable.
Not
the Agent Does
expert
he
engine designer. An
with a practicalman
the
himself
When
342.
no
more
exert
help
it.
After
one.
time
some
run
you
a
made
be
can
hard
The
take
In
it
moving
re-
Some
knocks
half
The
for
Gasoline
Engine
There
on
will be
Farm
the
261
less
gritabout
if at once
into the cylit that may,
started, be drawn
inder,
it reallyneeds
the thorough cleaning. Then
so
is done
the work
each
as
part is likelyto be located,
struction
studied and
compared with the descriptionin the inbooks.
At
the end
(not the beginning) of
be
time
would
suitable
for marking the
that
most
timer
similar
and
adjustments that are not already
marked.
After
the cleaning is done, oil carefullyand
hand
crank, again studying the different parts in
two
reasons.
more
or
motion.
Before
its
starting under
to
the
floor
do
its
can
or
loosely. Run
carefullythe
exact
and
for balance
empty
foundation.
while
work
fasten
power,
solid
some
best
own
No
curely
segine
en-
hopping around
the day, and
note
gasoline and oil.
of
consumption of
Never
start
a
an
engine standing over
spot where
oline
gasit
has been
race
spilled. If the engine should
trouble.
After getting somewhat
might back-fire and cause
feed
acquainted with it,turn off the gasoline,
it will develop
slowly until the place is found where
decreases
reduction
further
where
it.
Turning
343.
the
claim
"the
that
for
it empty
is time
to
first to
some
the
on
find
Load.
engine
empty
to
and
machine
gradually,watching closely.
then
for
several
above
it is very
engine
for
have
trying
hours, but
normal,
hard
a
little
been
it out
to
on
worn
shut
it will
else
Let
Do
overcome.
heating
down.
overloads
it carry
until
until the
it
load
fair load
ing
sign of heatcutting begins,
not
condemn
and
all
the
roughness
all,do not begin
superfluouspaint
paint
Above
the
a
ning
run-
first
Once
down.
Hitch
on
seen
does, it
it
run.
turn
the
on
After
that
prove
have
you
itself."
runs
while,
what
out
Perhaps
"
262
Gasoline
The
is taken
off, and
down,
advanced
the
as
on
Farm.
the
knowledge how
on
an
engine
your
is harder
Nothing
on.
Engine
throws
spark
to
it put
run
than
stall it
to
full force
of the
have
he
tries
little troubles
any
troubles
the
Often
he
come
does
allow
not
for
time
help
to
it to
much
it
them.
overcome
full load
carry
If
work.
for two
or
try and
then
wrong;
book
When
da3^s.
or
who
man
the
few
days,
realized
for
engines
344.
has
and
The
"
Tank,
have
price which
think
of any
The
is to
do
well
coming
the
know
to
other
to
about
wait
be
outfits
had
being
little but
to
as
him.
If he
fellow
might
implicitlyto all he
buying an engine some
should
include
advice
said.
too
When
some
are
would
lesson
trust
not
understanding
low
all there
would
Outfit.
There
right,
are
you
the
take
instruction
in
of
he
the
whether
not
knows
that, he
like him
be
Do
he
management
from
out
knows
not.
last w^ord
the
as
one
who
one
some
find
what
plicit
ex-
it includes.
advertised
at
bare
engine.
the
connections,
etc.,
be
in-
all to
connections ready
all
a"reement
beforehand
they
or
likelyto
are
for
arrange
^krndrnd'
Engine.-A second-hand
'^'^f
buyer
bargain
i/ga^erally
over
arranged by
should be
matters
All of these
and start
the wheel
turn
to
pul-
belt
magneto
in-
Others
carburetor.
even
263
Farm
the
on
is necessary,
all that
: and
not
but
Engine
Gasoline
The
engine
seller;the question
or
far
re-
purchasing an engine so
askin
is justified
dealer's
guarantee
the
from
-ed
"
be"ng sold?
is
Why
questions.
f
many
good
a
fail to do
just what did it
"too
light."
to be
at the
closely tor wear
Look
did it do?
and what
the conif a two-cycle:also to
particularly
b
Anyone
which?
is
;;
'said
arings.
nec
ng
plug
park
tur'n
afd
off
or
all
on
the
expense
an
coil is wrong
The
much
for
always
find it
engine
used
Which
the
cost
and
be
how
the
the
the
If the
$1.50
water
tell
well
to
be
fault
the
been
occasion
"-enew
^"
about
ure
fig-
them.
'
/
should
to
cover
""
amined
exa
give
pressure
the age
up
J^^
be
crack
cared for:
to
and
here
is
made
owner
seats_
connections
jacket
something
it has
been
their
in
their condition.
under
but gasoline
seen,
may
buried
may
Notice
if they have
to
as
fresh for
one
about
cracks
Paint
and
of
cylinderand
definite statement
be
batteries.
the
coil; then
whether
find out
holding
is
pittedor
are
almost
reground until they are
test
weak
If the spark is a little
the
to
this test,
for
crank
oil that
the
valves
the
whether
is
out
lubrication in order
or
"
'
rings. Hand
the
rings
the
it is
make
try and
if poor,
^
f^
^'"\*".'
'^-"P'^f
at the
leak
the
whether
the
Test
be.
cannot
cams
met
little babbiU
The
their rolers.
and
cams
replacedwith
be
bearings may
the
all the
od, and
not
can-
will
of
an
,t may
or
defects.
as
engine is a bargainfor depends
much
Engine
Gasoline
The
264
Farm
the
on
edge
honesty of the seller and the practicalknowlthe engine. It is always
of the buyer as
upon
that an
safe to remember
expert will get good work
if it will run
time
at all,
of any
out
engine for some
is very
that the owner
and
likelyto be something of
an
engine.
expert with his own
Buying. Having purchased an engine
346. After
do
not
of this
sort,
get discouraged at the first
be thrown
out
Any engine may
glimpse of trouble.
A
of adjustment while
being torn out and moved.
rusted ; many
be broken
wire
or
triflingthings
may
the
upon
"
may
happen.
that
it is
Don't
only
why, if
piecesto
he
his
is to
aim
Write
to
He
you.
make
the
w^ord
do
drop
may
him
Let
let
not
first *agent
of the
junk pile.
to, but
wants
show
the
take
show
him
you
take
it to
hint ;
valuable
some
sale.
who
company
it and
made
get their
It may
have
catalogues,their directions, their advice.
to some
to be sent
shop for a general overhauling, or
it may
not
be
it until
condemn
Don't
out.
it; but
worth
be
the
be
may
is
fixed
cracked
is
case
oval
or
dubious, though
347.
troubles
any
do
in
much
to
come
to
weather.
and
not
reasonable
repairs are
isn't,don't buy in
enables
our
stopping
a
of
because
us
few
to
us
deal
through.
chances
many
of
things we
A
will
water
If
it
are
there
If
is
case
engine
forget,that
remember
engine
cracked
it
with, the
troubles.
the
investment,
one
expense.
"
eliminate
startingand
failures
not
which
cylinder to
hopeless.
Engine. So
the
Oiling
system
at
up
find
you
minor
hopeful. If it
the
the first place; but, having made
with
it to see
better
put enough more
is in the trimmings, the
the trouble
if the
made,
until
game
our
things
will
regular system
save
us
many
jackets in
cold
The
Gasoline
First, clean
the
first
drip
to
on
from
Farm
the
dirt and
265
grit,and
see
all in
are
ing
place and filled. For startthe cylinderlubricator and permit
short
time, hand
cranking the
inside of the cylinder,the piston
time, open
oil
the
oil holes
out
lubricators
that
Engine
be
Of
sure.
there
be
must
engine
place.
all drain
course
is air
supply
cooled
engine
pipe if one
in muffler
has
is
be
must
of water
notice
If the
cocks
in the
that
been
the
run,
there, and
closed
tank.
fans
drain
If the
are
all in
drain
open
and
off any
cock
densed
con-
it contains.
water
349.
back
for
as
far
the
"
it will
as
go,
or
follow
with
whatever
directions
the
engine. Perhaps
people have been injuredby gasolineengines by
of not observing this rule than
from
any other
more
reason
cause.
carburetor
the
Carburetor.
The
350.
and
float valve
See
that
may
be
351.
lever
the
fuel
until
air intake
necessary
The
down
the
cock
between
Open
tank
and
depress the spindle to
a
over.
supply of the liquidcomes
Switch.
until
to
"
is open.
the
warm
"
Close
it is
In
tube
or
the switch
pressed
clear
cold
weather
the
intake.
it
by bringing the
back
into
the
266
The
groove
made
and
grasp
on
See
Farm
the
that
the
"
metal
is clean
contact
If the
"
left to
from
it.
receive
to
used, and
not
Engine
good.
Starting the Engine.
the fly wheel
rim
with
the
352.
Gasoline
the
turn
wheel
over,
the
hands
with
right or
both
engine is
small
hands, if crank
in
engines
most
of
watch.
is
lease
Re-
and
compression has been overcome
the resistance
begins to ease ofif. If the engine is too
used,
by hand, a bar is sometimes
large to turn over
If there
is a
but is rather
dangerous for a novice.
this and crank
relief cock in end of cylinder,open
until
then
and
close at once
first explosion occurs,
; if not,
the
just as
the
to
valve
exhaust
string until
should
block
be
will
the
If not
out
with
the
around
after
with
held
the
with
up
block
tied
stroke
begins ; then
quickly. Usually the
power
jerked
come
wheel.
be
may
first
first,catch
driven
second
or
the
it
as
plosion
ex-
of the
turn
rim
the
comes
back
by the compression
and, with the momentum
gained, try and keep it going
the next
lease
over
compression. Do not forget to rewhen
the hold
of compression
at once
extreme
stroke
is passed. If the spark does
within
not
come
better
the first half-dozen
turns
stop and investigate,
Be careful always, while turning
as
something is wrong.
the wheel, that there
are
no
projectionsto catch
the clothing or
strike the person.
Never
under
any
the wheel
circumstances
turn
by settinga foot on the
spoke.
as
Just After Starting. As soon
possible after
353being
"
the
engine
has
line about
of the
engine
the
speed
cylinder
rich the
until
shut
started
half, as
the
ofif the
mixture,
is established,
would
soon
would
choke
spark gradually, as
it is
cock
running strong
down
the
; then
on
once
the
line
gaso-
the -suction
be
otherwise
and
stop.
so
vance
Ad-
engine picks
up
back
the
go
to
268
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
after
Even
He
excuse.
is to
blame
himself.
engine
much
no
room
its
that
earth
on
may
contain
not
so
oline
gasoil.
come
betidy
un-
very
tain.
up-to-date neighbor does not conThe
in
difference is only in the arrangement;
that will be fatal to the working of an
carelessness
a
is worth
that whatever
engine. Remember
doing at
all is worth
has
doing the right way, and whatever
is worth
to be done
doing well.
their engine for
will run
Some
gasoline engine men
its construction
about
months
without
learning more
than
obliged to learn the first day in order
they were
it at all. This
to run
speaks well for the engine but
in that time
for the man.
A steam
not
engine would
compel at least a speaking acquaintance with the man
behind
it,or quit work.
Possibly the engineer would
and
Some
instant.
not
engine men,
quit at the same
most
tell from
engine
the
looks
356.
are
is
often
doing;
others
afterwards
The
of
Gospel
advertised
to
run
barely
are
what
the
it has
Attention.
sound
able
to
what
the
tell from
done.
Gasoline
"
without
attention
engines
; that
does
injurious to them
that
account.
often
neglected on
although they are
for
be watched
A
new
engine, in particular,should
loose nuts, loose bolts, tight or loose bearings. Very
not
few
mean
that
things
symptoms
go
that
reasonable
wrong
the
care
without
observing
is
some
attendant
indications
can
read.
or
Gasoline
The
only does
thoroughly
Not
until
it
invaluable
to
installed
on
need
engine
the
drill in
this
close
novice
serve
him
trouble
because
attention
of his
observation
the
of what
most
and
out
are
attention
him
how
all
was
do
may
ence
Experimake
to
sees.
the
After
he
will teach
alone
or
at
least
in
familiaritywith
exact
and
v^ill be
times
many
needs
engineer
observation
will
269
Farm
the
close
him, and
of
getting out
the
The
more.
even
Engine
attendance
continual
tried
close
be
not
may
necessary.
the
risk is the
least
would
who
one
be
last to
do
so.
The
gospel of
Letting Alone.
in the
include
should
attention
special instruction
When
everything is going
necessityof lettingalone.
for the
it should
as
adjustment is work
go, further
periment
begins to exexperienced engineer. The novice who
Even
is just beginning his troubles.
worse
else
than
this, though, is a willingnessto let someone
be alert for suggestions,but
should
experiment. We
Importance
357.
should
use
using
the
work,
master
let
to
an
be
be
own
"
brains
while
on
idea
before
the
the
on
latter
someone
Even
not
our
of
He
prejudiced and
may
to
be
have
some
other
conscientious
less
real
line,should
; he
is
sure
personal inter-
Gasoline
The
2^0
in
est
fixingup
his
Engine
on
in
walking
around
waste
That
trimmings.
to
vast
save
it
rule to
trouble,
closed,so
the
inside
the
drive
will be
Shut
the
on
engine
it,then
drain
turning
open
to
out, until
much
the
leave
to
by
the
pint
and
hand
oil
leave
all
up
patches
Leave
place.
let
open
the
day.
time,
cylinder.
still leave
the
Turn
rings.
oil
the
while
introducing
fairlyclear. If
comes
engine enough
tap and
is started.
do
times
bad, inject a
very
then
few
over
and
the
as
If the weather
into
and
piston
and
Remove
flywheel
their
kerosene
of the carbon
walls
between
beginning another
engine idle for some
If
most
all valves
for
remove
in
tools
it.
air.
open
the
rule
for
use
that
so
pipes. Clean
oil; put
and
grease
other
gasoline, open
the water
to, will
communication
no
requires it,drain
It will
off the
engine
up
regular
starting;then
water
supply,
of
as
of the
engine slows.
of
the
Stop
there
belt
the
be
should
off the
shut
engine;
water-cooled
are
brighten
is
there
There
Shutting Down."
of shutting down
well
as
system
nothing will be forgotten. Shut
battery switch.
bit
will the
as
until
wrench
or
some
a
pick
alone, if rigidlyadhered
wheel
is
one
on
rule
the
work
to
go
clean
of
up
and
358.
in fixing
engine,
an
and
amount
take
never
if
have
would
own.
Whenever,
of
he
engine than
your
Farm
the
stand
to
for
it
keep
for 24 hours
or
next
neighborhood when
A
coating of vasoline on the
the engine
while
protect them
the
utes,
min-
ten
agitated;
else prepare
the
engine
valves
is
will
standing
idle.
359.
Things
to
Think
About."
It's
always
the
The
blunders
In
Gasoline
that
the
Engine
of
271
right
go
pensive.
inex-
are
made
well
disturbed
age
carelessness
the
both
Farm
the
that
Things
cost.
present
troubles
causes,
on
of
and
natural
are
most
first two
them
these three
prolificof trouble,
directly in
are
Of
wear.
the
hands
of
the
and
man
himself.
The
be
driven
in order
kept
from
An
fuel
hour
the
using
is neither
get full
must
in power
returns
knives, worn
destroy engine
cogs,
and
energy
power.
deliver
will
of
Dull
all
10
gasoline may
due
engine
to
full
horse-power per
barely develop power
in other
amount,
same
driving machinery
to
are
and
gallon
on
we
line
that
engine
the
as
investment.
of
out
both
waste
if
engine
our
shafts
and
well
as
hands.
fuel, but
to
nor
ence
differ-
The
to
the
men.
Sometimes
without
power,
or
"
to
what
The
it is
vital
difference
knowing
costing us
with
time
we'
wdiat
we
power
unit
per
of useful
machine
any
paying
are
between
continued
service
for
our
getting
are
energy.
it
is when
Easy repairingsometimes
out.
wear
what
know
we
begins
determines
and
the
the
scrap
pile.
When
the
consider
five
spark, insulation.
At
all times
Use
these
four
the
Draw
Do
off the
not
Keep
If you
in mind
bear
feed
in
water
too
to
much
make
cylinder.
frosty weather.
battery connections
want
rules
gasoline.
tight.
success
of
operating
your
The
2'j2
Gasoline
the
engine study
Engine
If you
engine.
the
Farm
want
to
on
become
360.
removable,
are
whether
"
them,
remove
oil used
the
Have
valves
the
especiallyat
glaze. The
valves
Notice
that
cloth.
the
and
sense,
the
the
should
always
it has
valve
be
to
the
nuts
and
not
break
rubbed
with
guides
while
deposits ;
be.
the
scrape
the
heads,
surface
fine
not
are
the
be
to
emery
evenly
un-
worn
valve
seats
the
settingas supplied by
This
unmistakably marked.
done
chance
of the
whether
until
soak
to
it should
what
be
been
has
factory
operation is
the nature
side, and
alone
timer
cylinder heads
kerosene
been
may
the
along
properly.
has
if the
soaking. Clean
joints,but do
in
If the
Engine.
an
in
thorough. Place them
cleaning the cylinder. Note
Let
study
engine.
own
your
of
when
lose
the
its
is new,
engine
adjustment.
before
using
By
and
do
the
graphite on
not
they
go
better
much
on
rust.
If the
time
each
there
engine.
waste
will
lots
be
Each
ring
of
will
waste
seat
its
in
culiar
peone
and
energy
best
Do
own
groove.
Note
should
are
carefully the
be
wear
rod
is out
be
scraped
over
on
pins
of line.
to
float
case-hardened
probably
If the
all
side
some
fit the
should
not
or
be
but
gudgeon.
shake.
no
and
length
is at
the
with
the
that
; but
There
pins
is wrong.
ends, the
bushings
pin. Bearings
meddled
Worn
something
bushings
If full
new
the
on
wear
are
should
bright
if in spots
The
only,
out
with
rub
oil stone
them.
ease
in shell, then
finish with
and
stone
emery
or
to
273
fine
cloth.
emery
crank
The
is harder
around
Clean
of
means
from
oil
cleaned
be
with
also, but
always
guarded
be
must
line
gaso-
water.
or
fuel and
all the
to
insulation, which
possibleblow
If
than
for the
care
alignment. Nothing
jerk a wabbly shaft
false
twisting piston.
coils should
The
well mspected
specially
be
or
engine
an
all the
with
wear
uneven
on
by
should
shaft
signs of
for
enough
on
pin or
marks
score
any
Farm
the
on
spots down
the
scrape
Scrape
Engine
Gasoline
boiler
steam
pipes.
water
until
from
steam
Do
Connect
gets in again.
dirt
them
leave
not
through
connected
un-
at
up
once.
If
lightstation
and
is
magneto
Ohm
and
brushing
and
out
After
the
shellac
clean
the
armature
grooves
and
cleaned, then
and
screw
with
over
at
and
as
and
and
the
coat
time,
same
the
fuel tank
look
for
muffler
its load
nothing
and
to
of
be
shellac
that
see
coated
paper.
coil.
should
leaks.
with
Keep
not
be
Disconnect
the
to
oil
removed
be
with
base
screw
after
forget
not
to
generator
thoroughly.
Do
into
the
armature
dry, varnish.
bearings and
wrapped in waxed
dry cells and spark
Even
out
is
open.
are
fullytested with
the winding with
.cleaning the
electric
the
to
over
it
have
Coat
meter.
it
used, take
if
graphite
never
possible,
should
be
mineral
them
dry
looked
grease,
well
as
forgotten. Clean
the
pipe
and
get
scale.
should
be
Gasoline
The
274
whatever
the
keeps
Engine
dirt
on
Farm
the
until the
coming,
liquidcomes
clear.
out
the
Goat
idle for
remain
is to
while
vaseline
with
terminals
battery
as
if the
gine
en-
protectionfrom
acid.
The
361.
Hazard.
Personal
about
of burns
consist
usuallv
Accidents
"
the
the
to
hands
son
per-
and
A\
arms
Fig. 83.
Correct
"
Correct
Left
Method,
Handle
Is
of
or
Incorrect
and
Circle.
Back
Kick
Will
Leave
Hand
in Crank
about
the
time
hot
muffler, and
all about
are
Injury
Broken
of the
retard
the
hot
Handle
Is Left
Uses
side
Out-
Right
Against Hand
Result, Broken
Hand.
Arm
or
or
Wrist.
of
expected
ungasoline at some
pipes,hot cylinders,a
of the explosion itself
Hot
blast
from
come
eyes
or
after-firing
bones, broken
spark
fans
on
and
cut.
good
many
hand-hold
Method,
an
Engine.
Pre-ignition
of
Which
Hand,
Drive
place.
on
the
levied
before
an
from
noses
To
operator.
The
bruise
the
the
the
flashes
general tribute
careless
Case
to
of
account
In
Circle.
from
and
Cranking
Used.
Incorrect
Either
face
of
Hand
from
Jerked Away
Crank
Method
air
avoid
the
muffler
the
back-firingto
and
by
lost teeth
the
these,
cranking the
motor
give
are
fly wheel
never
on
on
buretor.
car-
part
the
forget
to
engine.
many
sore
blast
vicious
from
it
the
brought
2^/6
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
"0
CHAPTER
TRACTION
THE
Its
Message
gasoline engine has
362.
XV.
.ENGINE.
World.
the
to
"
The
stationary
the world
to
given its message
through farm and factory alike. The traction engine
is to discharge its more
important mission through the
of threefold
farm
tained
alone, a mission
import at least, obdirect
result
of accomplishments which
as
a
are
wholly its own.
extended
more
I St. Through
operations.
2nd. Through
more
thorough work.
timely work.
3rd. Through more
No
mention
and
pleasanterwork,
life,for
of
here
himself
farmer
the
to
is made
which
of
more
the
of the
additional
message
tractor
also
Its First
furnishes
the
casion.
oc-
"
greater it has
the world
careless
her
cannot
culture
children
all
product
of each
culture
wherever
been
afford
;
her
more
and
largefarms
one
course,
more
skimmed
if she
evident
that
with
over
would
keep
extensive
277
methods
are
in
use.
The
278
This
means
the
the
until
hands
one
has
not
the
old
way
in the
the
number,
the
by putting
into
and
and
time
that
his
be
to
of
realizes
his
the
of the
to
is
in
machine
permitted
to
many
times
energy
of many
the
the
at
pense
ex-
permitting him
the
that
power
that
machinery
does
of
area
not
that
is
can
have
now
to
team
will
the
point
stand-
from
Only
the
farmer
been
forced
w^ould
best
be
he
if the
the
than
perhaps
should
crop
condition.
farm
be
sowed
and
once
until
as
all
was
would
planned
was
the
to
to
fitted.
be,
Then
each
be
the
ground
days of
work
well ;
getting late
be
the
harvesting of
it should
within
first five
wet
part
ought
would
the
and
the
too
it
fit for
be
sowed
be
last
the
days
would
begin
ground
to
the
and
twenty
ten
himself
later than
plow
During
work
best
at
field to
less
not
which
all at
has
delayed until
25-acre
team
w^hen
"
because
ready
was
advantage
was
increased
or
With
done
tillable
increasing
them
be
the
regard
the
but
him
machines
to
how
work
the
work
been
is
tractor
designer
Third.
required, of
time
the
American
is increased
efficient
most
the
and
man
The
And
crop
be.
one
efficiencyalone.
plowing
or
the
of
way
Usually
"
fields
implements
; he
365.
no
working
by giving
the
The
his
handle
control
his has
Message.
work
run
made.
limit
is
of
spare
it
was
the
day
cultivated
better
needed
to
perplexing
by putting into
was
which
there
of efficient work.
do
has
the
Since
fiftyhorses.
time to properly till all
Second
single man's
to
she
Farm
teams.
The
364.
than
reins
the
to
land
men
the
problem
engine solved
man
twenty-five
farmer
; more
on
The
kind.
traction
of
Engine
men
more
right
C)f
Gasoline
the
of
none
how
best
chanical
me-
field to
the
many
field
of
The
Gasoline
tell the
Engine
Farm
the
279
can
story of
on
"
"
"
to
output
the
in
best
usual
one
the
cover
mixed
farm
of that
it is intended
farm
seeding season,
days the usual
two
or
entire
size.
and
enough
for within
to
field of any
of the
Some
complete
one
on
crop
guls
farming moof the West
are
multiplying this output by three,
and
the full twenty-four hours, as they
could, if run
be if required, have
a
couple of townships in
may
the
end
of the
at
growing crops
seeding
average
a
season.
Special Appeals
367.
kinds
be
harrowed
at
any
as
other
soon
Some
of
change
harrow.
over
The
and
changes
the
may
Farmers
is the
come
differ
best
kind
purpose
and
differ in
patches
every
harrow
grounds
distinct
is
work
make
extra
harrow
can
it
teams
as
finished,no
all
condition,
working period
tractor
Almost
"
can
than
effectively
more
farmers
necessitates
each
teams
Farmer.
proper
plowed
as
time.
this, though it
do
in the
soil, if worked
of
the
to
rule
to
else
or
from
it
matter
plow to
plows. Once
what
weather
up.
greatly
in
of harrow
the
upon
to
same
in character
has
its
combination
advantage
did
their
use
of
for
the
of
The
ground.
uses,
kinds
necessitate
and
which
to
many
several
it not
even
as
land, while
distinct
own
belief
same
fields
fact
on
would
is,
most
be
driving over
28o
The
the
ground
number
Gasoline
so
it
with
them
plows
on
times.
many
the
ground,
Farm
the
good
different harrows
of these
time
Engine
and
will
tractor
after it at the
pull
same
be
rigged to be
effective of clod crushers
the most
with its own
weight.
One
objection to the thorough harrowing a field
should
reallyhave is the trampling of the fresh plowed
feet.
The
be rigged
earth by the horses'
tractor
can
and
seed all in one
to plow, harrow
operation ; or, if
wheels
do not
more
harrowing is desired, the broad
throw
nearly as much
weight on one
portion of the
is
ground as the horse does and the rolling contact
less objectionable. If they are
twice over
the field
run
the thoroughness of the harrowing that can
be done
in
since
hauled
what
could
different
several
be
of
kinds
exceed
with
done
harrows
haps
per-
horses,
could
be
astonished
depth
to
of
though
depth
have
the
depth
few
been
has
years
cuts
be
can
for
plowed
skinning until
the roots
then
by
of the
a
the
the
plant off
couple
This
farms
those
on
on
years
established
By plowing
and
if desired.
used
system
The
special benefit
of
is
been
plow, that
a
usual
measured.
furrows
own
is very
greater
below.
for
their
see
is the
soil
the
and
furrow
greater
surface
to
inches
ten
which
time
would
operations
two
times
dozen
the
may
of
pressed
com-
of
bottom
from
of inches
of
ishment
nour-
deeper
an
The
excessive
tractor
amount
can
turn
The
this
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
281
and
torture
with
ing
astonishdepth without
uniformity. The thorough harrowing it can
give
is fresh will so
while the earth
completely pulverize
this hard-pan and
mix
it with
the other
soil that it
will not
have
injurious effect, while it will help
any
of air and moisture-gatheringand the seed
in the work
bed will be deepened.
A horse
than
fifteen miles per day
cannot
pull more
extra
an
on
plow
two
will
draw
two
and
it up
the
but
average,
with
acres
a
half
all
12-inch
miles
more
stopping to
then, by changing men,
to
tractor
14-inch plows
hour
per
miles
The
twelve
to
two
sixteen
furrow.
without
day,
furrow
or
w^alk
must
of from
gang
team
and
at
rest
will
will
the
keep
keep
end
of
it up
all
night.
The
life of
hours,
The
his
but
working
is done.
The
it
horses
Whether
shelter
"
an
makes
and
to
or
it
is
ceases
not
so
All
times
great
that.
least
twice
when
its work
that
as
as
of the
horse
idle
requires food,
is
engine wants
does
not
mean,
kept
idle.
is the
idle,the
This
work.
the
however,
The
who
should
be
pay
the
best
busy
the
tractor
keep
is at
tractor
ing
work-
10,000
is several
its maintenance
shelter.
engine
his
the
first cost
about
figured at
maintenance
displaces.
working
and
attention
is
life of
hours, and
many
that
horse
man
who
one
ages
man-
time.
The
servant,
engine can
something
be
that
made
can
an
be
all the
said
year
of very
few
around
other
ing,
plowing, harrowing and seedboth
to
it hauls
binders, hay, and grain wagons
load ;
train
and
a
to
the stack
market, by almost
tionary
staa
threshes, grinds, and does all the other work
engine can do, digs ditches, grades roads, rolls
farm
machines.
Besides
282
The
and
meadows
kind.
any
be
to
ordinary
w^ill do
tractor
done,
is
tractor
Engine
on
If the
the
of
Gasoline
such
ready
its various
as
the
with
the
hauls
If
be
is to
unusual
some
of
moving
veyed,
con-
work
if, in the
midst
headlight
guides it along.
tractor,
after
of idleness
season
favoring while
or
is
out
never
One
acre
its muscles
of
condition.
in
five
under
produce
the
food
for the
work
the
rest,
to
000
annum,
per
tractor
into
food
made
direct way
than
"There
is
no
writer, "but
doubled
if
about
half
of the
small
the
the
seed-bed
; but
work
is
proper
required to
supply the power
and
hurriedly
done
possible on
of
management
a
in the
per
gain
was
be
more
any
of the
time
of two
the
found
large
hundred
to
farm
of
be
per
a
due
large
advantages
things
in
growing
do
for
now
power
intensive
with
the
cal
economi-
In
actual
cent,
to
proper
the
one.
certain
and
having
possible to
proper
small
the
productiveness
cent,
could
consequently only
One
it is
the
at
of
account
on
is that
farm
prepared
were
culture
lies.
fami-
agricultural
farms
might be
maximum
and
$1,250,000,-
at
of 2,000,000
many
is realized.
crop
way
It
hardened.
nothing that
family in
on
crops
given
the
acreage
human
coaxing
proper
cultivation
the
pacity
ca-
is
valued
income
total
consumes
for
that
product
the
that
cultivation
full
any
being
are
rare
at
without
horses
food
or
The
its w^ork
up
is
it, the
turns
The
of
building, the
and
power,
loads
heavy
load
wagon
it.
Farm
the
which
area,
better
one
ment
experi-
was
made
hundred
plowing
and
284
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
O
_
"S'o
a
^
bo
tu-
tu
bfl
"^
The
and
of these
success
finished and
more
take
to
uniform
the
has
been
where
with
trailers, and
small
The
in
keeping
difficult
something
to
of
of
tories
fac-
the
late
succeed
them
than
in
This
farm.
meet
the
forced
small
of the
wants
that
for
and
farm
of
some
The
the
there is
areas
nature,
(as
has
wheels.
several
and
up,
more
for
large farm,
the
for
design
matter
demand
the
285
affairs constructed
machine
mowing
and
of old binder
Farm
the
on
home-made
excepting those
tractor
out
Engine
Gasoline
may
the
of
more
stricted
re-
profitable.
still be
must
tractor
be
be
furnished
at
cost
other
common
nearly
of
the
machine.
must
complete
One
tractor
of
does
failed
the
in
front
derive
to
as
into
trucks
tractor
of
it is carrying.
converted
be
trucks
made
wagon,
weight
it should
manner
customary
the
in
regular
the
tractor
same
Again, in the meadow,
be readily equipped with
cutting bars,
mower
the
features
any
not
which
insist upon
do
other
sort
its work
is
The
the
better
heavier
so
of
user
the
farm
greater efficiencyas
of farm
failed in theirs.
itself.
in
power
should
with
that
from
force
manure
truck
tractive
similar
generalfarm
or
Its
In
place
truck
power
part of
with
as
have
power.
well
The
as
pared
com-
tractor
quicker has
its manufacturers
286
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
E
m
The
Gasoline
which
wheels
Engine
their
apply
footprint of
fields
strain
of
Instead
and
clods
should
be
almost
own
beds
w^e
that
of
work
smooth,
the
the
is
horse's
ground
directly of
soil
and
of
the
obtained,
foot.
into
crushed
tensive
in-
most
thoroughly
still without
Not
only
the
will
the
greatly reduced
by the
which
they will travel, but
over
cultivation, in the
cent.
per
be
harvesters
even
the
unbroken
spots contain
land, every foot of the land
decrease
in
gardener
clodding effect
stroying
detivated
cul-
our
by forty
use
poorly w^orked
ground, and pulverized
powder, until the dust-bed
market
the
make
floor, and
287
"
without
powder
as
machinery
seed
Farm
the
horse, should
smooth
as
the
on
the
on
of
case
culture
consist
can
corn,
more
without
partaking of the
of miniature
nature
plows and harrows, completing
the work
that in the seed bed was
ence
neglected. Experihas
beyond question that a thoroughly
proven
tilled field is given a fair coating of manure
every
w^ith the
time its soil is brought into thorough contact
of
oxygen
As
cultivator
which
of crust
several
the
the
set
; and
be
369.
eastern
row
of wheels,
with
such
narrower
traverse
the
The
readily
set
rows
that
vided
pro-
with
will
cover
in
planting are
absolutely straight. As
be used,
setting should
of guiding will be necessary
run
amount
one
soil aerators
width
same
w^orking
same
done
and
time.
minimum
for
the
it to
enable
accurately and
cultivator
then
not
at
and
be
will
tractor
wheels
breakers
rows
measured
a
will
ideal
the
its broad
stripped of
set
air.
the
or
the
rows
at
many
field
spraying
facilities it will be
With
time.
should
done, and
be
will
neglected.
Trailers
farms
Not
Satisfactory. For
trailers will
"
not
answer,
for
most
of
our
they require
288
The
much
too
Gasoline
space
Exgixe
in which
to
self-contained
plows claim
fifteen feet,while
ox
Some
turn.
to
Farm
the
in
turn
of these
space
late
of from
quired
re-
of
"
of
Broad
Wheels
Fields as Smooth
The
^^^"^7"
Cultivated
Lite
ot
largelyby
so
than
of
the
most
In
most
as
Gas
Tractor
Floors
and
Alake
Should
Add
Greatly to
Alachinery.
Cost
370.
the
^1
of Tractor
individual
general estimate
all farm
conditions
is out
is determined
This
Farming."
that
anything
the
question.
of
uniform
conditions
and
may
be
more
haps
Perabout
compared
accurately.
a
number
of
competitive
tests
with
all kinds
of
the
tractors
18
cents
the
just
"
; while
expense
of
wages
all
and
present
the
wages
of
the
is
items
included.
50
fair
at
fairly representative
of
plowing
for
tion
depreciaof
acre
day
per
10
and
board.
all
the
hours.
$0.20
gal. gasoline
gal. distillate
gal. lubricating
at
figuring
with
estimate
these
seems
estimate,
cost
cash
included
all
per
of
other
are
With
$2.50
The
wages
investment,
cents
from
more.
the
estimates
on
to
operator
Cost
57
be
to
include
289
ranged
little
expense.
cents
time
Here
i^
higher
legitimate
40
has
acre
not
interest
men,
Farm
the
fuel, lubricating,and
the
in
included, from
the
do
the
an
perhaps
or
however
figures
operator
the
$1.00,
to
on
plowing
of
cost
up
smaller
Engine
Gasoline
The
2.85
oil
40
Depreciation
1.20
Interest
J2
Labor,
engineman
2.70
Labor,
plowman
1.50
Board
of
1.14
men
Total
$10.71
Amount
It will
plowed
be
noticed
requiring
the
of
capacity
one
equal
man
25.6
that
attendance
is needed.
are
Cost
acres.
this
of
now
per
estimate
two
men,
constructed
$.418.
acre
is for
while
so
an
many
that
engine
rigs
only
CHAPTER
WHAT
IS
The
371.
falls to
do
Few
"
lot of the
the
IN
form
any
certain
BEST
Demand.
put upon
ever
of
of
amount
its work.
to
to
be
diverted
into
372.
The
Tractive
in
order
because
tractor
firm
insure
373.
consists
which
tractors
do
must
the
that
only
which
must
it
as
its
drawbar
time
same
this
while
are
propel
traveling
constantly shiftingpositions
stand
this
the
Power.
power
of its
tractive
get upon
developed
has
weight.
own
is also
the
would
fail
as
is necessary
load
grip
light
constructed
be
wheels
the
moment
ground.
it could
prevent
sary
neces-
the
or
power,
powerful enough,
reasonable
weight
the
and
Weight
"
though
heavy,
and
strong
moving
ground
Construction.
General
to
ping
slip-
from
hitched
was
and
the
the
the
but
market
front
truck
latter
is
there
are
where
are
part
the
equipped with
special forms
one
290
broad
drivers
the
of
tractor
wheels, of
upon
wagon,
on
gasoline
The
"
Usually
gear.
now
than
Not
the
at
strains
drawbar.
the
like
at
and
of
and
contact
the
upon
to
severe
made
wheels
more
work
increase
to
drive
the
which
the
TRACTOR.
tractor.
To
be
w^orking parts must
an
important percentage
THE
machinery
farm
does,
stationary brother
its own
weight, but it
over
uneven
ground and
in relation
XVI.
wheel
steering
wheels
two
of
or
tractors
or
roller
The
292
Gasoline
simple.
There
of which
one
Engine
however,
are,
of the most
on
Farm
the
certain
radical
differences,
is the methods
important
essary
nec-
for
Fig. 88."
The
Present
Four
limited
Power
to
two
The
been
more
the
at
or
of
it is
be
The
almost
more
of the
started
than
the
on
first turn
depends
upon
clutch
in the
the
for
than
that
very
the
Tractor.
the
Four
speeds ahead
gasoline tractor
has
the
slowdy
gasoline engine speed
from
the
of
Are
three
most
one
of
Heart
Engines
problem
factory rather
may
Is the
starting of
though
steam,
Plant
Day Traction
Cycle Type.
been
farm.
and
the
and
has
verse.
re-
also
elastic
more
worked
A
Many
Cylinder
steam
at
out
engine
is
of
the
operator
easoline than
and
wheel
the
in the
hence,
far
management
steam
tractor.
Gasoline
The
Friction
gear
Engine
have,
tractors
Farm
the
on
of course,
293
ticity
greater elas-
sion
speed,but they obtain it from the transmisthe engine.
and not from
of the best tractors
376. The Best Engine." Most
favor
the four-cylinder
the market
on
now
four-cycle
type of engine with oilingsystem incorporatedin the
The
crank case.
water
jacket should be ample, and, if
the thermo-syphon system
is used, the w^ater
spaces
of
be
must
system
heavy, and,
be
must
is of far
crank
The
Reversing Gear
89." Bevel
PiG
ings
in size.
generous
of
shaft
and
bear-
Train.
the
course,
lubricating
in the
of
case
The
exhaust
engines designed for lighterwork.
pipe
should be large and, if noise is not too much
of an objection,
the muffler
should
be dispensed with.
This
adds materially to the power
the
and subtracts
from
cost
in fuel.
The
calculated
of
there
is in
reserve,
too
a
to
the
work.
powerful an
boat.
Power
is necessary.
torsional
of the
power
strain
More
"
and
engine
There
is
should
be
always
the
fully
care-
sibility
pos-
engine in a tractor
just as
enough, with a reasonable
than
that
weakness.
means
sary
unneces-
294
377.
of
The
Gasoline
The
Clutch.
the
depends
degree, is
Either
rest.
Fig.
their teeth
engine
deal
of
it
clutch
and
applied of
to
means
properly
and
is
the
to
the
main
shaft
effect
blocks
belt-wheel's
The
and
the
wdiere
with
it when
the
outer
into
metal
when
without
not
solidly against
good
clutch
the
are
engine
is
upon
undue
pinions they
of the
out
stripped of
strain
of
work
gear
which
It takes
of
this
to
Tractor.
tons
mission
transmission
revolve
be
Gas
several
]\[ost clutches
engage
378.
bring
an
full powder
tractor
tremendous
to
that,
the
connections.
to
it
suddenness.
clutch
be
tractor
handled
onlv
will
there
its operation.
and
must
of
tractor
of
Gear
sudden
turn
at
wdieels
gear
Reversing
"
power
action, and
and
the
transmission
the
90.
or
both
the
the
against
loose
to
life of
catastrophe,
means
what
largely upon
object
Farm
the
work,
at
the
to
on
this
irresistible power
immovable
of
Since
"
power
very
An
limited
Engine
carry
fixed
upon
they usually
toggles
the
force
inside
of
run
the
the
rim.
Transmission.
"
There
is
room
for
good
The
deal
of
Gasoline
difference
Engine
on
Farm
the
295
of
opinion with
regard to the
required, one
strength of transmission
operator getting
along nicely for years with gearing that another
would
strip in a day. The farm engine, though, needs
much
heavier
to have
gine
engearing than the thresher
that the relative
only. Good authority estimates
the
strain
placed upon
threshing and the plowing
is about
tractor
Fig. 91.
seem
Typical
"
little
should
not
be
as
30
Tractor
high,
to
this estimate
While
70.
Steering Gear,
main
the
less than
or
Front
of
gear
7 inch
Truck
may
Showing.
plow
face, while
engine
some
thresher
quired
engines are only 4. This difference in reat least in part for the number
strength accounts
of
thresher
have
been
ruined
engines which
to the plow. They may
have
through being harnessed
sufficient power,
but they haven't
the means
of transmitting
it.
Tractor
be
broad
enoueh
to
in-
296
sure
or
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
opinion
if the
their
lugs
hold
to
power
is
spurs
lent
preva-
materially
This
is not
sharp and new.
always the case.
Particularlyon
springy sod, the
sharp edges of the new
lugs cut away the ground more
readilythan the rounding corners
do, and as long as
the ground is merely cut and thrown
back the tractor
is powerless to move.
soft
Large wheels travel over
there is a greater bearing surface
ground best because
and a small angle of contact
of the wheel.
at the front
The
Differential or Compensating Gear.
use
379.
dom
selof the compensating gear are
construction
and
so
wise to give the subject
that it seems
understood
little specialnotice.
a
fastened
of an
drive wheels
If the two
engine were
greater
are
"
rigidlyupon
is plain that
not
only turn
entire
the
and
wheels, if of the
both
over
the
shaft
revolved, it
same
size, would
of times
number
equal
an
roll forward
both
w^ould
shaft
distance
same
but
they
upon
the
so
long as
ground. This is exactly what is wanted
level
in a
the
over
straight course
engine moves
of revolving the shaft, we
If, instead
plied
apground.
of revolving
each
wheel
to
by means
power
accomplish the same
pinions of equal size, we would
and
If
the
at
impossible,since
it
wheel
advance
to
travel
to
in
turn
faster
in the
than
for
but
that
greater
arc
would
one-half.
the
Or
one
reduce
some
wheel
means
out
turning
turning
turning by applying the
ahead
the
tance
dis-
same
speed.
same
wished
now
we
would
wheels
Both
result.
the
corner
it is necessary
the
other
circle.
We
power
to
tractive
might
of gear
while
and
for
one
describe
might provide
only one wheel,
power
be
find
would
we
of the
devised
engine
ing
of throw-
turning by
means
The
of
Gasoline
lever, but
when
obliged
with
that
wheel
one
and
on
hardly
a
in
effect
be
the
with
297
convenient, especially
which
the
surface
would
engine
be
little circles,first
continuous
then
Farm
the
field of
to
almost
make
to
would
came
we
uneven
so
was
that
Engine
the
Some
other.
means
demand
relieving either wheel
automatically on
without
and
releasing it from its w^ork is necessary,
that is exactly what
the differential does.
of
How
380.
It
Works.
"
Let
"us
that
suppose
three
pended
pulleys, numbered
respectively i, 2 and 3, are susclose together on
which
a shaft
on
they revolve
loosely and independent of each other.
By so placing
them
that a spoke in i and 3 are
in exact
line and
inches
in advance
of the spoke in 2, and then
say two
between
these
thrusting a two-inch rod or bar across
will
spokes, it is evident that if we turn 2 the wheels
all revolve
at the same
so
speed. This will continue
at right angles
long as 2 revolves and the bar remains
to the
pulleys.
if
Now
slower
would
if
and
be
so
than
be
we
should
we
2
swung
attempt
to
revolve
No.
turning by retarding
around
the spoke of No. 2
was
continue
far deflected
to
retard
from
No.
its first
the
bar
it the
as
will
little
bar
pivot,
finally
The
298
Gasoline
the
slipped past
the
influence
the
one
Engine
wheel
one
still continued
Let
us
be
at
move
spokes
smaller
one
of
though
even
slower
in
change
no
another,
for the
the
wheels,
gear
Farm
the
would
upon
to
substitute
now
of bevel
there
spokes,
of
on
and
rate.
bars
pair
revolving on one
tooth of the larger
this
By
means
much
travel
slower
doing equal
the
by
his
motion.
time
same
do
No
as
that
much
horses
to
load
w^ould
of
power
which
work
of
draw.
draw-bar
belt
load
because
H.
P.
tractor
brake
test
When
at
the
it could
is lost
engine
draw
to
twenty-five
rating measures
as
does
not
sent
repre-
pull.
when
tractor
is in
and
of its power
25
is
ground
he
that
Formerly some
gasoline engines, rated
steam
mounted
tractors
as
engines, when
results
we
is measured
while
the
at
ing
estimat-
as
The
horse
effective
still
are
In
"
itself about
Some
expect
mounted
is made
propel
same
; much
it is unreasonable
to
gasoline tractor
of
power
stationary engine.
in transmission
as
the
can
the
Tractor.
recjuiredin
pull,
tractor
do
both
other, while
Gasoline
the
horse-power
effective
the
is free
wheels
tractor
work.
of
remember
must
the
than
tractor
Power
381.
of
one
one
the
gave
of
these
the
for
as
pointing
disap-
pulling its
overloaded
even
same
full
stant
in-
an
smoothest
is struck
the
The
300
ditions.
Gasoline
Engine
have
Tests
on
that
shown
Farm
the
pull
of from
500
to
miles
per
H.
tractors
P.
while
can
more
even
and
15
For
hour.
12
even
instances
few
have
been
H.
trailer
type
engine
for
conditions, while
give
far
wdth
if less
be
can
sized
even
one
20
than
to
25
horse
possible
that
are
be
further
illustrated
as
of
doing
in
It is
tractor
of
found
Tractors
practicalplowing
most
plows under
will undoubtedly
as
two
plows,
power.
horse
12
or
and
to
25
specialdesign
less
to
20
farms, while
of
even
regarded
satisfaction
better
farms
reported
tractors
plow
to
been
moderate
on
doubtful, however,
the
have
P.
home-made
made
sized
satisfactorywork
a
moderate
with
most
the
elsewhere, and
nomical.
eco-
plows
it is
development
gasoline plow of
that will be wholly available
one
that someUntil
believed
thing
quite recently it was
like a 7 H. P. engine w^as
struction
required for the conHome-made
fairs
afof a self-moving tractor.
of binder
constructed
out
chine
mawheels, mowing
of the junk pile
and
other
remnants
wheels
proved the fallacyof this belief, and many
ingenious
have
farmers
cost
at small
rigged as small as 2 and 3
H. P. engines up as available tractors.
Now
gine
enone
house
manufactures
regularly working tractors
of as
6 H.
little as
P., while self-moving engines of
will
bring
1V2
H.
P.
out
are
now
on
the
market.
The
Gasoline
Home-made
383.
of the
farm
had
has
number
of
constructed
and
on
much
home-made
301
"
in
as
Farm
the
tance
relucPerhaps the
taking up the problem of
to do as
anything with
Tractors.
manufacturers
tractors
the
Engine
which
tractors
by
been
have
farmers
and
of them
been
in the
have
made
boys. Some
and
have
cost
little that could
simplest manner
very
the old machinery on
be supplied from
the farm.
not
elaborate
More
designs have also been attempted, in
instances disastrouslyexpensive, the cost finally
some
than
the price of a regular market
reaching more
their
and
tractor
the
results
awoke
less.
much
Until
the
facturers
manu-
of the
idea
opportunity they
about
were
facing, these home
experiments seemed
the only way
the requirements of the farm
could be
Now
that
served.
special study is being given the
it is usually much
men
subject by practicalmachine
than
to construct
cheaper in the end to purchase a tractor
to
The
one.
home-made
however,
afford
up
some
with
will do
and
for
the
such
illustrated
transmission,
this
a
one
and
in
who
several
volume.
however,
been
of
Most
tractors
them
first constructed.
was
worth
made
at
cost
work
Some
a
to
willing to put
get something
while trying,
home-made
to
ticability,
prac-
unable
are
are
order
entire
an
who
those
it is often
work,
people
in
less durable
one,
convenience
less
that
for
and
factory-made
is
tractor
little in
belt
are
and
far
of the
most
done
when
them
of
are
the
have,
of
excess
$10
what
undoubtedly well worth
outlay and were
they cost, even
though of short life.
of tractors^ mowing
For
the lighter sort
machine
money
wheels
work
are
binder
favorites
wheels
as
are
drive
wheels, but
essential.
Some
for
heavier
of
these
Gasoline
The
302
been
have
made
favorable
horse-power
of
capable
w^ere
put
rig
cutting,
the
that
is
building
much
best
at
undertake
time
until
smaller
ventures.
only
a.
in
money
some
an
is
well
amateur
and
experiment,
an
upon
it
the
scale
venture
experience
ensilage
and
efforts
to
ber
remem-
in
tractor-
it
will
that
if
is
it
to
ing
pull-
ambitious
such
of
attempt
and
buildings
moving
successful,
likely
roads,
hilly
While
which
all
at
40
as
home
threshing,
over
been
much
at
work
plowing,
it
and
barn
fence.
first
farm
also
as
made
the
to
have
even
including
to
frequently
been
to
barn
hedge
out
of
and
husking,
corn
tearing
have
from
and
been
sort
any
them,
upon
the
have
tractors
under
harnessed
wheels
20
lo,
and
work,
been
tractor
of
engines
Farm
the
heavy
even
steam
and
on
quite
have
Discarded
utilized
not
do
to
conditions
plow.
be
Engine
is
sink
proves
obtained
well
too
appointing,
dis-
by
CHAPTER
XVII.
OPERATING
Preparing
384.
is at
of other
ments
to
Simple
"
one
or
enough
to
to
do.
tractor,
at
two
Home
people
the
Start.
"
The
easily confused
or
Made
Tractor
and
better
had
landed
same
man
by
Circular
restrict
the
it in the
time
in
ditch
trying
303
control
to
at
com-
Stand.
Saw
helpers,and it might
helpers plenty of their own
men,
who
his audience
efficient
give these
good many
have
First
the
for
all self-conscious
FiG. 93.
TRACTOR.
THE
of
the
check
be
well
work
their
first
start,
haps
per-
it with
Gasoline
The
304
Engine
An
**whoa."
strenuous
on
without
a
all
Fig. 94-"
if
means
made
tered
cen-
first tractor,
of
comments
Recent
place
there
where
the
avoid
street
run
or
firm, hard
that
the
sod
is the
attempting
current
gasoline
properly.
in
No
is all
the
steam
to
Power
At
room.
where
the
operator,
people.
some
Plant
any
short
or
the
rate,
directed
misgine,
en-
ideal place.
start, try the
right;
tank
of
place
any
lives of other
the
Before
plenty
endanger
may
Enclosed
at
Mechanism.
is
or
first start
the
possible make
and
is
attention
also,
crowd.
By
all of his
when
any
has
who
man
starting his
distraction by the
work
having
the
is
kind
this
of idle spectators;
stimulating to a crowd
it is somewhat
confusing to
needs
the blunder.
Any man
his
of
experience
rather
upon
Farm
the
and
also
make
that
engineer would
spark
sure
it is
and
see
that there
coming over
think of starting
The
without
and
is
Gasoline
looking
to
Oil
if he
see
on
had
the
engine as
affair and, after making
disengaged, set the fly wheel
steam.
runs,
the
over
go
Remember
of lubrication.
first
when
is needed
bearings have
oiling that there
oil holes
get into
and
over
or
be
startinga
no
are
at
on
certain
to
the
fire
tionary
sta-
clutch
While
and
part
liberal
glaze.
cinders
or
Look
the
know
the
it
and
good supply
amount
after
than
tractor
new
their
tractor
with
more
where
bearing.
305
in motion.
place
any
that
sure
and
that
taken
the
the
in order
Farm
the
plenty of water,
a
though it were
transmission
everything is
that
see
to
Engine
while
Notice
bits of
in
metal
to
operate
when
the
tractor
is
at
rest
than
it is in motion.
Examine
tractor.
w411
be
Lock
"
excessive
friction and
strain.
the
ahead
be
of the
rid
details
of
guiding
the
engine
at
the
so
in-
The
3o6
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
of
"
normal
conditions
for
with
and
forced
well
before
action, begin
there
is any
sity
neces-
experiment
to
little
the
be
not
of
travel
first in
time,
acquire
quite
do
not
habit
the
in order
attempt
of
smoothly rather
sudden
changes.
Before
reaching the
ahead,
plenty of room
for
narrowing
the
with
steering wheel
the
at
slow
severe
speed
other
practice
for
Aim
turns.
in
the
some
to
in
test
at
start.
the
higher speed
wide
the
with
engine
circle,then
miliar
getting faof changing the
always that neither
operating should be
turn
amount
novice
bring
to
Remember
the
field, and
the
begin
certain
nor
of
end
shorter
will do.
engine
new
given
to
what
short
any
trip,first
return
down
in the
this
tion
direc-
about
easily
bringing the tractor
than
of abrupt and
by means
and
around
then
and
the
change
to
Continue
little.
direction
one
but
far
turned
After
may
after
be
little
practice
undertaken,
The
3o8
Gasoline
The
kind.
momentum
little,and
very
the
if
tractor
pull
can
ahead
hold
if the
so
that
it has
better
back
thrusts
the
chance
to
only
of climbing
holds
the
for
likely
gradually,
more
if it is hewed
than
compress
The
lugs
it very
upon
it.
as
is far
ground
it is
as
much
so
is
that
hurry
to
its wheel
strain is thrown
a
acquire
chance
is made
or
will
engine
much
attempt
an
Farm
the
stands
reallymoving,
than
is
on
stuck
it is
which
tractor
out
Engine
torn
the
Often
be
only
which
into
break
out
hitched
to
the
wheels
wheels
can
be
dig the
the
turned
the
be
mud
tractor
put under
them
the
to
start
If
chain
of
ahead
the
the
way
will hold
that
engine
cannot
of it is
out
to
out.
sand,
so
as
not
by disturbing its
engine helps to pack it
hold, but to
pull it may
loose
ahead
aim
"
of
slip.
the
Always
Sandy Places.
straight and as steady as
patches
hole
slip. If
wheels, probably the only
them
; then
shaft.
the
on
the
start
388.
as
it to
carried
then
sufficient
rope
; then
can
and
be
may
it into
something
not
permit
its
tree
up
if
turn
shaft
main
to
tractor
and
allow
not
can
rail, straw,
out
itself if it
hitched
and
of
out
will
that
given something
of
Pieces
climb
will
tractor
to
screw
run
possible
break
surface.
down
to
the
The
on
and
the
in
engine
crossing
twist
the
wheels
The
Gasoline
it is only
across
trouble
389.
Bridges
in
on
Farm
the
the surface
up
bale
of
hay
without
will
straw
or
309
doing
all
save
ahead.
if scattered
is not
tractor
loosen
to
Often
good.
any
Engine
and
often
Other
called
Obstacles.
to
upon
cross
farm
The
"
bridge
less
un-
casionally
hauling a heavy load to market, but ocA
bad
a
bridge is encountered.
strange
before attempting
bridge should always be examined
much
to cross
rotten
and, if it shows
wear
or
plank
if possible. If it must
timbers, should be avoided
or
be crossed, a couple of long planks three inches thick
each
and tapering to two
end
at
at the
center
may
be
laid
use
across
the
distribute
For
to
load
the
run
over
of
more
shorter
longer bridge use
of the long ones.
Always carry a
travelingon the road
along when
a
familiar
long
it.
be
behind,
clear
Run
the
should
rope
drawn
to
with
if any,
of the
very
condition
also
slow
be
can
bridge
across
wheels
tractor
of
at
and
on
so
the
bridge at once.
planks at each end
supply of good plank
with
all of
hand
its
so
be
hitched
until
the
bridges
and
bridges.
that
back
tractor
unless
tractor
the
far
has
avoid
load
enough
crossed
sudden
jerks or
The
310
wheel
Gasoline
the
and
plan
be
may
conditions
all
his
tractor
not
of
the
as
the
roads
speed
without
has
skill
six
or
enough
miles
hour
an
all
put
is
no
fully master
running
be
make
to
There
is
who
man
may
on
the
upon
good
high
guide
to
this
Under
jerks, and
When
"
serious
any
upon
tractor,
right direction.
about
swagger
strain
otherwise.
sudden
and
job.
Speed Allowable.
the gasoline tractor
390.
Farm
the
in the
count
or
but
aim
strains
move
bluster
of
his
useless
every
adopted,
it is the
handle
to
on
of
part
every
Engine
with
As
this is not
little practice
engines, a
most
five
over
load
as
trailers
inch
pounds
resistance
with
of
figured from
ton
weight of one
broken
on
an
of
the
100
addition
pounds
of
20
and
6-inch
With
earth
common
ton
per
with
fact that
shows
roads
stone
on
will draw
power
be
may
tires
121
of known
tractor
pounds
to
extra
the
wagons
with
i^of
resistance
of
466 pounds
tires
road
the
gives
tractor
for each
portion
proa
power
per
cent,
grade.
392.
run
that
matter
any
The
Real
Tractor
Danger.
"
The
man
who
can
kind
any
of
his
of
own
fault.
He
mav
be
careless
and
to
attempt
run
controlHng
for
for that
engine
it.
With
may
matter,
wouhl
curiosity to
would
fall
see
how
work
like
may
out
with
things
looks
whirl
of
and
fearless
provisions
few
one
else's
and
spirited
advice
who
has
his
that
them
bringing
own
He
expense.
believe
may
so,
the
of
theory
take
to
of
tons
menace
render
every
pet
livelybang
pubHc
somebody
off
show
to
be prone
some
at
"
man
man
victim
311
proper
same
may
Farm
the
without
such
the
so
and
of others
on
become
He
dangerous.
horse
his
motion
in
metal
Engine
Gasoline
The
starting
with
up
skillful.
and
The
to
it out
put
of
condition.
that
skill
as
for
If
may.
what
he
mind,
own
thinks
well
as
it at
worth,
studies
it
from
source
time
can,
strains,
swagger
in his
over
it
came
cautious
makes
has
it
receives
which
.ifter he
"
and
and
he
good, perhaps
future
some
jerks
little fuss
he
as
advice
the
as
it
then, if he thinks
of
it is
trouble
any
his
shows
him
offer
people
from
He
given
;
use
it due
consideration.
General
393.
to
the
of
care
with
and
expect
to
which
he
"
time.
by
improved
protection
as
any
from
The
it.
Some
be
may
reasonable
tractors
knows
protection
to
every
that
repeated
his investment
writer
exposure
All
"
transmission
of
sort
any
be
this
to
reasonable
by
Tractor.
and"
operated between
engine might
an
give
expected
for
of
tractor,
the
shelter
Care
are
of
when
applies
in
tion
connec-
such
added
man
would
machinery
the profits
and
weatherproof
that
none
idle
passing
or
storm.
are
that
jured
inare
312
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
to
w
a;
CHAPTER
POWER
An
394.
the
if the
is of
the
of
in
the
are
be
its
into
merely
are
transmitted
knows
be
not
be
may
easily the
may
to
this,but
there
Shafts,
"
in
power
thrown
away
belts, and
used
commonly
work.
place
Nearly
all
of
modifications
gear
for transmitting
the
to
source
it
where
the
rarer
of
these.
some
be
accomplished by
well as by
or
as
by chain and sprocket wheels
form
of belt and
of the
usual
pulley ; gear
friction as well as tooth
include
gearing ;
may
refer to revolving rods or to various
forms
may
rope
means
wheels
shafts
of
be
w^ork.
most
from
converted
methods
Use.
means
power
engine
engine in
anywhere else
or
how
or
the
it to
Methods
wheels
For
in the
best
difference
transmission
developed
conducting
395.
can
what
is
while
farm
the
on
The
"
develops cannot
machine.
Every one
manner
that
value
no
realizes
one
every
Problem.
it
power
other
some
TRANSMISSION.
Important
world
XVIII.
may
levers.
396.
it refers
gear
"
rods
to
wheels
usually
of
which
somewhere
metal
the
shaft
will
the
most
serious
397.
when
Shafting. Usually
Why
and
revolve
along
the
means
Poor
and
their
better
in power.
cost
of
we
the
of
shafting
pulleys or
carry
length. They are
speak
material
the
Cheap shafting is
in the
wasting power
Shafting
313
Does
Not
Pay.
"
one
less
of
mission.
trans-
Shaft-
The
314
Gasoline
should
ing
carries
whatever
Where
steel
P.
times
would
rate.
FiG.
Countershaft
96.
"
while
expense
be
good
deal
shaft
into
revolutions
the
the
it
it
its
at
that
wheels
or
bearings.
own
best
should
per
the
be
and
toward
and
running, it
expensive
be
of
the
for
Ready
Hangers
will be
that
seen
cheap
world.
in the
best
very
Belts.
material
in
friction
shaft
the
of this
strain
bearings,
elastic
somewhat
break.
All
minute.
engine, but
engine,
be
pulleys
It
by reducing the size.
it requires a
absolutely straight because
lineof power
two-inch
to
a
spring even
line once
or
during each of its 200
300
reduce
to
should
of
of
shaft
Farm
the
quality requires i
of an
it a given number
of
engine to revolve
a
cheap iron shaft of equal strength
per minute
and
thing
Aveigh nine times as much
require somelike a 28 H. P. engine to operate it at the same
As
the power
consumed
by friction is a cona
stant
the
to
on
working energy
by friction
consumed
amount
H.
transmit
Engine
If
its center
is divided
and
or
and
the
it will
possible the
between
comes
power
driven
two
between
belt.
out
the
shaft
lize
quickly crystalpulley should
bearings. By
The
3i6
Engine
Gasoline
on
Farm
the
trouble
to
that
overcome
bearings has been known
had
previously prevented the operation of a machine.
Balancing Pulleys. If the shaft is a long or
399.
the
a
question of balancing weights and
light one
strains
become
portant.
along its length may
specially im"
heavier
The
their
from
power
where
it is
be
on
set
true
to
them
time
same
take
at
whether
extent
should
applied, and
some
machines
shaft
the
opposite sides
the
at
run
driven
not,
or
both
machines
since
the
are
be
to
pulleys driving
will better
heavy and this arrangement
distribute
the weight. A
a
heavy belt pull or even
great pulley weight at the end or anywhere along the
line that
is not
properly supported by the bearings
throw
may
driven
that
the
whole
Speed
400.
to
be
will
and
of
the
machine
as
is driven
machine
the
are
and
of the
the
speed
of
uses
shaft the
of
the
determines
course
machine.
the
the
latter
Where
only
problem
is
one
is easy,
of the
it is sometimes
between
average
relative
shaft
same
to
from
machines
several
The
"
one
speed
of line.
out
driving pulleys of
shaft,
the
temper
Shafts.
of
the
shaft
the
then
make
highest
the
up
to
necessary
and
lowest
additional
take
speed
difference
an
quired
re-
by
avoids
tremely
expulleys. This
small
or
extremely large pulleys.
determine
the
size of
Size of Pulleys. To
401.
there are
pulley needed on shaft when
given the speed
diameter
of the engine pulley and
and
speed of shaft,
and
vide
dimultiply engine pulley speed by its diameter
by the speed of the shaft.
of cast
iron, steel,
Pulleys. Pulleys are made
402.
varying
the
size
of
the
"
"
The
Gasoline
and
wood
common
than
and
compact
all of the
than
neater
steel,although
on
and, of the
paper;
use
Engine
wooden
Fig. 97.
united.
wood,
and
usually made,
that is, they can
shaft
bolted
the
same
solid,
in the
be
be
pulley can
Construction
"
four, iron
others
up
of
in
into
in
more
more
of
one
have
better.
SplitWood
is
cheaper than
safely speeded
pulleys
belt
317
It is
iron
an
can
larger sizes,
divided
Farm
the
ilar
sim-
the
vantage,
ad-
They
are
Pulley.
the
split form
halves, secured
upon
without
through
account
the
of
contraction
possible
of the
defects
in
the
latter
iron.
Iron
Face.
Straight and Crown
pulleys
usually made
crowning, that is,slightlyoval, across
403.
"
are
the
The
3i8
Gasoline
there
face, where
is
Engine
on
Farm
the
throws
the
instead
of
entire
"
Method
is ordered
unless
sent
shifting
load
the
upon
distributingit, but
Fig. 98.
pulley
no
is
of
one
the
straight
necessary
Lagging
where
will
specified. Where
is
pulley
Pulley,
face
crowning
the
or
belt
the
nearly always
Covering
with
of
center
be
must
be
belt-
straight-
faced.
Use
404.
power,
to
with
90
per
"
They
belt, but
also
are
of
and
power
to
usually
in friction
crank-pins
cent,
Pulleys
Pulleys.
change speed,
of motion.
a
of
and
used
are
to
alter direction
used
convey
or
in connection
transmission
connecting
and
rods.
transmission,
it is
form
with
ally
occasionMore
than
estimated,
The
Engine
on
Farm
the
319
in America
is effected
405.
belt.
iron
"
pulley
of
Gasoline
does
hold
not
is lost
power
often
are
varnish, then
of varnish.
belt
well
To
slippage.
faced
with
and
this
overcome
leather.
One
Put
to
of
way
with
deal
great
the
clean
this is to
in
the
pulleys
doing
coach
second
coat
size
proper
and
Then
there
drive
Buffalo
in
belt
fasteners
here
and
clinch
iron.
406.
How
the
shaft
to
Secured
either
on
by key
and
the
pulley, must
be
from
driven
the
be
latter, cut
match
center
seat
the
in
Pulleys
"
or
set
width
exact
both
will
pulley
the
soon
will
work
secured
are
If the
screw.
of the
shaft
accurately; otherwise
tight,the
and
Shaft.
be
loose.
key-
and
the
the
key
forced
not
can-
away
If secured
The
320
by
set
to
avoid
to
slip a
hold
Gasoline
the
screw
latter
times
and
on
should
after
slippingas,
few
Engine
be
set
screw
thread
Farm
the
the
been
allowed
shaft, it will
never
well.
as
Set
Screw.
no
Perhaps
Dangerous
simple thing about machinery is more
dangerous than
head
similar projectionon
a projecting set-screw
or
a
in rapid motion
it cannot
be
revolving shaft. When
and
while
some
seen,
one,
oiling a bearing, is almost
certain to have
the clothingcaught and be drawn
upon
the shaft or at least have
hand
a
a fingeror
destroyed
by it. Always, if it can possibly be done, have every
set
and
socket
wrench.
screw
use
a
deeply recessed
Test
them
frequently until they become
thoroughly
them
fixed, as the expansion of heat often loosens
;
then, once
they are thoroughly settled in their place,
avoid
if possible.
disturbing them
ance
408. Other
Pulley Dangers. Pulleys out of balThe
407.
"
"
belts
shaft
the
on
and
if the
the
key
have
does
been
retain
true
when
at
destructive
pulley
does
fit the
keyway
of power.
fit the
not
be
else
replaced;
or
bored.
to
This
shaft
the
; or
or
fixed
is ruinous
that
cast
if
or
pulley
may
ley
wabbling pul-
it costs
much
too
it.
Pulleys having
while
wobble
improperly
should
to
not
and
machinery,
occur
may
with
run
the
at
rest, but
thick
other
or
may
thin
at
wdien
wrong
side
one
stand
to
seem
decidedly
run
edge
up
well
set
in
motion.
so
anything
there
the
from
to
it may
force
of
some
be
be
a
laid
near-by
on
hurled
bullet
any
of dust
are
while
shelves
ing
remov-
Never
permit
pulley.
If left
machine.
part of
dangerous
against someone
the pulley
when
with
starts.
almost
The
Tight and
pulley consists
409.
loose
revolves
which
of
Gasoline
Engine
Farm
the
321
tight and
Pulleys. The
pulleys,side by side, one
Loose
"
of two
with
on
the
shaft
the
and
other
volves
re-
the
to
By shiftinga belt from one
and
its machinery may
be started
other the shaft and
stopped at pleasure without
disturbing the operation
of the engine or of any
other
machine
belted
the
to
It is a necessity in cases
shaft.
where
one
same
mait.
upon
FiG. 99.
of
chine
be
to
Countershaft
"
several, belted
thrown
Its
410.
Assembly With
Pulleys.
in and
generally thought
the trouble
hubs
comes
should
have
out
Loose
and
Stepped
shaft, is frequently
line
of motion.
necessary
from
an
Trouble.
for
Love
to
Tight,
The
"
loose
but
nuisance,
carelessness
oil reservoir
and
of
pulley
The
with
sort
some
of
much
neglect.
is
to
shaft
half hour.
dirt
and
and
iron
and
Remove,
revolved
wipe
on
off
shaft under
black
after
particles
; then,
replace, and run
again. Repeat
belt
coating
it
this
is
of
for
oil,
clean, oil
until
pulley
The
Z22.
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
and
smooth
for years
true
otherwise
on
smooth
will
then
it will
wear
run
off
at
the
speed of traction
tempted
plank in
outlay of
and
automobiles.
is
one
Pulleys." Sometimes
utilize a rainy day and
few
to
a
pieces of
the
pulley, and so save
making a wooden
dollars. Occasionallythis is entirely
several
Home
412.
engines
Made
not
be undertaken
unless
one
season
facilities for
in strained
and
lost
shafting,strained
power.
Not
one
belts, worn
person
in
ings
bearhundred
The
324
Gasoline
hardened
of
number
Engine
steel
(Fig. 102)
on
balls
Farm
the
confined
in
grooved
mischief
to
the
and
rest
of the
late their
Of
set.
use
has
been
What
416.
after
named
Babbitt
its
Is.
inventor, the
variable
somewhat
Metal
in
late
Babbitt
"
boxes
true
to
heat
babbitt.
more
composition but
and
antimony.
less, and
or
About
Babbitt, is
Isaac
5 parts tin
to
is
In
made
the
This
5 of
up
better
of
that
so
metal,
ferior
in-
an
the
causes
durable
as
and
antimony
of
copper
is the
usual
"
babbitt, dirt
and
washed
with
out
grease
must
gasoline.
be
removed
The
box
and
must
the
be
the
is
has
old
box
thor-
The
Gasoline
oughly dry
the
Bolt
of
it
100.
pieces bolted
Fig.
and
ioi.
"
Farm
the
form
and
325
trouble.
cause
"
If the
the shaft
on
into
throwing
is done.
will
steam
or
box
Fig.
Engine
Solid
Box
Bearing
box
is
solid, that
or
Pillow
is, not
Block.
in two
cast
Sells
Roller
Bearing Shaft
Box
Fits
Standard
Hangers.
the
cooling
shaft
the
The
will
to
hold
or
subject shaft
as
box
metal
ends
of
the
shrink
it fast and
paper
make
and
should
so
tightly about
it necessary
all to
the
to
babbitt
project a
little
the
break
furnace.
beyond
the
Block
box.
aligned and
with
the
or
clay.
Vent
for
oil hole
The
it is
close
holes
of air and
if not, insert
that
so
box, then
box.
Farm
the
in the
escape
the
on
shaft
the
up
central
stiff putty
metal
Engine
Gasoline
The
326
the ends
up
be
must
pouring
left at
the
hot
used
is sometimes
plug through
wooden
properly
RETAINER
Fig.
102.
"
Sectional
of
View
New
Departure
oil hole
the
shaft, and
afterwards.
around
each
in
the
so
wall
casting
save
of
vent-hole
the
the
with
bother
putty
to
Bearini? Shaft
Box.
Hanger
the
Bal
or
keep
of
clay
end
resting on
drillingit out
should
it clear
be
of
made
flowing
metal.
A plumber's furnace
Preparing the Babbitt.
for melting babbitt, as it is portable and
convenient
418.
is
"
The
metal
the
Gasoline
needs
three
be
must
it will
as
Heat
set.
wood.
char
Test
hold
to
Casting
419.
enough
it
pour
without
babbitt
the
temperature
metal
fast
as
in
ladle
for
metal
one
when
brown
or
by inserting a pine
clean
sharp end
until
each
across
shaft, and
in the
same
must
way
sheet-iron
half
bottom
must
of
cold.
into
cool
cut
These
Babbitting
420.
run
when
the
and
box
hot
the
Keep
are
not
from
remove
out
ream
off the
file,trim
side.
not
putty,
or
oil hole,
the
at
of
is hot
give
else.
nothing
to
metal
the
full stream
it is filled and
After
or
quire
re-
the
it will
When
it will
as
breaks
any
running
attention
the
fresh
until
Bearing."
the
Do
through the air holes.
It can^
easilybe gathered up
the
with
the
boxes
full amount
the
unite
not
327
occasionally.
stick
and
Some
poured hot.
pounds of metal, and
four
or
Farm
the
on
be
to
large enough
pouring
once
Engine
shaft,
the
oil hole
with
edges and,
ing
start-
ihe
and
slanting down
groove
for the oil to lie in against
be
forgotten.
should
These
casting.
the
wide
be
should
the
be^used
bearings
should
be
allow
to
the
rest
to
cut
the
have
ends
to
babbitting
the
two
of these
run
metal
part box
is cold
taking
somewhat
become
in the
metal
for
Rapid pouring
box.
When
allow
to
down
is
the
Notches
the
lower
more
a
solid
the
bolts
in
after
box
liners next
even
loosen
the
worn.
into
than
up
shaft
half of
essential
in
one.
a
little and
The
328
with
then
remove
Gasoline
cold
sharp
the
Engine
on
chisel break
top half
the
and
Farm
the
halves
apart;
file trim
off the
two
with
edges, cut off the pouring gates with the cold chisel,
with
file smoothly and
round
nosed
cold chisel cut
a
the oil grooves.
The
job is now
complete and, after
removing the paper from the shaft and smoothing any
cloth, the box
roughness noticed about it with emery
shaft should
and
be thoroughly oiled and
returned
to
place.
In bolting a split box
the shims
to
together use
build up the shoulders
enough, so that the strain of
the
bolts
shoulders
drawn
when
and
not
all.
at
turn
thickness
same
stress
the
on
babbitt
of
the
shaft
It
is also
shims
the
at
shims
may
come
heat
either
important
both
sides,
all
be
the
upon
portance;
is of vital im-
This
will
alike
be
bearing
wears
will
shaft.
the
upon
otherwise,
to
down
to
so
or
put
the
that
the
As
the
around.
either
reduced
fuse
re-
by
they
but
removing part or by using thinner
ones,
should
both
sides of the shaft
on
always be reduced
alike.
The
bearings should hold the shaft firmly,but
must
bind
not
Instead
oil
as
it.
of
an
grooves
Do
it is
melted
well.
holder, from
be
may
not
melted, the
the
job. On
heavy and
to
too
use
of
some
than
amount
furnace
the
the
top around
fill this
part of which
any
practicallyimpossible
More
solid
some
fer
prethe
with
the
wool
spiral oil
cut.
attempt
without
box
other
to
it
small
use
melting pot,
all of the
up
becoming
for
is needed
too
the
depending a little
be placed in
may
hand,
inconvenient
to
too
large
handle.
cold
metal
to
job
should
upon
how
relation
as
run
be
venient
con-
to
the
melting pot is
For
the ordinary
a
The
of
run
farm
be
Do
job
work
about
not
of
Farm
the
five
pounds
329
would
ably
prob-
right.
to
The
merit
careful
attended
on
holding
babbitting.
need
is
Engine
one
attempt
to
done,
Gasoline
not
be
to.
make
repeated
bearings
of
are
and
work
for
and
catch-up
long
good
time,
hurry-up
portance
im-
enough
job,
if
the
once
ing
oil-
"
CHAPTER
BELTS
Reasons
421.
the
to
by
of all power
has
used
the transmission
long
been
known
application is
machinists
due
to
until
recently having
In this country
than 90%
more
transmitted
of belts in
by means
is
form.
some
Belts
almost
are
them
by
or
be
distant
more
Power
and, in
position
refitted
a
machinist.
Few
expensive
they
of
revolution
12-inch
equal
to
will
Belts
wasteful
are
its
slip;
slippage ought
question
this under
but
that
not
there
are
quite
serious.
not
this
is
working
closelywatched
up,
330
last
some
reason
The
much
are
ment
move-
is absolute.
drive
cent,
2%
loss
and
tion.
revoluof waste
there
greater
conditions
One
its mate
each
the per
the
to
farm.
power.
exceed
to
they
respect belts
will
while
down
break-
machines,
circumference
average
belts
set
of
sending
one
of
wheel
own
and
the
In
"
wheels, properly
of gear
distance
Drawbacks.
of
For
on
than
case
w^ithout
particularlyvaluable
A
mitted
trans-
rect
by diaccidents.
less risk from
They
convenient, applicable to a
in the
repaired or
factory for
be
may
distance
greater
conditions
change
are
422.
from
is
variety of
greater
they
much
at
and
simpler
may
noiseless.
There
gears.
are
While
"
wheels.
gear
Belts.
of belts
European
favored
BELTING.
Using
means
mechanical
America,
AND
for
of power
XIX.
loss
that
is liable
is
no
than
if the
to
be
used
between
suitable
and
with
contracts
Care
427.
fixed
two
of
Farm
the
engines
pulleys because
but
is less
it stretches
weather.
the
Belts.
much
fully as
quality. They
on
thresher
with
connection
in
Engine
Gasoline
The
332
its
upon
should
efficiencyof
The
"
care
original
reasonably
kept pliableand
be
pends
de-
its
on
as
belt
will
tight or under an overload
give out first besides causing trouble with hot boxes,
broken
pulleys and sprung shafting. It has been found
and
power
by experiment that as high as 30% more
be
obtained
from
can
a
considerably greater wear
belt by running it with the grain or hair side
leather
the less pliable
the pulley. If this is not done
toward
grain side is likelyto crack from being strained over
the pulleys and, as this is the strongest side, the belt
A cemented
is seriouslyweakened.
or
lapped leather
of" and
that the pulley runs
be turned
belt should
so
A
clean.
not
belt
the
on
too
run
point
of the
than
narrower
the
things strain
edge at one side
few
as
the
belts
Some
do
inclines
one
to
the
pulley,reverse
the
fault
should
and
worse
should
upon
which
be
what
some-
they run
projectingover
so
being pulled
than
other
the
or
belts
and
stretch
not
climb
it.
alike
both
at
continually toward
If it still
runs
on
edges.
If
side
of
one
the
side
same
is in the
if toward
Belts
pulley
belt
All
rim.
the
across
lap.
of
extremes
oil
heat
and
belt.
rubber
cold.
Put
Under
the
oil
no
cumstance
cir-
on
the
The
"
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
333
as
of them
are
any
to
keep
to
tide
the
leather
over
should
some
form
of
soft, pliable
placed
that
It may
combination
be
the
in the
be
it
more
but
hold
to
should
correct
be
wide
belt
dust
the
and
of
some
always
ally.
intention-
and
moisture
likely to
cleaning it
with
belt
load
enough
abused
not
than
oils. If
rubber
required of
hard, glazed
it is not
the
some
clean
something
mineral
not
work.
overoccasionallyit means
ought not to be there. It will
difficult to keep belts clean
it is fully as important;
and
after
necessary
belt,use
instead,
that, if avoidable,
indication
upon
else
or
air,and
soft
keep them
in fact, if they are
kept
other
they are more
way
it is found
things ;
two
condition
belt.
sure
of
result
event
found
put
to
leather
the
pretty
been
has
In either
than
strain
upon
of
one
anything
always
in
belt is
on
for
except
emergency
be
never
surface
needed
be
soft.
If
to
soften
neat's-foot
oil foundation,
dressing is found
to its place don't use
the
alignment. A
a
"
or
to
in any
transmit
twice
the
essary
nec-
it ;
belt
power
horse-
it.
Required. The
breaking strain
of the best leather belting is given at 3,360 pounds per
section
inch of cross
and, figuringout the necessary
square
factor
of safety,the safe working strength is
but one-tenth
of that or 33 pounds per square
counted
of belting
inch or about
41 pounds per inch in width
strain
in practice is
This
allowable
ys inch thick.
from
to
to
still further
reduced
35 pounds by
30
for the ordithe best authorities, presumably to allow
429.
Size
of
Belt
"
The
334
nary
Gasoline
of
of
quality
higher estimate.
minute
per
is
additional
each
favorable.
are
Fig. 103.
b
"
Have
Contact
pulling power
or
75
Used
the
the
Than
Contact
Smaller
180
P.
of
One,
the
to
H.
P.
and
if conditions
belt
depends
d, Gains
Is
good
traveling 800
i
H.
Largest One,
Belt
however,
wide
Belt Contacts.
Two
Grip of 180 Degrees.
Is Less
Than
More
Looses
c,
Half
Because
the
Belt
Degrees.
pulley and
pullingstrength. A double leather, six-plyrubber,
from
belt will safely transmit
six-ply cotton
50 to
power
horserule being one
the usual
power,
per cent,
for
per
add
in
even
transmit
The
its frictional
Upon
its
to
should
Efficiency,Because
Circumference
inch
one
inch
Belt
expected
adhere,
figured
Farm
the
In
Study
Pulleys Are
belt
on
be
strength to
belting. Some
range
feet
Engine
each
surface
one
inch
presented
width
at
to
the
speed
of 550
feet
minute.
A
430.
of
number
convenient
in
and
Convenient
feet
per
rule
is to
inches
this
Rule.
minute
"
To
that
multiply the
by its number
by the width
of
of the
calculating the
belt is traveling a
a
of the puldiameter
ley
avoid
revolutions
belt
per
in inches.
ute
minDi-
The
vide
this
2,100
for
Gasoline
Engine
product by
Farm
the
335
for
3,300
The
double.
on
horse-power.
belt
long
will
be
and
can
belt
required
of
than
short
find
To
limits
the
add
and
the
two
the
the
center
Crossed
Belt.
product
of the
Each
shafts.
Pulley
180 Degrees.
Contact More
Than
In
of Friction in Twisted
Belt Overcomes
Belt
Contact.
Shown
Arrangement
tiply
mul-
the
Where
Has
of
General, Loss
Belt
Because
of Greater
Advantage
Useful
tance
disspace
Arc
an
of
eters
diam-
then
twice
to
one,
length
two
The
104."
reasonable
power
looser.
between
between
Within
"
more
much
run
the
Belts.
transmit
by 3^4
Fig.
of
Length
431.
for
Reverse
Drive.
permits,
is
432.
to
20
25
feet
between
increases
be
power
then
the
its power
up
to
certain
speed
limits, but
carried
in
anything to
minute
being a
as
pulley
"
cannot
while
of
centers
belt
distance
little
pulleys
avoid
extremes,
4,000
more
economical
and
as
600
it must
can
be
used.
always
be
to
a
In
borne
4,500
feet
far safer
lagging
in
of
this
the
rule
per
speed,
or
mind
ering
cov-
that
336
adding
the
Gasoline
The
the
to
size
Engine
of the
on
Farm
the
pulley increases
the
of
speed
belt.
All
Fig.
105,
of the
Most
"
Slipping.
belts
or
less,
slip more
limits
it is an
certain
within
and
advantage, as the
of a load, such
the clogging of
sudden
obstruction
as
thresher
a
cylinder or similar accident, may
merely
the belt to slip when
a
cause
positive drive like cog
serious
would
belt
a
cause
a
breakage. When
gears
because
of slippage fails to deliver 97 or 98 per cent.
Belt
433.
"
Driving
With
it should
power
pulley,which
is where
and
is therefore
most
that
the
made
joint be
the
jerk at
the
belt
this
much
is
laced
the
better
as
loss
as
even
as
than
the
where
contact
belt
is too
great.
is the
It is
possible to
important
decrease
difference
is in contact
more
the
least
equal size
about
the
Sag.
joint strikes
easily broken.
point. Pulleys of
is great,
its full 180
the
Belt, Showing
the
transmit,
slips originatewhere
smaller
that
Long, Heavy
hold
of
ameter
di-
nearly
belt
a
degrees (see cuts). For this reason
long and heavy enough to permit considerable
The
Gasoline
on
of necessary
loss
without
sag
Engine
Farm
the
tension
hugs
337
the
pulley
of the greater
tight belt. On account
tension, however, the tight belt will deliver the most
but
more
an
over-tight belt consumes
power
power,
fective
is less effriction on
the journals and
by increased
than one
tension.
of moderate
Slipping creates
ing
hot boxes.
hot belts and
a
By maktight belt causes
than
better
the
lower
of
slip diminished.
soft
and
the
the
power
sagging
the
tendency
to
small
the
belting hugs
double
belts.
three
Nearly
be
For
do
upper
is increased
contact
the
belt do
horizontal
lettingthe
transmittingand
amount
of
side
transmitted
times
from
much
as
faced
leather
sometimes
can
power
from
as
smooth
similar
a
answers
pulley. Manila
paper
overloaded
and
if smoothly put on
and
not
purpose,
will last for years.
Soak
good glue in its w^eight of
till water
melt.
is absorbed, then
water
ley
Roughen pulface with
acid or
file and
coarse
spread on glue,
iron
faced
then
paper,
Use
several
rubbing on with
layers of glue and
splitleather
or
When
hold, and
once
slipsbadly
it is
more
important
slip than to
to slipon
sure
hence
that
wath
should
contains
; or
iron
and
it is
to
more
be
dried
before
oil
or
difficult to
guard against
injuriousto
are
all air.
ing
splitbelt-
old
it afterwards.
correct
mineral
expel
to
if desired.
belt
first
are
paper
used
be
may
brush
used.
rosin
soon
the
belts
Wet
wood
Belt
leys,
puling
dress-
coats
belt
stantly
glaze that is fatal to holding unless kept consticky; then it is disagreeable to handle and
A
belt once
catches
all the floatingdust and
dirt.
glazed by dope is half spoiled,as the natural oils of
the
a
leather
belt
are
becomes
drawn
out
hardened
and
castor
the
fiber deadened.
oil may
be
used
If
to
338
The
restore
it
Gasoline
partially.One
on
of the
that
Farm
the
worst
of
any
dangers
of belt
work
w^ell at
them
start.
Hints.
Belt
434.
first
When
warmed
belt
friction
is hard
without
load
belts.
on
until
Old
of
they
are
that
They
Fuller's
the
heavier
or
ings.
bear-
loss of power
of the
20%
should
and
have
by
load
may
bearings
on
pulleys.
belts
hold.
the
tight as to cause
journals to exceed
a tight belt.
belts
side
in leather, power
so
as
Six-inch
expensive
are
the
at
classed
each
weather
up.
belts
be
Cold
"
starting,run
Tight
to
fact
the
dressings is
the
Engine
saturated
are
be
may
earth
chalk
then
by sprinkling
them
over
scraping with
hard
are
grease
partiallyrestored
prepared
or
and
grease
with
to
wooden
sorb
ab-
strip
slightlysharpened.
Narrow
double
considered, than
A
rubber
has
and
slow
from
leather
speeds,
but
economical,
more
part of the
shrink
belts
are
efficiency
ones.
which
will
worn
grade
are
singlewide
belt
been
Cheap
belts
badly
are
fair
face
sur-
if wet.
for
suitable
not
rubber
light work
for heavy or
be
an
unevenness
the
leather.
the
pulley.
To
avoid
At
as
rest
much
in the
the
thickness
edges
friction
as
of the
or
belt
the
pull
should
possible,belts
of
hug
should
The
340
Gasoline
should
ter
with
be
of the
main
436.
drawn
of the
most
Belt
be
are
as
belt
where
will
stretch
wheels
at
long
for the
place, and
lace
that
so
tension
have
practicable, had
ter
bet-
pulleys
will
be
the
will be
become
taken
will,
too
up.
off square
Cut
even.
at
fit between
to
soon
ends
which
over
back
or
up
able,
avail-
only
are'
made
to
cut
but
moved
beginning,
belt, first
the
the
should
belts
and, wdien
two
To
be
may
away
have
the
of
one
used
belt
Endless
where
be
to
permits doing
face.
that,
wath.
Farm
the
wheel
good
"
however,
This
Lacing.
even
on
without
the
on
dispensed
they
tight.
tension
belt
joint,and
one
Engine
the
holes
across
with
:t=i
108
107
Fig.
107.
Fig. 108.
Finished
The
"
Finished
The
"
Joint, Pulley
Laced
Joint, Top
Side.
of
Belt.
belt
est
punch, and a sloping,shearing cut gives smoothof holes is enough for lightwork
edges. One row
around
and
is plenty for the heaviest
work
the
two
sometimes
in running
used
farm, though three are
heavy machinery. The lacing should be done so that
a
of
the
side
is
placed
either
twisted
strain
equal
an
laces
of
the
fast
and
belt.
The
all the
on
laces
or
holes
crossed
will
not
on
wear
and
none
the
pulley
out
nearly
An
jerk the machinery so much.
the
oval
turned
punch is best wnth
large diameter
lengthwise of the belt. Many belts are ruined by large
so
holes
a
or
will
holes
stronger
lace
not
too
but
close
together.
weakens
the
The
belt.
latter
makes
The
If
six-inch
line
Gasoline
lines
lay
each
odd
a
other
number
the
that
off.
the
belts
should
will shove
be
heavier
leather
hole
should
and
back
or
be
for
with
rubber,
first.
may
row
The
instead
of
smooth
cut
instrument
cutting them
is best
and
lace
the
pass
the
vas
Can-
narrow.
to
tance
dis-
increased
pointed
large enough
without
straining
For
second
of the
diminished
An
best.
out
use
be
twice
between.
works
ends
punched
mark
along
exactly opposite
holes
loads
the
341
back, and
the
row
fibers aside
the
For
through
in each
from
and
inch
one
equal spacing
distance
same
apart
belts
with
for
and
end
Farm
the
being punched,
places for
and
of holes
larger belt
of holes
off the
on
is
less
or
each
across
square
these
belt
Engine
fiber
of
the
leather.
Lace
437.
and
and
the
an
Rawhide
"
When
abomination.
of
those
to
medium
; the
to
or
second
half-inch
smooth
or
hair
side
the
is much
be
straight,
cut
in width
varies
lect
ready cut, sethickness
in preference
for the
heaviest
lace
is
ible
flex-
not
teenths
five-six-
width, the
usual
of the
side,
method
is the
lacing,
those
uniform
being preferableexcepting
the
by
or
lace that
buying
and
heavy
extra
enough
in width.
even
for
is used
be
it may
smooth
is
Leathers.
former
belts.
placed
out
If
if
ing
longer. By wetting the ends and then burnbe
until
them
put
slightly crisped they may
easily.
through the hole more
double
lace a single
of Lacing, To
438. Methods
of the belt and, with
of holes, begin at the center
row
each end up through the
the pulley side below, pass
will
wear
"
hole
center
one
to
the
in
each
right and
end
of
the
the other
to
belt, then
the
down,
the
left,through the
The
342
Gasoline
hole
in
this until
the
next
of
both
be
ends
through
them
carry
will
the
at
the
top.
under
the
of
the
through
down
like
in
those
FiG.
ing
drawn
upon
the
it also
the
109.
in
adds
to
will
the
surface
needed.
of
Other
been
done
lace
will
also
laces
that
holes
the
ends
they
a
The
very
of the
pressure
place.
Short
108.
of
piece
main
of the
contact
Belt
sides
two
where
belt
in
methods
illustration
lac-
Lacing.
life of
the
look
pieces of
the
at
the
then
and
increase
jar
have
The
Methods
the
over
belt
laces
other
into
and
107
Several
"
pulley
the
is most
Figs.
of the
surface.
finished
when
lace
back
two
off with
them
lace
have
of the
smaller
them
cut
little
of
will
ends
of
and
edges
will
Continue
belt.
turn
the
Instead
one
the
then
crossing
Farm
the
of
hole
each
side, and
upper
end
When
holes.
same
on
is reached,
reached
again
on
opposite
edge
the
through
are
the
Engine
the
it
wears
lace
passing, and
instant
but
creases
de-
when
it
of
belts ; also
for
come
good
old
rotten
or
rubber
and
web
in contact
with
badly frayed
rub-
Gasoline
The
ber
Engine
belting is cheapest
It
belt.
makes
Farm
the
the
bungling and
somewhat
dangerous
343
smoothest
looks
is
and
however,
and
on
ning
run-
unworkmanlike,
operators, and
to
is little used.
Never
allow
inches
several
of free lace
ends
to
whip
about
the
the
Cut
Wire
Lacing
when
properly made
jolt at the joint,but
439.
deal
on
the
lacer.
READY
Fig.
no."
TO
APPLY
Some
off
ends
and
or
Belt
tuck
them
Hooks.
and
erators.
op-
under.
Wire
lacings
and
are
quite durable
give little
their efficiencydepends a good
The
FtNISHED
holes
may
"
be
much
smaller;
JOINT
Approved
Metallic
Belt
Hooks.
The
344
nals
Gasoline
the
size
joint should
not
or
taken
to
runs
as
over
For
inches
the
end
and
with
same
Scrape
the
Have
be
the
than
for
taper
with
the
lacing;
other
laps with
plane
surface
smooth
of
under
the
cut
off
the
glass to
or
joint of
supposed
belt, and it
spoke
on
been
vibration.
or
or
is
the
mark
but
end
steel
and
smaller,
or
has
A
use.
is permanent
belt
varied, such
stretch
of
period
Farm
the
longer
from
until
by
made,
six-inch
on
pulleys can
made
belt
sort, if well
wear
the.
be
of the
out
this
of
Engine
six
inches
six
shave.
Do
opposite
make
belt
belt
them
side.
even.
while
splicing.
After
cutting,place belt on pulleys and draw
tight,
with the jointat some
the pulleys.Hold
point between
under
board
a
joint and nail belt to it with small
nails to insure again slipping. Remove
belt and board
to a convenient
mon
place and apply belt glue (not comglue) hot. Apply this to both ends of the lap,
then place together and hammer
utes
lightlyfor a few mina
expel
to
all air.
Glue
strip of
hours.
The
laps
Splicing a
441.
must
Gandy
be
or
the
over
paper
Belt.
Canvas
For
"
times
the
four
splice about
width
of the belt and
lay ofif the splice into as many
equal parts as there are layers in the belt. Cut one
at the next
point
ply off the entire length,the second
six-inch
of
belt
division, and
other
end
belt, so
the
but
on
work
; then
from
do
the
the
the
with
same
side
other
the
the
end
of
will
cut
was
the
come
off
in
other.
Fit the
with
so
that
opposite
the
make
waxed
ends
together and
thread, the
seams
sew
lengthwise
about
one
of the belt
inch
apart.
Tpie
Gasoline
occasional
An
life
they
wheels
more
and
.feet
4,000
the
smallest
times
30
the
shafts
the
be
rope.
Rope
in
be
Worn
the
life
of
of
rope,
troublesome
and
of
dressing
a
and
rope
beeswax
drive.
least
at
once
should
and
20
it
be
used
less
of
they
There
between
begins
to
replaced.
graphite
if
account
slip.
feet
least
even
grooves,
with
and
at
on
wedge-shaped
be
5,000,
be
and,
parallel
also
should
diameter
may
and
is
over
as
costly,
motion
never
drive
loosely
distance
centers.
to
the
popular
speed
have
quite
not
more
run
should
very
should
contact
greater
may
pulley
are
The
of
over
ropes
Their
belts.
to
variety
less
flexible,
minute
per
and
becoming
noiseless.
will
has
power
hemp
are
than
lead
red
the
and
more
power
smooth
around
are
345
materially.
distance
sheaves
or
longer,
wear
very
and
Where
manila
cotton,
transmit
oil
belt
considerable
directions,
grooved
linseed
Gandy
Farm
the
"
transmitted
be
is
of
on
Transmission.
Rope
442.
of
coat
the
prolong
Engine
will
ley
pulroughen,
An
add
sional
occa-
much
CHAPTER
OTHER
FORMS
Gear
443.
OF
Wheels.
transmission
it is necessary
how
matter
XX.
TRANSMISSION.
In
"
will
spite
of
its
probably
be
in
transmit
to
much
the
varies.
belts.
stretchingor slippingof
no
the
motion
will
driving wheels
is also
unless
motion,
the
long
so
is
gear
as
no
it there
Whatever
the
long
so
With
transmitted
wheel
gear-
is
load
over-
the
as
stripped.
It
of
ing
cutting out or reverschanging speed, though lately the friction
has
in part usurped this field.
In using this
clutch
of
that
revolve
convenient
or
form
be
use
absolute
an
load
defects
means
transmission,
the
however,
remember
must
one
faithfullytransmitted, so is any
unsteadiness
in it likewise, together with
less
or
more
vibration
originating in the gear itself. Overloading
is
as
more
no
the
(for
They
of
with
belts, because
444.
to
is
power
small
their
they
445.
are
the
wheels
bearing,it
made
are
in
size
from
the
machinery weighing
absolute
speciallywell
Finish.
"
pinion
many
tons.
Iron
liked
depart
from
under
for
wheels
gear
specifications,recognized
To
finest
transmission
as
this
346
standard
is
not
of
breaks.
brass
hide.
raw
a
On
watch
account
variable
traction
are
of
and
is
With
strain.
vary
mill
Gear
"
serious
there
load,
engines.
made
by
only
to
certain
turers.
manufacto
insure
The
348
Engine
Spur Gearing.
446.
of
Gasoline
Spur
"
all in
without
are
use,
regard
to
those
the
form
within
main
drive
tractors,
or
the
wheels
around
rim
of
of
of the
the
of gear
gears
wheels
; if
they
and
meet
mowers
outer
side
meet
at
They
wheel,
and
of
and
112
Gears.
an
a
be
may
"
the
in
as
of
most
rim,
the
as
in
Gears.
transmissions.
Miter
at
driven
Intermittent
first type,
common
parallel axes,
on
teeth.
some
intermediate
Bevel
447.
"
most
Gearing.
the
the
Fig. 114.
most
Bevel
"
the
turn
of
Farm
the
gears,
which
Fig. 113.
either
on
the
Fig.
lustrate
il-
second.
If the
angle they
iii
axes
are
right angle
and
of
pair
called
bevel
the
gears
The
Gasoline
Engine
are
equal they
are
termed
are
bevel, but
not
all bevel
used
when
must
be
Their
machinery.
turning a certain
engine timing is
Cams."
in that
they
turning
or
on
are
are
transmission
fashioned
on
Action
not
to
represent
distance
greatly to
the
a
Worm
Gear."
the
operator
front
covered
to
axle
power,
the
that
near-by
lever
true
the
hand
a
that
mon
com-
power
wheel
being
mitted
trans-
worm
gear.^They
speed appliedand
of
as
wheel
; the
actuating
combining
shape
in very
of tractors
through
their
(Fig. 115).
gearing is
great reduction
by
it
order
in
Often
of the
guiding systems
very
the
its center,
to
wheel
Outlined.
Cam
that
from
farm
while
power
principleof
the
another.
little resemblance
applied by
transmit
firmly against
than
in
continuously. Most
of cams
(Fig. 114).
species of gear peculiar
of
at
of
timing system
use
are
not
means
a
gears
common
is to
are
time
in the
in
but
by
more
one
Worm
use
done
departure
bear
450.
gears
They
gears.
power
the
not
distance
axis
press
spring at
they
miter
Intermittent
into
purpose
115."
an
may
is such
the
Gears."
Cams
Fig.
they
miter
349
occasionallyintroduced
gasolineengine, but are
449.
of
All
gears.
are
direction
the
Intermittent
448.
miter
Farm
the
on
energy
they
do
but
the
add
lever-
The
350
the wheel
principleof
1x6).
age
451.
ratchet
forms
of
gearing
wheel,
escape
wheel,
pinion
and
and
in
is
with
116.
Fig.
Fig.
117.
the
farm
"
and
confused
with
452.
Rawhide
iron
gear
To
obviate
successful
been
leather
often
does
used
Gearing.
has always
"
away
for the
gear
seen
Gears.
Operation.
because
One
of
been
the noise
Leather
expensive
an
to
pass
often
so
they
make.
fiber, leather,
as
has
objections to
the
found
been
cially
spe-
ment
being subjected to special treat-
after
that
Shaft
substances
tried.
is rather
found
referred
Steering
the
wheels.
this, other
been
Cam
the
seldom
are
Tractor
for
Used
only
are
gear
wheels
etc., have
but
Gear
Spiral
their
that
which
into
In
of them
Cog wheels,
erroneously
wheels
Gearing Used
Worm
"
seldom
pieces. They
in separate
set
are
wheel,
Most
ellipticgear.
so
moner
com-
wheel, spiral
gear
wheels
other
sprocket
unnecessary.
are
plane (Fig.
of the
crown
all gear
people,
many
teeth
on
which
inclined
the
are
machinery
farm
under
the
"
Farm
the
Some
Wheels.
special description
name
and
Gear
found
are
on
Other
rack
gear,
Engine
Gasoline
iron
with
small
for
wheel
most
wheel
large
with
meshing
of the
or
It has
wheels.
noise,
pinion
so
to
of
one
leather
mesh
is
with
The
Gasoline
much
of iron
one
of
face
the
rawhide
than
each
to
somewhat
adds
of the
gear.
Even
when
badly
elastic
its
the
jar
mate.
likely to
it is
and
making
the
life
wheel
tains
re-
transmit
to
materially increases
desirable
It is not
become
unequal strain
much
too
This
to
gear
so
and
wet
with
or
of the
irregularshrinkage
the
in.r
teeth
continues
or
to
great deal
,n
guard
bolted securely
leather
and
nature
places where
in
worn,
vibration
without
power
and
cost
gear
made
and,
mate
flanges are
wheel, including the
the
to
speciallysilent
brass
side of the
351
is sometimes
gear
metal
its
Farm
the
on
For
larger.
the
slightly wider
Engine
cast
not
gear-
latter, in cooling
of the
because
rough
surface.
Care
453
oil
of
Leather
rawhide
on
Pinions."
graphiteand
of
animal
an
Store
and
when
not
rawhide
and
cover
and
graphitemixture.
the
whether
See
this
do
to
454
Rules
diameter
of
by
the
line drawn
The
the
surface
with
become
hot.
point
where
those
of another
the
be
them
from
a
their
dressing
wheel
around
in
wheel.
the
hard
grease
meshing properly.
the pinion in a very
Gear
Repairs." The
is taken
the
from
the
roll into
circle
working
1^allure
short
outside
circle made
is
are
is taken
teeth
Leather
consumed.
slightlywith
ruin
pitch diameter
to
in use,
Governing
gear
eral
min-
soften
to
may
teeth
may
use
grease.
substance
them,
not
the
the bearings
allow
Never
it tends
pinions as
and
Do
teeth.
through
contact
the
with
The
352
Gasoline
Engine
Diameter, applied
unless
diameter
The
wheel
teeth
gearing, always
to
otherwise
be
by
The
obtained
the number
of inches
in its
Used
Wheels.
from
to
of
pitch
the
diameter
outside
by adding
dividingby the
measure)
teeth
and
by
may
the
be
found
circle.
the teeth
It may
diametrical
The
above
themselves
measure
pitch diameter
be
is
obtained
convenient
more
actual
of
number
From
this
by dividingthe
ber
num-
pitch.
of its
number
diameter.
outside
standard
any
may
the
to
each
In
(which
2
to
GEAR
wheel
standard
any
of
by dividingthe
Terms
ii8.-IIlustrating
The
of teeth
pitch
SPOKED
Fig.
pitch
means
specified.
pitch diameter.
may
FaRxM
the
inch
on
measured
be obtained
from
center
to
center
pitch.
rules will enable
by counting
of the
the
wheel
any
teeth
those
to
one
and
calculate for
taking the
commoner
side
out-
specifica-
The
tions
Gasoline
which
wheels
are
that
The
better
the
to
fit other
will
of
in
know
wheel
353
ordering
the
of
length
is its
hub
from
not
the
state
Farm
the
gear
gearing.
gear
and
rim
on
to
necessary
length
beyond
Engine
projection
It is much
spoke.
the
of
instead
hole
the
hub.
To
shaft
and
the
from
the
on
teeth
wheel
in the
to
be
obtained.
is the
pitch, which
dimensions
of
be
obtained
the
of
of
for
and
the
wheel
new
teeth
number
this
as
same
shaft),
on
the
With
center,
distance
pitch (as
number
the
other
may
be
out.
the
is understood
term
to
of teeth
number
The
above
Those
for
and
bevel
certain
gear
four
things;
feet
in
whether
the
spur,
Gear
or
minute
velocity of
face
and
horse-power
will
6 feet
i-inch
and
very
To
in inches
and
each
divide
per
cated
compli-
more
The
horse-power
will transmit
depends upon
pitch,the velocity of pitch
second,
pitch diameter
per
Wheels.
face, the
bevel.
calculations.
gear
use.
wheel
per
spur
considerably
are
general
of
for
are
gear
of less
that
circle
rules
Power
455.
wheel
diametrical
to
the
the
Whenever
inch
center
inches, double
second
on
wheel
from
wheel
worked
in
wheel
gear
fixed
upon
of rule
diametrical
the
the
needed
distance
shafts
multiply by
means
certain
the
two
wheel
gear
shaft, measure
between
and
with
mesh
to
fixed
by
size of
find the
"
the
and
find
by
the
of
of revolutions
product by
a
wheel,
velocitymultiply
the number
the
second
kind
spur
230.
wheel
At
with
i-
2.782
pitch will safely transmit
treblingof velocityfor the same
little
more
than
double
the
power.
The
354
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
If the
less than
or
pitch and face are more
one
inch,
multiply the power
given at the required velocity
of inches or the fractional part of an
by the number
of inches
of face.
inch, and that result by the number
This gives the horse-power transmitted.
In practice
under
conditions
average
result should
The
be
but
two-thirds
or
of this
expected.
velocity of gearing
feet per
half
for
minute
iron
should
be
and
gear
below
kept
3,000
for
2,200
wood
and
iron.
An
456.
Ideal
Wheel
Gear
Order.
"
If the
ing
follow-
are
specifications
given there should be no excuse
for any supply house
failingto send the wheel wanted.
diameter
I, material
2, outside
3, pitch diameter
of teeth
6, number
metrical
5, bore
4, face
7, pitch (diaof hub
or
circular) 8, diameter
9, distance
from
center
through hub
10, projection 11, distance
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
to
"
of shafts.
center
When
allowable
of
shafts
of revolutions
bore, and
or
transmit
to
certain
per
largest and
smallest
diameters.
approximately ^
gearing will transmit
horse-power safely conveyed by spur gear.
Bevel
above
The
are
calculations
are
for involute
popular and in
the
epicycloidalpattern,
they do not require such
now
ute,
min-
more
far
more
the
teeth, which
common
use
advantage being
accurate
that
adjustment.
Transmission
General
Care.
gearing requires
457.
at
its rim
at
attention
occasional
as
quite as much
in relation to the
true
the axle, and this is particularly
Grease,
tractor
gearing, especially the differential.
dom
cleanliness, at least freeoil, graphite and reasonable
and
dust
from
the grit of road
bles,
ground-up peb-
than
one
"
will
cure
most
of
the
ills it is heir
to, old
age
CHAPTER
FEED-ROOM.
THE
When
458.
is
Feed-grinding
difference
great
of
grinding
feed
119.
benefit
is
With
roads, several
back
again,
grinding
let
is
than
into
an
Direct
the
of
the
usual
doubts.
one
Shaft
Drive
the
tions.
condi-
Wliether
From
New
Engine.
the
to
the
grain
put
be
so
in
Often
wasted
much
grinding.
356
mill
nearest
expense
question.
it is to
the
whether
to
as
There
"
to
miles
open
of
part
ground
and
no
Pay.
enough
large quantities of
bad
Not
opinion
Holland
the
Does
profitableunder
Mill
Feed
"
is
of
it is beneficial
That
Fig.
XXL
cash
or
and
then
toll
for
it is
cheaper to
by being fed un-
extra
work
and
pense
ex-
The
Gasoline
Convenient
459.
Engine
"
installed
feed
is unnecessary,
called
work
extra
by
run
constant
above
to
the
from
hopper by closed
feed
grinder, belted
its
the
of these
more
bins
spouts
above
or
grain having
be
to
v/ooden
the
in
shaft
of any
hopper
lifted with
feed
the
side
be-
room
connected
should
stand
in
slides
grain
two
or
without
human
nected
directly con-
or
of any
stream
in
grain
trough set
spouts,
vator,
ele-
or
the
or
By opening
mixture
of
bins, and
these
engine.
great an^onnt
crops
conveyor
bin
bins
to
the
carry
portable
Below
at
farm
link-chain
elevated
to
stables.
with
the
357
gasolineengine
is any
nor
engine, should
thresher
the
of the
waste
for.
the
stream
the
this
Farm
the
With
Grinding.
properly
bin
on
or
one
stored
is
more
in
con-
of
pound
The
hands.
tendant
at-
having
engine and, once
thrown
the mill into operation, need
give it no further
attention
until the grinding is completed.
460. Convenient
Feeding. The discharge from the
mill may
be conveyed to a bagger or
directly into
and
shafts, and
a
portable bin supplied with wheels
chutes
of feed
which
is easily moved
along the row
below.
leading into the feeding boxes in the mangers
From
the time the grain leaves the threshing machine
it need not be touched
until it is stored, ground, mixed
then
may
start
the
"
in any
desired
proportions
and
delivered
to
the
hands
in the stable
the animals
directlyover
all carrying. The
and
below.
All liftingis avoided
engine and gravity do it all ; but only the work of the
the
elevate
it convenient
to
grain
engine renders
where
gravity can be used.
Ground
meal, if stored
461. Feed
Always Fresh.
come
in quantities,is far more
likely to taint, heat or beof
the
feeder
"
infested
grain.
No
with
matter
insect
how
well
enemies
seasoned
than
the
the
corn,
whole
there
358
is
The
Gasoline
always
so
much
in
quantities that
meal
corn
necessary;
often
has
hauled
be
to
worked
the
needed,
as
opened
may
adapted
without
463.
fuss
of
bolt
roughage
very
wasted.
Hay
the
for
the
horns
slides
changed,
different
of
lots
cattle
longer
no
essary
nec-
mixtures
best
mixture
same
to
all
purpose.
The
"
made
mill
at
any
speciallyto
best
of them
several
feed
available
themselves
rations
farm
suited
for
which
may
the
any
be
clined
inMost
animals
are
Feeding Plan.
their
their grain and
then
pick over
gingerly, selecting only the choicest
"
tossing the
thrown
grain
and
the
or
required.
is
to
rather
rest
them
invites
upon
the
in bunches
a
floor
and
to
be
separate
playful attack
with
tendenc}^to cull it over
discrimination, while the grain,fed alone, is
the
fresh
once.
to
and
lend
It is
for
be
can
tities.
quan-
the
or
different
Ration.
balanced
or
Good
portions
feed
to
which
power
all at
the
is
feed
conditions
bins
grinder,
ground
when
of the
for
if it is
or
being pumped
individuals.
dairy cow,
specificpurpose
from
provided
Balanced
compounding
served
suit
to
be
may
is
grain
it in small
attention
nature
storage
without
time
the
the
powder
regulated
consulting the
The
the
grinding
be
mill
steam
Little
compelled
we
462.
and
be
to
water
trouble,
the
to
are
alike
that
have
to
in
may
for different
even
nor
with
done.
are
or
farm
is
mixtures, too,
mixture
storing of
watchfulness
constant
the
All
any
continuous
feed
so
Farm
the
distance
some
wdiile
without
the
gasolineengine
chores
morning
on
is little economy
With
in
risk
the
on
up
there
Engine
with
much
too
eaten
too
fast.
If
the
hay
or
fodder
is first
run
through
feed
The
cutter
be
the
shredder
or
then
Gasoline
fed
in
fed
time
the
same
nor
does
there
the
it reach
on
359
It may
waste.
no
all at
once,
grain is
not
the
Farm
the
is ahiiost
tight boxes
and
grain
Engine
it is all eaten
swallowed
stomach
in
and
at
hurriedly,
so
compact
with
The
mass.
into
old
the
method
efficiencyof
value
of the
Fig.
120.
464.
same
"
bin
handful
minutes
prepares
relished
that
the
Mill
the
accompany
for
Grinding
quantities does
hard
feed
of salt
with
cut
of
adds
the
Kinds
Two
The
"
the
which
leaks
Special Appetizer.
usually dry,
Three
of
from
in reasonable
small
all of
account
addition
much
the
not
spray
to
w^inter
pump
months
the
up
and
the
a
relish.
mixing
only to be
not
it
it
water
the
over
moistens
over
of
freshen
little to
hay speciallywell
of Grain.
enough
is eaten
so
at
The
360
the
Gasoline
time, and
same
of the
should
mill
of
to
coarse
Cob
be
not
is
deal
Farm
the
sift
not
Meal.
through
in the
meal
it
The
"
cob
forgotten when
It is true
run.
nutrition
and
does
on
the
to
tom
bot-
manger.
Grinding
465.
Engine
that
cob
the
helps lighten up
as
home
ing
grind-
is not
itself but
well
serves
the
there
ment
attach-
meal
great
when
reduced
mechanical
heavier
ture
mix-
portion so
that
Ipiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Fig.
121.
Power
"
it is better
Cobs
they
are
over
the
home
exposed
grind them
bulky and
roads,
mill
they take,
require,even
into
the
466.
hard
rather
are
will not
Driven
when
they
are
well
and
^Nlillfor
to
action
the
to
for
the
worth
at
least
though they
load
the
up
extra
little attention
the
repay
feed
Husk.
miller
price.Besides,
Worked
away.
and
average
of
more
Cob
gastricjuices.
extra
an
much
taken
of the
and
grind
except
that
Grinding Grain,
little
more
to
on
haul
the
power
they
slowly
hopper.
Grinding Family
Grists.
"
By
adding only
The
few
Gasoline
dollars
obtained
the
to
which
that
will
first class
whole
wheat
is at
is furnished
when
villagemiller
home
grist is always
enough pride and care
class grain is certain
his
and
grain
stored
fresh
of
mill
on
flour
for
good
ways
family
use.
of
ahead
in
who
man
every
raised
meal,
exchange
supplied. The
meal
by
by
takes
produce
to
rewarded
that
be
can
corn
is taken
farming
being
361
one
work
meal
and
in his
of from
instead
own
least
Farm
the
of the
do
the
by
on
first expense
Engine
first
from
careless
some
neighbor.
Accessories
467.
alone
is not
room
that
stated
at
were
only
where
pounds
allowed
to
of the
should
play
of beef
cattle
as
barn
twice
annum
daily;
is conducted
per
fat
an
to
ox
the
water
in their
half
nearly
in the
and
are
the
it is evident
growth
watered
general
have
cows
aged
yield averwhere
they
say,
in fact, the
on
is
milk
important part
as
gasolineengine
than
As
will.
at
wherein
hundreds
are
is
feed
the feed
to
experiments
supplied to dairy
less
with
equipped
Good
"
Actual
daily the
well
It is safe
the
of twice
drink
weight
drink
Room.
wdierein
one
water
intervals
225
Feed
important part.
most
proven
the
is it the
nor
plays a
the
of
mal
anithat
fattening
ment.
develop-
every
stock
device
there
less
purpose
than
farm
single-wateringplan.
Water
Objections to the Continuous
Supply
System. Ordinarily there have been several objections
to
constant
water
a
attempting to maintain
furnished
is not
ture
supply. First, running water
by naat every
location, while we
are
becoming more
and
is, as a possible
more
suspicious of that which
of contagion. Storage tanks
of sufficient size
source
to
are
supply constant
running water
expensive, in
468.
"
The
2^62
Gasoline
the
way
the
troughs
to
the
of dust
the
breath
finds
hay
intended
of
absorbed
stock
the
and
470.
in
A
the
two
to
the
Engine
favored
we
absence
of
three
regulate the
of water
used,
The
of
only
system
which
depends
of
exposed
water
to
lowable
al-
the
suitable.
never
hand
water
indicator
an
amount
in the
is not
"
closed
age
stor-
supply
form
which
pressure
is
will
must
kind.
addition, in
tank
answer
be
in the
ing,
pump-
of any
great
storage
of
easily
so
direct
upon
provisions
tank, though, is
barrels
is
at
of
Necessity. Excepting
storage
which
extensive
any
safely rely
may
it is
localities,some
be
must
power
Whichever
vapors
supply
supplied
not
whenever
resort
; but
highly
pressure
or
the
system
does
which
reserve
scarcely any
small
the
to
the
No
"
water
small
Gasoline
that
with
of
Necessary.
to
necessary
few
dependable
applied
fresh
having
A
The
some
ing
water-
exposed
account
on
quantities of storage
of the place is
odors
great
the
tritious
nu-
whenever
be
to
is successful
with
system.
dust
stock
Renewal
watering
animals
on
most
to
always objectionable,too,
animals
Constant
but
liable
are
wasted
vite
in-
that,
water
into
run
it.
all,without
at
is
the
of the
its way
off and
for
stabled
by
469.
or
and
trough to be drawn
It
trough is cleaned.
water
dangerous. To
twice
daily is to
extent,
once
Farm
the
part of the
for
on
in
hay stems
drinking, the animals
of
process
into
draw
certain
full of water
mixture
in
and,
Engine
holding
nicely.
attached
one
case
to
and
other.
Open
of
Trough. The simplest method
getting the water
constantly before the cattle is to
it directly into one
end
of a continuous
run
trough
471.
and
lots
allow
of
it
to
water;
drain
all
"
out
the
at
the other.
This
objections urged
consumes
against
the
364
The
and
Gasoline
in cold
weather
spigot at
the
and
the
all
do
to
barns
for
the
some
lower
that
the
main
pipe
may
end,
danger
of
or
this
plan
would
that
not
be
be
the
in
be
called
by
ning,
run-
Perhaps
have
great
majority
impracticable
could
left
avoided.
to
but
drained
stream
seem
system
Farm
small
freezing is
does
with
power
on
the
gasoline engine
deal
Engine
of
it not
were
readilyand
upon
would
always respond.
Advantages of This System."
474.
benefits
there
of
supply
constant
other
several
of
Aside
from
unpolluted
advantages.
the
water,
The
supply comes
rather
slowly to each animal, if the discharge pipes
are
small, and
rapid drinking is discouraged. The
are
from
all
far
below
the
air
from
animal
is
from
pumped
water,
the
time
into
the
have
it leaves
drink
to
dangerous
exposed
the
animal's
well
basin.
what
surface,
until
the
to
even
has
of
germs
it is discharged
Neither
another
is freer
does
left.
one
There
of disease
from
danger through the transmission
the drinking water
and
well balanced
a
with
system
a
capacity reasonably tempered to the size of the
no
herd
admits
from
of
herd
any
of water
which
through
the
contaminated
no
to
stomachs
its way
the
to
too,
While
not
far
shows
serious
heat
water
to
them
below
this in
to
the
earth
is
been
for
to
the
and
be
of
The
it is
milk.
only
milch
The
the
ing
findof
matter
importance.
to
the
none
to
save
that
purified before
advantageous
it
small
so
considerable
compelled
animal,
is
way
amount
escapes
channel.
animals,
shrinkage of
beef
is
found
normal.
and
animals
natural
any
temperature,
it has
of the
The
stream.
this system
enters
it filters into
is
near-by
any
finding its
water
drink
effect
latter
less
that
cow
larly
regujurious
in-
which
promptly
is just as
is not
sup-
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
365
thermometer
that we
plied with a natural
the
record
of the
can
as
readily as we
Water
pumped from
deep in the earth and
to
great change of temperature,
any
chills
never
summer,
of
system
weather
shocks
is almost
Work
of
milk
pail.
ject
sub-
not
winter
sensitive
which
do
to
sure
the
that
while
cow,
The
or
read
can
varies
or
nervous
with
the
so.
the
that
be
can
that
used
"
whenever
it will
be
Without
used.
meaning
the
gasoline engine
systems
like
this
depended
suddenly,
once
with
would
them
times
would
be
their
have
the
in
system
and
out
it should
as
applicationof
the
most
power,
watering
cases,
than
worse
us
Gutters.
cause,
useless, be-
One
"
stable
the
of
form
has
been
never
operation.
cleansing of
better
such
nient
conve-
something went
wrong
dinary
completeness at orvery
forget to provide against
possible failure.
the
476. Flushing Out
gasoline engine efficiencyin
appreciated
in
so
one
if
upon,
make
and
needed,
manure
the
the
upon
is in
who
ing
flush-
the
and
gutters
the
form.
Stable
477.
adopt
this
provided
water
or
pump
duty
the
system
Avith
good
it is the
then
of
Arrangement
and
from
work
good
a
Necessary.
it is necessary
of
the
pressure,
pressure
or
the
that
gutters, either
engine
either
In
"
cement
to
order
to
stable
be
or
wood
supply plenty
direct
storage tank.
from
One
in the
the
stables.
the
other
to ;
used
366
478.
The
Gasoline
The
Flushing
Instead
"
fork
of
shovel
or
with
under
water
and
filth
than
thoroughly
and
the
does
it.
from
the
small,
is
vermin
; while
left
being
the
of
the
field
best
with
in
to
the
other
the
who
man
be
removed
how
matter
no
stead
in-
cleansed,
form
harbor
for
From
the
contents
Avhile
wheels.
be
do
under
is
there
in
loading
of
stable
method
No
unpleasantness.
method
all
of
the
engine supplies.
the
the
water
tributed
dis-
evenly
favorable
most
the
than
hard
lifting
up.
is
cleaning
other
manure
gets it into
through
of
to
attachment
the
none
means
hauled
more
sprinkling
be
particles
When
far
or
should
This
tank.
the
coarse
can
vat
manure
undissolved
the
venient
con-
any
agitator operated by
may
by
tight
against
of
"
is conducted
into
of
Fields.
the
on
bottom
application
quickly,
and
way,
liquid form
can
thoroughly
liquid
insure
spreader
other
the
it
crevice,
on
sort
ordinarily required
liftingor
ferment
some
the
to
conditions,
No
to
mounted
through
the
to
and
directly
is
gearing,
settling
reduced
out
the
gutter
which
provided
to
every
Disposal
method
tank,
other
any
agreeable
until
with
disease.
Final
479.
more
and
quickly
more
the
suspension
searched
and
of
in
stable
of
end
held
in
sion
depres-
hose,
is done
possible
gutters
of
work
with
and
both
means
is either
Everything
least
at
or
process
by
is
is far
crack
every
tary.
Sani-
More
gutters
germs,
The
pressure.
and
the
out
and
clean
Farm
the
Easier
Process
leaving
washed
are
on
scraping
and
reeking
floors
Engine
is
and
as
the
so
the
upon
earth
so
from
free
economical
field.
plant
pressure,
food
No
so
which
CHAPTER
WORK-SHOP.
THE
480.
Its
Purpose.
481.
As
Trouble
XXII.
farm
The
work-shop is required
for two
things and for repairing
; for making
purposes
them.
Of the two
objects the last is undoubtedly
of greatest importance.
Because
of his greater remoteness
from
the town
or
villageshop, the farmer
skill in keephis own
must
ing
always depend more
upon
has to do ;
his tools in order
than
his city brother
back
and
a
good farm repair shop, with a good man
of it, always means
better
kept farming tools, more
better farming.
efficient work
and
conveniences, more
farm
before
of
is
weakened
it holds
as
the
midst
put
to
of
the
to
for
see
break
and
entire
busiest
use,
machine.
and
With
money
our
trip to
own
We
with
do
not
long
so
in
way
it is
being
disastrous
like to
sults
re-
spend
repairs until we
the part is ever
going to
work-shop handy though,
making
well
an
pair
re-
there
town,
time, when
often
and
possible
the
using it as it is
it frequently gives
certainty whether
not.
or
of
of the
When
comes.
means
continue
very
removal
prompt
all ; then
the
time
a
to
greatest
the
much
too
at
part
great mission
The
"
itself
trouble
tendency
Healer.
is in the
repair shop
trouble
"
ing
addwill
save
expensive breakdown.
482.
Good
Equipment.
367
"
Almost
any
farm
pos-
The
368
sesses
a
they
arbor.
saw
made
are
tendency
to
Farm
the
wheel, perhaps
these
their
tread
mill
work
that
use
lathe
valuable
are
When
the
postpone
increase
done,
of
of.
with
on
emery
All
use
session
extra
Engine
grindstone,an
and
Gasoline
only
means
as
an
there
is
might,
if
promptly
human
the
efficiencyof our
regular work.
Even
of
a
a
source
grindstone may
easily become
drudgery to some
usually the boy of the farm.
one,
has
turned
for an
ever
one
Anyone who
by hand
hour
at a time
appreciates the tendency to slightthe
knives
and
to let the
or
axes
grinding of the mow^er
hoes go with
less keen
edges than they ought to carry.
The
wheel
loses much
of its efficiency
unless
emery
speeded
up
well
lightfor
too
real
foot
weeks
483.
engine
shaft
limits
power
that
The
Engine
it has
farm
in the
farm
the
in
efficiency
of rest
business
no
; while
either
must
keep
to
it is
within
certain
be
sonable
rea-
have
to
earned.
never
Work-shop.
work-shop
is
Connected
there.
the
order
or
in the
lathe
of
out
the
to
The
"
gasoline
place ;
end
of
it has
a
line
484.
The
shaft
any
anyway,
machine
Place.
Proper
gasoline engine
the work-shop
or
it from
work-shop
the
is
either
with
shop
air.
in order
in the
to
shop
The
"
in
an
place
proper
for
adjoining
enclosure
It must
allow
at
will.
us
belted
to
There
the
start
is
to
and
no
tect
proa
line
stop
neces-
The
Gasoline
Engine
it in the
on
the
room
same
Farm
the
369
machines
are
in.
An
485.
Ideal
Shop Arrangement.
equipped with a good roomy
be
should
lower
side, the
one
of
drawers
storing of
the
If
122.
the
from
Three
engine, which
provides
shop
wxll
at
be
for
of
other
barn
built, it should
be
be
arranged
for
shop
at
one
of
that
and
the
which
one
the
end
ferred.
pre-
Countershaft
If
near
be
of
position of
separate
quite long
and, if located
its width
cabinet
same
work.
tem
sys-
Pulleys.
by
the
convenient
With
Driving
be
course,
along
may
barn, the
determined
be
will, of
to
the
size
one
the
Sizes
bench
near-by
itself
shop
contain
Engine, Equipped
must
for
or
of
in
Different
power
is to
is
Shop
shaft
power
boxes
shop
Handy
and
tools ;
The
may
cupboards
bench
the
"
part of which
and
made
drawers
Fig.
"
in proportion
house,
a
can
laundry
tlie other.
486.
The
Engine's
preferably be
and
ceiling.
than
any
one
installed
line
This
other
shaft
gets
the
location
Position.
near
run
shaft
and
"
the
the
out
engine
The
of
center
full
of
prevents
should
the
length, near
the
way
accidents.
ing
buildthe
better
By
370
The
belting
the
at
end
one
No
Gasoline
on
it
the
engine to
a
good deal
how
matter
Engine
well
near
of torsion
shaft
the
twist
or
is avoided.
if the
up,
more
of
instead
center
is put
is
Farm
the
less
or
power
of
this
machinery becomes
be so
The
shaft may
side draft.
rigidlyheld that it
all right; still there
do its work
will stay in place and
consumed
lost energy,
will be considerable
tra
by the exfriction ahvays means
well
friction, and
w^ear
as
be
this reason
the longer shaft
For
work.
can
as
two
and
as
rooms
run
equipped with power
easily as
of friction.
at less cost
the shop alone, and
Fig.
123.
"
The
Most
field
Important
Farm
Implement.
For
Connecting Engine to Work.
ordinary
farm
a
shop work
i-fV shaft will probably be the
best
size, although, if of considerable
length, the
be
close
hangers should
enough together to insure
against an}^ possible tendency to spring. Remember
always that a bent shaft requires the engine to bend
force"
time
the
or
spring it into line by "main
every
shaft turns
and when
that is a good many
times
over,
it wastes
sides
a
good deal of engine energy beper minute
shaft
be
wrenching the machinery. The
may
equipped w4th tight and loose pulleys for each machine
487.
"
be
to
may
and
be
used.
they
cost
connected,
The
the
or
former
most
to
loose
belts
the
best
install.
For
are
and
tighteners
in most
cases
directions
as
The
Z7^
which
Gasoline
should
all
by
is
equipment
small
six
Farai
the
on
be
means
plank.
Engine
included
rip
in the
suitable
saw
shop
workfor
ping
rip-
will be sufficient
eight-inchsaw
and a self feed equipment is not necessary.
haps
Perthere
is no
other
will
single experience which
in the
bring out the blessing of power
work-shop
much
will one
cle
as
so
job of plank ripping with the cirin comparison
with
the
old
saw
back-breaking
up
laborious
of
way.
Effect
489.
125.
"
Man
on
into
power
Fig.
or
the
General
the
farm
of
often
to
dreaded
out
gradually
and
make
complete,
Then
that
has
and
a
been
not
are
in
repair
pleasure,
in
minutes
spare
equipment
convenient
and
up
Good
of
to
rate
Sepa-
of much
the
past
labor-saving devices
made
many
In
Engine
care
become
soon
task
the
the
so
Plan, Showing
available, that
it, that
introduction
make
and
Housing of
Reduce
Fire
Risk.
implements
a
will
Floor
Workshop
without
neglected.
studied
more
use
The
"
Machines
labor-savingmachines
practical
Boy.
repair shop
Farm
of
Arrangement
Compartment
and
the
date.
will
which
whole
of
stead
intoo
be
will
farm
Gradually,
The
the
too,
Gasoline
of
habit
will
closely
defect
the
and
time.
Without
might
have
for
the
of
will
been
man
their
and
remedied
forgotten
than
the
equipment.
the
boy
us
observation
because
more
to
of
shop
the
it,
in
our
at
the
passed.
attention
the
engine
and
more
field
and
work
first
the
as
soon
had
does
tools
noticed
habit,
as
373
of
defects
little
come
Farm
the
condition
the
be
this
annoyance,
place
they
as
on
the
noting
formed,
be
remembered
Engine
leisure
weakness
the
occasion
In
no
other
in
develop
thorough
care
374
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
CHAPTER
THE
disturb
yet
even
of
dreams
and
"
of
one
farm
of
more
the
old
alone, which
them
of
boy
memories,
two
are
fingers,backaches
ahvays
with
flavored
or
the
cold
There
"
combination
in
either
WOOD-PILE.
FARM
Memories.
Two
490.
XXIII.
with
yesterday
frozen
and
One
it ahead.
of
tens
mit-
them
is
its
and
never-ending
toll of hard work
and spoiledhalf-holidays.The
other
is still accompanied
borhood
by the grating ring of the neighof
which
weeks
buzz-saw,
always meant
strenuous
log-pilingand splittingin advance, a couple
of days of almost
killingwork throwing the cut blocks
of wood
high piles,always hurrying to "keep
upon
ahead
of the saw," or else "to keep the saw
busy," and
that there
the consciousness
with
were
days of this
ahead
ways,
helping the neighbors through similar jobs. Altoo, there
hardest
heaps
and
was
one
or
be
done
piling up
of
great stacks
the
that
consciousness
of
those
that
wood,
the
very
log
great
all had
to
be
labor wasted
; that
again as time afforded,was
because, in the hurry that the
only necessary,
two
day job of buzzing required,things had to
the
for any
hardest
because
way
there
was
no
time
other.
A
491.
Thankless
than
hours
the
was
undone
it
cross-cut
or
to
Task.
do
the
days, knowing
resultless
work
"
hardest
all the
and
375
is
Nothing
that
kind
time
it is
of
that
only
more
work
couraging
disfor
it is absolutely
necessary
The
376
because
Gasoline
be
logs
even
for
and
;
on
the
planning;
that
efficient.
more
men
but
that
it meant
affair, to be
temporary
the
to
house
hardest
work
inefficient
seemed
best
condoned
home
at
It
and
probably
afterwards
doubt
no
It
struggle for
from
but
the
cost
existence
labor
who
such
by just
who
men
boys"
ing.
noth-
or
the
help
boys, and
unfitted
life.
hard
"the
little
cost
was
ruined
that
that
city,but who
tasks, long
of farm-bred
number
of
grown-up
in the
and
nevertheless,
farmer
his
boy
If
for
of
years
eight
less
or
congested cities,with more
they left the farm, it is likelythat at
of
out
ten
of
them
would
think
the
appointme
dis-
gling
strug-
now
are
it
to
were
we
he
driven
was
in the
why
the
used,
many
from
perhaps
ask
farm
of
inconvenient
"
the
hauled
All
which,
be
swing
only
and
time.
to
methods
; that
was
again
was
at
liftingwas
it contained
due
be
to
laborious
one
down
was
way
finished
as
by
stick
had
hard
soon
up
could
many
farm
the
Much
Really Cost.
by the thought
needed
cost
as
there
job
that
material
torn
as
in the
What
was
were
soon
methods,
the
492.
work
as
easier
an
high piles of
able
the saw
only availchine
high cost for ma-
all of
almost
only to be undone
the big wood
pile,builded
of aching arms
for each
a
at
hour, the
per
Farm
Those
with
required because,
and
day or two
were
hand
inefficient
of
would
Engine
cess,
suc-
least
first of
the
the
ineft'ectual
kind.
493.
would
old
pump,
the
To-day's Wood-pile.
be
even
more
"
expensive
Methods
now.
of
Good
that
farm
sort
labor
The
which
enough
time
and
is scarce,
trees
Gasoline
has
is worth
then
were
for
lumber
to
Engine
only
from
Farm
the
the
are
too, the
plenty good
for
material
which
sources
377
Then,
money.
while
now,
come
on
would
wood
firethen
been
handle
the
''buzz
farms
odds
these
wood"
these
are
it costs
and
was
woodlot
formerly managed,
permitted
more
of the
ends
to
to
work
rot
where
them
up
in the
and
on
way
many
cause
they fall,bethan
to
buy
coal.
Why
"
; neither
does
the wood
have
to
be thrown
upon
pile
that
will
The
378
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
that
will be that
of the
gasoline engine
behind
when
he
him
old
rails,tops and
Fig.
127.
Rig. For
logs,the
had
cutting
"
small
Engine
Gasoline
"
he
leave
to
went.
Saw
Circle
The
495.
Farm
Circular
and
circle
Saw
limbs,
up
still has
saw
in
Outfit
Portable
Form.
the
work,
in
connection
will
saw
with
require
of
logs
less
heavy
considerable
size.
Any farm
good circle
in
different
those
outfit, or
saw
There
own.
several
are
wooden
that may
;
which
or
arbor
and
bored
for
flanges at
bolting to
guard
6x6
the
market,
variety
hold
to
or
in
one
end
the
5x6
or
these, with
more
20
to
diameter
; three
frame;
the
in
personal
arbor
saw
crown-face
24-inch
and
saw
dation
founsteel
with
babbitted
loo-pound
not
only differing in
and
frame
his
make
almost
may
the
furnish
solid
securely to some
sliding table ; a four-foot
tiltingor
inches
will
styles on
mark
iron
house
be anchored
shaft, i^
wheel,
one
general principle
little details
tastes.
and
machinery supply
saw
boxes
balance
pulley; a
and a good
saw
two
The
380
runs
upon
the
one
level
of
rope,
the
Gasoline
Engine
large links
long enough to
of
be
reach
at
the
by
level
with
the
end
with
team
poAver
until
way
chain.
nearly
table
hook.
chain
and
carriage will
forward
be
the
the
be
then
rollingit
with
at
into
should
it lies
as
hauled
the
end
the
skid; then
link
proper
the
will
minimum
the
few
be
one
of
end, raising it
from
that
feet
provided
along
other
hook
improvised
required
as
should
table
saw
about
then
log
logs may
double
rope
small
bank, rolled
the
upon
other
and
The
the
upon
The
around
saw
Farm
the
From
this suspend a
single rod.
end
reaching within a couple of
the saw
table and
terminating in
rather
on
on
skidway, a
the
log
move
of friction
and
practicallyno
work
could
wood
be
stored
The
499.
has
saw
of any
they
then
number
without
size
be
power.
lifted
arranged
in
motion,
blocks
up
to
and
go
fast
as
and
weather
in stormy
shed
as
the
sawed.
the
drag
larger work
It handles
of advantages.
logs
turning and does not require that
forward
shoved
it or
to
by hand
Saw.
slower
Though
be
the
in the
Drag
done
be
on
"
For
the
than
working,
permit
already sawed
the
circle
once
operator
off.
so
there
it is set
to
need
it
saw,
and
split or
be
no
can
put
pile
time
well
saw
as
much
the
as
128.
Fig.
500.
"
it
381
requires, a drag
probably
will
and
circle saw,
average
plish
accom-
it with
do
sills should
the
tied
Two
bolted
inch
block
fastened
between
to
guides.
frame
and
over
of
This
to
feet
hold
the
quadrant, or merely
the frame
being allowed
sills.
This,
in
reduce
the
per
minute.
preferably at
each
engine
turn,
speed
At
belt
belted
of the
one
should
to
latter
to
end
of
the
of
of the
This
saw
rope
may
lifted,by
hook,
the
upon
the
rest
to
wheel
between
when
with
curely
se-
two-
small
lever.
place
the
be
down
and
to
in
should
weight
by means
lowered
saw
bolted.
bottom.
the
in and
sill,with"
freelyup
carries
and
long,
one
upon
grooved pulley
weight of
lowered.
log when
The
pulley for
should
morticed
be
top and
works
is raised
arranged
means
at
slide
these
carried
braced
and
Power.
by Engine
under
be
Worked
"
can
this is often
2x6
Saw
Drag
they
conditions
that
the
Farm
the
man-power
operated
Construction.
or
be
and
set-up
on
previous preparation.
less
the
the
Considering
lost.
Engine
Gasoline
The
be
between
countershaft,
about
70
olutions
rev-
countershaft,
The
382
there
Gasoline
should
with
with
is
be
a
on
bushing
at
one
the
the
to
four-foot
two
cross-cut
blade
clamping
an
upright
inches
above
18
or
be
constant
20
legs
give
of
the
balance
the
have
they
be
desired
end
ordinary
rigid by
an
made
to
works
slide
arm
would
there
Short
saw.
room
less
the
of
must,
of the
sweep
crank-pin,
machine
the
wheel
If
broken
or
vided
proarm,
and
; otherwise
kinked
from
raised
crank
each
blade
wheels
can
be
to
the
the
raise
the
other
be
the
a
for
uprights.
at
them
hard-wood
it should
iron
of
danger
should
shorter
is used
the
at
of
one
end
saw
Farm
the
wheel,
crank-pin
solidly
clamped
between
balance
on
its rim.
brass
Engine
be
course,
The
saw.
the
sills must
same
as
be
long
rig,
the
of
for
and
grooves
the
around
from
slide
which
mounted
shaft.
for
the
the
in
clutch
may,
revolve
inches
pulley
cone
shaft
friction
cone
few
and
the
the
to
by
for
which
the
slide
drum
the
the
end
revolving
engine belt
on
of
or,
into
should
and
This
with
revolves
shaft
means
forced
shaft
at
pulley, leather-faced,
cone
of
to
shaft
position.
any
by being
with
it goes
drum
this
sheave
grooved
be
the
squared
still revolve
with
virtually makes
a
shiftingfork
the
drum,
is
lock
the
it to
by releasingthe lever,
the
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
will remain
drum
stationarywhile the
still rotating.
are
To
Operate Drag-saw Rig.
501.
is rolled
width
so
the
that
bottom
the
and
The
slide, which
weight rests
log hook at
the
is driven
cable
the
upon
into
the
end
the
of
By means
engine belt, the
the
wheel
and
blade
is allowed
log, the
most
the
is in
saw
made
the
is raised
time
full
As
and
turn
the
drum
pulley
the
soon
is made
crowd
it with
shaft.
the
cone
winds
This
the
draws
so
the
log
is
may
until
it strikes
reversed, the
be
let
down
drum
and
stop, the
this
ceases
to
started
revolve
as
the
after
being
upon
frame
saw
the
same
the
ing
shift-
into
the
drum
the
cable
upon
and
hook
the
of
drum
the
For
the saw.
along the slide toward
be set across
log stop or buffer should
this
the opposite side of the blade
and
for any
length cut desired.
advances
crank
is
cut
the
the
on
time
completed
log and stopped at
friction pulley; then
the
to
with
it is
as
of
revolves
the
the
the
same
in
wire
from
runs
While
motion.
pulley
clear
and
at
the
rest
by releasingthe
fork
which
and
of
the top
lightly upon
weight being gradually let down
to
taper
shaft.
the
is started
rollers
remote
friction
or
countershaft
saw
entire
loose
the
end
saw.
log to be
adjusted in
is
upon
shaft
and
cone
"
sawed
383
log
endwise
convenience
the
slide
should
When
be
the
on
justable
ad-
log
shifting fork
and
before.
the
By
saw
ing
lock-
friction
"
The
384
such
the
little addition
The
in
length
shape
of
out
rings
be
recessed
of
the
shrunk
the
first.
are
spaced
either
at
one
log;
a
over
frame
and
If
center.
one
quite
be
of
be
the
of
turned
ing
hav-
by
should
These
with
flush
its
pulley
can
end.
ends
around
serviceable
each
surface
the
pulley
should
be
winds
it up
the
latter
can
will ;
At
the
convenient
will
with
it and
ridge at
of
the
one
that
vances
ad-
cable, which
top of the
of
the
of the
center
engaging
drum
unwind.
it to
weight
guide
the
as
saw,
the
at
The
cable
similar
permits
the
engage
remain
the
the
to
rotate.
the
at
lowers
means
shifted
it may
with
is released
it. The
be
or
pulley
or
end.
one
exactly similar to
them
pulley between
drums
other
releases
drum
unwinds
a
the
grooved
or
the
before
as
at
mounted,
and
of the
raises
so
is
the
neither
the
is
the
is used
drums
is connected
frame
both
at
tapers
ridge running
or
tapers
drum
that
so
and
When
the
that
upon
drum
These
lock
passes
main
one
should
loose
second
drum
be
purchased
Both
same
center
the
it is cut.
as
faced.
The
other
and
for
rendered
and
in
wood.
leather
and
and
wood
iron
be
cannot
wood
by,
near
rig.
and
at
work
the
may
the
ring
narrow
largest circumference
this
of
substitute
must
with
above
portion
increased
we
the
to
square
hand
at
other
devote
to
operator
to
piling up
Farm
the
the
time
easily,this
handle
to
on
for
his
is close
work
rough
and
of
splittingand
as
be
Engine
convenient
whole
the
nearly
If
found
be
may
Gasoline
it with
saw
ley
pulthe
shiftingfork.
A
to
slot
is cut
in the
permit
the
insertion
of which
is
pivoted
to
deep
upright guide sufficiently
of
the
one-inch
main
sill.
lever,
This
an
lever
end
has
The
vertical
inches
few
carries
slide which
to
and
forced
the
Farm
the
on
the
crosses
below
and
385
of the
path
right angles
toggle joint. As the log is
saw
a
descends
end
free
the
against
the
slide
the
and
play
directlyabove
it, but
sawed
Engine
Gasoline
this
of
at
it reaches
lever
and
which,
presses
it
as
until
raises
the
down,
latter
crowd
the
This
forces
frame
of
frame
rises
is
the
the
into
ccme
the
by winding
saw
its top
bar
drum
up
a
presses
which
the
As
cable.
similar
lever
to
side.
the
above
intended
at
for
knots, and
wood
the
little
The
of
man
his
who
time
such
the
the
other
rig
work.
He
and
work
devote
may
free
or
hitches
rough
supervision of the
runs
to
straight
unexpected
from
inseparable
cutting require
seldom
are
should
from
larities
irreguas
human
wood
brain.
practicallyall
be
at
hand
386
The
though,
in
case
happen
to
check
the
engine
possibly
Fig.
129.
Gasoline
done
oak
these
"
an
and
operator
engine
an
at
some
that
maple
or
of
log,
at
the
one
full
to
Even
wood
firms
now
rate
or
saw
two
of
bark
engine
matters,
rig.
or
Well
Works
Power
Saw.
splitting is
having
to
or
split
5 cords
horse-power.
rig might
capacity.
should
otherwise
as
force
to
Circular
guaranteed
are
automatic
nearly
the
by Engine
With
Splitting.
splitters
bit of
results
Combination
by machinery,
market
with
disastrous
Wood
503.
or
certainly try
most
Farm
the
knot
of
Splitter Operated
In
on
advance
the
will
Wood
"
projecting
with
Engine
be
run
the
upon
the
now
tiest
knot-
per
day,
of
One
by
one
The
of
enough
have
we
the
methods
of
Method.
the
its
by
is nature's
method,
for
do
this
and
very
the
long
we
the
then
fine
let it
is
reward
maintained
at
loss
canker-worms
she
be
her
the
arranges
certain
method
though it were
large a part
we
of
plying
ap-
from
than
atom
rest
effective,
not,
the
fruit
marketable
half-crop of imperfect and unIf a single tree
all.
is
at
none
of those
it is one
dangerous little
the
it is not
that
all the
often
more
devour
that
scale
renders
which
which,
without
This
foliage.
may
imitate
to
and
as
of
stream
tree
into
efficient
most
is
fruit, or
so
the
so
than
efTort
grower's
as
that
"
human
small
work
507.
and
the
the
force
purpose
liquid,which
of
of
of
weight
own
better
no
One
"
air above
float down
being
Farm
the
most
is to
spraying
into
high
can
on
undo
to
pests
Nature's
leaves
Engine
faithfullydone.
506.
mist
Gasoline
farm
yet just as
apparent,
hundreds
multiplied by
of the
profits
investment
and
that
so
on
surely
formed
fail meant
to
ruin.
Spraying
who
man
is for
does
the
it
protection;
it is not
incompletely
either
foliage
thick
branches
is like the
and
leaves
then
the
roof
its
has
operation which
speciallyeffective then,
at
to
any
leaving
time
proper
508.
why
other
ofT
Causes
of Failure.
may
it may
like
"
will
half
the
be
week's
There
barn
It is also
It is
less
entirelyusebe compared
whole
several
are
object, of
remove
higher
his
delay
ofif the
the
trating
pene-
seasons.
later may
leaving
fail of its
gasoline engine
brief
own
day
shingles; a
be
may
spraying
of the
the
not
uncovered.
while
time.
by
; and
weatherboards
frame
an
cure
by missing
or
who
one
which
number.
after
the
roof.
reasons
the
use
Prob-
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
389
The
390
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
FiG.
131.-" Gasoline
Engine
Spraying
work
ough
defeated.
drench
so
with
be
the
on
This
the
Outfits
rest
does
tree
With
or
of the
not
that
Triplex Pump
Water
Supply
mean
all of
tree
that
for
Large
Purposes.
be
may
practically
it is necessary
its leaves
are
pacity
Ca-
to
dripping
the
ist has
taken
to
reducing
the
strength
of his spray
to
The
Gasoline
point where
impression that
which
with
tree
in
his
For
best
he
vain
results
the
and
the
is
power
force
enough
cracks
in the
One
force
the
the
the
and
the
the
of fine
bark
down
come
thrown
Even
force
tained
ob-
penetrate.
spraying
the
into
as
with
reached
be
the
of
it,
branches
never
high
of
whole
must
methods
entire
foliage.
where
"
the
remote
would
mist
tity
quan-
only possible
liquid
densest
pests
efficient
is
most
in the
fruit
let it
this
part, and
pumping
most
stream
tree
moistens
easilythe
many
hand
of the
that
crevices
of
from
reach
readilyinto
and
case
should
and
over
portions of the
the higher limbs.
spray
used
reach
to
penetrate
391
lower
reach
to
attempt
in the
was
the
deluged
Farm
the
he
of
matter
on
it is
the
as
Engine
is to
air above
fog by
its
own
method
weight into the foliage. This is Nature's own
of applying moisture,
and
the leaf growth has
been
arranged with the special object of doing this most
thoroughly and economically, and it is very certain
that
This
above.
509.
better
method,
and
Successful
should
pressure
pounds,
above
no
thorough
the
do
can
we
while
if backed
by high
distribution
even
Method.
not
distribute
to
be
For
hand
be
pressure,
of the
the
less than
practicethe
should
"
from
pump
it from
best
125
seldom
sures
in-
poison.
results
to
150
rises
The
in
than
hose
The
392
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
add
they
Fig.
132.
"
Typical
Animal
Drawn
Gas
Engine
Operated
Spraying Outfit.
510.
outfit
may
either
horizontal
the
marine
Pumping
Good
be
made
or
type is
fastened
to
with
Outfit.
"
good
spraying
i^ to 2 H. P. engine of
upright design. Quite frequently
and is as good as any
used
if properly
foundation.
Usually, though, the
a
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
393
Gasoline
The
394
and
pump
the most
are
easier
held
in
other, while
with
the
much
chance
of
the
one
broken
on
The
often
as
relation
constant
two
other
directly
then
are
with
each
the
separately mounted
ing
shiftingabout and disturbis greater, especiallyif the
is situated
happens,
on
hillside
or
ground.
be
outfit should
so
mounted
that
it may
be
ily
eas-
turned
the
the
the
trees
also
large. Of
are
.Sprinklaij.
Fig.
with
134.
both
supplied
the
with
Of
or
and
up
the
the
course
tank
no
liquidsare
of
power
forced
the
the
outfit
into
an
thrown
Nozzles.
It should
return
of
gets
pressure
with
be
Rtgu!
stroke.
for
after
and
Spraying
down
relief valve
liquid to
great.
gas
the
in
Oi"4utir.gVcfTTicM:Noi2!e.
Examples
should
pump
is taken
Dijttjict,
Few
the
course
is, water
Lonj
"
be
may
acting; that
double
of
Farm
the
on
connection
power
orchard,
the
or
on
singlebase or
satisfactoryas the two
mounted
engine
connected
Engine
which
enclosed
be
part
too
either
space
can
that is as
indicator;
safely dispense with a pressure
boiler, and should
indispensable as it is on a steam
be as carefullywatched
for signs of failure.
Good
It would
be
the
Nozzles.
height of
511.
"
foolishness
then
to
provide
fail in the
work
an
and
Get
The
396
the
Gasoline
best, and
One
two.
do
that
of
though
will work
of
if
the
saving
popular.
one
or
and
the
Vermorel
signed
de-
of
means
suddenly plays
of the
this
the
even
another,
pattern
be
may
them
One
In
with
different
of
crop.
Farm
the
interchangeably with
purpose,
one
on
satisfied
somewhat
day
be
not
for another
the
Engine
out
ing
sav-
and
"
is the
types
is
given a rotary
motion
it leaves the orifice.
For power
as
spraying a
grouping of nozzles is a great saving of time, two or
more
being so arranged that they are both used at
and vastly increase
the area
of the tree Avhich
once
is
constantly being sprayed. A supply of coarser
zles
nozmost
should
be
to
are
also
for
thoroughly drenched,
petals
have
which
the
wash
fallen,
the
The
most
Hose.
best
is
not
in most
3
ply. with
or
pounds
200
provide
is
excess
These
lower
down
with
handle
gas
because
pipe
brass
and
is fitted for
or
or
should
be
not
less than
less
not
only
but
they
away
less
other
very
direct
well
for
necessary
the
carry
from
the
is used,
metal
liked.
coupling
any
sired
de-
Yzfitted
is
end
the
feet
around
Often
bamboo
connections
with
at
operator.
One
50
extension
spray
though
to
getting into
for working
convenient
are
than
necessary
with
use
are
is perhaps
inch
It is very
for
with
couplings
capacityof
feet
12
or
trees
angle quite
inch
for
the
ing
spray-
Twenty-five to
working on the ground
not
are
after
power
One-half
inch.
ing
us-
surely
calyx.
pressure.
10
tops of tall
more
the
for
of
force
it
necessary
pressure
square
and
trees
rods.
the
for
per
hose
and
use
a
good length
the
common
direct
of
trees
case
spraying
cavities
The
"
for
carries
expelled
the
in the
greater
remote
where
use
as
; also
the
as
is
liquid
even
512.
hand
at
lime-sulphur
into
be
stream
of
hose
lighter to
these
pipes
and
should
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
397
0^
The
398
be
Gasoline
provided
with
Engine
stop cock.
is attached.
nozzle
on
Farm
the
At
the
other
end
the
The
be made
in secpipes may
tions
if desired
for different heights of working, and
total anywhere from
8 feet to twice
that height,
may
the
size of the
For
trees.
depending upon
high
and
safe
for
the operator
spraying a platform rigid
stand
to
should
on
be
above
the
bed
wagon
8 feet.
or
Good
and
of the pumps,
the
513.
of brass
or
of
some
spray
pump
though
latter
some
and
weak
working parts
as
tin
iron
or
be
made
is
easilyattacked by
A
use.
good brass
liquidsin common
of seasons,
ought to be good for a number
or
three,
good grade of hose for two
prefer to get a cheaper quality of the
then
renew
so
away
it is not
All
"
every
littledangerous, because
throw
Outfits.
Cheap
bronze,
the
and
to
raised
of uniform
spot in it
the hose
that
quickly is apt to
quality. There
and
"
This
year.
is
be
be
may
cheap enough
so
cheap that
is liable
be
to
accident.
an
514.
of
"
"
initial investment
to
procure
first-class
than
not
justified
by the returns.
properly sprayed, it is seldom
the
fruit
more
active.
yield is
marketable
If overlooked,
lucky
if he
the
saves
if the
When
that
trees
50 per
cent,
will
of the
is
are
cent,
parasites are
fruit grower
25 per
material
at
be
of
all
ceptionally
ex-
crop.
CHAPTER
XXV.
IRRIGATION.
Needed.
Why
516.
of
the
"Irrigationis
"
where
essential
continuous
all
to
and
heavy
cropping is expected. The farm which is always supplied
with
sufficient moisture
to
will yield 20%
50%
than
another
in the same
more
a
region without
ular
regwater
supply. This has proved to be true in
have
nearly all parts of the country, where
averages
been
ment,
statekept for series of five years." The above
made
by an agriculturalexpert in Washington,
of good reasons
number
D. C, in effect sums
a
up
parts
in two
country
words
better
"
Where.
517.
is, of
for
natural
sources
course,
necessity.
cultivation
of
and
worthless
if left to
acres
which
depend
upon
rainfall.
rainfall it is
regions of normal
because, although
may
reach
during
each
the
it does
acre
year,
good
Water
applied by artificial
it does
the
most
of
much
when
no
able
hardly less valuof
full required amount
natural
of ground from
the
season
when
It has
thousands
of
tens
rigation
regions irclaimed
already re-
semi-arid
and
were
would
water
arid
the
previously considered
worthless
again become
which
In
In
"
crops.
good
because
means
because
the
rain
falls
it is not
comes
at
it is most
at
needed.
the
time
needed,
in amount
equal in
considerably less water
may
times
that
which
several
efficiencyor even
surpass
in torrents
at
comes
irregularintervals.
and
"
399
When.
518.
Engine
Gasoline
The
400
ruined
often
Farm
the
knows
Everyone
"
on
that
aged
dam-
are
crops
continued
drought. Not
that even
short
a
period
stops to consider
everyone
thirst injures the vitahty and
of extreme
quahty of
of a sufferinganimal.
the plant as certainlyas it does
The
quality of growing vegetables is greatly improved
is always available
their
if plenty of moisture
to
To
roots
deprive
through the entire growling season.
for a short
time
is certain
of this even
to give
them
both
the quantity and
quality of the crop produced a
and
setback.
decided
FiG. 137.
Drought
"
the
for
terrors
no
Has
Drought
Where
519.
has
by
No
Has
cient
rainfall
can
at
his
in
does
not
Driven
Power
fungus
germs,
carried
into
too,
the
avoided
rain, are
for
which
Certain
w^ork
or
of
violent
which
it rather
his
work
found
from
pumped
Drawbacks.
having
to
"
The
supply
the
root
deep
in
he
crops
to
to
cessive
ex-
the
and
air
plants by
the
the
irrigation,
wells.
expense
the
the
as
and
^Nlany of
downpours.
are
is
advantage,
an
interrupt
ground or upon
by the system of
is
ing
Pump-
there
wdiere
country
moisture
520.
then
Drought
really effi-
Used.
Are
"
all times
own
water
finds
has
Where
Terrors
irrigationsystem
Terrors.
who
man
Outfits
No
water
and
tional
addi-
ourselves
The
are
the
Gasoline
always
the
supply
is
does
not
from
pumped
the
less
or
on
loads
the
of
in
extent
Farm
the
greatest objectionsto
carry
greater
Engine
it.
Then,
always
surface
when
it is pure
rocks
silt
401
found
and
water
and
to
which,
in
Fig.
great
138." What
Plant
ing
521.
chief
that
What
; and
Good
with
away
both.
Irrigat
Contains.
essentials
it be
done
measure
Good
of
economical
4th,
that
IrrigationPlant
good
water
2nd, reliable
it must
not
Contains.
"
The
ist,
supply are:
; 3rd, easily operated
require
too
much
at-
The
402
tention.
the
Natural
work,
be
attention
and
the
run
time
whenever
and
undone
much
with
to
be
needed
so
engine
take
care
of
fair
of
the
water
to
be
careful
our
regard
the
to
last.
economically
is.
outfit
must
relation
frequently, after
It
very
that
one
sized
plant
after
it is
erated,
opbe
must
require
easily operated
of
in
fails
always
deficient
Farm
the
essential
have
to
on
available
can
third
torrents
seem
Engine
rainfall
and
second
pouring
The
Gasoline
and
little
man
have
pumped.
do this, if the
good gasoline engine he can
fill the oil ciips,
trenches
are
prepared in advance
; can
remain
the engine, and
at work
in the field
out
start
four
need
five hours, if
until the
or
refilling;
cups
large enough cups are put on the engine. The cost
for
be kept within
of irrigatingshould
$2.00 per acre
under
the season
ordinary conditions, and the supply
time
and
at the
place
can
always be depended upon
Root
it is desired.
irrigationhas the advantage that
convenient
hour
of the day,
it can
be applied at any
is shining or
the sun
whether
not, while
sprinkling
done
after
above
is likely to do injury unless
from
night or in cloudy weather.
Required. -Corn, oats and
Quantity of Water
522.
wheat
require from 350 to 400 tons of water
per acre
much
of the water
to maturity, but
to bring them
tually
acthat
several
this
times
so
applied escapes,
reach
the ground in which
must
amount
they grow,
inch of water
One
if they are
properly watered.
per
mated
acre
weighs something like 112 tons and it is estiit requires six acre
that on
inches
an
average
of
to thoroughly irrigatethe ground ; that
is, if none
With
"
the
water
covered
or
three
soaked
with
such
in
sheet
or
ran
of water
irrigations as
off, each
six
this
inches
per
be
would
acre
deep.
season
Two
will
be
The
404
needed,
Gasoline
Engine
of
total
16
on
Farm
the
inches.
18
Making due
from
allowance
for the waste
evaporation,it requires
little less than
of
a
28,400 gallons to irrigateone
acre
ground one inch deep, and an acre-foot requires about
325,900 gallons.
The
A
Cost.
general rule applied in many
523.
or
to
"
places
is 5c. per
lift. This
neither
of which
all
knows
will
in which
ways
be
at
or
of
and
when
be
to
they
from
pumped
be
Engine
installed
once
other
no
the
speed
plant.
for
done
Of
Too
the
poor
course,
so
it at the
hand,
located
same
is
time, is
10
to
centrifugalpump
15 H.
with
P.
a
lift of
For
pond.
venience.
con-
plant
moisture
as
of
source
is the
heart
low
too
most
will
work
15
each
to
be
can
own
the
and
pump
run
for
engine
an
ically.
econom-
utilizingits
not
be
might
means
other
engine
amount
quite
engine
large
one
back
pumping
well
the
that
if
or
great quantity
is itself
too
For
holding
one
an
usual
un-
reduced.
about
engine
centrifugalpump
other
unless
with
tendant
at-
little and
in the
good
all worry
small
running
pump,
from
will ;
worry.
On
the
frees
system
constant
of
"
the
or
hand
deep
Required.
that
needed, the
524.
that
fall in too
decreased
many
supposes
and
not
are
other.
cost
at
dam
that
waters
pump,
management
often
of
the
and
basin
foot
good
and
this
can
natural
natural
times
water
is
it
each
without
work
Bad
by erecting
made
of the
some
the
increase
may
instance, if there
can
do
his business.
conditions
are
for
season
operating expenses
good working order
is in
plant
there
the
It includes
the
for
acre
other
a
25
No.
feet
very
4
to
and
The
around
deliver
1.3
acres
inch
one
of
working day
24 hours
whole
could
be
of the
pump
10
and
of
Farm
the
on
water
405
second.
per
second
equals about
gallons per minute
600
deep
hour,
per
hours.
If the
the amount
Five
day.
per
feet
per
and
minute
per
Engine
cubic
of water
foot
cubic
Gasoline
plant
covered
three-tenths
13.2
or
would
acres
450
will
lons
galcover
acres
per
run
was
the
be
per
31.8 acres
24-hour day
required
given the full six inches of water
for thorough irrigation
and a plant of this size in continual
operation might be able to supply the water
farm
each
out
ten
days withrequirements of a fifty-acre
rainfall if run
ever,
continuously. A great deal, howdepends upon the lift required and the efficiency
certain
as
well
conditions
found
ample
for
as
on
the crop
engine
irrigating200
an
and
this
of
acres
Under
season.
size
with
has
a
been
20-foot
lift.
Fig. 140.
525.
"
Centrifugal Pump
The
quantities
Directly Coupled
Centrifugal Pump.
a
short
distance
the
"
For
to
Gasoline
Motor.
raising large
is
centrifugalpump
The
4o6
without
less
Gasoline
rival
and
Engine
on
the
Farm
is almost
protest, if
Fig. 141.
"
Small
at
all, even
Gasoline
Power
such
Plant
solid
Operating
substances
Two
as
Diaphragm
Pumps.
per
would
minute.
deliver
several
hundred
tons
of
The
Their
526.
that
Gasoline
the
Engine
Limitations.
"
centrifugalpump
water
consider
and
50 feet the
to
40
feet
few
on
Farm
the
407
believed
Formerly it was
ing
was
only capable of lifteven
to-day many
people
limit
extreme
of their
ing
work-
lift can
be
Different
527.
of the
be
Types.
vertical
called
sometimes
They
increased.
much
very
are
Centrifugal
"
horizontal
or
pumps
the
form,
may
latter
the
and depending
top-lift
of the
placed at the mouth
being
tion.
suc-
upon
well
and
than
feet above
the source
20
ought not to be more
of supply. As
pair
they are the easiest to install and recommon
use.
they are in most
They often need
In
the submerged does not.
priming, though, which
be
some
comparatively shallow wells, too, they would
useless
of the shiftingof the water
because
level, the
water
more
perhaps dropping 20 or 30 feet or even
after pumping
at
begins before the level is reached
it remains
which
this
if set
sort
distance
and
at
the
if lowered
level would
working
In
constant.
be
top
to
such
would
be
suction
submerged
well
suction
beyond
distance
when
of
pump
of
pumping
the
was
suspended.
The
may
where,
They
if
are
do
wells
excellent
too
work.
deep
for
The
4o8
Gasoline
lift pump
the
top
the
suction
Engine
and
will
lift is not
of
raise
the
speed
efficient
are
the
indicator
that
at
for
of energy
and
but,
the
once
and
allowed
time
sometimes
finish.
most
is
to
drop
below
go
higher, but
The
of the
at
price
blades
and
machining.
friction
extra
faces
sur-
They
ing
retard-
continuous
in
greatly reduced
other
a
words, by buying such
pump
or
operating cost is greatly increased
order
the
w^ill be
water,
; in
that
few
termined
de-
well
sold
without
account
on
fluences
in-
speed
to
relative economy.
are
Centrifugal pumps
low for good internal
too
left rough and
are
will work
feet.
20
by the height
run.
they are
pump
short
to
12
and,
used
be
never
It may
speed.
waste
be
certain
it should
from
sensitive
very
should
for
speed
than
if
efficient
most
being determined
speed at which
output
and
Farm
the
found
be
greater
Centrifugal pumps
their
on
very
dollars
be
may
in the
saved
ciency
effithe
in
lation
instal-
cost.
either
pulleys
much
too
528.
the
of
because
both
on
calculations
wrong
and
pump
engine
in belt
is wasted
power
Garden
Small
and
lift is greater
than
50
too
are
occasional
the
much
resort
indeed, after
brought
well
irrigation one
have
insured
fine
lifts
greater
crop
toward
can
has
been
imagine
but
and
as
and
started
the
is that
did
somewhat
an
ible
entirelyfeas-
are
maturity
harvest,
and
small
"
irrigationas
the
slippage.
Irrigation. Where
subject of general
Farm
feet
because
or
most
which
not,
haps
per-
sive
expen-
might
because
it
The
done.
not
was
Gasoline
the
Farm
that
the
409
rainfall
is
crop
thousands
of
Fig.
four
142.
do
not
by
the
garden
up
almost
may
five months
or
are
Garden
"
in the
annually wasted
depend upon
irrigation,that
little timely work
in an
teur
amadifference
between
a
good and
dollars
Even
way.
dried
the
at
regions which
might be saved
on
seldom
It is very
heavy enough
and
Engine
of the
mean
year
living,during
least,to
at
the
age
aver-
farmer.
For
529.
Deep
wells, if deep
or
Well
of small
the
conditions
centrifugal pump,
springs.
The
long
deep
stroke
of
not
form
some
unlike
those
shallow
well
power
and
cylinder
pumps
of
be
of
best
vantageo
ad-
more
pump,
is
two
much
general
first of these
The
adapted
to
the
require a
diameter.
They
rigid frame
carrying the
which
are
engine pulley, upon
keyed
that
mesh
with
near
large gear wheels
consist
drilled
or
of valve
are
vertical.
and
for
this
for
pumps
Driven
efficiency considered,
cost,
Power
greater.
"
diameter, may
with
pumped
although
Pumping.
shaft
for
small
pinions
the
rim
the
of
The
410
which
Gasoline
Engine
on
crank-pin projects.
To
Farm
the
these
attached
are
the
FiG.
143.
Pumping
Power
"
for Deep
ranofement,
air
These
ing arrangements.
connection
with
be
any
lowered
its bottom
above
the
as
valve
chamber,
artesian
depth
suction
plunger.
into
well
the
pumps
Connection
Well.
location
distribut-
and
often
are
pumps
Outfit
cylinders which
well
below
operated
and
and
is made
in
run
may
near
lift pumps
between
the
The
412
Gasoline
convenient
some
valves.
Engine
for
Farm
the
the
contain
point
Access
on
suction
cleaning and
and
charge
dis-
repairingthe
valves
Fig.
145.
"
Air
Cooled
Engine
and
Pump
Mounted
on
Common
Base.
strokes
per
minute.
These
belted
power
pumps,
The
Usually
of
Gasoline
it is best
it, into
more
direct
from
depth
is apt
the
water
in the
be
for
irrigationis
garden
the
small
growing plants.
shovels
for
nozzle
This
trenches
The
trench
on
tion
por-
It
tank
suitable.
is
than
With
moderate
pressure
This
similar
and
Distribution
best.
from
above.
and
crops
or
elevation.
more
and
of grass
case
"
into
is
water,
413
applied from
water
cold.
too
spray
may
plants, but
water
temperature
garden hose,
the
be
to
the
sun
and
pump
the
distribute
to
I'\\rm
the
moderate
of
tank
on
first pump
to
convenient
rather
the
Engine
is
essary
nec-
close-growing
plants
in
root
rows
by Seepage Method.
is done
each
by running
side
of the
row
the
of
made
by a cultivator with
just the thing, particularly
hillingup is
if the garden is cultivated with a wheel
hoe and
the rows
close together; say a foot apart.
Run
the
hoe exactly as though hillingup, being careful not
to cut
at the ends ; then
across
through the headlands
the highest end
furrow
similar
of the garden cut
a
somewhat
larger than the others, by expanding the
set
The
414
wings of
cuttings.
main
Gasoline
the
hoe
and
on
little and
Connect
ditch
Engine
the
then
tank
deepening by
or
that
see
the
it is
cut
between
irrigatingtrenches
the tank
should
discharge pipe from
removed,
the
box
avoid
to
continued
loose
the
holes
that
wash
discharge of
in the
water
the
in
or
would
under
The
rows.
side
of
each
to
end
this
zontal
horiend
one
accompany
pressure
upon
dirt.
The
trenches
Fig. 147.
Is turned
the
"
the
head
should
Water
Then
on.
with
into
with
several
with
pump
opened
the
wooden
Farm
the
Distribution
oil up
tank, open
ditch
prepared before
all be
the
and
and
the
rest
the
water
by Flooding Method.
start
escape
of the
the
nect
engine, con-
the
tank
job, aside
from
from
to the
supervision,may be turned over
engine. Without
interferingwith the regular field
work, it is possible to start up the engine just before
after the night chores
done, and then just
are
supper,
the engine, the
before bedtime
and
shut down
go out
ries
work
completed and a fine crop of vegetables or beran
occasional
saved.
In time
of
severe
droug-ht it is
not
much
of
small
of
treatment
until
after
day;
never
If
sunset
that
tight
pump
troubles
in
This
is
that
does
specially
it
and
is
the
probable
between
from
in
ning
run-
waterway.
tank
The
leakage.
true
the
try
work
not
in
come
cloudy
from
ample
condition
from
expenses
water
come
is
connections
free
on
or
to
well
good
the
the
apply
not
fails
deficient
is
and
and
spraying
shining.
the
in
If
be
keep
to
pays
occasional
the
sunrise
water
faster.
to
is
sun
of
strainer
the
It
the
supply
seems
pump
for
return
do
before
else
stream
little
than
more
Where
used
is
or
the
415
"
when
and
pump
in
Cautions.
watering
full
Farm
the
produce
not
costs
and
of
on
kind.
this
Kinks
method
will
engine
gasoline
531.
that
garden
farm
Engine
Gasoline
The
greatest
minor
neglected
relation
and
the
to
tails.
de-
engine
itself.
Trouble
down
A
crop
always
keep
Other
in
of
loss
things
machine
least
trouble
Produce
and
marketable
weather
dry
all
work
being
may
cut
mean
previously
equal,
nearly
that
system
or
To
expense.
expenses
order.
in
things
breakdown
and
means
is
put
select
likely
ruin
to
it.
upon
that
to
the
ment,
imple-
give
the
afterwards.
from
in
well
spite
watered
of
garden
drought.
will
be
fresh
CHAPTER
THE
What
532.
Women.
XXVI.
STORY.
WOMAN'S
Machinery
Has
Done
From
perpetual motion
industrial
requirements
"
Some
for
hours
to
the
from
helps
or
complete
and
her
help
benefit
she
escape
the
Men
own.
has
no
received
has
helped
from
with
men
she
to
having
their
their
form
requires some
itself is of the
of motive
latest
after
design. Nearly
all
chanical
me-
partial
field
done
and
rake
and
they
fodder
even
having
w^asherful
power
the
in the
less would
or
has
others
is
out
go
cradle
to
Still
grain by hand.
a
hand-power threshing machine
They sometimes
forget that a
bind
to
wife
many
for
pay
work
longer care
sonable
rea-
daily working
been
reduced
by
the
direct
of
the
farmer
has
period of the modern
farm
instances
machinery. In some
shared
in this emancipation ; in a good
only
Farm
favor
shredder.
of
clothes
if the washer
washing
chines
ma-
to
men
require from a
by machine
is expected
^ to I H. P. engine and the average man
How
about
P.
be capable of producing 1/7 H.
to
the w^asher
has
the woman
who
to
turn
by hand?
ing
harder
than the washThe
w^ringerturns even
average
machine, and the clothes all have to go through
are
it three
who
the
or
turns
rated
four
times.
it sometimes
little
helper, the
hard
part
of
her
Is it any
w^onder
if the
longingly of
gasoline engine, that
thinks
washings
chance?
416
for
her
woman
that
ing
will-
would
if it had
do
a
The
Gasoline
The
Farm
533.
would
and
washer
the
Power
would
woman
average
economical
is
power
It will
the
install
some
doubt
the
ing
hav-
relieved
by
for
that
her
provide
money
few
she
much
; still it is
come
Woman's
"
417
the
complete plants,once
to
L4S. The
cost
to
No
"
turned
wringer
to
ii,
much
so
supplied, than
items.
be
Farm
thf
on
Laundry.
be
more
Engine
separate
Engine.
but
the
is
beginning
most
The
ing
machine
to
alone,
at
and
operate
the
at
the
will
of
tub
rack
space
on
the
beside
the
washer
mounted
wringer
and
the
the
together
time
same
operator.
for
include
There
or
two
wringer,
made
one
or
w^ash-
and
either
should
ranged
arone
be
rinsing tubs,
to slide along
The
4i8
a
frame
Gasoline
to
operate
direction.
The
tub
one
on
some
next
foot
gear
by
very
important
device
should
of the
FiG,
The
"
that
so
Washerwoman
New
any
wringers
and
is
of
out
lever.
method
the
either
from
in
with
It is
used, the
distance
of the
accidental
finger between
in
wrung
reaching
easy
time
any
and
thrown
others
on
these
lifting.The
are
within
clothing or
149.
Farm
be
that, whichever
be
at
operator
without
one
pedal
of
then
may
the
on
any
washers
power
a
over
clothes
the
to
Engine
catching
revolving rub-
the
Lightens
Former
hold
House-
Burden.
rolls
ber
is
Unprotected
done.
should
never
caught
though
and
soapy
is
handle
curtains.
are
the
on
the
claim
degree.
about
drive
to
prone
is
easily
so
safer,
is much
slip when
enclosed
have
washer
clothing
belt
damage
near
run
gear
which
safe.
heaviest
This
washers
Some
comparatively
Washers
to
rather
are
water.
wheels
gear
in.
wound
serious
any
tolerated, the
be
belts
before
checked
be
may
There
which
market
the
carpets
or
should
be
must
be
made
no
are
most
guaranteed
delicate
good to
bearings
lace
sonable
rea-
where
The
420
Gasoline
into
emptying
is conducted
put
into
the
drying
as
the
the
sink
by
Engine
washer
line
ends
are
basin
or
pipe.
they
on
From
from
the
until
they
need
never
inserted
Farm
the
which
time
the
the
clothes
finished
are
be
between
lifted
the
water
are
ready for
excepting
rollers
of
the
W^^9
Fig.
151.
"
No
Lifting Excepting
to
Fold
for
Wringer.
the
power
washing
outfit
is
no
longer merely
concession
Fig.
necessity
When
Washer
152."
A
Pulley.
Pulley
K"
binder
on
and
back
aching
to
economic
Engine
Gasoline
The
421
it
muscles;
household
in the
Farm
the
is
surely as
as
an
the
Is
Power
on
"
"
"
on
Snap
"
Switch.
is in the
5c.
cigars a
for
the
week
outfit.
L"
Power
field,while
harvest
for
Release
few
years
Lever.
price of
enough to
the
is
two
pay
The
422
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
This
be done
Ironing by Engine Power.
may
of the mangle, engine run.
The
smooth
rolls
by means
of polished steel, operating much
like a wringer, are
that is available, and
by gas, where
usually heated
take the place of the hot flat-iron admirably, the operator
the garments.
merely having to fold and arrange
As
the pressure
the rolls may
be regulated
between
534.
"
will, not
at
grease"
that
the
on
be
can
effective
as
interior
of
the
have
not
aching
other
some
of
expenditure
this nerveless
as
does
of
because
obtainable
air in the
liberal
most
tires and
never
pressure
is not
be
the
even
to
of
means
rolls,which
dress
laun-
off
ease
Where
arms.
bow
"el-
gas
heating
the
hollow,
can
are
obtained.
The
535.
that
states
System.
Water
water
"
rises
never
is limited
its
The
success
water
of
of water,
supply
pump
released
time
is
last
under
it is
though
to
no
a
Elevated
is at the
mercy
troubles
to
be
the
may
pump
For
more
is
pail of
be
in
the
or
some
to
An
"
hot
start
though,
advantage, even
engine up than
an
drip
elevated
in
sun
summer
If set
winter.
less
power
purposes,
distinct
; the
water.
Tanks.
of the
blows
wind
next
work
more
537.
apt
the
pressure
half
pump
until
available.
always
water
that
"
no
to
same
manner
nient
conve-
in the
used
The
is
there
such
the
but
to
in an
instant.
ordinary way
Storage System. With a gasolineengine
at
necessity for storing up enough water
and
536.
in
and
pump,
laundry
any
and
tank
outside
and
ing
of freez-
indoors, there
leakage
to
rot
out
is
the
The
Gasoline
of the
timbers
house
possibilityof
the
Engine
and
on
hoop,
423
with
dampness,
cause
weakened
Farm
the
burst
always
and
tank
disaster.
The
538.
Pressure
under
from
few
from
pipe
to
usually
for
this
or
water.
made
storage system
tank, which
pressure
cylinderholding anywhere
barrels, and tapped for the inlet
tribution
and
the discharge for the dis-
pump
the
water
steel
or
many
the
of
is
iron
an
The
"
is the
favor
present
of
consists
Tank.
attaching a
be
may
made
in
hole, small
third
other
the
of
branch
dicator;
in-
or
gage
pressure
size,
VaPRESSURE
GAUGE
ELL
lyr STREET
ELL
SPECIAL
Fig.
PUMP
JACK
Complete Pneumatic
Important City Convenience
153.
"
pipe but
must
is far
and
under
not
Gives
Supply System
in
Homes.
Country
consideration
any
dependable
more
Water
when
be
attached
omitted,
its
to
own
orifice.
The
tank, of
air condenses
it forms
a
an
pressure
the
as
is forced
water
elastic
cushion
sufficient
to
in
in the
drive
air
the
first and
at
the
by
pump
out
alone
30
pounds.
As
supply enough
water
out,
more
the
air in the
pressure
air is
to
pumped
tank
force
in
so
the
until
with
through
shows
the
is full of
course,
would
nearly
that when
ally
Usugage
not
all of
the
The
424
Gasoline
shows
gage
enough
power
to
together
course,
much
be
higher
is elevated.
In
position,if outside,
it is
house, it is in
accident
would
whole
is
w^ater
it it is
and
flood
house.
only
because
There
has
in
exposed
ground ;
an
where
instead
location
and
of the
much
one
over
under
room
one
are
any
of the
tank
the
through
palatable
more
wholesome.
Use
Making
540.
tank
it, the
of
installed
complete
as
"
and
farm
distribution, and
may
that
be
of
had
city
any
with
the
water
can
room
desired, upstairs or
for years
of
one
With
becomes
sink.
time
cleaning
lower
will
method
kitchen
beauties
to
be
On
used
to
may
sash
or
be
washed
riskinga
is the control
an
bring
specialoccasions
to
the
of
hose,
both
thoroughly
it may
neck.
over
has
be
possess,
run
tank.
tubs
the
the
course
into
the
pressure
at
water
little extra
the individual
room,
bath-
of the
advantage
in any
modern
above
as
cold
and
faucet
the farmer
broken
quite
Hot
The
faucets
filling
merely a
made
of this system,
city home,
the
is
consequences
By running up
and
attaching
windows
the
natural
most
coming
water
laundry
same
the
house
turning of
down.
of
means
be
vated
ele-
or
pressure
house.
impossiblefor
so
convenient
of
system
of
With
It.
the
water
question
is
by
aerated
thoroughly
carried
basement
or
of the
Because
cooler, and
the
Of
"
tank
of
cellar
Tanks.
or
engine.
be
being set
usually buried
water
or
the
may
pressure
Many
space.
air
by
Elevated
place
if in the
in
pressure
air.
forcing in more
Advantages Over
539.
several
advantages which
that
that
be
not
may
fill the
so
forced
Farm
the
there
half
made
now
may
on
pressure
than
more
are
pumps
both
pounds
30
water
Engine
and
upper
without
moving
re-
One
of the
that
in the
of the pressure.
up
to
the
The
Gasoline
which
point
water
but
is furnished
the
be
may
being otherwise,
tmder
the
him
of very
drive
little
the
be
no
no
reach
pipe
be
can
dishes
cold
turned
water,
be
half
or
sink
with
sufficient
time.
the
bear; then
more
Mechanical
in
water
the
of
Dishes
much
pressure
an
any
hose
will
the
hands,
hose
to
but
with
ing
of the dish-wash-
hand
the
hands.
two,
do
to
work
than
which
The
needed,
may
and
the
it is
hot
be
ing
wash-
the
injured by
hotter
need
work.
force
not
under
will
way,
of
combination
effectuallythan
washed
even
the
them
upon
more
than
in
placed
engine
bare
for
wetting the
and
soaped as
without
done
matter
There
with
same
much
less pressure,
farm
the
the
brush.
hard
any
and
where
inaccessible
too
of
tank,
dirty rags
"
smaller
or
of
production
of the
scrub
the
ever
what-
else.
tasks
point
stooping or
Dish-washing. In the
541.
for its
turns
for its
drink
to
pressure
few
the
to
are
without
the
place of
wringing out
corners
dreaded
home,
excuse
has
pay
be
country
no
somebody
with
the
more
and
of
concern.
pressure
easilytake
must
the
housewife, becomes,
is
city man
and
of
one
there
425
circumstances
the
In
;
Farm
the
ordinary
pure
management
Mopping,
on
inconvenient.
and
too, the
under
would
unnecessary
Engine
in less
heat
hand
may
will
applied
is
advantage.
dish-washers
now
on
the
market
are
The
426
Gasoline
quently;
that
undone.
To
is, she
the
to
the
her
the
through
than
she
introduced
be
is at
means
the
some
fruit
the
on
to
to
and
for the
The
convenient
which
value
and
it made
it will
those
are
any
and
be
soon
pretty
are
in the orchard
life carries
within
it
good
small
boys
many
to
up
of
conclude
that
water
carr3ang
"
With
the
market.
The
mentioned
reach
vacuum
earlier
for
provisions
that
water
machines
does
the
engine
an
house
reason
Cleaner.
Vacuum
upon
those
which
of
turn
re-
no
are
thrown
of
most
easier
once
if there
the
has
had
it for
do
of creation.
rest
543.
around
have
in
themselves,
house
fruit whether
folks
was
for
for them
of w^ater, and
customed
ac-
water
one,
folks have
EverA^thingthat
women
life itself
farm
water
is
women
trees
some
large percentage
she
sprinklers,too,
every
out
it. As
carry
the
bear
not.
or
details
the
near
If the
that
certain
; such
doing
trees
tank
noticed
do
of
farm.
pressure
Automatic
fun
enjoy
pet shrubs
pails of
engine 'could
the
it go
see
many
but
handed.
trips empty
may
than
and
can
and
good
Farm
the
it rather
beds
season,
on
assumes
flower
carry
of
course
Engine
its
to
are
is
cleaner
in
chine
ma-
this
one
bool^
its full
until some
more
efficiency
efficient power
is applied.
than
is ordinarilyavailable
of handHand
is not
enough, though hundreds
power
and are
machines
in daily use
are
pronounced a
power
still they lack in complete efficiency. It is
success;
the
extra
absolute.
544.
not
pound
which
of energy
makes
their
success
"
is
The
428
Gasoline
renovation
well
as
Engine
as
on
the
by
Farm
the
absence
comparative
of
dust.
be
of
one
seems
claim
but
the
At
leave
and
barn
now
that
advertised
everything
the
but
dirt."
is
progressive dairyman
one
with
the
clean
everything
than
more
for
"We
establishment:
baby
the
little foundation
some
cleaner
vacuum
and
in
of
milking, ridding their coats
all dust and
loose hairs without
loading the air w^ith
dust that will settle into the pails while
the milking is
for this purpose
Power
is supplied by
being done.
the same
the milking machine
in the
engine that runs
stables.
same
Milking
545.
the
than
rather
first
at
seems
While
Machines."
thought
kitchen, it
is
them
the
past
important
usually presides.
have
the
The
is
cow
machine
successful
decrease
to
sure
be
must
It
needed
or
also
must
else
reduce
increase
of
employed in number
The
milking machine
clean
than
devices
separator.
work
the
are
It is
average
needed
more
is all done
the
the
and
milk
not
of
amount
possibilitiesof
to-day
cream
with
is not
jurious.
in-
help
help
the
it; so
cover.
difficult
more
separator.
sanitary than
under
is objectionab
handled.
cows
of
the
tively
posi-
easilycleaned,
sanitary,strong, time-saving,economical,
the
of
some
unsanitary,inefficient,expensive and
harmful.
device which
Any mechanical
flow.
to
stable
been
to
chine
ma-
an
woman
the
the
to
part, and
which
dairy,over
of
Milking machines
milking
belong
to
of the
one,
the
Some
cial
spe-
are
The
milk
at
no
The
time
in
comes
stables
the
Gasoline
from
be
cannot
with
contact
the
separator
Engine
time
the
it is drawn
There
tank.
made
on
strong;
Farm
the
dust
or
odors
until it is
is
that
429
of
the
poured
into
it
nothing about
is merely a matter
that
of
It milks
a
cow
more
manufacturing economics.
be
man
can
quickly than a hand milker can, and one
four cows
It is ecoat a time.
nomical
milking two or even
in permitting a reduction
in the number
of
Fig. 155.
men
"
Creating
employed
or
the
of
Vacuum
an
for
Milking by
increased
number
Gasoline
of
cows
Power.
that
injurious
indicated
from
the fact that they
has been
to the cows
of thetn
no
standing more
longer object to it, some
sults.
milking and giving better requietly than for hand
from
absolute
It also frees the owner
ence
dependhired help. Formerly he either had to keep
upon
his herd
of men
else reduce
to a point
number
a
or
the most
be run
where
it could
not
economically, and
the
present force
can
manage.
That
it is not
if he
the
Gasoline
The
430
chose
former
the
of his
mercy
While
of
of
consists
top, the
will
one
with
exhausted
opened
by
between
the
on
Not
per
being
drawn
suction
for
10
pulsations
per
suction
pail or
back
with
machine
to
the
an
is
pressure
is set
cone-shaped
the
which
the
vacuum
tube
nects
con-
the
air is
is
stopcock
in the
pail is
dis-
Cleanly, Sanitary
suction
pipe
set
atmosphere
the
prevent
15 seconds, then
minute,
the
use
Animals.
and
Valves
into
machine
Process
to
vacuum
inch.
square
The
rubber
One
is about
in
contains
cows.
by Vacuum
Injurious
the
carried
pounds
pailwith
from
pipe overhead
the
engine. When
pail and pipe the air
through
pressure
tin
now
all.
and
The
are
for
answer
tributed
absolutely at
was
machines
covered
heavy
disc-like
this
Farm
the
he
course
different
operating
motor
on
men.
several
description
Engine
and
up.
7I/2
or
milk
from
continued
give
about
pressure,
60
applied by alternatingthe
of
between
an
One
air compressor.
two
cows.
vacuum
Gasoline
The
is connected
reservoir
high
section
for
inserted
top of the
which
with
adjustableas
closely that all
soon
milk
as
should
shut
"fif the
should
these
flow
suction.
ten
have
of
or
too
prevent
glass
lead from
the
in four
terminate
The
431
with
tubes, each
size.
to
to
ceases
for every
allowed
to
pump
and
cows
are
watch
the
Farm
the
inspectingthe flow,
the
to
can
on
rubber
Two
vacuum.
Engine
caps
should
operator
working, and, as
through glass sections,
machine
is usually
One
are
twelve
the
While
cows.
attendance,
intelligent
there
chine
ma-
is nothing
it
to
comes
complicated about it, and trouble
chine.
through misuse rather than from any fault of the maNo
doubt
portant
milking machines, like all other iminventions, will be greatly improved upon
after they have
into more
come
general use, but in
their present stage they are
neither
less efficient nor
another
farm
utensil
more
objectionable than many
that is regarded as
a
success.
Cream
546. The
Separator. It is possible to so
"
the stable
contrive
of
of the
least
the
may
separator
on
in its
motor
soon
the
as
now
own
base
itself be
the
work
intermediate
kept
the market
and
milking begins
until
no
milk, instead
separator, which
one
the
pail,will be drawn
along through a
milking machine, directlyinto the tank
fallinginto
tube, from
that
arrangement
and
started
line
gasoup
kept running
is done.
pulley.
contains
be
may
This
As
At
covered.
of
as
tinually
con-
course
quires
re-
rule, however,
of the
come
specialclutch or friction pulleys must
in between
engine and separator, as the latter,though
work, is not able to endure
"strong enough to do its own
the constant
though slight-rise and fall of speed
that
the impulses of the engine. Some
accompany
one
separator
minute,
bowls
and
are
revolve
geared
as
so
many
as
high
that
20,000
a
times
variation
per
of
10
The
432
revolutions
make
Fig.
to
run,
157."
their
and
they
The
Present
separator
and
not
as
between
gasoline engine
has
to
be
overcome
thrown
in
Day
coaxed
1,000
at
is
always
starts
by means
easilyand
on
Needed."
rators
Sepa-
full
sudden
Power
Gasoline
Uses
Cream
Separator.
Few
trouble
made
of
Base
be
enough.
off at
bowl.
the
it should
it fast
up
Farm
the
Dairy Maid
Engine
turn
there
to
be
must
steadilyas
many
the
variations.
extreme
or
in
best
Note
on
Pulley, Why
work
Advantage.
jerks
of 500
Governor
The
do
Engine
minute
per
difference
547.
to
Gasoline
the
people
turn
turned
by hand,
Without
pulley
starting.
when
speed
the
separator
The
up ; after
that
how
This
the
Gasoline
separator.
and
so
is safe
and
made
combination
saving
How
548.
friction
of
work,
separator
; neither
It
Works.
of both
With
any
one
should
of
the
work
separator
; not
conserving
be
ley
pul-
governor
The
guess-work.
any
for
speed
hand
as
ruins
without
speed
the
than
be
and
run
uniform.
is better
pulley
which
the
the
governor
does
the
steam
much
so
and
cream
are
shaft
engine
the
that
forced
Even
out
the
exerts
upon
Steady
separator
as
into
turned
part of the
at
starts
it.
Power.
Gas
the
is
energy
Pulley Secures
of energy
central
turns
of
amount
Intermittent
amount
and
pulley
governor
Governor
Speed
From
engine. The
with the engine
the
The
"
controls
"
blocks
The
balance
can
power
without
Parker
158. The
Separator Drive
with
of
out
both
pull which
or
be
ter
engine, no matgreat the overspeed.
fat.
butter
Fig.
can
433
of the
engine
steam
gasoline engine
be
bowl
Farm
the
how
pull or
the
it should
on
mercy
economical.
nor
right and
may
the
throws
governor,
for
it is at the
unsteady
soon
Engine
As
full
the
slowly against
volves
pulley reengine speed,
wood
the
rim
friction
of
the
The
434
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
loose
limit
full
the
belt
pulley uniformly
of weights and spring,howthe shaft.
ever,
By means
if the speed of the pulley gets above
certain
a
the grip is partiallyreleased, the blocks
slip a
Fig. 159.
"
little and
How
549.
and
For
turn
Parker
continue
normal
to
and
contact
the
Bottled
Governor
Speed
Pulley
Is
Employed.
Milk.
"
Where
milk
is sold
back
direct
is sold,
separating,or where cream
it should
be aerated
thoroughly. This may be done by
a
cone-shaped cap
allowing the discharge to run over
of tin which
if cooling is also required,be packed
may,
with
ice. The
its apex, spreads
milk, discharged upon
in a thin
out
sheet
and
is cooled
rapidly. If
very
cooling is not desired and aeration is the object,the
families
to
cone
may
without
be
made
of fine strainer
cloth.
"
436
The
cutting is done
cutting machine
ice is to
the
to
with
stored
be
for
readily as
any
"
the
where
there
resorted
can
of
not
as
little
the
no
can
kind
other
]\Iotor
fails,or
Farm
the
then, of
edge
be
of
and
whether
course,
of the
made
pond
or
of
use
has
just
as
hauling.
Driven
Cutter.
Ice
in parts
of the
in fact
the
country
entire
amount
ice-
gasoline motor
has
ice, artificial refrigeration
Condensers,
to.
be
now
is
the
engine
ice crop
on
power,
at
Gasoline
Fig. i6i.
When
team
is illustrated
hauled, the
be
Engine
Gasoline
of ice manufactured,
but
the
to
be
plant,
capacity
meaning
amount
The
of
Gasoline
Engine
ton
ice
would
of these
One
have
small
10x10x8.
say
with
cold
By
of
tanks
temperature,
will
storage
calcium
obtained,
once
of 80
be
cubic
feet,
in connection
solution
may
^
melting.
one
day a
for
cool
piping
chloride
which
while
room
of
system
437
that
to
hours
24
machines
properly insulated
or
in
Farm
the
on
desired
the
held
for
some
The
engine used for other purposes.
half of
about
same
plant would
actually manufacture
of ice in twenty-four hours.
Alathe above
amount
of course,
chines
of large capacitymay,
be obtained.
While
outfits of this kind are
somewhat
once
costl}^,
installed,they may be operated on less than the annual
and
hours
sustained
loss
a
good
would
on
Other
paying
Household
of the
which
in that
of
things at
thoroughly than
many
muscle
it may
learns
to
make
comes
to
her, whether
employed
saving the
the
before
with
leather
the
be
is
power
important
an
her
ever
Even
in every
heard
better
how
shaft
should
end, where
Device.
two
be
Back
"
or
three
in
the
to
feet
way.
go
farm
really
that
task
being
to
probably
of each
stationed, with
least
its
if it proves
it
wall know
of
and
time
extra
feels who
time, if it succeeds
Handy
work-table
she
not.
the
housewife
the
engine help
or
553.
at
the
first
cream
It is the
for
accounts
satisfaction
vitalityand
ice
The
"
not
instance.
one
that
power,
an
application
countless
little things, the doing of
the doing of all things more
once,
be possibleif it depended upon
would
the
to
power
harvesting ice
artificial plant.
gasoline engine
dailybeing applied,though
labor-saver
while
to
to
uses
for
of ice
want
while
Uses.
naturallycomes
one
lake
some
far toward
go
freezer
in
for
farms
many
lost
team
552.
as
the
be
will
about
so
no
be
it.
kitchen
may
be
438
The
from
driven
from
or
face
Gasoline
line shaft
of this
it fasten
in
row,
on
the
at
one
Near
Engine
the
Farm
ceilingof
floor.
The
the
kitchen
entire
is
virtuallya
of
by means
leather
friction
ley.
pul-
wooden
tons
but-
of the various
easilyadjusted clamps, some
revolving utensils of the kitchen, the coffee mill, the
spice mill, the meat
chopper, egg beater, nutmeg
It looks like
runs
grater, whatever
by wheel
power.
or
Fig.
162.
Well
Insured
Lawn
Kept
Lawn
With
]\Iotor
Propelled
Mower.
foolish
How
that
and
an
thing to use
engine for beating an egg.
about
dropping the egg in to be prepared for
into place
cake ; then, by swinging the
beater
turning a button so that its wheel is brought into
with
contact
attention
That
in
at
the
the
friction
to
once
mill, and
grinding
the
nutmeg
mill
into
the
coffee
swung
the
to
for
into
turn
the
dinner.
line, we
grater in prepara-
The
tion
for
the
for
ready
meal
or
have
kept
hour
will
more
Fig.
163." a
Light
If there
power.
the
engine
to
be
fresh
of
sausage
are
to
for
batch
of
or
beef
air
and
things
in
any
Air
if the
on
cooler
that
deserve
together and
I.
all done
the
time.
bakers
C.
Engine
engine
if there
or
or,
if there
is, set
happens
out
mess
is still
fan
running light,
overhead
and
enjoy
There
alone
it if
H.
with
run
that
by
use
in
way
of
want
an
Use.
mix
to
engine
that
for
are
kitchen.
kitchen
for
tiring of
Cooled
Household
at
would
that
of the
out
extensive
chopping cabbage
pork
better
in
bread
no
ends
moment's
of them
many
collected
and
gotten
even
Horizontal
is
; then
power,
perhaps
439
busily occupied
been
mixers
hotels, and
in
hands
have
Suitable
and
Farm
the
slightingof anything
bread
Patent
of
without
the
or
Or
lot of odds
pair
one
five minutes
wrist,
pie.
; in fact
two
or
noontime
on
all of these.
is
Engine
be
is to
pepper
Gasoline
do
enough
up
at
not
are
lot of
require
of them
once.
can
gine
en-
be
The
440
Cleaning
554.
the
washing
heavier
cleansed
the
old
rag
churn
not
as
has
be
any
health
water
direct
in order
to
is taken
out
water
it.
By
the
result
of
water
it
of any
time
the
the
out
that
may
to
Provides
Engine
Gas
the
exhaustib
In-
Current.
have
laid upon
piece
taken
be
to
but
frame
temperature
last
course
Maybe sprays
theirs, but they don't
have
separators
desired
brush
least
at
its germs.
pressure
be
in part
thoroughly washed,
can
Even
is less offensive
Operated by Small
Lighting
Cream
be
still it has
and
wonders.
be
to
to
comes
Of
engine energy.
used in washing
effective but
under
it
pressure
do
may
formerly was
long ago given w^ay
more
When
"
will
that
"
long.
utensils
Farm
the
Utensils.
dairy machinery
live
Various
on
if necessary,
inspector;
of hot
Engine
kitchen
brushes,
rotary
the
Gasoline
is
is out
apart
each
as
where
piece
sure
pres-
playing
upon
first and
the
be
Mayprobably all of the rest have been well cleaned.
the engine is not
doing all of this work, but it
into it.
suppliesthe energy that went
Starting and Stopping the Engine. Turning
555.
is fun for an
the sewing machine
engine,and the tread
foot lever for throwing a beltbe replaced with
a
can
"
tightener on
and
off in order
to
stop and
start
at
will.
The
About
Gasoline
take
and
lamps
wholly
hand
If
carry
the bed-maker
down
cellar, when
Even
power.
carried
be
kitchen
elevator
an
the
the
and
work
of
pull
upon
piece
the
gine
en-
perhaps fillingthe
is put
in it will
the
and
this
it is not
readily
then, if desired,
done,
to
off the
turn
work.
switch
lever
string can
to
it is
this
turn
house
in
is all
end
and
spark
the
441
Even
the task
to
up
from
into
moment
beds.
Farm
the
except
this is unnecessary
table
vital
the
the
making
useless.
at
on
about
task
important
every
will
Engine
enough to put
jolly little helper
of motionless
iron.
It will
the
out
in
take
Actual
conditions
remains
The
fact
may
introduce
a
force
for other
made
the
too
vary
that
into
that
do
both
save
lines of work.
engine
accurate
details.
any
will
for
much
and
time
Fillingthe lamps
yet.
Let
us
see
vital energy
we
if that
have
not
is possible.
of engines now
Fillingthe Lamps." ^A number
the market
on
run
so
smoothly that it is possible to
run
a
dynamo directlyfrom the engine, but it is not
in operation at
to keep the power
always convenient
night, when
lightingis needed ; so a storage battery is
by far the best, as a successful
lightingsystem must
556.
be
available
at
charged during
some
other
any
the
hour.
day,
machine
These
whenever
which
batteries
the
does
may
be
ning
engine is runnot
require all
The
442
of
Gasoline
its energy.
battery
At
be
Engine
first,to
small
save
on
the
Farm
installation
in size ;
cost
the
serve
enough for a little reelectric energy
but still depending in the main
the engine itself. This
is quite economical
if the
upon
the dynamo
to run
engine is no larger than necessary
If largerthan that all of its superfluous energy,
alone.
without
the storage battery, is likely to be wasted.
The
to, cell by cell,much
storage system can be added
like the sections
of a built-upbook
until not only
case,
enough energy to run the lightsfor the entire farm for
of the
a
night is stored ahead, but enough for some
small
tasks
that might be done
by the engine direct,
such
of
as
rimning the sewing-machine. For many
these
venient
conare
even
more
light tasks electric motors
than
the gasoline engine ; still it is all gasoline
in another
the gasoline
form, since it was
power
electric current.
engine that created our
Storage Battery Capacity. Storage batteries
557.
rated
in ampere
hour
hours, a 24-ampere
are
battery
service
meaning one that will give 24 hours of current
A
when
than
normal
not
rate.
discharged at more
for 8
battery of this capacity may
give 3 amperes
hours
normal
at the
rate, but if discharged at more
than
its normal
hourly rate the time of its service
be more
would
than proportionatelydecreased, so that
hour
its full 24-ampere
be reached.
not
capacity would
It is on
ir-oortant
that
stalled
this account
the battery init.
has sufficient capacity for all demands
upon
It takes
about
hours
to fully recharge at the same
10
rate
the 2-hour
battery.A 36-ampere hour battery will
i2-candle
run
lamps 7^
tungsten
9 15-watt
power
time of normal
hours
rating) in a 30-volt
(the standard
is satisfactory for
the
low
voltage plant, which
residence
ber
lighting;it will run twice that numaverage
(18) only 2y^ hours, or considerably less than half
may
"
Gasoline
The
444
the
lamps
the
are
dynamo
handle
into
be
to
main
or
downward
the
Engine
switch
made
dynamo only
by bringing the
frame
copper
it.
receive
to
the
is closed
the
Farm
the
from
operated
until
grooves
on
If the
is
pressed
battery is
be
Fig.
Complete System.
The
559.
that
it
with
was
power
its energy
of
our
used
best
engineering world
To
belt a dynamo
reproduce
The
"
conditions
placed
engine
an
upon
Complete Residence
i66."
to
run
engines
steam
to
meet
these
directlyto
in the current
sent
out
was
forced
electrical
upon
the
demands.
gasoline engine is to
all the energy
pulsa-
The
of
tions
the
Engine
Gasoline
the
engine.
Farm
the
Lights
flicker
would
dynamo
on
directly
run
and
445
wink.
This
from
may
in part
overcome
used, the
sometimes
the
or
the
Fig.
may
drawn
then
and
on
current
market,
be
from
for
as
same
conducted
however,
that
Lighting-
quite satisfactoryresults
The
low
rather
more
dynamo
to
Several
that.
direct belted
run
In
cream
a
separator
storage battery
Connection
With
House
Outlit.
may
providing
be
obtained
the
engine
from
is not
the
loaded.
over-
The
446
An
Engine
Gasoline
this
of
on
Farm
the
furnish
plenty of light
for the average
and
residence,barn and out-buildings,
is charging the storthe same
time the dynamo
at
age
be used
for other
battery the engine may
light
such
as
or
power
cooling fans, cream
separators
any
tion
light running device that develops little speed variaoutfit
or
into
part
of
the
i68."
ice
Where
much
of
Lamp
many
this
be
may
convenient
Electric
produced
current
sewing machines,
FiG.
will
sort
freezers,or
cream
Using Incandescent
other
work
for
household
is
to
be
rected
dining
run-
into elec-
Fila ment.
conveniences.
done
larger
If general
engine will be necessary.
they
power
engines are used for electric light work
be of the highest grade.
must
The
wiring system should be as short as possible
there is always more
less waste
or
as
along the line,
The
plete,
lightingplant is not comusually 5% or more.
though, that fails to include the barn in the
circuit. Not
more
only is the electric light much
dynamo
and
The
Gasoline
than
convenient
effective
and
the
safer.
the
electric
not
uninsulated
Door
560.
the
Maid
of electric
The
latter
where,
as
the
to
any
electric
at
stock
low
age
volt-
they
as
are
acci-dent
an
be
is
burglar
in
the
or
tem
sys-
alarms.
country,
marauders
of
stable
the
installed
established
electric
the
Among
"
likely to
and
that
is
given
part of the
some
invasion
could
not
sibly
pos-
house, except
the
Either
can.
opening
bells
electric
still,an
circuit
out
Not
by accident.
electric signalsfrighten intruders
away
more
keep them
effectuallythan
away
at
they will
watch-dog
the
Chaser.
been
horse
or
will these
turned
over-
sick
These
particularlyvaluable
heard
better
that
light has
far away
so
not
dangerous
harmful
if by
conveniences
hen-roost
be
but
caring for
premises
only
When
Burglar
door-bells
is
blow
do
be
more
for
least
to
and
electric
chance
no
special value.
the
447
touched.
was
household
earlier
after
wire
of
is
hghts
critical moment.
the
Farm
the
kind, it is much
There
and
light is
on
other
any
lanterns
just
Engine
of
door
flood
and
the
buzzers
or
or,
haps
per-
in,
an
Available
on
Making Electrical Conveniences
duties that
the Farm.
Practicallyall of the household
do
the
the electric motor
can
gasoline engine can
do even
more
conveniently,after the engine has given
Without
the engine electricity
it the power
at all.
to do
561.
"
could
one
farm
plants
depend
upon
every
between
in
for
his
own
made
upon
and
distance
of
the
the
capital without
electric
power
who
must
man
else, rather
someone
all the
than
more
on
where
even
is at
resources,
but
available
and
wiring
power
breakdown
labor
be
hundred,
within
are
his
not
mercy
strikes
only
not
and
having
than
of
disputes
any
voice
whatever
their
in
of electric
price
its
Gasoline
The
448
production
the
work
costs
country
the
over,
station
watts,
1,000
of
average
the farmer
equivalent
transmission,
the
is less than
half
than
more
only
into
put his
may
boys. Taking
price charged by the
which
to
12
fair
average
the
eager
is
is
is
it is
and
companies
horse-power. Making
in
farm
that
his
best, the
purchased
the
product
Farm
the
At
when
upon
that
or
on
settlement.
energy
home-grown
own
Engine
of that
per
about
i^
allowance
of
cost
cents
15
to
the
for
losses
home-made
in
produced
tral
cen-
rent
cur-
the
distant
plant.
The
562.
Engine
engine
of
Some
first
the
and
heavy
for the
Housewife
the
must
woman
Needs.
be
not
hard
difficult;the
out
oline
gas-
to
start.
were
too
gusted
dis-
became
woman
average
The
"
has been
who
man
customed
acdiscouraged. The
to
pottering with machinery problems all
hours
his life may
be willing to spend two
making
that he could
do without
an
engine do a bit of work
The
it in twenty
age
averminutes, rather than give up.
or
will
woman
the
engine
The
the
to
household
its habits.
soaked
"
the
junk-pile.
engine must
be
with
up
oil-soaked
an
and
way
moderately
put
may
with
old
the
floor
order
in
clean
tobacco-
and
greasy
never.
It must
not
dependable.
for
lasting attachment
its occasional
she
are
work
w^oman
but
man,
engine
do
short-comings.
does
and
it she
not
every
more
little
overlook
will
At
the
must
to
be
form
of
some
first,the chances
than
half
believe
fault
will
only
in
add
it anyway,
to
her
suspicions.
In
woman
wants
is
one
that
The
relieve
will
of
adding
563.
to
Gasoline
that
the
the
in
of
rest
and
the
of
city
them
Girl
courtesies
life
the
of
elevation
all
self
is
familiar
tendencies
Both
have
and
country
and
the
of
and
woman
scrub-
in their
been
and
to
mystery
own
abolished
wherever
conveniences
boy
phase
some
with
conditions
suppress
this
farm
is
ery
machin-
of
an
state
part of
lightening of
long
their
of farm
plane
means
than
complete
as
life that
the
work
life from
of which
the
they have
of beauty
touch
right lives
the
desire
an
to
seems
It
that
inferior
seems
world
opportunities elsewhere.
It
covered
dis-
farm
the
ditch-digger
are
farm
find
humiliating so
has
on
rather
life.
the
parts of the
become
to
boy
drudgery
is
of them
will
in
instead
Someone
"
the
of
which
that
to
we
449
worries
intellectual
neighborJioods.Such
so
her
develop
and
girl prefer
many
of
Boy.
keep
it will
social
some
in
and
to
way
that
the
respect
portion
Farm
the
life such
best
on
them.
to
Farm
wisdom
the
of
The
keep
The
her
Engine
isn't
so
they demand
drudgery of
need
no
to
be
cultivated
and
occasional
and
offer
ter
bet-
much
the
; it
is the
the
slums
ashamed.
that
taste
of leisure
hour
too, in the
midst
of
than
more
farm
boy
They
do
some
of the rewards
of which
is not
not
wish
is the
surroundings
hard
constant
lazy
to
and
escape
for
which
it that
right to develop
The
work.
neither
work
suggest
is the
so
much
for
that,
thing
some-
average
farm
as
girl.
to
reap
they
have
earned,
their
best
ideals
one
with-
The
450
the
out
Gasoline
of
Price.
The
price of all
anywhere
run
binder,
rake,
within
means
any
humiliating comparisons.
the
the
plodder,
the
of
Farm
the
life for
farm
564.
are
on
influence
depressing
If there
Engine
this
$20
loader
less
up ;
mowxr,
little
and
cents,
energy
may
than
the
of
one
any
portant.
im-
most
harvester,
corn
or
the
woman's
of today's
cheerful
dollars
in
of
saving
from
drill,
Reckoned
"
reach
cost
hay
dozen
At
least
one
man-saving devices.
special
household
engine, guaranteed to develop a full
capable of running almost
"^ horse-power and
of
devices
the
time,
one
a
suggested at
any
be purchased in one
can
style for $16 and in another
other
for
then
$18;
of
doctor's
bill, of
from
butter
farm
would
pay,
not
that
to
be
though
real
that
represent
Others
we
if
pay,
so
it has
day
of
and
for
month,
it up
we
count
the
price.
Pay. The
persistin
in
is in human
cream
and
dollars
and
in
that
old
cost, however,
covering
re-
factory
price
the
one
months'
few
waste
between
occurs
"
we
of
while
time
of
overwork,
tion
installa-
ingenuity. The
of
loss
of
cost
outside, of the
these, if
What
565.
work
weeks'
result
the
fat
of
; any
cents,
few
bill if done
washing
and
additional
applying, in money,
one
good cigar a
and
price
is the
there
life ; in the
others
methods,
the
also.
is
realm,
The
life of the
is
; that
by overwork
before it is completed by the ceaseless,
blighted even
lightened
hopeless, unending drudgery which is never
of completion or
by a sense
by a promise of anything
mill
better for to-morrow
than
the unending tread-
housewife
of
that
to-day.
is
The
shortened
real
cost
is the
home
influence
CHAPTER
XXVII.
HOME-^IADE
Self
566.
of
169.
"
Idaho,
home-made
Goes
Sawing
to
form
farm.
This
of the
farm
Work
Made
of home
has
for
Outfit
Under
of
ception
possible ex-
have
tractors
variety than
Leslie
Its Own
doubtedly
un-
any
Reed, Cottonwood,
Power
and
Is
an
genious
In-
Apparatus.
of
contrivance
partly been
power
the
in greater
launched
Home
other
"
wind-mills,
Tractor
With
Engines.
Moving
been
Fig.
CONVENIENCES.
and
452
due
the
importance on
the general
to
call
tardiness
of
partly to
the
The
the
Gasoline
manufacturers
Engine
in
requirements
Tractors
in
which
had
the
tractor
become
brain
manufacturing
himself
thought
farmer
farm
trailers
and
Farm
the
453
along
on
of
much
so
that
fill.
ful-
must
no
but
one
considering
ity
fix-
the
other
any
design.
farm
at
kind.
the
and
drivers,
belt
the
sometimes
rod
similar
form
other
engine
the
to
released
simplest
wheels
belt
left to
drive
free,
turn
avoided.
were
gear
pulley
wheel
pulley
A
tightener pulley
made
it possible to
drum
upon
length
of rope
which
front
axle
Such
outfit.
makes
a
tractor
$10
than
cost, less
the
lever
vertical
the
which
work.
by
the
machine
was
to
of
center
of
without
engine
the
turn
of
one
of differential
the
power
and
the
start
from
run
to
The
necessities
the
so
applied
applied
at
of
first attempts
Naturally the
"
building were
discarded
mowing
securely bolted.
was
to
Tractors.
tractor
pair
furnished
Power
Light
567.
is wound
terminates
and
complete
be
can
outside
of
at
each
end
cheap guiding
made
what
its
at
at
small
very
material
be
may
a
venient
conjunk pile,and it makes
very
of moving an
otherwise
gine
means
stationary enits own
from
about
place to place,under
power.
utilized
H.
P.
been
in
engines have
Many
3
from
pulled
this
have
any
while
way,
been
an
old
miles
and
per
was
moving
mower
and
small
This
reported.
speed of 6
ordinary hill
people besides
from
as
even
as
latter
hour,
capable
itself.
the
Its
front
would
of
rear
ones
H.
P.
tractors
outfit
had
climb
any
carrying
wheels
from
two
came
worn-
The
454
out
of
Instead
go-cart.
with
the front
Engine
Gasoline
both
with
axle
the
Farm
the
drum
which
lever
on
connected
and
rope
it
guide
at
of
end
one
iron
an
nished
fur-
was
rod.
When
the lever
there
rig
carrying
of
axle
their
to
of
be
the
little tractive
be
can
only
to
was
could
be
not
The
work
can
load
effective.
very
of
Horseless
On
the
being applied
above
and
so
adding
draw-bar
pull so light
from
capacity.
tractive
the
nature,
drivers
the
and
power
to
success
to
uncommon
Buggy.
other
w^arrant
these
see
travellingaround
roads
the
found
cheapness
spirally about
wound
rather
One
of
to
with
steel
shaft.
sprocket
the
tires
and
has
speed
where
are
of
merit
the
fence
heavy
properly
wire
secured.
constructed
mounted
driven
gies
bug-
lugs
tractor
was
taken
was
developed
and
of
cones
It
that
out
engine
in sections
Where
outfit
road
unique
wheels
a
the
P. marine
H.
made
be
may
hilly.
it is not
horseless
speed
makeshift
necessary,
fair
and
attempts
home-made
at
too
not
are
"
ordinary
on
out
out
and
cycle
bi-
babbitted
chain
and
of about
15 miles
per
Greater
working
with
hour.
569.
be
can
trucking
the
outfits
weight
Trucking.
Power
Low
of
"
gotten
than
the
out
in
load
of
any
put
these
small
engines
other
way,
because
them,
within
upon
pacity
caon
all
the
Gasoline
The
capacity of
have
than
do
have
taken
advantage
surprisingresults
to
to
from
effect moved
their
city markets
exert
to
tractive
their
power.
selves
them-
of
their
at
more
that
have
who
frequently obtained
small-power engines and
have
themselves
than
ciency
effi-
energy
Farmers
spare.
of this fact
in
have
455
this
less power
or
more
used
smaller
in the
their
to
Farm
the
engine within
higher percentage
much
tractors
and
on
the
carry
very
drawbar,
marked
engine, adds
which
trucks
Motor
the
the
Engine
several
they
miles
while
were
nearer
depending
horses.
upon
What
570,
Old
an
Farm
Wagon
Can
Do.
"
The
to a gasoline engine
ordinary farm v/agon, harnessed
in the simplest manner,
be made
the
to do almost
can
work
of the factory truck
ways
so
long as the pull is aland
of fravel.
at the
rate
same
straight ahead
In practicalwork, however,
it becomes
to
necessary
introduce
differential
gearing and so permit of short
and
all inequalities
of rate
turns
the driving
at which
It is not
wheels
revolve.
to
good economy
apply
the power
wheel
to one
only when
hauling loads and
convenient
not
to
apply it separately to each of the
wheels.
differential
The
is the only really cortwo
rect
solution.
It is also often necessary,
when
going
difficult ground, to slow
down
much
below
the
over
rate
at which
the wagon
should
nor
ordinarilymove,
is any
be backed
working rig satisfactoryif it cannot
few feet or inches
that propels
a
by the same
power
it. For
these
requirements a transmission, including
shifts
gear
to
the
they
the
of
of construction
work
add
true
in mind
still
more
measure
a
sort, is essential.
some
number
of
to
; also
to
All
the
which
efficiency,
profitableconstruction.
of farmers
have
add
expense,
after
With
constructed
little
but
all is
this
motor
Gasoline
The
456
trucks
of their
the
on
farm
with
own
at
safe
of
trucks
motor
the
trips
cost
they
can
the
on
much.
as
been
have
while
Farm
the
go
road
at
of
turned
speed
team,
6 H.
3 to
work
home
by
P.
and
the
With
place
any
profitablethan
more
load
market
to
which
capable
at
wagon
on
rate, and
far
them
makes
that
Engine
farm
average
makes
team
one.
and
of
Rapid Post-hole
571.
home-made
hoist
rig
for
hand
at
the
that
the
the
rate
at
feat
by
gasoline engine
with
be
can
wires
easily discount
can
hole
considered
be
fence-builder, but
any
would
minute
the
"
^Making
Digger.
quite
If there
that.
mounted
the
on
is
sills of
is
engine
the
work
the
rope
wdiich
the
hoist
and
works
By throwing the
weight is wound
automatic
an
the
the
where
a
post, which
vertical
same
as
clutch
to
to
frees
fall several
should
be
be
driven,
wdll
stop
feet
that
so
settle
securely
the
drum
and
it into
than
should
the
be
the
upon
most
mits
perof
spot
of itself take
is
sharpened
delivered
blows
the
or
end
the
over
of course,
few
this
drum
power
it may
guides.
hand
suspended
by such a force
quicker and more
hand
driving. A
the
of
drum
in the
down
lifted ; then
and
the
to
engage
clutch-release
weight
it is to
and
easilyup
up
sheave
the
over
passes
earth
much
vigorous
provided
under
of
the
The
weight
then
truck
by
without
wliich
on
driven
posts
ground
Exgine
on
its descent
prevent
all the
above
or
to
Gasoline
the
below
will be
the
left the
make
point ;
distance
same
of
trouble
outfit rides
457
certain
measuring.
be hauled
by
may
one
Farm
the
The
team
convenient
more
it self
Where
is
not
hand
at
the
same
made
by substitutingfor it a homeof large diameter
of
drum
wheel
in the rim
or
which
a
crank-pin catches and then suddenly releases
the rope, exactly as
ing.
is done
by the drill in well drillresults
drive
into
be
hoist
made
ready
may
obtained
\Mth
posts
almost
place, a
enough
572.
to
The
well
very
sink
outfit
made
rapidly
as
few^ blows
post any
as
from
of
this
they
such
reasonable
Well-drill.
Home-made
sort
one
be
can
can
swamg
weight being
depth.
a
"
Home-made
sions
well-drilling
rigs are practicallyonly simplifiedextenof the post driving outfit. The
be
uprights must
clear
stem
high enough to lift the drill and auger
of the ground and strong enough to support it. Auger
6 to 25 feet in
for w^ater
from
wells usually run
stems
length and weigh from 150 pounds up, a three-inch
stem
weighing about 23.5 pounds per foot of length.
Where
short string of tools is used
the length
a
very
of a joint of pipe or
the height
tubing will determine
of derrick
it is much
easier to add
the height
to
as
than
to cut
and
thread
each
joint.
After
strength and capacity for handling standard
the success
length pipe, the main features that determine
of a w^ell-drilling
the lift of the tools
outfit are
and
the
suddenness
of
their
release, their
power
to
The
458
Gasoline
Engine
earth
depending
the
penetrate
foot-pounds energy
It
is evident
of
distance
foot
of that
pounds
the
would
the
be
of
sudden
only because,
is either
of
the
an
latter, it
that
the
of the
instead
cable
as
the
of
in
itself
the
feet
stead
in-
delivered
were
thrust
or
in
ters
mat-
that
against wdiich
there
the
energy
else
that
If it is the
rope.
is
cable
so
being restrained
being expended in part
is
the
on
four
w^as
gradual
by
energy
force
the
latter,it indicates
is absorbed
foot-pound
that
upon
or
expends
mass
that
means
twice
force
this
if the
descending
300
ing
150-pound weight fallthat
its penetrating capacity
of friction
excess
they strike.
pounds falHng a
if its fall
blow
of
; also
doubled
number
which
deliver
given by
Whether
two.
form
will
distance
same
of
feet
two
the
upon
of
weight
Farm
the
with
minute
per
that
on
; that
rock
is, the
release
573.
is not
Good
Barn
Hoist.
Tw^o
"
iron
drum
to
rope
shaft
which, when
is attached.
with
"of
lever
rapidly
the
the
as
and
holding
shaft
the
also
run
rope
attached
is
The
lever
fork
to
or
pressure
on,
in
at
the
the
and
revolves
case
of
end
clutch
or
made
or
to
less
diminished
be
may
the
which
by
means
volves
re-
means
it
revolve
the
as
so,
the
maintained
by
wishes
of
as
tact
con-
between
operator
load, by
lever, while
disk
forward
pressed
drum
is increased
drum.
the
friction
shaft
against the
pressure
disk
in
used
each
or
flanged iron
hoisting hay, the hay
revolves
which
on
brackets
stout
to
small
heavy spring
con-
The
460
shaft
be
Gasoline
Engine
heav}" enough
on
insure
to
Farm
the
against bending
or
"
it for
located
be
is
perhaps
This
first class
location
the
and
up
build
bottom
five to
work
in
ten
grain
there
where
floor
The
is needed.
where
back
draw-
one
grain spout
of
will
planks
part
about
the
what
be
of
of
nent
perma-
the
barn
position of
threshing time,
the threshing floor
with
one
sloping
at
from
hopper-shaped bin
between
the joists;one
of grain. Cut
bushels
a
worthy
made
be
determined
couple
is
elevator
; it should
Having
separator
take
work
main
the
on
may
do.
to
itself.
of
of space
inch
is the
them
them.
ready
instead
spare
bins
out-of-the-way place
some
every
to
into
in
to
room
As
market.
or
that
off
will hold
enough
from
from
the
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
461
Gasoline
The
462
of
ends
the
the
of the
short
cover,
both
solid
be
flooring plank
ends
long
to
ends
below.
this
cover
door
of
edges
little
bin,
return
then
securely;
solid
both
Farm
the
fasten
construct
and
on
to
and
place
ends
supports
the
Engine
out
man-hole
or
which
rest
upon
care
of
Never
avoiding a serious accident.
out
depend on dropping the short pieces into place withof fasteningthem
there.
Secure them
means
some
If this fastening can
be
with
sort.
a
hasp of some
done
means
from
side
lower
the
it will
the
save
chain
which
to
of these
shape
If there
elevator
may
be
chains
the
is
the
of wooden
; if the
slats
the
so
be
may
in size
At
fall back.
to
the
the
spout
fit and
accurate
very
that
end
upper
so
the
dicular
perpen-
as
used
are
and
are
of the
elevator, which
all
bins,
manner
bin
any
in
granary.
the
canvas
or
spout
of
the
delivered
.ever
the
they run
permit little grain
go
When
and
The
in which
the top of
considerably above
should
be hinged in such
trough conveyor
be swung
that
it can
to
discharge into
should
each
satisfactory
bolted
upright
the
in
the
very
approaches
ascent
that
pitch of
the
made
the
conveyors.
good deal on
plenty of slope a
depends
ascent.
upon
attached
are
of
presence
and
grain
thresher
sheet
metal
the
to
the
with
it is
is
this
ready
for
run
from
the
bin
under
the
the
machine,
up,
discharged from
elevator
the
spout
into
separator
grain,as
is set
least
with
exposure
no
hand
to
work
work,
grain
floor
is
what-
threshing
floor
The
Gasoline
At
dust.
least
two
and, thanks
crew
Engine
the
of
amount
than
575.
of
use
drivers
machine
wheels
ought to
applied to them
was
For
drives
wheels
answer
had
wdiile
they
convenient
though
accurately
been
making
some
time
to
some
one
left
for
that
if power
purpose
were
of the
one
exact
for
similar
the
measurements.
it occurred
this purpose
is most
the
more
"
before
463
and
much
ordinary machine
Mower.
People
Tractor
mowing
tractor
the
of
case
in
measured
are
determined
grain
in the
bins
The
saved
are
directlyinto the
hauling and without
is necessary.
Farm
the
threshing
livered
gasoline engine, grain is debins without
out
carrying, withbagging. Not even
ing
tally-
men
to
on
the
on
sprocket
and
chine.
ma-
chain
essary.
absolutely necInstead
of the tongue
vator
a
pair of stout cultiwheels
the double
of steeringthe
serve
purpose
machine
of the sills upon
and
of supporting the end
which
the engine is mounted.
The
mounting should
be back
far enough to throw
of the weight on
most
the
wheels,
mower
The
frame
pitman
toward
the
to
from
Between
clutch
the
to
Aside
The
should
be
; also
two
from
this there
need
be
almost
remains
the
of drive
countershaft
wheel
and
instead
operating, the
the
of
removal
and
machine
for
machine,
that
and
it formerly
is
pended
sus-
way.
of the
wheel
mower
In
same
the
relation
same
engine
the
tractor.
shaft
countera
engine and the machine
placed. This should carry a friction
sprocket wheels
speeded respectively
drive
its mechanism
to
of
tongue
of the
the
exactly
support
it in the
the
the drivers
are
sustains
sills which
the
did
wdiich
not
of
engine
pitman.
practicallyno
the
tongue
each
each
change.
differentials
exactly
pitman
with
of the
as
it
and
was
the
and
cepting
exnection
con-
independently
other.
is first started
w^th
the
The
464
clutch
Gasoline
off; then
thrown
of
part
the
machine
running exactly
The
gear.
This
horse
drawn,
grade
is struck
out
the
cutting
and
need
no
of
turning
check
On
will have
the
which
machine,
the
only remedy
other
small
for
hot
hand
it is
that
must
it is
usually
this
for
is greater
in
the
will
stop,
not
thing
some-
part of
some
horses
more
stops the
knives
built
of
ing
work-
obstacles
stone
and
best
the
the
and
same
tAvo
or
probably
was
for
is too
the
cutting bar
If
long
necessity of
in
hidden
no
or
break
to
the
be
is
If it does
at
no
noon
sun
the
that
If
round
every
the
stubble
tough
is
before
out
there
by stopping
the
engine.
team
at
lag
to
There
team
action.
one
will.
team
begin
not
endure.
into
over
of
out
likely to gradually
not
as
because
that
important
About
only.
watchfulness
and
fields.
cleaner
Two
576.
and
Boys
deal
of
Motor
Cycle.
has
There
"
doubt
whether
expressed about
gasoline tractor, light enough for ordinary plowed
been
a
the
rest
to
is
down.
to
horses
grass.
will
choke
weather
haying
down
gear
thrown
of differences.
engine
slow
so
stopping
the
gearing
when
team
tractor
the
operate,
advantages
number
the
engaged
is then
gear
is
to
Farm
the
with
several
and
and
tire
that
as
it would
as
has
on
begins
cutting
machine
time
Engine
good
and
cultivated
the
place
of
successful
for
they
the
usual
the
either
been
built
boys
speciallyadapted
cultivator
used
cultivator
front
side, the
or
was
wheels
width
drawing
constructed
cultivator.
southern
two
be
ever
horse-drawn
rigs have
for
machine
fields,could
of
to
hit upon
cycle.
motor
attachments
of
several
size
a
it
form
mained
re-
of
garden cultivating.The
to
and
While
large
take
to
then
cut
together
light frame
carried
was
sloped
back
along
being regulated by
the
outer
ends
fore
be-
panding
ex-
of these
Gasoline
The
rods
Avings through
of the
wheels
smooth
and
or
double
hoe
of
firm
bottom
in; then,
of
rear
wheel.
and
disks
but
the
and
the
for
light
Wheelbarrow
engine
began
easilypick
could
men
several
The
wanted.
often
the
jobs ;
it
man
one
so
a
it
was
decided
was
to
is wanted
that
convey
the
mounted
advantage
upon
"
and
to
run
by
following
of
admits
the
provement
im-
some
be
to
step in
cultivators.
power
of
Because
Man
by One
Several
"
and
in this
evident
with
closed
the
fact
w^as
some
means
engine
hand
a
the
the
on
that
from
trucks.
drawback.
fact
it
that
was
very
sort
one-man
place
to
of
for
needed
was
two
of developing
it where
carry
ago
seasons
engine capable
an
up
horse-power
engine
be
teeth
advertise
to
weakness
directly in
Truck.
Energy.
makers
plow
furrow
can
Moved
machine
wheels
easily prove
Wheelbarrow
577.
located
tractor
trench
the
shovel
smooth
doubtless
it may
direction
right
Fig. 172."
idea
The
be
cultivator
some
the
give
to
possible a
as
for
opened
465
operating between
may
wdieel
Farm
the
order
path
desired, this
if
pair
In
attachment
front
the
easy
on
levers
and
machine.
as
front
Engine
place,
idea
had
Rolling
sup-
This
The
466
Gasoline
Engine
be
to
blocked
more
vibration
mind
has united
truck.
One
mounted
very
would
the
end
the
small
on
those
sills
wheels
away
though
the
diameter
of
sill. The
other
of the
depth
of
like those
raised
by
the
wheels
man
like
one
let down
the
floor
hours
Unique Fruit
climbing up
of
baskets
engine
the
the
than
handles
end
the
wheels
are
supported
about
by
handles
are
entirelyfrom
rests
once
the
in handles
moved
When
lower
easily even
these
be
may
at
their
is less
upon
is
engine
floor
Wljen
bright
sills
upon
"
business.
578.
the
show
terminate
ends
sills raise
would
the
wheels
wheelbarrow.
deep
and
for
ready
the
weight thrown
the
engine
a
the
to
as
wheelbarrow.
the
and
so
trucks
wheelbarrow
have
the
clear
cut
the
under
and
corners
hand
sills. Some
on
principlesin
two
of
Farm
the
unstability. The
securely or they
to
than
on
of
Gatherer.
down
and
after
Who,
"
weary
ladder, tugging
to be picked, has
always more
and
ended
the
not
yielded to temptation or ill-temper,
be
of good fruit down
to
job by shaking bushels
it was
ous
ruinpicked up from the ground? Of course,
there
endured
A
device
with
time
time
do
The
is attached
and
are
is swung
may
which
haul
quite
a
the
reach
the
fruit
to
to
the
engine
from
in the
teeth, may
the
and
the
at
at
the
to
both
same
shaft.
by
small
its mouth
directlybelow
ground or, better, to
sets
and
orchard.
that
horse
flexible
rod
the
ruin.
reduce
engine exactly as
secured
open
the
been
clippers,but
horse
picking
had
that
well.
as
to
rod
tube, held
canvas
hoop,
in
work
work
of
set
wider
of hand
labor
blade
clippers
This
and
to
and
blade
hard
little satisfaction
similar
made
the
after the
even
w^as
shorter
the
fruit,but
the
to
with
apples
will
If this
the
the
be
blade.
wagon
used
wagon
to
has
The
468
what
Gasoline
be
may
Engine
on
accomplished by
ingenuity and
Farm
the
ical
possessing mechan-
one
the
the
end
machines.
of
Common
the
trucks
narrow
having
side
axle, which
front
slip.
end
The
differential
lengthwise of
single pulley on
crank
shaft
gear.
The
and
drives
jack
of the
bevel
drives
turn
is
shaft
the
gear,
the machine
while
if the
jack
obtained.
the
back
the
is shifted
forward
backward
motion
in
short
of
engine
a
bevel
genious
in-
very
keyed
are
the
If the
backward
tershaft
coun-
its power
by
pinion
is
jack shaft,
of
apart than
moves
shaft
the
engages,
pinions
sprocket.
the
so
bevel
pinion
bevel
differential
endwise,
moved
from
in
is obtained
rear
chain
to
shaft
counter-
and
gear,
the
The
countershaft
little further
end
rear
the
as
rims
on
frame, receives
the
Two
manner.
the
the
is
boxes.
sprocket.
motion
reverse
gear
engine base
engine power
the
serve
the
onto
the
runs
from
shrunk
in babbitted
directlyunder
employed to transmit
which
wheels
farm
supported by separator
differential
is
the
is
various
on
binder
bands
revolves
to
usefulness
header
drivers,while
prevent
their
on
diameter
in
which
jack
shaft
engages
the
the
road,
the
front
on
so
the
is
tractor
width, drives
the
engine
of
round
pumped
wdien
will
the
drive
the
belt
is
placed
conveyance.
wrought-iron pipe
and
it
frame
through
so
the
under
The
tension, the
frame
is made
is
cooling water
performs the func-
the
The
of
tion
Gasoline
radiator,
The
plant.
table
the
easiest
adapted
is
provided.
to
by
and
various
parts
of
kerosene
that
of
this
the
having
and
together
odds
cated
dupli-
ingenuity
ability
adapt
power
be
may
and
mechanical
sufficient
engine
cheap
nature
patience
acting
The
very
swing
quickest
table.
saw
power
with
the
so
machine
Other
the
join
to
and
to
ends
to
rather
becomes
desire
and,
a
study.
with
that,
be
power
and
grow
upon
work
of
through
it
surely,
the
brute
be
energy
intelligent
within
the
will
advantage
it
force
and
replaced
farm
originates
with
of
our
the
hands.
forces
way
applying
of
tasks
simplest
until
will
muscle
animal
soon
different
two
exercised,
the
directing
of
the
as
the
that
the
that
habit
to
fairly
upon
which
reach
is
brain
and
any
habit,
of
although
with
sisted
per-
supply
will
hand
same
too,
after
and
demand
trained
the
if
devices,
occasion
The
mechanical
one,
of
accomplishment,
exactly
As
people.
of
of
way
not
may
placed
ing
mak-
The
saving
matter
of
than
labor
little
ingenious
in,
find
Conveniences.
Home-made
"
of
the
connection
the
purpose.
580.
all
form
anyone
contrive
in
for
support
469
Farm
the
considers
maker
use
on
as
operated
handled
is
useful
well
as
is
saw
which
and
Engine
the
nearly
elsewhere
brain
nature
and
has
CHAPTER
Helping
the
Binder.
that
the
bull
understands
perform
must
the
Small
"
the
operating
than
down
and
wet
stalled
wheel
sink
with
is
of
wheel
;
grain harvester
the weight of
required
power
first,carry
chinery;
binding maoperating strain that,
second
into the
the
binder
years
binder
unfavorable.
ago
the
dead
much
470
the
Rarely
running empty
merely carrying
Several
Binder.
cutting, elevatingand
season
a
the
Helping
Motor
the
or
Gray
it is this
and
more
duties
two
practical farmer
Any
"
machine,
Fig. 173.
for
APPLICATIONS.
POWER
MODERN
581.
XXVIII.
or
when
choke
to
ground
is
the
is
team
bull
chine.
weight of the maof the grain grow-
The
of
section
ing
down
the
and
the
drag
of mud
to
be
the
gear
desperate
brackets
the
to
of
rear
turned
his power
on
saved
the
world
ever
much
at
Team
sands
thou-
once,
enough
through any depth
power
instant
wheel
the
machines
would
slipand
the
the
stout
and
drive
chain
drive
to
his
the
That
has
needed.
of
end
hard
few
is solid
and
team
It
is also
it
makes
easier
one
saves
it very
the
on
be
added
is
nor
The
A
and
to
cut
dead
than
of the
be
weight
can
of
to
to
with
used
the
ting
cutmost
the
long
from
maintain
slid
or
then
work
extra
faster, too,
much
draught
certain
chinery,
ma-
at
be
to
this
extra
eight-footcut
an
over.
because
team,
same
being
little
very
of six.
gasoline engine
smooth
running.
used, and
the
almost
are
done
machine
one
burden
winded
or
happens
in addition
not
they
can
out
worn
If there
their
portion
work
wider
more
not
are
do
motion
the slower
can
rounds.
grade they
have
the
horses
The
of
been
and
regulated once
There
is no
of the
kept uniform.
slowing down
bar in tangled spots where
the full speed is
as
gine,
en-
bushels
idea
same
from
teams.
of
set
ground
them.
frame
thousands
each
motion
the
started
and
if the
for
easier
and
many
of
binder
took
world's
out
fastened
prospect,
sprocket
season
Even
horses
two
or
saved
the
on,
the
binder, connected
idea
quagmire
grain was
going
the
drive
the
at
lightgasoline engine
the
veritable
lost.
471
turn.
Someone,
iron
would
into
thrown
refuse
became
west
Farm
the
could
were
on
of bushels
to
Engine
of
account
on
Gasoline
an
for
this
About
engine
service
three
that
must
be
horse-power
can
be
light
is generally
mounted
on
The
472
behind
brackets
best,
is
Gasoline
binder
the
there
as
Engine
is
or
trouble
no
on
Farm
the
set
even
about
the
upon
alignment.
table
ier
Heav-
with
In
chain
the
1909
Missouri
river
value
proven
in this
with
of
the
the
the
small
axle
the
binder, but
and
are
nected
con-
sprocket.
field,binders
engine supplied
are
as
detachable, for
million
several
districts
account
of
the
of their
being
now
manded,
de-
regular part
other
light work
needed.
when
the
In
582.
upon
to
of
worth
dollars
back
beam
the
and
the
frame
the
same
the
binder, but
thing
Field.
Hay
of
for
"
machine
mowing
the
hay
it enables
light power
harvest
the
in
that
ordinary
engine
not
only
it will
team
to
set
does
do
on
keep
in
steady operation,with little or no time wasted
or
turning corners
resting at the end of the swath.
For
this grade of work
should
a
place
resprocket wheel
belt wheel
the usual
the engine and
on
tive
posichain
drive be used.
Very little change need be
made
in the
duced
a
sprocket wheel
mower,
being introthe drive chain
and the regular driving
to receive
from
the
drive
wheels
being disconnected
gear
The
of the machine.
well
engine should be mounted
of its weight will
that
least one-third
at
back, so
fall back
axle.
of the machine
As it is usually necessary
little his weight
the driver's seat back
to move
a
the
in its new
position will generally about balance
extra
weight of the engine so there will be no added
pressure
on
the
horses'
necks.
The
of
Engine
Gasoline
is too
heavy
for
under
the
loader
of the
other
no
by
the
ens^ine, which
FiG.
174.
"
at
The
and
forms
can
Motor
end
one
then
Truck
at
convenient
be
attached
In
the Hay
it
the under
to
use
cepting
ex-
conditions.
supported
a
handle
to
of
the
because
than
reason
473
of
deprived
favorable
most
wheels
end
Farm
the
its base
at
small
been
have
platform hinged
bracket
on
side
the
other
support
for
the
ele-
to
Field.
the
team
there
which
being
no
propels
it than
part of it that
of the binder
can
be
or
operated
loader,
to
ad-
The
474
be
may
it
applied
be
may
and
only
which
from
load
for
rule
the
the
driver
available
become
so
no
necessity as
engine
care
the
on
be
may
of the
much
little
thousands
upon
the
getting along
now
are
off
and
started,
kept
loaded
nearly in unison that neither will be overthe advantage of the spreader will in this
so
and
way
is
With
team
Once
take
there
stop.
the
pulley
governor
dowm.
will
that
to
tractor
mechanism
spreader
of
choked
team
as
gine
en-
ing
engine exerting its full pulltime
same
guard against its
engine
latter
part of the
working
and
horse
four
the
The
rest.
wheels
medium
the
at
the
more
to
Farm
the
all of
or
one
of the
capacity and
being overloaded
or
to
the
admit
on
from
attached
through
would
three
Engine
independently
vantage
or
Gasoline
of
old, hard
and
farms
that
extravagant
way.
For
with
use
mounted
the
on
box
the
across
scatteringsthat might
part of the engine, or
of
rule,
to
The
pull
; or
handle
top,
so
Wagon.
may
be
the
roads
of
have
good
over
to
may
be
load
to
be
of
It will
will
enable
make
also
team,
ence
experi-
it is economy
the
farm
but
too
heavy
make
the
for
team.
long
tance
dis-
team
to
trip justifiable;
made.
gear.
when
roads
The
would
some
can
ordinary team
should
be expected, as
capacities
usual
with
an
times
are
all the
It is the
"
of
end
above
interfere
connecting
wagon
there
the
enough
the
front
be
to
as
be
should
engine
extreme
otherwise
farm
the
still,it may
the
that, while
carry,
overtax
to
at
Power
everyone
all that
haul
a
Short
The
584.
the
spreader
platform
and
the
only
supply
without
tractor,
that
able.
avail-
wagon
unflagging
undue
that
conditions
half loaded
make
can
energy
fatigue, to
that
convey
476
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
Gasoline
The
such
unusual
Engine
of
times
on
stress
Farm
the
477
time
threshing
as
and
may
do
can
draw
to
with
away
of the
much
old
time
calls upon
the
supplant the
it may
The
grain.
and
mow
with
traveling back
made
to
its
and
distribute
much
wind
modern
discharge
the
three
or
end
along
straw
well
With
the
into
hung
steel
over
to
the
in
the
the
one
mow.
in and
Two
hands,
at
mow
the
tight
pulley
can
be
out
with-
the
be
hauling
track,
storing the
located
that gravity may
so
best
advantage and, by means
two
or
men
can
frequently receive at
almost
slope and drop into a conveyor
when
at
men
stacker, directed
forth
attention.
two
most,
would
the
every
be
foot
of
sheaf
ample
The
478
for
the
Gasoline
grain
sheaves
the
The
would
take
band
end
of
the
have
and
another
stack
and
makes
who
available
and
that
factories
There
;
of
one
two
or
the
are
these,
with
other
an-
in
men
the
in the
operations
all that
such
pronounce
trip through
completely
made
are
decides
to
how
note
conveyor
dispense
one
watch
to
the
needed, providing
are
which
the gasoline engine
possibilities
taken
are
advantage of. Let anyone
is inclined
take
market
w^ould
conveyor,
one
machine.
the
mow
all the
the
on
all, we
Farm
the
part of the
any
to
cutters
In
man.
them
on
into
dropped
mechanical
at
sheaves.
were
trough,
Engine
kind
of
to
put
factory
trivial
most
mechanical
and
impracticable
this
upon
the
even
automatic
it is
other
any
ations
oper-
before
he
great farm
our
ness
busi-
carefully constructed
same
sionary
vi-
arrangements
basis.
586.
and
"
corn
to
easy
for
people
in
have
adopt
to
their
work
at
been
methods
mechanical
harvesters
corn
it has
and
overcome
Because
of
silos
such
fewer
paratively
com-
old
judices
pre-
comparatively
that
well
are
vanced
ad-
perfection. Already we
as
cutting by the acre
have
them
we
operated
by the hill,and
and
by gasoline engines both in the form of tractors
of small
We
helpers auxiliary to the team.
power
the
field after
have
tractors
hauling the crop from
We
have
having loaded it on with their own
power.
with
self feeders, which
require only
ensilage cutters
a
cut
once
we
little hand
work
from
the
between
load
the
and
are
taken
are
finallydeposited,shredded
out
mow.
We
and
husked,
have
if
elevators
we
time
the
and
when
the
when
moment
with
the
wish, in the
and
wagon
shocks
they
arated
sep-
ears
silo
dumps
or
the
that
The
will
deposit
in the
We
have
wish, it
time
the
the
been
it has
it
the
seed
is
poured
beef,
mills
mill
of power
479
at
and
our
it ; or,
grind
the
all.
From
planter, until
ground, fed,
for
time,
it without
to
cob
into
it is necessary
with
load
shell
to
and
to
the
and
verted
con-
human
hand
the
shellers
go
Farm
the
wagon
may
triumph for
line, which
ought
equal results may
only a little of all
is
corn,
by hand,
in contact
come
on
raised, harvested,
into
to
husked
cribs.
we
Engine
the
touch'ng
once
if
Gasoline
it
convince
to
be
the
obtained
this could
be
one
skeptical that
most
along
this
other.
any
But
accomplished without
"
of
"
common
and
use,
it is resorted
even
yet, in
the
tractors,
over
little.
quite a
to,
some
in
difference
great
one
between
vantage
ad-
tractor
of most
which, in the case
gines,
enefficiency
to 30%
amounts
or
40% of the entire efficiency
of the engine. Cable
hauling, however, like coasting,
and
has certain
drawbacks
in relation to the profitless
difficult "trip back
Where
sometimes
the hill."
up
be located
work
the engine can
central to considerable
and
draw-bar
and
within
off
distance, such
reasonable
piece
of
land
from
stumps
as
or
where
ing
clear-
stones,
the
reasonable
may
in the
588.
"
be
used
handling
What
It
was
to
of the
Gasoline
the
cable.
Is
Doing
to
the
Road
afterwards
tion.
Questhe
48o
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
Farm
The
Gasoline
automobile,
that
for
movement
have
may
better
city people
the
world,
bad
the
for
out
with
farmer
city pleasure
seeker
the
between
distance
the
at
roads
known
to
criticism, the
of
some
them,
deciding that
which
was
keeping the
the country
was
making
of
out
first made
were,
in
long
not
w^as
because
start
unnecessary
condition
highway
same
countrywide
sectional
feeling
little
pleasure
country
481
recent
perhaps
the
still,the
roads.
Farm
the
the
engendered
few
that
on
impelled
been
discovery
Engine
himself
his
and
markets
even
it.
In
township,
boasts
now
a
Bement
H.
45
P.
the
crown
last to
of the
some
of the
center
it into
press
waterproof by going
is done
at
for
gasoline,$1.00
two
; say
men
of the
from
finest
roads
attention
a
rain
to
dirt roads
day.
they require is
other
their
these
Comparing
methods,
outfits, the
road
level
is almost
that
6-ton
to
out
with
result
The
roller.
16 to
years
This
for
of
some
Illinois,35 feet
miles
20
Now
''occasional
of
these
ago
impassable.
an
been
has
of
state
from
Three
all but
maintain
grader, then
surface
in the
each
often
clean
all.
gutter and
were
road
state,
in
$8
the
in the
first to
is used
it with
to
gutter
completed
of
cost
dirt roads
compact
over
Illinois,which
county,
best
gasoline tractor
thoroughly w^th
ditches
both
and
of
Piatt
the
them
same
only
levelingafter
crown."
results
including one
commissioners
with
or
those
two
state
obtained
expensive
that
thev
by
steam
have
The
482
moved
and
Engine
Gasoline
dirt in two
more
have
years
accomplished
on
the
with
the
with
more
Farm
gasolinetractor
it than
in
the
tire
en-
clare
preceding. Steam
they depower
to be much
more
fuel, running
expensive in wages,
and
on
wear
engine, both while in use
expenses,
twenty
years
idle.
speciallywhen
589. Fighting
and
are
gasoline
the
roads
because
it
along
so
the
prone,
space
of
the
and
the
between
at
or
has
to
the
themselves,
and
in
into
the
side
left the
in nature
ditch
dirt
only disposes
not
discourages
if left to
loose
it either
rig
This
unstable
it is too
the
up
deposit
and
highways, the
making, there
road
ditches, which
the
brambles
for
the ditches.
from
those
gather
side
the
at
beyond
wash
of the
that
ditches
and
road
of the
bed
outfits
driven
wagon
For
"
is unsuitable
of which
surface
Weeds.
be
of
to
and
come
up
in the
use
weeds
fence.
is found
road
more
spray
which,
as
we
have
"
"
distribute
barrel
to
barrel
and
quarter
per
barrel.
as
a
gallonsbeing reckoned
of the engine
In preparing the solution, too, the energy
phate
sulis of direct assistance, especiallyif copper
solves
is used in preference to iron sulphate,as it diswith greater difficulty,
although 10 or 12 pounds
equal to perhaps 100 of the
it, if really pure, are
acre,
of
from
iron
52
salt.
horses
Where
it is customarv
to
take
are
on
used
barrel
as
or
motive
two
power,
of the
pre-
The
484
Gasoline
suits ; in very
Engine
it is
many
on
Farm
the
material
ways,
Al-
advantage.
the
at
favorable
been
of it will
With
be
thousands
rendered
work
gaining
more
control
The
591.
quite
we
cannot
the
field
surfaces
lubricate
to
this
amount
land, that
so, will
will
sweetened
be
we
can
very
the
Friction
"
it
moving
that
supports
with
In
destruction
the
at
the
its
track
bearings
great
road
points of
extent
under
of
the
ergy
en-
in
comes
this
is
it is of
as
same
way,
binder
across
axl^,
we
friction
wheels
by
While
contact.
the
the
the
great
decreased
the
for
and
conditions.
earth
be
claimed
re-
and
it and
just
be
seasons
body
the
has
possible to
is the
one
machinery.
the
rendering
smooth
in
in
power
as
of
only partly
contact
this
smoothing
by
of all
boxes
can
decrease
anything
true
journal
too,
wherever
with
as
Roller.
have
cheaper ditching,
acres
acres
cially
spe-
results
Farm
absorber
contact
of
of
productive by making
more
them
or
Under
greater
advent
done, many
hour.
per
much
the
feet
120
conditions
reported.
more
of
rate
as
can
strain
firm,
level
as
The
the
of
farm,
Gasoline
Engine
the
is the
roller
on
Farm
the
485
effective
most
in
doing
this.
Horse
In
drawn
have
number
first
the
soft
or
rollers
that
best
of
drawbacks.
is mellow
enough
to
is
to be injured by
just in the right condition
of the team.
If the ground is
the sharp-cuttinghoofs
firm enough to withstand
of the horses
the footmarks
roller than
it requires a heavier
the ordinary farm
handle
in a reallythorough
to do the work
team
can
manner.
Powder
driven
rollers
power
the
entirely cover
substituted
of
the
surface
below^
of
case
that
the
be
may
that
be
to
for
be
can
without
the
to
bear
tractor
fields will
Because
there
level
in
is
in
tractor
to
efficiency,
directlyupon
farming has
be
found
no
spots
of the unlimited
loose
reasonable
Where
time
some
turned
being
covers
upon
surface
Because
brought
rolled.
pressed
the
that will
wheels.
tractor
general
horse.
limit, within
no
usual
tractor
of
part
wheels
smooth
the
ground
the
broader
sinking
in the
for
made
be
may
the
tlie
as
power
horsethere
is
weight
ground
been
in
smoother
use
even
of the continuous
rolling,partly because
levelingoff wdiich traction farming insures and partly
of the more
account
on
thorough system of harrowing
and
cultivatingall the plowed fields are certain to be
done
at
given and because, in order to get the work
of
be worked
to
out
all, the ground does not have
the
condition.
592.
not
of the
"
farm, it is safe
which
leave
comes,
the
the
work
to
say
operator
that
more
there
tired
are
few
others
night
when
being particularlytrying
on
the
The
486
Gasoline
of the
muscles
and
brought
shafts
the
and
in
mounted
which
alteration
on
One
sheep
shearing
attention
consisted
of the
of
operated
horse
two
tive
effec-
most
outfits
ever
constructed
was
light wagon
Farm
the
wrist.
writer's
farmer
engine
and
arm
inexpensive
to
Ohio
an
Engine
H.
and
by
gasoline
P.
belted
the
to
clippers. Very
little
needed
"
thrown
or
of the
about
cutter
of the
boys
and
the
reduced
place for
thrown
place, are
into
the
hopper
to
the fun
the
of
out
whitewash
brush,
and
much
so
be
kept
it, and
all
cleansed
spray
fills the
takes
pump
crevices
better
quickly that it is
Coops and all parts of
in better
it
can
be
Road
eat, the
value
repair because
done
to
and
his
with
means
the
done
the
there
much
so
Market.
of what
finallydetermined
markets
disinfected.
and
more
The
594.
we
and
"
Aside
farmer
Outside,
place of the
besides
doing it
the
wnth
quency.
greater fre-
poultry plant
is
time
more
will
for
less work.
from
the
produces
things
is after
The
Gasoline
Engine
on
the
487
Farm
The
488
Gasoline
the
is not
alone
of
have
the
stream.
but
stream
between
be
farm
and
of
ton
per
1.8
19c. ; the
miles, at
the
of
cost
reasonable
the
hauling by
distance, the
the load
at either
end
farmer
and
the
fact is
be
must
area
supplies for
is
the
levied
each
person;
of the horse
To
great
means
of
farm, and
the
and
farmer
manner,
the
this
place ;
and
more
to
handle
his
by taking
time
the road
of
proached.
ap-
with
of
is
the cost
both
one,
than
to
the
as
the
the
them,
ducing
pro-
still there
local
it in
for
the
and
must
station
becoming
in the
other
some
taken
produce
required
is
handling
the
outgrown
have
is it
more
tance
dis-
decreases
faster
now
the
even
been
rapidly,as
horse
the
cost
limited
sells, because,
requiresthat
connecting
at
of
larger
for the same
quantity of
that is,the haulage distance
railroads
extent
take
to
of
he
It has
becoming greater.
haul
has
territoryaround
upon
this the
cotton
important
an
mileage
team
increases
cities increases
capacity of
of
trip. On
whom
to
man
of the
population
of the
bad
overcome.
hauling by motor
being
expense
main
slight. This
very
of
cost
ket
mar-
the
is 9.4 miles,
limit
passable
im-
profit;
Even
average
team
of
of
and
of 27c. After
cost
endurance
The
the
mile
ton
side
to
menace
to
haul
average
would
with, actual
away
ous
seri-
its nearest
directlyreduced.
more
that
being removed,
done
ima
channel
the
equal
cut
other
the
on
mud,
an
is
mud
measure
can
produce
the
been
the
some
distance
from
of
that
in
hand, might
The
sometimes
now
roads
profit off
An
at
rating
roads
has
boat
no
Farm
the
remoteness.
commercial
high
on
of
measure
briclgedriver, with
amount
Engine
ity
capac-
power.
will
be
tinue
con-
some
with
the
necessary
for
most
cal
economi-
larger quantities; by
each
trip.
ducing
re-
The
Again
Gasoline
the
has
town
With
been
in another
way,
reasonable
market
from
four
total
finallyraised
each
to
miles.
distance
In
of 28.26
square
or,
within
now
city is
put
increased
of truck
ing
farm-
formerly 3 miles, a
miles.
Improved roads
was
6 miles, and
to
available
an
land
matter
haul
average
these
the
the road
cent.,
per
the
ing
farm-
new
hand
at
farming
from
haul
market
this
met
489
of
area
threw
112.9 square
the
good road communities
automobile
has considerably more
than
doubled
this.
The
above
facts are
considerably modified
by the
additional
truth
that, while only 80 years ago but 4
of the population of the United
States
lived
per cent,
in
In
of
area
average
the
has
least 60
at
Farm
the
automobile
reduced
the
the
acreage
open
the
eight times.
to
alone
on
gasoline engine
condition.
to
Engine
same
cities,that percentage
This
cent.
per
means
has
smaller
producers ; about
against a former 96 out
extending, and, while
as
is
30
to
of
the
to
over
of
proportion
The
100.
cultural
agri-
inhabitants,
100
every
40
demand,
then,
production per
tance,
has
also
increased, the necessary
hauling disbe levied upon
the territorythat must
by each
the capacity of
has been
extended, from
center,
acre
trade
the
increased
now
horse
that
to
Through good
haulage, as has
reduced
to
car
is
of
$840
to
be
on
595.
of the
years
frosty
of the
been
already only
divided
a
the
3c.
tons
1,000
per
between
farm,"
ago,
grass
ton
per
cost
of the
motor
car.
of
horse
mile
same
for
be
may
motor
Memories.
Home
declared
"
successful
"My
of
recollections
merchant
going barefooted
daylight after
along about
"consist
the
haul.
twelve-mile
Building
cost
and
proved by experiment,
but
lOc.
automobile
the
roads
average
several
through
the
cows
the
;
in
Gasoline
The
490
Engine
Farm
the
on
water
a
steep hill from
having to carry the wash
up
the spring before
breakfast, in order to get time for
in
cradlers
binders
and
after the
gathering sheaves
of the day^ of having
the stubbly grain field the rest
load
for another
of hay,
after supper
to
go out
the cows
of hunting up
then
and
again and helping
Fig.
to
milk
them
and
down
relieved
a
few
of
of the
months
task
since
met;
did
that
have
that
much
to
brought
and
and
he
died.
me
for
after
to
out
success
the
father,
hard
finally
place just
those early
the
work,
old
that
habits
that
"
I have
those
life I lived
"
of
my
meet
with
rest
upon
seeing
I know
me
strenuous
me
mother,
my
life centered
all the
long hours
of paying
fit
seeing
entire
of
to
hardened
the
of
her;
before
discouragements
her
kitchen
book
with
with
her
closed
bedtime
weary,
house
^Memories.
Home
"
until after
sober-faced
world
179.
it
in my
of
hood
child-
industry
equipped
me
The
492
of
intelligence
turns
her
brute
force
greatest
power.
Gasoline
does
as
wheels
or
Engine
the
whether
intelligence
achievement
on
of
the
Farm
the
story
of
it
be
expressed
of
animal
human
the
in
muscle
race
that
power
or
of
mechanical
"
of
terms
that
596.
Look
CHAPTER
XXIX.
THE
IDEAL
FARM.
into
To-morrow.
inappropriate, even
hasty glimpse at
consider
which
it is
in
semi-technical
ethical
the
It does
"
side
of
not
work,
toil and
have
faith
in her
One
of the
best
advance
those
of
we
all life of
effort
patient
this
life, when
legitimate feature of
the farmer
no
longer has occasion
The
yesterdays of agriculture were
that
seem
be
to
prived.
deof
days
to-morrow,
who
we
most
; what
force
of
Summary
Somewhere,
looking
past,
them
the
the
the
world's
into
overworked,
vision
of
battle
Complete
the
for bread
future,
heat-tortured
unwearying
efficient
most
of
make
we
this
new
power?
"
597.
of
shall
use
Home.
can
we
of
the
horses
stead
in-
of
the
behind
the
in
conquest
world's
"
see,
engines drawing
weapons
which
Farm
best
brains
can
for
little,because,
work
of weeks
hour.
be
No
form
may
of
with
the
be
done
mechanical
deeper cutting,more
forces
in
in
hand,
the
man
day, perhaps in
whether
efficiency,
a
or
complete ])ulverization,
493
an
it
a
The
494
Gasoline
Engine
will
be
Farm
the
of air with
thorough mixing
more
on
grain of earth,
day,
yesterday and of toevery
factory of
so
perfectlyequipped to the finest details in
quickly, cheaply, and effectivelycarrying out every
constructive
that requires to be done
in the
process
of
conversion
fabric, will
the
earth
just
and
air into
capacity,on
the
in
the
best
The
growth.
exert
of
system
the
farm
be
will
perform
be,
no
and
farm
one
Greater
raised
more
but
always
for feeding plant
accidents
of agriculture
not
once,
influence
important
than
The
of
stead
inefiiciency,
and
weather
more
elements
elsewhere.
as
raised,
soil will
be
or
of the
upon
factory.
plete
com-
of
the terrors
drainage will remove
Irrigationwill guard against dangerous
rainfall.
excess
loaf
products.
possible condition
of the
output
future
climatic
will
the
the
will
crops
useful
her
of
cheaply, because
put
finished
the
as
word
better
and
into
effectivelyto-morrow
operation in converting the
constructive
of
material
raw
needed
every
The
lacking.
"
harvests
The
control
; the
of mechanical
from
the
efficient
rule.
are
the
the
of
filled with
Because
little that
will
be
under
the
that
better
the
is weeds
rule
of
available
grain
of the
the
of each
conservation
cleaning machinery
very
be
conversion
Because
exactness.
that
also
complete
most
chaff
use
will
or
it all with
the
power
is faultless
developed
of the
crops
and
of
the
the
best
grain
most
own
chemical
seed
will
be
better
field will
The
waste.
instead
its
to
the
bins
the
used
supply
balanced
exception ;
tion
ra-
it
The
Gasoline
will insure
fat
which
the
last
engine
degree of
house,
In the
into
future
the
eliminated
The
fields and
in the
broaden.
higher plane
downward
Life
instead
to
achievement
"
of
will
work
to
up
but
the
of
be
it is
made
without
that
nature
life.
w^ill
them
upliftedby
feelingthat constant
animal
to
side of life.
ethical
be
with
is not
and
efficiency,
and
will
of
level
it
wish
will
day
of butter
and
equal changes.
intellectual
of the
milk
495
efficiency.
would
of the
tasks
food
higher degree
of
Farm
the
mechanism
driven
shows
who
"
produce
sacrifice
as
on
production
richer
Engine
pand,
ex-
to
tugging
Effort
will
and
become
"
598.
How
599.
When
the
true
the
ideals
of
hope
for
us
to
work
out.
Gasoline
It Possible.
Engine Makes
How
the gasoline engine make
does
this possible?
work; by releasingus from the fetters
By intelligent
the constant
of muscular
With
limits.
grind of getting
the most
cumstance
pressing tasks done as well as the cirwill permit removed,
in its
there comes
the very
place a new
pride in reaching out toward
best results
that can
by any possibilitybe attained.
come
The
with hard
contest
soul-killing
necessity will bea
spiritedrivalrywith progress, a desire to test
her every
life considers
possibility.Animal
only the
of getting a living. Intellectual
lives
and means
ways
in getting the best possible
are
constantly concerned
of life, the values
values
out
weighed by constantly
ideals.
and
the best moral
broadening standards
Dreams
Come
True.
"
It
is
the
old
The
496
of
story
the
Gasoline
the
the
the
The
limiting
those
and
advances.
of
glimpses
of
the
world
To
only
ethical
story
toil.
of
hoe
ideals
of
of
To
eternal
enjoyment
out
"
him
his
own.
of
terms
before
him
to
the
directs
lifts
of
in
he
as
tells
sunset
another
"
ance
endur-
stretched
ditch
who
man
controlled
physical
out
and
with
man
are
owui
are
the
supper-time
beauty
one
widens
in
the
expressed
are
which
man
the
the
his
constantly
the
Farm
the
against
of
other
possibilities
the
on
the
capacities
of
world's
him,
day
with
man
automobile.
by
Engine
completed
him
into
it
new
brings
life
CHAPTER
TABLES
in
and
invisible
other
much
explanation
another
kind
electrical
The
the
of
Volt.
of
to
the
column
in connection
arbitraryterms
be
may
with
which
with
better
the
used
in
stood
easil}^under-
more
of water
known
depends
behind
of water
rush
to
it from
conducts
level
lower
some
purposes
fluid,electricity
; at least the
tendency
pipe
air, steam,
For
gases.
readily
ties
quali-
of water.
The
"
is
with
considered
of the
some
measurements
end
tank
be
comparison
and
vapors
of invisible
of
Water
"
its behavior
measurements
by
and
Defined.
of
it may
meaning
exact
FORMULAS.
Terms
compared
of
the
upon
it and
an
from
out
elevated
pressure
speak
we
of
it
tendency of the
electric fluid to rush from
lower
a
a higher to
potential
and speak
that is, to equalize the two
measure
we
of as so many
the same
volts pressure,
meaning much
in the other
by pounds pressure
thing that we mean
The
volt is the electrical term
urement
case.
denoting measof pressure
or
intensity.
left open
If the end of the pipe were
The
Ampere.
as
"
AND
Electrical
600.
XXX.
so
pounds
many
The
pressure.
"
"
the
would
water
would
have
size
and
the
has
its rate
medium,
"
is, the
that
the
pressure
say
of flow
rate
all be
not
of
a
wire,
to
which
at
escape
would
"
of it.
through
to
the
497
The
an
of
electrical
but
upon
the
pipe
fluid also
electrical
measuring
once,
depend
carrying capacity
back
flow
able
conducting
unit
of
which
The
498
the
apply
we
The
for
Gasoline
the
measuring
The
Ohm.
of
not
term,
is the
ampere
Engine
of flow
rate
Farm
the
gallons but of
term
denoting
electrical
No
on
in the
than
amperes.
the
electrical
unit
current.
certain
quantity of
wall pass
water
through a pipe of given
per minute
size so
is the same,
but by increasing
long as the pressure
the elevation
of the tank
or
by closing its
into it or by increasing
top and forcing air or steam
the
"
in
pressure
of
amount
flow.
of
the
to
resistance
to
some
which
of
we
the
shape
of
the
to
of the
nature
that
resistance
behind
pressure
of the
pipe
resistance
and
in
of
both
Watt.
against a
or
the
at
in
do
which
terms
it is
of
The
of
kinds
wire
behind
termines
it de-
The
the
friction
The
ance
resistsize and
ing
present-
than
others.
also
size and
influence
the
upon
length
of
amount
is the
then
water
flows
enables
it to
of this
amount
water
size and
trical
elec-
of resistance.
the
its force
current.
the
upon
ohm
ure
meas-
we
depends
The
cases.
wire
ohms
of material
overcome
current.
the
When
wheel
quantity
depends
unit
"
work.
is
the
measurement
The
overcome.
or
the
many
upon
will be
resistance
resistance
electrical
pressure
w^ire,some
ance
resist-
which
The
current
electrical
more
the
rapidly it
That
so
with
depends
water
pipe.
electric
as
friction of the
or
the
unit
greater
through
of
speak
certain
the
is also
current
of
rate
wdiich
There
is the
the
to
how
How
ohm
resistance
resistance
the
and
The
The
greater
been
overcomes.
electric
measure
resistance.
the
the. flow
measure
the
has
there
of it friction.
flow
force
can
is most
we
way,
proves
in
pressure
any
water
This
amount
more
force
from
turn
often
Wlien
speak
the
pipe
wheel
depends
being discharged
flowing. We
horse-power.
the
and
the
upon
rate
of this energy
electricityis
con-
The
500
engine
for
at
If
should
on
be
with
Farm
the
than
more
charged
not
lamp
Engine
of little
cost
fuel.
voltage
Gasoline
per
than
its rated
more
for
good
hour
cents
from
600
to
1,000
hours.
Fire
The
602.
inclined
Hazard.
Fire
"
first to
the
insurance
companies
be
unreasonably exacting
in relation
all things using gasoline,in part perto
haps
because
the nature
of the fluid is so generally
understood.
not
They have had to relent in regard to
the use
of stoves.
They are relenting toward
line
gasois so great
the general pressure
engines, because
either come
the popular movethat they must
with
ment
lation
Some
be left behind.
or
general rules of instalhave, however, very properly been adopted by
were
the
National
at
gasoline engine
The
be
can
copy
of Fire
Board
ought
owner
of
obtained
of
substance
the
which
Underwriters,
read
to
and
every
fire insurance
any
observe.
agent.
important rulings is
more
here
given.
Location
floor; if
must
be
dust
and
of
protected by
inflammable
possible,be
inches
floor, 24
wooden
if
Engine should,
metal.
In
material
the
in
ground
outside
of engine
shops containing
be
engine must
opening to outer
fire-proofcompartment,
air at floor and
ceiling.
underground, if possible;
Supply Tank
enclosed
level
of lowest
feed
gasoline
not
be
both
and
will
through
be
in
and
back
occupied by
walls
for
at
least
their
level
low
be-
from
more
or
vault
ventilated
fire-proof
direct
feed
30 feet
below
tank
all drain
in trench
and
pipe
on
of
lowest
possible,with tested
overflow
pipe sloping so
as
into
other
tank.
Pipes
must
and
ings
open-
piping
admission
shall
be
se-
The
Gasoline
and
on
Exhaust
inches
oil
foundation
at
Farm
the
Vent
and
least
one
501
fill pipes
foot from
material.
must
extend
from
combustible
Pipe
or
on
tight.
freezing.
firm
all combustible
Engine
more
floor
outside
building and
material.
If
ried
car-
with
metal
partition,surround
thimble
at least 6 inches
bigger, the vertical section
with
through floor covered
fire-proofcovering. It
not
must
discharge into chimney.
Attention.
Care and
Cylinder, valves and exhaust
pipe to be cleaned as often as fuel renders necessary.
A set of rules regarding the
Electric Wiring Rules.
of gasoline engines is also issued
construction
and
a
list of all those
engines approved by the Association
of Underwriters
also has
code
of
quite an extended
rules relatingto the electric wiring of buildings,only
small
When
served,
oba
are
digested here.
part of which
safer than
they render electric lighting much
ordinary lamps.
Nothing smaller than No. 14 wire allowed
except
for fixtures
and
be mependent lamps. Joints must
chanically
Wire
must
not
perfect and then soldered.
through
or
"
"
be
laid in
plaster or
protectedby boxing
floor
wires
all around
space
maximum
wire
is
12
wire
24
and
permits
32
in
17 and
amperes.
approved
All
wire
be
must
5 feet above
protection, an
rubber
16 with
or
wall
floor ;
inch
allowed
amperes,
conduit
similar
wire
current
12
iron
or
have
must
Side
cement.
2^,
other
insulated
must
The
14
insulation; No.
respectively,and
wires
No.
air
be
No.
insulated
specifications. Where
10,
cording
ac-
passing
through walls, partitions,floors or timbers, they must
be carried
in porcelain or glass bushings which
reach
entirelythrough. No wire shall be permitted nearer
to
than
inch
one
without
with
some
between.
electric
Farm
the
electrical
other
or
it advisable
wiring
In
full.
metallic
to
on
conductor
make
cases
Engine
Gasoline
The
502
do
to
for
obtain
to
have
who
much
of the
copy
underwriters
wiring
motor
those
have
in
rules
general
rent
carrying cura
leads to have
a
requiring all motor
than
the full load
capacity of 25 per cent, more
dom
though the full load is selrating of the motor, even
given.
In case
of a gasoline fire
603. Fire Fragments.
rule
"
don't
use
In
case
of
for
as
same
In
alcohol
the
bring the
them
will fan
catch, do
flames
into
It
freely.
water
once.
downstairs
run
first will
at
should
clothing
If the
Use
water.
use
fire USE
alcohol
an
the
with
unites
flour.
or
gasoline.
of
case
fire don't
kerosene
earth
sand, sawdust,
Use
water.
not, under
of
out
or
about
the
doors.
head, and
life.
greater
Lie
cumstance
cir-
any
The
the
down
ond
sec-
; wrap
keep
engine
doors
keep
the
near
all events,
as
or
and
windows
floor
keep
building gets
room
as
and
If
shut.
to
get
far away
from
on
keep
caught inside,
window
the
fire
at
At
once.
gasoline supply
possible.
604.
Heat
(B.
T.
U.)
one
pound
about
39
Values.
is the
of pure
degrees.
"
British
quantity
water
Like
one
of
thermal
heat
heat
required
degree
Fahrenheit
all other
standards
of
to
unit
raise
at
or
weight
The
and
Gasoline
it is
measure
unit
which
with
B. T.
H.
Engine
on
Farm
the
purely arbitraryterm
and
compare
we
503
used
for the
heat.
measure
U.
Therefore
H.
P.
that
Of
from
the
vapor
petroleum from
same,
Thermal
605.
Heat
converted
Heat
lost
18,000 to
20,000.
Efficiency.
into
work
walls
through
cent.
25 per
and
cooling system
"
50
Heat
lost
Heat
lost
through
through
*'
exhaust
15
friction
10
"
100
The
oil
engines
from
range
waste
be
can
steam
square
25 per
to
10
be
heat
for
2J
thermal
other
of the
12
cent,
but
of thermal
steam
gasoline and
the
reasonable
of usefulness
efficiency
by utilizingthe
seemingly not at
the
per
exhaust
more
or
real
increased
purposes,
engines using
inch
The
somewhat
gas,
cent., and
per
28.
or
than
more
made
20
engine.
of
efficiency
in the
is seldom
of
efficiency
is around
can
present
The
thermal
average
ordinary steam
engine
use
cent., excepting as
Triple-expansion
steam.
pressure
of
reach
sometimes
200
pounds
nearly or
per
quite
efficiency.
To
cycle
fourHorse-power Formulae.
compare
of the piston in
engines. Square the diameter
of cylinders, the
inches, multiply by the number
length of stroke in inches, the revolutions per minute,,
and
divide
by 16,000.
606.
"
"
The
504
Gasoline
Engine
on
Farm
the
Rule
the
of the
of
length
number
of
by
1-7.
for
10
Add
"
the
stroke, square
the
diameter
to
multiply by
sum,
"
of
3
Club.
Another
or
Auto
Royal
horse-power.
Another.
then
by number
By working
the
Square
"
of
cylinders;
different
these
out
divide
then
by
12.
it will
formulae
be
seen
there
is
"
that
manner
be
may
beyond
knots
be
wound
be
can
done
by rigging
The
fly wheel.
the
should
and
of the
it
barn
or
be
some
for the
fastened
weight is
the
engine
a
attached
to
slack
up
twine
out
should
of
an
but
of
the
shaft
be
free
from
window
upper
This
windlass.
extension
an
lowered
like
pulley can
the
lower
the
motion
still continue
to
end
of
run.
Note
of
exact
minute
number
will be
the
in
minute.
one
of
608.
it has
in
doing
it.
foot-pounds lifted by
By dividing this by 33,000
horse-power
The
been
Prony
of
can
Brake
be
The
result
the
engine
the
ber
num-
determined.
Test."
The
prony
brake
is
The
of
power
which
is
of
engine
an
timber
in
(Fig. 82)
engine. To the
leather or heavy canvas
the belt being passed
the other
end
to
the
vertical
lower
fit
over
by
around
the
this
the
belt
be
from
secured
feet from
timber
the
wide
shortened
three
Just
pulley
springs,
and
may
of
work.
of two
wheel
the nut.
passes
of
is attached
means
real
forms
two
XIV
side
band
down
line which
the
wheel,
chapter
to
505
determining the
belt
cut
Farm
the
bolt,C, which
slowly by turning
of
the
at
an
at
on
means
illustrated
are
a
Engine
popular
standard
the
Gasoline
ward
down-
of the
center
"
interfere
to
tightens
; then
nut
the
that
so
at
is taken
engine begins
until
up
slow
to
band
down.
ward
is the downreading on the balance, which
pull the engine is exerting on the band ; then
of revolutions
take the number
with a speed indicator
is
If no
indicator
the engine is making.
per minute
of the slow-moving
handy tie a bit of string to one
is geared to the crank
shafts which
shaft, and count
Note
the
the
of
number
After
stopping
hand
and
make
while
The
number
one
minute
fly wheel
will give
wheel
The
revolutions
per
the
engine
the
count
the
per
multiplied by
the
pull on
the
wheel
each
necessary
when
balance
the
wheel
the
small
the
number
revolution
test
(or
was
the
it makes.
by
over
for
it to
revolving
are
of revolutions
number
minute
the
turn
shaft
of revolutions
to
that
revolutions
string and
revolves
minute
once.
makes
the
of
times
of the
small
of the
belt
in
or
one
fly
being taken.
weight in the pail)
The
5o6
which
the
which
it
the
tried
result
the
would
weight
the
each
energy
by
the
total
in
lifted
of
one
33,000
gives
engine
will
us
deliver
in
lifted
the
per
required
at
the
belt
and
exerting
per
which
multiplying
weight
the
minute.
would
Dividing
which
horse-power
under
the
or
through
minute
by
its
multiply
we
made
distance
pounds
foot-pounds
total
revolutions
be
multiplied
was
If
case
would
revolution
engine
point
this
feet
this
of
the
of
the
number
and
revolution.
number
get
was
circle,
the
in
six
or
of
center
to
attached,
circle,
the
wheel
distance
which
in
from
belt
with
energy
around
circumference
through
pulling
the
was
the
the
gives
distance
of
this
of
the
distance
balance
or
Farm
the
weight
the
center
diameter
3.1416
the
is
Twice
feet.
the
by
the
on
represents
swing
which
weight
three
exerted
to
of
or
where
Engine
engine
radius
energy
we
Gasoline
full
load.
this
minute
the
this
give
by
the
Index
5o8
Ball
for
Bearings
Shafting,
Best
Testing,
Bevel
324-
Size
of
Engine,
of
Battery
Bearing
116.
Dry Cells,
Lubricants, 207.
of
Bearings, Babbitting
Box.
Miter
and
Gearing, 348.
Cylinder, 53.
the
Boring
229.
Brake
Split
Horsepower, 252.
for
Bushings
Connecting
Rods, 80.
328.
Bearings, Ball,
for
Bearings
Crank
C
324.
Gas
Shafts,
Engine
150.
Bearings
Shafting,323.
Bearings
for
Shafting,
Metal,
Call
of the
Canvas
for
Babbitt
Bushes,
Deposits,
with
Kerosene,
Roller
for
Shafting,
of,
Bearings,
They
Why
Heat,
Softening
70.
Deposits,
Symptoms
66.
in
Carbon
323-
Lubricants,
Cause
Carbonizing,
205.
and
fects,
Ef-
63.
157.
Capacity,
uring, Carburetor,
Fig-
for
Rule
Hints, 338.
Belt
Lacing,
Belt
Lacing, Hook,
343.
Carburetor
Belt
Lacing, Wire,
343.
106.
and
Adjusting
Float,
Defects,
firing,
Back-
109.
334.
Belt
Carburetor
106.
340.
Belting, 330.
Defects,
Carburetor,
How
Gasoline,
102.
Carburetor
It
Flooding,
Vaporizes
nating,
Troubles, Elimi-
of, 330.
105.
Carburetors, Automatic,
Belts, Length
Belts, Method
Carburetors,
of, 335.
of
Cementing,
Belts, Requirements
Belts, Rubber,
Belts, Sizes
of,
Hints,
333.
Care
Kink,
for
Miscellaneous
339.
Piston,
and
Repair
jMembers, 82.
Care
of Dry Cells,
344.
73.
ing,
Prim-
109.
Carburetors,
335.
of
107.
Carburetors,
Required,
justment,
Ad-
108.
331.
331.
103.
of
IMethod
Carburetors, Method
343-
Best
of
Cause
Deposits,
Preignition, 64.
Carbon
156.
Bearings,
34.
Belts,331.
Carbon
and
Farm,
Carbon
324.
Bearings, Linings
Belts
Gasoline
247.
Batteries, Method
Belt
of
Care
of
Gears, 355.
of
117.
Piston
Index
Care
of
Care
of
Governor,
Leather
Comparing
139.
Gear
509
Wheels,
351Care
of
Care
of
tems,
Sys-
145.
Causes
of
Causes
Bearings,
327.
Carbonizing, 63.
of
Bearing
of
Heating,
Defective
sion,
Compres-
of
Faulty Valve
ing,
Seat-
88.
Cementing
Belts, 343.
58.
Compression,
Faulty,
of, 56.
on
ciency,
Effi-
Effects
of
59.
Effect
Consumption, 58.
Compression, How
on
Fuel
Obtahied,
56.
_
Centrifugal Governor,
for
Centrifugal Pump
Compression, Limits
137.
tion,
Irriga-
Compression,
of,
Locating
57.
Leaks,
60.
406.
Centrifugal Pumps,
tions
Limita-
Compression,
of, 407.
Centrifugal
Method
of
ing,
Test-
60.
Suction
Pumps,
Compression,
Concentric
Lift, 408.
Centrifugal Pumps,
Types
of^
407.
Cone
Reason
for, 55.
Rings, 75.
Piston
and
Stepped
Pulleys,
Battery
to
322.
Changing
Action
Governor
Adjustment,
Circle
Saw
by
434.
378.
Circulating System
of
Removing
Head,
Piston
Connecting
Rod
Connecting
Connecting
Rod
Without
81.
and
Rings,
Cleaning
the
Cylinder, 66.
of
Cylinder, 59.
Clearance
Clutch, Function
of,
in
Comparing
Tractor,
Types,
for
80.
Gasoline
186.
Construction
of
Drag
Saw,
381.
ors,
Tract-
Construction
of
Dry
Battery,
115-
294.
Test
Rod
Connections
Tanks,
17-
Materials
Rods,
for, 80.
Connecting
70.
Bushings, 80.
Design, 80.
Lubrication,
Rod
Connecting
Cylinder
Cleaning
Water
143.
Cleaning
gine,
En-
118.
Outfit, Portable,
Cooling,
Connecting
134.
Churning by Power,
Cold
Lighting
Z144.
Compression,
59.
Causes
Electric
Complete
System,
Compression,
157.
Causes
Differential
or
Gearing, 296.
Magneto, 127.
Water
Cooling
Casting Babbitt
and
Two-Cycle
of
Lubricants,
Steam
292.
and
204.
Gas
Construction
of
Construction
of
75-
Piston, 72.
Piston Rings,
Index
510
Construction
of
Spark
Plug,
Finish
Cylinder,
53-
120.
Continuous
Open
Supply, by
Water
Water
Objections
to,
361.
140.
Gasoline
Engines,
Convenient
Rule
for
51-
^lethod
Cylinder,
334-
Removal
Engine, 238.
Copper-Asbestos Packings, 69.
Cost
of
Cost
of
Tractor
Iron
Farming, 288.
Pulleys, 319.
Crank
Shaft
Lubrication, 81.
Crank
Shaft
of
Gasoline
gines,
En-
Crank
in
Starting
Power
bv
]\Iotor
Cvcle,
464.
Slipping Belts,
Production,
by
2"2"7-
]Mag-
of
Operations
Engine,
Cylinder, Best
in
line
Gaso-
^Material
for.
Cylinder
Compression.
Defects
in
Defects
of Dry
Defects
of
Piston, '/6.
Defects
of
Piston
Defects
Demands
of
Terms,
Work,
52.
54.
Cells, 117.
Rings, ^6.
Horsepower,
of
251.
Electrical
497.
of
Engine
Foundations,
161.
of
Connecting
Rods,
80.
Design
of
Design
of
in, 54.
Best
Causes
Cylinder Bore,
Dehnition
Differential
61.
of,
of. 59.
Depth
44.
Effect
62.
Plowing. Advantages
Design
Cylinder,
Clearance,
Deflnitions
123.
61.
280.
erated.
Op-
431.
Current
320.
Power.
Defective
Separator,
for
on
Set
Projecting
Decreasing Clearance,
gine,
En-
275.
Cultivating
Gasoline, 187.
of
Dangers
Screws,
Deep
152.
Use
of
Dangers
anced,
Counterbal-
Shafts,
neto,
of, 67.
Decreasing
151.
Cure
Cleaning,
Irrigation,404.
Covering
Cream
of
Hot
Cooling
Crank,
Engine
on
'66.
Size,
Belt
of
Cylinder, Lubricating,62,.
Cylinder. Lubricant
for, 206.
Cylinder.
133-
Influence
Design,
ture.
Tempera-
51.
69.
Cylinder,
of,
Method
Head,
Packing
Supply,
Controlling Engine
Controlling
Cylinder. Functions
Cylinder
362.
Troughs.
Continuous
Cycle
by Grinding,
Action
plained,
Ex-
297.
dry
Foun-
Differential
296.
Gear,
Action
of,
Index
of,
Gear, Function
Differential
511
Electric
296.
Wheels,
Gear
as
]\Ianiire
Fields,
on
Distillate
as
Distributingthe
for
Water
gine,
En-
Ignition System,
128.
Construction
Saw,
Drag
of,
381.
System,
Faults, 228.
Processes,
114.
Defined, 497.
Terms
Relation
Terms,
of,
499the
Terms,
Ampere,
497-
Electrical
Terms,
the
Terms,
the
Terms,
the
Ohm,
498.
Saw
Drag
384.
Dressings
Rig,
Automatic,
Cell
Electrical
Belts, 333.
Volt,
115.
118.
Cells,Advantages
Dry
Cells, Care
of,
Batter}',116.
for,
Carburetor
bles,
Trou-
105.
Engine
Into
Rules
Wiring,
501.
117.
of, 117.
Cells, Connecting
Engine
Accessories,
for
159.
Gas
Tractors,
Workshop,
368.
293-
Cells, Defects
Cells, Good
of,
117.
ment
Arrange-
of, 118.
Cells, Life
Electrical
Eliminating
Dry
Watt,
498.
Battery, Connecting
Engine,
Dry
Electrical
497-
for
Dry
Electrical
Electrical
484.
Double
for
Electrical
Digging by Gasoline
Ditch
Ignition
rigation,
IrElectrical
412.
Dry
Electrical
Testing
366.
Dry
442.
Electric
425.
Horse
Plant. 2SJ1,.
Disposal of
to
Storage
er,
Washing by Engine Pow-
Power
Dry
Lighting,
System,
Lighting
Complete, 444.
Electrical Conveniences^ 447.
of
Disadvantages
Dry
Electric
Battery for,
352.
Dry
er,
Pow-
441.
of
Dimensions
Dish
Lighting by Gas
Engine
for
Engine
Installation,Rules
for,
500.
of,
Engine
117.
Operated
Cleaner, 426.
Power
Engine
for
Vacuum
Ironing,
422.
Eccentric
Type
Piston
Rings,
75of
Bad
Effects
of
Carbonizing, 63.
114.
Room
Abominations,
179.
Effects
Electric
Engine
Air, 88.
Current,
Producing,
Engine
Room
Engine
Engine
Room
Fittings, 174.
Room,
Floor
Engine
Room,
Line
Cautions,
179.
for, 176.
Shaft,
177.
Index
512
Engine Room,
Storing Oil,
Engine
Engine
Engine
Troubles,
Ventilation,176.
Speed
Control, 133.
Engine
Troubles, Pre-ignition,
240.
Engine
Method
Troubles, a
Parting Advice, 243.
Troubles,
Suspected
ple
Sim-
Few
Back-firing,
241.
Troubles,
Shocks,
of
Cause
232.
Troubles,
Engine
Common,
Faulty
Troubles,
Engine
Transmission, 223.
Electrical
Do,
Engine
228.
System,
Testing
Troubles,
Magneto, 231.
Troubles,
Engine
System,
226.
Equipment
of
with
Test
Shop,
Work
368.
Port, Size of, 90.
Valve, Setting, 93.
Exhaust
Explaining
Engine
Testing
Troubles,
Exhaust
242.
to
230.
Engine
226.
Troubles,
Engine
229.
Engine
Troubles,
Engine
teries,
Bat-
Troubles, Testing
234.
Questions,
tion
Igni-
232.
Troubles,
Engine
of
Engine
Few
ations,
Vari-
Troubles, Speed
239.
Bit
Engine
Timer,
Pounding,
242.
Controlling,140.
Engine
ing,
Overheat-
Troubles,
Engine
Work
the
Room
Facts,
242.
237.
Temperature,
Engine
Outside
Troubles,
Engine
i75-
176.
Engine
of
for
Provisions
Room,
Bench,
of,
Origin
Troubles,
Knocking,
178.
Engine
Engine
224.
fler,
Painting Muf-
Room,
Engine
of
Mission
Room,
Engine
Paint, 178.
Action,
Gear
Dififerential
297.
Fires,
Extinguishing Gasoline
226.
Troubles,
Irregular,
Troubles,
Knocking,
193-
224.
Engine
242.
Engine
Troubles,
Lack
ergy,
of En-
Power,
Engine
Troubles,
Lack
of
Misfiring,
223.
Dairy,
Farm
Farm
Tractor
295.
Churning
by
434.
Dairy, Gasoline
Engine
in, 428.
241.
Engine
for
Gears
Power,
235.
Troubles,
of
Transmissions,
223.
Engine
Face
Troubles,
Operating,
Farm
Dairy,
]\Iilking
for, 428.
chines
Ma-
Index
Dairy,
Farm
Separator,
Farm
Power
of
Forms
Operated
Supply Systems,
of,
Effects
Foundations
Feed
Seating,88.
Grinding by Power, 356.
Foundations
Feed
Grinding, When
nient,
Conve-
Depth
Room
Fighting
Weeds
Pit,
Engines^
161.
for
Gasoline
185.
Foundations,
Pit, 165.
167.
Foundations,
Lining
Engine
on,
Gears,
Size
Finding
of,
161.
Engines,
for
Gasoline
by
Filling Foundation
FilteringLubricants
of
for
Tanks,
Accessories, 361.
Engine, 482.
of
218.
Leveling
Foundations, Locking
346.
Pulleys, 316.
for,
gines
En-
169.
on,
Extinguishing, Rules
Place, 167.
Foundations,
Bolts
in
Making
Frame,
165.
tinguish,Foundations, Making
Ex-
502.
to
165.
Foundations,
193.
Firing Charge
by
sion,
Compres-
Accomplishment of
Engine,
First
Gasoline
for
Fittings
plate,
Tem-
Material
ed,
Need-
Placing
Engine
164.
113.
First
503.
Use
Filling the
Foundations
356.
Fire
Horsepower,
Print,
165.
Faulty Valve
Finish
34.
Blue
Foundations,
59-
Feed
Power,
162.
of,
Compression,
for
Foundation
422.
Faulty
Farm
Formulae
431.
Water
513
Foundations,
tion
Trac-
277.
on,
Engine,
Engine
167.
Foundations,
42.
Room,
Portable
Engine,
171.
.
Foundations,
174-
Point
Flash
of
Foundations, the
Flash
Test
Float
Valve
Flooding
of Lubricants,
211.
Adjustment,
109.
Carburetors, 106.
Foundations,
Foundations,
Flushing Out
Four-Cycle
Gutters, 366.
Design
and
Foolish
Economy
Feed
Type,
Various
Types
of,
170.
Engine
Operation,
153.
tion,
Lubrica-
220.
Force
Vacuum
struction, 44.
Con-
154.
ting,
Set-
171.
for
Wheel
Final
167.
rial,
Mate-
164.
Lubricants,
204.
Floor
Preparing
Lubrication,216.
ferred,
Pre-
47.
Frame
for
Frame
of
149-
Foundation, 165.
Gasoline
Engine,
Index
514
and
Fuel
Feed
Fuel
Fuel
Proportions,
Air
Fuel
loi.
198.
Ditching
with, 484.
Gasoline
Effect
Engine,
Farm
Boy,
on
39.
Engine,
First,
42.
for
Fuel
Gasoline,
Engines,
Gasoline
for
Engine,
Barn
Hoist, 458.
181.
Engines,
for
Fuel
Kerosene,
Gasoline
for
Engine,
ing,
Churn-
434-
194.
Fuel
Engine,
Distillate, Gasoline
Engines,
for
Fuel
Gasoline
Engines,
for
Notes
on,
Regulating
Governor,
Functions
of
Differential
of
Function
Cylinder,
Gear,
482.
Engine,
of
Function
Intake
Port, 85.
Piston, ^2.
of
Functions
Fighting
for
Grain
Tender, 460.
Gasoline
296.
for
Engine,
Gasoline
51.
Farm
36.
Gasoline
Weeds,
135-
for
Engine,
Power,
199.
Fuel
Gasoline
for
Engine,
Power
Trucking,
Gasoline
454.
for
Engine,
Low
ing,
Spray-
387.
Gasoline
Mower,
Gasoline, Changing
Gasoline,
Common
from,
197.
Risks
with,
Gasoline
Sawing,
Gasoline,
Garden
of, 187.
Dangers
Small
and
gation,
Irri-
Farm
Air
Engine,
Gasoline
Cooled,
142.
Gasoline
Gasoline
Engine,
Digger, 456.
Gasoline
Engine,
Man,
Power,
as
Gasoline
Utility
Gasoline
Drill
Engine, Convertible,
44.
of
Hints
Household
Ice
Engine,
^Making
435-
Gasoline
Gasoline
Operations,
Z7-
for
for, 437.
Farm
Engine, Cycle
470.
Engine,
Gasoline
by,
457.
the
Engine, Helping
Engine,
Starting,265.
Uses
Engine, as Well
Harvesting
Crop, 478.
Hole
Post
43-
Gasoline
Engine,
Binder,
38.
Gasoline
Gasoline
as
Fruit
Foundations,
137.
Gasoline
Gasoline
as
:i,T7.
Engine
Corn
Engine,
Gatherer, 466.
Wood
408.
Tractor
for
Engine,
Gasoline
191.
for
Engine,
463.
Engine,
Home,
in
Ideal
493.
Engine,
in
the
Field,
Index
5i6
Gear
ter,
Mi-
and
Bevel
Wheels,
Gasoline
with
348.
"
Gear
Wheels,
Gear
Wheels,
Cams,
of
er,
Leath-
Engines, Adaptability
of, 257.
Gasoline
42.
Gasoline
Engine,
Hired
]\Ian,
Relation
of
to
ing
Engine, Sheep Shearwith, 485.
Engine,
Gasoline
in,
Power
Gasoline
43.
Engine,
Style
Gasoline
S3'stem
Starting,264.
Engine,
in
on
Use
at
Parts
New,
Cooled,
Gasoline
Water
Horsepower
What
Will
Five
Do,
Engine, What
Includes, 262.
Farm
ter,
Engines, for Ice Cut-
Engines,
Housewife,
for
the
447.
Engines, Foundations
for, 161.
Gasoline
Engines, Frames
of,
Fuel
for,
149.
249.
Gasoline
for
435.
Gasoline
142.
Engine,
Electric
416.
Gasoline
Engine,
Gasoline
114.
Engines,
Women,
Watching
Engine,
262.
for,
Electrical
Lighting, 441.
Gasoline
of, 47.
Gasoline
ing
Wash-
Engines, for
Gasoline
475.
Engine, Vital
Engines, Dish
Knowledge
Gasoline
the
Time,
Cylinder
by, 425,
Gasoline
Engines,
Engine, Turning
Threshing
Engines,
ficiency
Ef-
of, 503.
Load, 261.
Gasoline
Engine,
Cooling
for, 206.
Gasoline
Engine, Thermal
Gasoline
Oil
Best
Size, 247.
Gasoline
Engines,
Hot, 238.
Gasoline
the
Engine,
Gasoline
Engines, Controlling,
133-
ture
Tempera-
Cylinder, 44.
Gasoline
ment
Arrange-
Main
Gasoline
Gasoline
in
Engines,
of
Bearings, 150.
Gasoline
Engines, Attention
Required,
Required, 268.
246.
Gasoline
Engines, Advantages
Simplicity,256.
of
Source
Engine,
Gasoline
255
Engines, Advantages
Light, 255.
Gasoline
of
^Market, 486.
to
Heavy,
of
Shortens
Engine,
Road
Engines, Advantages
Gasoline
39.
Gasoline
Gasoline
Two
140.
Gasoline
What
Do, 249.
Engine, Why
Cooled,
Gasoline
352.
Do
Will
Horsepower
of,
Dimensions
Wheels,
to
261.
Engine,
Gasoline
351Gear
New,
Gasoline
349.
Care
Engine, What
Outfit
Gasoline
181.
Engines,
Index
of
Engines, Function
Gasoline
Fly Wheel,
Gasoline
Governing, Methods
Governor
Engines,
Mounted,
Engines,
Engines, Main
of, 155.
ings
Bear-
of,
139.
Centrifugal
Type,
Gear
Engines, Placing
Finish
Wheels,
Gear
of,346.
for
Wheels,
for
Care
Rules
of, 355.
Ideal
Wheels,
Order
for,
Separator
433.
135-
as
Lubricant,
Grinding, Advantages
354-
Wheels, Intermittent,349,
Gear
Wheels,
Internal
Wheels,
Alaterials
Spur,
348.
Gear
Grinding
346.
Wheels,
Rawhide,
Gear
Wheels,
Spur
Gear
Wheels,
Type, 348.
Strength of, 353.
Gear
Wheels,
Worm
Gudgeon
Types,
ral
Spi-
General
Care
General
Construction
of
Tractors,
311.
of Tractors,
Types
of Gasoline
of
136.
Heat
Miss
tem,
Sys-
with
with
227.
Tractor,
Tractors,
Measurement
for
of,
Care
of
280.
310.
Units,
502.
Piston
and
for
Starting Gasoline
Engine, 265.
Hit
or
for, 79.
Lubricants,
Auxiliaries,83.
Dry
118.
Governing by Hit
Protection
Hauling
Hints
Arrangement
Cells,
Hands,
gines,
En-
50.
in
Hints
291.
General
Acids
and
Harrowing
349.
Grists,360.
Pin, Material
205.
351.
and
of, 53.
Meal, 360.
Grinding Cylinder Bore, 53.
Gums
Gear
220.
Cob
Grinding Family
for,
It
How
Governor, Throttling,137.
Fuel
Governors,
Regulating,
Power
Transmission, 246.
Gear
Wheels,, General
for
Pulley,
Works,
Spur,
348.
Type,
432.
Governor
External
Blade
Pulley
Drive,
on
167.
Wheels,
Pick
138.
Governor
Foundation,
Ignition, 140.
Governor,
272.
Gasoline
Governor,
ing,
Overhaul-
Engines,
Gasoline
Good
cerning,
Con-
137-
Gasoline
Gear
Care
Governor,
172.
Gear
Rules
134.
Governor,
Gasoline
of, 135.
Action,
of,
Heart
99.
Gear
by Regulating Fuel,
135-
267.
Power,
Governing
153.
Engines, Getting Up
Gasoline
517
or
m
Miss
e-m
Governor, 136.
ade
Troughs, 363.
Automatic
Index
5i8
H
e-m
Buggy, 454.
d e
Conveniences,
Horseless
Horn
e-m
468.
Conveniences,
Engines, 452.
Conveniences,
Self-Moving
H
e-m
Well
Drill,457-
Home-made
Pulleys,322.
Home-made
Tractors, 301.
for Joining Belts, 343.
Hooks
Horse
as
Plant, Disad'
Power
of, 283.
vantages
of
Horse, Life
281.
Average,
While
of
Work
Horse,
281.
Plowing,
Brake, 252.
Horsepower,
Horsepower,
Formulae, 503.
Lidicated, 252.
Horsepower,
Nominal,
Horsepower,
Purchasing,
Horsepower,
Tractive, 253.
Horsepower,
What
252.
It
253.
Means,
for
Tube
Household
Engine,
How
Ideal
Farm
Power,
36.
Ideal
Gear
Wheel
Order,
Work
Ideal
of
ated
Oper-
Shop
Ignition,by Electricity,114.
Compressed, 56.
Governor
Pulley Works,
Spark,
Ignition,by Open
Flame,
Ignition,
Coil,
Work,
202.
of
Function
121.
Spark
140.
Fires
Spark
Ignition,
How
Charge,
121.
Ignition, j\Iake
Ignition. Problem
Break,
and
of,
Few
Ice
Cutter,
Operated,
Gasoline
435.
Engine
121.
iii.
Facts,
22"2.
Ignition,
the
Wiring
System,
130.
Ignition, Timing,
of
Importance
131.
Lubrication,
201.
Power
ing
Decreas-
by
Clearance, 62.
Horsepower,
Coils, Faults
of Cylinder
Influence
252.
of,
on
230.
sign,
De-
SI.
Inlet
Valve,
Inspecting
Setting,92.
Testing,
Valve
Port, Size
Intermittent
92.
System,
91.
of, 86.
Gears,
349.
Ironing by Engine
422.
Iron
Pulleys, Covering, 319.
Irrigation, Centrifugal Pump
Power,
112.
119.
Ignition Governor,
Intake
Lubricants
112.
Ignition,by Jump
Inlet Valve,
Is
Tube,
Hot
Ignition,by
Gasoline
437.
Charge
354.
ment,
Arrange-
128.
Conveniences
Uses
493.
Induction
433-
How
Home,
Indicated
by Electricity,447.
How
Farm
Spraying, 396.
Ignition, 112.
Household
435.
Ideal
Increasing
251-
Hot
by Power,
Ignition Systems,
Horsepower,
Hose
Making
369.
Conveniences,
Saw,
e-m
Ice
Digger, 456.
e-m
Conveniences,
Hole
Power
H
Tractors, 453.
e-m
Post
H
Power
Light
H
Conveniences,
for, 406.
Index
Cost
Irrigation,
of,
the
Required
Farm,
for, 419.
jMachines
Leaks,
412.
Irrigation, Engine
for
Laundry
404.
Irrigation, Distributing
Water,
519
Method
Learning
of
Locating,89.
the Tractor,
Guide
to
Washing
306.
for, 404.
from
Irrigation
Deep
Wells^
409.
Irrigation, Garden
Small
and
Belts, 331.
Leather
for
408.
Irrigation, Kinks
and
Lacing,
Irrigation Plants,
What
They
Irrigation,Quantity of
Water
of
Dry
Life
of
Horse, Average,
Pumps,
Limits
for, 402.
When
Necessary,
tions,
Founda-
on
Life
Cells, 117.
Limitations
402.
341.
Belts, 335.
169.
tions,
Cau-
415.
Irrigation,
of
Length
Belt
Leveling Engines
Farm,
Contain,
Leather
Line
of
281,
Centrifugal
407.
of Compression,
Shaft
of
57.
Engine
Room,
177.
400.
Irrigation,
Where
Necessary,
Lining
Engines
tions,
Founda-
on
167.
399-
Irrigation,Why
Needed,
399.
Linings
and
Bushes
for
gine
En-
Bearings, 156.
Locating Leaks, 60.
Machines
Locating
Joints
Jump
for
Gasoline
Pipes, 186.
Spark Ignition,121.
K
Kerosene
for
194.
194.
Cutting Carbon,
Work
Shop, 371.
Locking Foundation
Bolts, 167.
Loose
Pulley Troubles, 321.
Loose
Ring Lubrication,216.
Low
in
Tension
Lubricants,
126.
Magneto,
Amount
of
Carbon
in, 213.
Lubricants, Animal
and
70.
table,
Vege-
208.
194.
Lubricants, Carbon
Lubricants,
Cold
in, 205.
Test
of, 204.
218.
Lubricants,Filtering,
Lace
Leathers, 341.
Lacing
Belts,
340.
Lubricants,
Flash
Point
of,
204.
206.
Index
520
LubricantSj Graphite,
Lubricants, Grease,
Lubricants, Gums
Lubrication, Through
220.
220.
217.
Acids
and
in, 205.
Lubricants,
How
They
Work,
Machine
202.
Lubricants,
Mineral
Oils,
Designers' Problem,
34.
Machinery,
209.
for
Lubricants, Testing
terants,
Adul-
211.
Gum,
for
Lubricants,
Testing for
cosity,
Vis-
Magneto
Magneto
Lubricants, Variety
Needed,
205.
They
Are,
203.
Lubricating
Gravity,
Systems,
214.
Action,
Economy
220.
Force
Lubrication,
Feed, 216.
of,
Importance
201.
Lubrication,
Loose
tem,
Ring Sys-
216.
Lubrication
Rods,
Care
Magneto,
Method
Testing,
It
Generates
125.
Tension, 126.
Magnetos,
Main
Gasoline
Bearings of
Engines, 155.
Make
and
Making
Break
Piston
Material, Best
of
Connecting
Ignition, 121.
Rings,
for
75.
Cylinder, 52.
Material
for
Gudgeon
Material
for
Piston
Material
for
Packings, 69.
Materials
Rods,
for
Pin,
Rings,
79.
75.
Connecting
80.
for
Materials
Gears, 346.
Needed
for
Foundations, 164.
of
Traction
Message
Engine
Engine,
277.
Method
of
Method
of
107.
Pressure
System,
Method
of
Proportioning
Port,
Lubrication,Purpose of,
Systems,
201.
Splash,
215-
Lubrication,
127.
of
How
Current,
216.
Lubrication
of,
123.
231.
81.
Lubrication,
123.
Advantages,
Magneto,
Done
416.
Women,
Materials
Lubrication,
It Has
Low
210,
Lubricants,
What
Farm
Magneto,
211.
in,
retor,
Carbu-
Ten
of, 221.
ments
Command-
Method
of
Methods
of
Methods
of
Methods
313.
86.
Valve
of
take
In-
Grinding,
Governing,
Lacing, 342.
Power
95.
135.
sion,
Transmis-
Index
Milking
Vacuum
Power,
by
521
Process, 428.
Cows
Milking
Power,
Milking
by
Gasoline
Power
Machines,
erated,Packing,
Op-
Treatment
bricants,
Lu-
Hydrocarbon
Misfiring,Causes
Mixing Air and
Material
Gasoline
por,
Va-
Paint,
for
Used
for
ing,
Cultivat-
Gasoline
Engines,
and
Abuse,
97.
Piston
N
of Babbitt
Nature
of
Metal, 325,
Gasoline, 181.
of
Necessary Components
Engine, 48.
Notes
for
Nozzles
oline
Gas-
with
Blade
and
Piston
Rings,
Piston, Best
Material
Object
Oiling
New
Kerosene,
Valve
Open
Piston
194.
Timing,
Defects, 76.
Piston, Design
and
ship,
Workman-
73.
Piston
or
of,
Gudgeon
Pin,
Method
72.
Pin, 79.
of Proportioning,
79.
91.
Pin,
Ignition,112.
Piston
Piston
Rings, Concentric
Water
Cooling
Pressure
on,
79.
Type,
75-
142.
Separator by
Operating Cream
Power, 431.
gine,
Operation of Four-Cycle EnOtto
of, 72,
Engine, 264.
Jacket
System,
for, 73.
Piston
Flame
Open
Cleaning,
77-
Piston
of
138.
Auxiliaries,Care
and
Spraying, 394.
to
Gasoline
Governor,
Piston, Functions
Objections
199.
274.
Piston, Construction
Horsepower, 252,
Engine Fuels, 199.
on
Alcohol,
of, 83.
Nature
Nominal
of
Hazard
Personal
Pick
Engine
178.
Room,
Engines,
172.
in
Mission
Peculiarities
464.
for, 69.
Muffler, 178.
Paint, Its
Muffler, Use
Board,
69.
Packings,
of, 241.
103.
Mounted
Mill
209.
Motorcycle
Head,
of, 70.
Asbestos
Packings,
428.
or
Cylinder
69.
428.
Mineral
the
Packing
Piston
Rings, Construction
of,
75Piston
Rings, Defects
44.
Piston
Gasoline
Piston
Outfits
Engine,
43.
for
Spraying, 398.
Overhauling Gasoline
Engine,
Overheating, Causes
75.
Piston
272.
of, 237.
of, 76.
Index
522
Transmission
Power
Piston
Piston
Preignition Caused
64.
by Carbon,
Preignition,Causes
of, 240.
Piston
for
Plea
Small
the
Engine,
247.
280.
Power
Plowing,
Hours
for,
Needed
Saw
Circular
Outfit,
Portable
Foundations,
Engine
and
Power
Valve
for
System, 85.
Power
for
the
Farm, Gasoline
for
Tractor,
Pin,
for
Sj'stem
79.
Water
423.
of
System
tion,
Lubrica-
216.
of
Gasoline
Engines,
Circuit,What
Primary
Engine, 36.
Power
Piston
on
Pressure
Price
34-
Start
to
Pressure
Forms
Farm,
the
Engine
303.
Supply,
171.
of,
]\Iaterial for
Foundations, 164.
Pressure
378.
bitting,
Bab-
324.
Preparing
Portable
for
Boxes
Preparing
300.
Port
313-
Preparing
Tractor, 289.
Methods,
257.
It
cludes,
In-
129.
the
Ideal,
Farm,
Principle
of
Gasoline
Engine,
42.
Power
Power
for
Laundry
Farm,
for
Needed
417.
Plowing,
300.
Power
Power
Power
of
Gasoline
Tractors,
Farm
of
Gear
Wheels,
Operated
386.
Required
353.
Wood
Tasks,
ter,
Split-
for
Sawing,
for
Various
249.
Saw,
Power
Transmission
Home-made,
468.
by Belts,
330.
by
Gear
346.
Transmission
by Ropes,
345Power
t,^.
Designers,
of
Ignition, iii.
Electric
Current,
114.
Prony
Brake
How
Test,
505.
Proportioning Piston
Proportions of Fuel
Pin,
79.
and
Air,
lOI.
and
Stepped,
322.
Transmission
Wheels,
Power
Problem
Made,
Required
Power
Power
Machine
Problem,
Producing
379Power
Farm,
34-
298.
Power
Great
Problem,
Transmission
313.
ing,
by Shaft-
322.
to
Shaft,
319-
317.
Index
;24
in
Use
Shims,
Gasoline
Down
Shutting
328.
Boxes,
gines,
En-
270.
Brake
Home
Simple
Test,
]\Iethod,
388.
Spraying,
Nozzles
Spraying,
Real
for,
394.
Purpose
of,
388.
504.
Six
Nature's
Spraving,
and
47.
Successful
Spraying,
Method,
391.
Size
of
Carburetors,
Size
of
Intake
Size
of
Belts
Spraying, Value
107.
Port, 86.
Required,
for, 337.
Tractors, 283.
Farm
Spur
of, 285.
Source
of
Engine,
Spark
in
Power
Gasoline
Action,
Controller, Mission
of
in
of
Suction
Caused
Variations
by
Engines,
of
Lubrication,
215-
Splicing
Gandy
Canvas
or
Crown
and
Gasoline
Pumps,
Summary
Home,
Lift
Face
leys,
Pul-
Engine
quired,
Re-
of
Centrifugal
408.
of
Complete
Farm
493.
of
Symptoms
239-
Splash System
Room,
246.
Belts, 335.
Shafts, 316.
Speed Variations
Governor, 239.
Engine
318.
Style
Speed
in
175-
of,
133-
Water
422.
Storing Oil
Straight
310.
of
Electric
for
for
System
Supply,
120.
Speed
Storage
Storage
120.
Spark
Speed
Crank,
Lighting, 442.
Follies, 132.
Formed,
Spark, How
Speed
with
Engine
442.
Functions, 119.
Plug
gine,
En-
Gearing, 348.
Storage
Spark
Spark
Gasoline
275-
43.
Coil
Nozzles
387.
quirements
ReStarting
Tractors,
Farm
with
Spraying
Cure
Vermorel
Spraying,
for, 396.
333.
of, 387.
Carbon
Deposit,
66.
in
System
Starting
Engine, 264.
Gasoline
Belt, 344-
Spraying,
Spraying,
Effect
Good
on
Yield, 398.
and
Cheap
Outfits,398.
Spraying,
Good
Pumping
Hose
for, 396.
392.
Spraying,
fit,
Out-
Temperature
Cylinder,
in
Gas
Engine
44.
for
Foundation, 165.
Template
ments,
CommandTen
Lubricating
221.
Index
Tractor
Testing Batteries,229.
Testing Compression, 60.
Electrical
Testing
for
Ignition
in
Testing
Testing Gasoline
of
Engines,
Shocks,
259.
System,
Lubricants
for
Operation,
Tractor
Operation, Speed
Tractor
Operation,
Turning,
terants,
Adul-
for
Gums,
for
The
Balanced
The
Dirt
The
Farm
The
Intake
Viscosity, 210.
Ration, 358.
Wood
Port,
with,
Preparing to
Use
Cultivator,
as
Best
Tractors,
Forms
Pile, 375.
Function
Engine
of
Efficiency,503.
by
Throttling
for
Tractors
475.
Small
Action
Tractors, General
Farms,
of,
and
Loose
Power
Pulleys,
321.
Care
General
Tractors,
of, 137Tight
Timing
Tractors, Home-made,
First
complishment,
AcTractors, Steam
Compared,
2^^.
Traction
Tractive
Its
Message,
Horsepower,
Tractor
Cost
Tractor, Harrowing
Tractor, Learning
of, 288.
with,
to
280.
Guide,
Tractor
Use
Tractors,
Wheels
Operation,
holes, 308.
in
Mud-
301.
Gasoline,
of
Clutch, 294.
for, 296.
Gears,
Face
of,
295of
of
Treatment
Troubles,
Tractors,
Packing, 70.
Gasoline
291.
Engine,
Classified,223.
Troubles
306.
of Mud-
with, 310.
and
Tractors,
Transmission
280.
Farmer,
Farming,
peal
Ap-
of, 311,
292.
Transmission
253.
That
Advantages
to
Tractor
Engine,
of,
291.
Tractors, Hauling
Ignition,131.
Engine, Its
283.
tion
Construc-
mission,
Trans-
298.
Power,
Governor,
for,
291.
of,
Tractors, Gasoline,
Threshing
Start,
303.
Tractors,
'j'j.
Gas
280.
293-
85.
Thermal
When
287.
231.
Menace,
lowable,
Al-
307.
Tractor, Plowing
Tractor,
211.
Testing Magneto,
Hills,
on
309-
Tractor,
Lubricants
Testing Oil
Bridges,
on
310.
211.
Testing
Operation,
232.
Tractor
Tractor
Oil, 210.
Ignition
Cause
Sand,
309.
Acid
Testing
in
Operation,
308.
228.
S}-stem,
525
of
Loose
Pulleys,
321.
Truing
Piston
Rings,
'jd.
Index
526
Two
and
Boys
Motorcycle,
of
Variety
464.
Lubricants
205.
and
Two-Cycle
Four-Cycle
Compared, 46.
of
Types
gines
En-
Ventilation
of
Centrifugal Pumps,
Vermorel
Nozzles
of
Viscosity
Vital
of
Fruit
Unique
Units
of
Gatherer, 466.
Heat
Measurement,
Machines
Laundry,
Waste
UtilizingAnimal
Utilizing
Use
and
Use
of
Power,
Waste
Heat,
Abuse
of
Foundation
Print,
Belt
Useful
Needed;
]\lethod,
Water
of,
Cleaner, Engine
Vacuum
Cows,
of
Milking
428.
Vacuum
tion,
Founda-
Engine
Value
of
Value
of
Gas
Compression, 56.
Thorough
Spraying,
387.
Grinding;
When
95.
Valve
Timing,
Water
Timing,
Water
General
94.
Vagaries, 98.
Needed
Quantity
for
Automatic
Supply,
Supply
by
Pressure
423.
tem,
Supply by Storage Sys422.
Systems
for
Farms,
422.
What
91.
Cooling,
Troughs, 363.
Water
Valve
for
Irrigation,402.
and
94.
143.
Needed
System,
Grinding, Method,
Care
ing
Circulat-
the
Cooling,
Water
171.
Systems,
145-
Water,
Type
142.
System,
Water
Process
Jacket
145-
erated,
Op-
426.
145.
146.
Cooling
Water
Vacuum
of
Amount
Cooling, Open
Water
Pulleys, 318.
Kink, 339.
gine,
En-
Cooling, Anti-Freezing
Water
Mixtures,
of
Gasoline
Cooling,
Water
Aluffler,97.
Blue
Farm
142.
Water
147.
for
Utilizing,147.
Cooled
34.
162.
Valve
gine,
En-
419.
Heat,
Water
502.
for,
203.
Gasoline
Washing
Valve
ing,
Spray-
47.
How,
for
Lubricants,
Parts
164.
Valve
Room,
396.
Valve
Engine
176.
407.
Use
Needed,
Five
Will
Rule
What
Horsepower
Do,
Gasoline
Includes, 262.
gine
En-
249.
Engine
Outfit
Index
What
Internal
What
Lubricants
Are,
What
Old
Wagon
Combustion
cludes,
In-
527
Wood
Sawing,
4,3.
Do,
Farm
203.
Room,
Can
Circuit
Circuit
Doing,
What
Wheels
to
Why
Do,
for
gine
En-
Tractors,
Work
Work
296.
Irrigate,
Work
399.
Is
Work
Needed,
Four-Cycle
Preferred,
U'iring
Engine
Work
Farm,
Lacing,
of
Work
343.
Ignition
System,
Shop
Power,
Engine,
Work,
386.
ing
Connect-
370.
Shop,
Engine
for,
Shop
Engine,
Placing,
Shop
Shop,
Equipment,
368.
Ideal
ment,
Arrange-
Sawing
379.
Outfit,
Setting
Shop,
Its
Purpose
on
367.
Shop,
Locating
chines,
Ma-
371.
Work
130.
Up,
Is
47.
Belt
Wood
by
for,
369.
399-
Wire
Splitting
Saw
368.
400.
Irrigation
Why
ing,
Plow-
368.
249.
Irrigate,
to
Drag
to
Horsepower
Will
Where
Is
While
Sawing,
Work
279.
Two
When
Tractor
Horse
380.
Wood
Gasoline
Engine
281.
cludes,
In-
129.
the
of
Wood
Secondary
for
176.
cludes,
In-
129.
What
Bench
Work
Primary
What
quired,
Re-
379.
Work
455-
What
Power
Shop,
Moral
372.
Worm
Gears,
349.
Benefits
of,
^^^s^
PRACTICAL
SCIENTIFIC
TECHNICAL
EACH
BOOK
AN
IN THIS
EXPERT
AND
CAN
IS WRITTEN
CATALOGUE
SO
IS WRITTEN
UNDERSTAND
THENORiNI Wmi
BY
YOU
IT
COIPANy
PUBUSmNIl
Nassau
Any
book
New
Street
in
this
Catalogue
sent
prepaid
on
York, U. S. A.
receipt of price.
INDEX
SUBJECT
PAGE
Accidents
PAGE
18
Manual
Brakes
17, 19
Marine
Training
Engines
Arithmetics
20
Marine
Steam
Air
Automobiles
Balloons
Bevel
Gears
Boilers
IMetal Turning
Milling Machines
Mining
Oil Engines
Cams
Car
Mechanical
22
Brazing
Charts
Gear
Change
Coke
Compressed
Air
Concrete
Cyclopedia
23
23
Producer
Receipt Book
Refrigeration
Rope Work
Rubber
Stamps
9, 10, 11, 12
22
12
3
Gas
13
14
13, 14
Gears
14
Heating, Electric
Hot
Water
Heating
Horse-Power
27
Chart
18
Railroad
11
24
Accidents
28
13
Punches
8, 24
23
.-
Gas
Manufacturing
Engines
13
15
Dies
Gas
22, 23
23
Making
Perfumery
Pipes
Plumbing
Fuel
16
21
Pattern
Dictionaries
9, 10.
21
4, 20
Drawing
Drop Forging
DjTiamo
Electricity
Engines and Boilers
Factory [Management
Flying Machines
20,
Patents
3, 4, 22
Chemistry
Coal Mining
29
Movements
15
14
Charts
Turbines
14
22
22
23, 25
15
15
25
Saws
Sheet
26
IMetal
Working
Shop Tools
Shop Construction
Shop Management
Sketching
Paper
21
20
20
Prevention
Smoke
13
3
Soldering
Splices
Steam
Engineering
Steam
Heating
Steam
Pipes
15
26, 27
27
28
Steel
28
Superheated
Steam
17
Hydraulics
15
Switchboards
Ice Making
15
16
India
25
Tapers
Telephone
20
Threads
22
Inventions
15
Tools
Knots
15
Turbines
29
16
Ventilation
27
Rubber
Interchangeable
Lathe
Manufacturing
Work
Lighting (Electric)
Link
Motion
17
Valve
Setting
16
Walschaert
Boilers
Engineering
17, 18, 19
Machinist's
Books
20,
THESE
18
BOOKS
THE
^^^='How
to
Remit."
By
22
PROMPTLY
ON
WORLD
Postal
or
19
Gear
Locomotive
OF
20, 22
Valve
Locomotive
1^*=- ANY
12
Liquid Air
21,
9, 11
Valve
17
19
Gear
29
Watchmaking
9, 11, 12
Wiring
Wireless
SENT
RECEIPT
Telephones
PREPAID
OF
and
TO
Telegraphy
ANY
ADDRESS
....
12
IN
PRICE.
Bank
Draft
CATALOGUE
BOX
CAR
chart
the
CAR
chart
reference
PASSENGER
reference
box
a
list
of
anatomy
given in
name
CAR
chart showing
its proper name
A
having
car,
gondola
reference
every
having
car,
part of the
numbered
car
and
its
20
cents
every
part of the
car
list
numbered
20
cents
numbered
20
cents
and
CHART.
the
of a passenger
anatomy
given in a reference list
WESTINGHOUSE
Chart
BOOKS
CHART.
the
showing
its proper
of
anatomy
in
given
name
GONDOLA
A
PRACTICAL
GOOD.
CHART.
showing
proper
OF
AIR-BRAKE
having
car,
every
part of the
car
and
CHARTS.
I.
Shows
modern
(in colors) the most
Westinghouse
High Speed and
Signal Equipment
used
on
Passenger
Engines, Passenger
Engine
Cars.
Tenders, and
Chart
Passenger
Shows
Westinghouse
for
(in colors) the Standard
and
Switch
Freight
gines,
EnEquipment
Price for the set
Freight and Switch
Engine Tenders, and Freight Cars.
50
cents
"
II.
"
TRACTIVE
A
chart
making
POWER
whereby you
CHART.
find the tractive power
drawbar
or
pull of any locomotive, without
what
cylinders are equal, how driving wheels and steam
pressure
sized engine you
need
to exert
a
given drawbar
pull or anything
50
cents
can
Shows
affect the power.
What
desire in this line
you
figure.
HORSE
POWER
Shows
the horse
cylinder diameter
or
CHART.
of any
stationary engine
power
of stroke; the steam
pressure
non-condensing,
Especially useful
BOILER
ROOM
CHART.
By
Geo.
Easy
calculation.
No
what
the
whether
densing
contime and
lations.
calcu50
cents
matter
to
use,
accurate,
and
designers
saves
...
L. Fowler.
size 14 x 28 inches
in isometric
showing
belonging
perspective the mechanisms
in a modern
boiler room.
Water
tube boilers, ordinary grates and
mechanical
stokers, feed
water
heaters
The
and
various
shown
broken
or
comprise the equipment.
parts are
pumps
is fully illustrated.
Each
that the internal construction
so
removed,
part is given a reference
and
number,
are
these, with the corresponding name,
given in a glossary printed at the sides.
This chart is really a dictionary of the boiler room
the names
of more
than 200 parts being
It is educational
worth
times its cost
given.
25
cents
many
A
Chart
to
without
or
"
"
"
"
CIVIL
HENLEY'S
TRADES.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Edited
by Joseph
OF
G.
ENGINEERING
PRACTICAL
Horner,
ENGINEERING
A. M.
AND
ALLIED
I. E. M.
contains
about
with thousands
of illustrations,
of five volumes
including
2,500 pages
and
This work
the
sectional drawings
with full explanatory details.
covers
entire practice of Civil and Mechanical
The best known
Engineering.
experts in all branches
The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted
of engineering have contributed
to these volumes.
well as the mechanical
to the needs
of the beginner
and the self-taught
gineer,
enas
practical man,
The work
will be
and machinist.
designer, draftsman, shop superintendent, foreman,
found
It is encyclopedic in scope, thorough
to any
of advancement
a means
progressive man.
and practical in its treatment
of technical subjects, simple and clear in its descriptive matter,
be and
technicalities or formulae.
The articles are as brief as may
and without
unnecessary
who
of the subject, and are written by men
yet give a reasonably clear and
explicitstatement
all you
It tells you
have
had ample practical experience in the matters
of which
they write.
about
want
to know
engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly,so concisely,that one cannot
it is without
As a work
of reference
a peer.
help but understand.
$6.00 per single volume.
For complete set of five volumes, price
$25.00
This
set
diagrammatic
COKE
COKE"
MODERN
MATERIALS
AND
INCLUDING
THE
ANALYSIS
PRACTICE;
and J. E. Christopher.
By T. H. Byrom
OF
A handbook
illustrated
to
COKING
PRODUCTS.
CATALOGUE
OF
PRACTICAL
GOOD,
BOOKS
"
COMPRESSED
COMPRESSED
AIR
ALL
IN
ITS
book
AIR
APPLICATIONS.
the
Gardner
By
D.
Hiscox.
of Air that
has ever
been issued, and its thirtyThis is the most
on
complete
subject
include
about
five chapters
be called an
phase of the subject one can think of. It may
every
air. It is written
by an expert, who, in its 665 pages, has dealt
encyclopedia of compressed
the subject in a comprehensive
with
Includes
no
the
manner,
phase of it being omitted.
to its highest pressure,
its thermodynamics,
pression,
comphysical properties of air from a vacuum
transmission
and uses
in the Operation of Stationary and Portable
as
a motive
power;
of Water,
in Mining, Air Tools, Air Lifts, Pumping
Machinery,
Acids, and Oils; the
and Painting, the Sand
Blast and its Work,
Air Blast for Cleaning
and the Numerous
ances
AppliAir is a Most
Convenient
and Economical
in which
Transmitter
of Power
Compressed
for Mechanical
Uses
Work,
to which
Railway Propulsion, Refrigeration, and the Various
Air has been
applied. Includes
forty-four tables of the physical properties of
Compressed
volumes
air, its compression, expansion, and
required for various kinds of work, and a list of
Over
500 illustrations, 5th Edition, revised
and
patents on compressed air from 1875 to date.
Half
bound,
Morocco,
$5.00.
enlarged. Cloth
price
$6.60
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
ORNAMENTAL
WITHOUT
MOLDS.
By
A.
A.
Houghton.
ornamental
for making
concrete
without
has long been held as a secret, and
molds
process
for the first time, this process
is given to the public. The book
reveals the secret and is
now,
the only book published which explains a simple, practical method
worker
whereby the concrete
is enabled, by employing wood
and metal
in
templates of different designs, to mold or model
concrete
Cornice, Archivolt, Column, Pedestal, Base
any
Cap, Urn or Pier in a monolithic
the job. These may
form
be molded
in units or blocks, and then built up to suit the
right upon
This work is fullyillustrated,
with detailed engravings.
Price $2.00
specificationsdemanded.
The
"
CONCRETE
FROM
SAND
MOLDS.
By
A.
A.
Houghton.
Work
which
A Practical
has heretofore
been held as a trade
treating on a process
secret
by
the few who
possessed it, and which will successfully mold every and any class of ornamental
work.
The
of molding
concrete
with sand
concrete
molds
is of the utmost
process
practical
of a low cost of molds, the ease
advantages
value, possessing the manifold
and
rapidity of
operation, perfect details to all ornamental
designs, density, and increased
strength of the
attention
and the easy
concrete,
of the molds
perfect curing of the work without
removal
gardless
rethe design may
of any undercutting
have.
192 pages.
Fully illustrated. Price $2.00
CONCRETE
WALL
FORMS.
By A. A. Houghton.
clamp is illustrated with
working
drawings.
forms, clamps, separators, etc., are also illustrated and explained
A
new
automatic
CONCRETE
The
wall
FLOORS
AND
molds
for molding
squares,
blocks are
fully illustrated
PRACTICAL
Complete
CONCRETE
SIDEWAf^KS.
hexagonal
and
and
By
many
A.
other
Other
50
A. Houghton.
styles of mosaic
explained
SILO
CONSTRUCTION.
By
types of wall
cents
floor and
walk
side50 cents
A. A. Houghton.
drawings
and
specificationsare given for several styles of concrete
silos,
with illustrations of molds
for monolithic
block silos. The tables, data and information
and
value in planning and constructing all forms of concrete
presented in this book are of the utmost
silos
50 cents
working
MOLDING
CONCRETE
A. A. Houghton.
CHIMNEYS,
SLATE
AND
ROOF
TILES.
The
By
manufacture
of all types of concrete
slate and
roof tile is fullytreated.
Valuable
data
all forms
of reinforced
roofs
concrete
contained
are
within its pages.
The
of
construction
concrete
is fully illustrated
monolithic
chimneys by block and
and
A
described.
systems
number
of ornamental
designs
of chimney
construction
with molds
shown
in this valuable
are
treatise
50 cents
on
....
CATALOGUE
OF
PRACTICAL
GOOD.
BOOKS
MOLDING
AND
CURING
ORNAMENTAL
CONCRETE
^.v A A. Houghton.
and
for various
of
proportions of cement
aggregates
linishes,also t'le methods
An exhaustive
this
thoroughly mixing and placing in the molds, are fully treated.
treatKe
on
worker
will find of daily use and value
concrete
50 cents
subject that every
The
proper
CONCRETE
Houghton,
MAUSOLEUMS
MONUMENTS,
The molding
of concrete
monuments
this treatise, with working
drawings
is also fully treated
CONCRETE
MOLDING
A, A, Houghton.
to
ot
AND
imitate
the
BURIAL
VAULTS.
cut
Cutting
.50
BATH
TUBS,
AND
AQUARIUMS
A.
is explained in
stone
inscriptions and designs
expensive
most
A.
By
cents
NATATORIUMS.
By
and
Simple molds
pools,
instruction
These
swimming
given
are
molds
etc.
for
molding
bath
styles of concrete
tubs,
successful
permit rapid and
many
easily built
are
and
work
50
CONCRETE
A
number
center
or
CULVERTS
BRIDGES,
of ornamental
core
for
bridges
concrete
bridges, culverts
and
AND
with
sewers
SEWERS.
By A.
illustrations of molds
is fully illustrated with
A. Houghton.
A collapsible
instructions
for
given.
are
detailed
building
50
CONSTRUCTING
A number
construct
molds
CONCRETE
PORCHES.
By
cents
cents
A. A. Houghton.
CONCRETE
MOLDING
A. Houghton.
FLOWER
POTS,
BOXES,
ETC.
JARDINIERES,
By
A.
The molds
etc., are
explained,
the
so
pots,
worker
urns,
flower
easily
can
boxes, jardinieres,
and
construct
CONCRETE
MOLDING
A. A. Houghton.
The
and
molding
other
of
forms
fully illustrated
CONCRETE
FOUNTAINS
FOR
THE
FARM
molding
and
all the
for which
purposes
of this handy
the contents
POPULAR
H.
AND
By
ORNAMENTS.
LAWN
cents
number
of designs of lawn seats, curbing, hitching posts, pergolas, sun
dials
of ornamental
concrete
for the
of lawns
ornamentation
and
gardens, is
and
described
cents
50
The
among
operate
50
same
of drain
AND
SHOP.
HANDBOOK
concrete
FOR
is
an
By
A. A. Houghton.
posts, stable
invaluable
floors,hog and
aid
to
the
farmer
poultry houses
are
volume
CEMENT
AND
CONCRETE
USERS.
By
numbered
cents
60
Myron
Lswis,
Introductory.
Kinds
of
and
How
IMade.
Thev
are
Properties, Testing and
Concrete
and its Properties.
Stone and
Sand, Broken
Gravel
for Concrete.
to Proportion
How
the INIaterials.
How
Concrete.
to Mix
and Place
Forms
for Concrete
Construction.
The Architectural
and Artistic Possibilities of Concrete.
Concrete
Residences.
Plasters
and
Artistic
Alortars,
Stucco
How
and
Them.
The
to Use
Treatment
of Concrete
Surfaces.
Concrete
The
of Ornamental
Building Blocks.
Making
Concrete.
Concrete
Essential
Pipes, Fences, Posts. Etc.
and
of ReenFeatures
Advantages
forced
Concrete.
How
to Design
Reenforced
planations
ExConcrete
Beams.
Slabs
and
Columns.
of the Methods
and
and
Principles in Designing Reenforced
Concrete
Beams
Slabs.
Systems of Reenforcement
Reenforced
Concrete
in Factory and General
Employed.
Requirements
of
Hydraulic
Cements
Cement.
CATALOGUE
OF
PRACTICAL
GOOD,
BOOKS
Building Construction.
Concrete
in Foundation
Worlf.
Concrete
ments,
Retaining Walls, AbutBulkheads.
Concrete
Arches
and
Arch
Beam
and
Girder
Bridges. Concrete
in Sewerage
and
Concrete
Dams
Bridges. Concrete
and
voirs.
ReserDrainage Works.
Tanks,
Concrete
Curbs
Pavements.
and
Concrete
Sidewalks,
in Railroad
Constructions.
The
the Farm.
The
on
Utility of Concrete
Structure.
Grout
Waterproofing of Concrete
and
Its Use.
Work.
Cost
or
of Concrete
Work.
Liquid Concrete
Inspection of Concrete
Some
of the special features
of the book
1. The
Attention
Paid
are:
to the Artistic
and
Architectural
Side of Concrete
Work.
2. The
Authoritative
of the
Treatment
Problem
Concrete.
3. An
of Waterproofing
Excellent
of the Rules
Followed
in
to be
Summary
Concrete
Construction.
4. The
Valuable
Cost
Data
and
Useful
Tables
given. A valuable
Addition
to the Library of Every
Cement
Concrete
and
User.
Price
$2.50
and
WATERPROOFING
Modern
of the
CONCRETE.
Methods
of
Principles,
proofing Structures
By
Myron
H. Lewis.
Waterproofing
Concrete
and Other
Structures.
A
condensed
statement
Precautions
to be Observed
Rules, and
in Waterproofing
and
Dampand
Structural
Materials.
Paper binding. Illustrated. Price. .50 cents
DICTIONARIES
STANDARD
DICTIONARY.
ELECTRICAL
By T. O'Conor
Sloane.
in electrical science.
to all interested
Suitable
alike for the student
indispensable work
and
of reference
containing definitions of about
professional. A practical hand-book
5,000
and
distinct words, terms
phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every
used
in electrical
science.
term
An
edition.
Should
be in
Recently issued.
entirely new
desire to keep abreast
the possession of all who
with the progress
of this branch
of science.
682 pages,
393 illustrations. Price
Complete, concise and convenient.
$3.00
An
....
DIES"
DIES:
SHEET
THEIR
CONSTRUCTION
METALS.
By
J. V.
METAL
AND
USE
WORK
FOR
THE
MODERN
WORKING
OF
Woodworth.
most
of
PUNCHES,
DIES
AND
TOOLS
FOR
MANUFACTURING
IN
PRESSES.
By J.
V.
Woodworth.
This
work
is a companion
to the author's
volume
entitled
elementary work
"Dies, Their
Construction
and
Use."
It does not go into the details of die making
to the extent
of the
of the field of operations carried on
author's previous book, but gives a comprehensive
review
A large part of the information
from
the author's personal
given has been drawn
by presses.
It might
well be termed
an
Die
experience.
Encyclopedia of Die Making, Punch
Making,
cal
Sinking, Sheet Metal Working, and Making of Special Tools, Sub-presses, Devices and MechaniCombinations
for Punching,
Cutting, Bending, Forming, Piercing, Drawing, Compressing
also Articles of other
and
Sheet
Metal
Materials
in Machine
Assembling
Tools.
Parts, and
2d
Edition.
Price
$4.00
DROP
FORGING,
DIE
SINKING
AND
MACHINE
FORMING
OF
STEEL.
By
J. V.
Woodworth.
This is a practical treatise on Modern
ISIachines. Tools,
Shop Practice, Processes. Methods,
and
of Steel and Iron into Finished
Details, treating on the Hot and Cold Machine-Forming
involved
in the manufacture
of Duplicate
shapes; Together with Tools, Dies, and Machinery
CATALOGUE
OF
GOOD,
PRACTICAL
BOOKS
Parts
from
Bar
and
Sheet
Forgings and Interchangeable Hot and Cold Pressed
Metal.
This book fillsa demand
of long standing for information
regarding drop forging,die-sinking
and machine
of
steel
the
and
shop practice involved, as it actually exists in the
forming
modem
drop forging shop. The processes
of die-sinking and force-making, which
oughly
thorare
in
described
illustrated
and
this admirable
work,
are
rarely to be foimd explained in
is
such a clear and concise manner
here set forth.
The
as
of die-sinking relates to
process
the engraving or sinking of the female
lower dies, such as are used for drop forgings, hot
or
and cold machine
The
of forceforging,swedging and the press working of metals.
process
dies used in producing the
making relates to the engraving or raising of the male or upper
lower dies for the press-forming and machine-forging of duphcate parts of metal.
In
the
addition
to the arts above
mentioned
the book
contains
explicitinformation
regarding
plants, designs, conditions, equipment, drop hammers,
drop forging and hardening
machines,
machine
etc.,
forging, hydraulic forging, autogenous
forging
welding and shop
practice. The book contains eleven chapters, and the information
contained
in these chapters
is just what
will prove
worker.
valuable
most
the
metal
to
All operations described
forged
in the work
of
illustrated
are
half-tones
and outline sketches
thoroughly
by means
perspective
of the machinery
illustrations.
Price
300 detailed
employed.
$2.50
DRAWING"
LINEAR
PERSPECTIVE
SKETCHING
SELF-TAUGHT.
PAPER
By
Herman
T. C. Kraus.
This
work
gives the theory and practice of linear perspective, as used in architectural,engineering,
and
mechanical
Persons taking up the study of the subject by themselves
drawings.
win be able by the use
of the instruction given to readily grasp
the subject, and by reasonable
good
The
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technicalities, the several
in the
involved
processes
furnace
combustion
of American
fuels; it clearly states the essential requisites for perfect
and
combustion,
of furnace
construction
points out the best methods
for obtaining the
greatest quantity of heat from any given quality of coal. Nearly 350 pages, fullyillustrated
Price
$1.00
DIARY
OF
ROUND
HOUSE
FOREMAN.
By
T. S. Reilly
This
LINK
Editor
MOTIONS, VALVES
of "American
AND
VALVE
SETTING.
By
Fred
H.
Colvin,Associate
Machinist."
17
CATALOGUE
LOCOMOTIVE
BOILER
OF
PRACTICAL
GOOD,
CONSTRUCTION.
By
Frank
BOOKS
A. Kleinhans.
The construction
of boilers in general Is treated, and following this, the locomotive
boiler
is taken
its various parts go through the shop.
Shows
all types of
up in the order in which
boilers used;
gives details of construction; practical facts, such as life of riveting,punches
and dies; work
done
for bending and flanging sheets, and other data.
per day, allowance
Locomotive
boilers present more
difficultyin laying out and building than any other type,
and for this reason
the author
them
uses
who
handle
as
can
them
examples.
Anyone
can
tackle anything.
Contains
LOCOMOTIVE
BREAKDOWNS
Revised
by Wm. W. Wood,
edition.
AND
THEIR
REMEDIES.
Air-Brake
Instructor.
Just
By
issued.
Geo.
L. Fowlee.
Revised
LOCOMOTIVE
CATECHISM.
By
Robert
Grimshaw.
Light
are
given.
It commends
examination
itself at
to every
once
Engineer and Fireman, and to all who are going in for
In plain language, with full complete answers,
not
promotion.
only all the
the young
less
engineer are given, but those which
and
questions asked by the examining
It is a veritable
experienced would ask the veteran, and which old hands ask as "stickers."
is entirely free from
and
Encyclopedia of the Locomotive,
mathematics, easily understood
with
their Answers.
over
Questions
4,000 Examination
thoroughly up-to-date. Contains
825 pages, 437 illustrations and
three folding plates. 28th
Revised
Edition.
$2.50
or
PRACTICAL
INSTRUCTOR
FIREMEN
AND
ENGINEERS.
AND
REFERENCE
By Chas.
BOOK
FOR
LOCOMOTIVE
F. Lockhart.
the Locomotive.
It appeals to every
railroad man,
An entirely new
book
as it tells him
on
has had years
how
Written
who
to do them.
by a man
things are done and the right way
The
of practical experience in locomotive
mation
inforshops and on the road firing and running.
be found
in any other similar treatise.
and
given in this book cannot
Eight hundred
will prove
are
included, which
specially helpful to
fifty-one questions with their answers
The
those preparing for examination.
Construction
Practical information
and Operaon:
tion
their Remedies;
Air
Brakes
and
Valve
of Locomotives.
Breakdowns
and
Gears.
Rules
As a book
of reference
it cannot
be
and Signals are handled
in a thorough
manner.
Duties.
into six parts, as follows:
1. The
Fireman's
excelled.
The
2.
book
is divided
3. Breakdowns
4. Air Brakes.
General
and their Remedies.
description of the Locomotive.
5. Extracts
851
6. Questions for examination.
The
from
Standard
Rules.
questions have
been carefully selected and arranged.
the examinations
These
cover
required by the different
railroads.
368
88
Price
illustrations.
$1.50
pages.
PREVENTION
OF
By George
RAILROAD
ACCIDENTS,
OR
SAFETY
IN
RAILROADING.
Bradshaw.
heart-to-heart
talk with Railroad
Employees, dealing with facts, not theories,
and how
accidents
in the ranks, from every-day experience, how
occur
men
ings
be avoided.
The book is illustrated with seventy
originalphotographs and drawthey may
No visionary schemes, no ideal pictures.
of work.
showing the safe and \ansafe methods
Just plain facts and Practical Suggestions are given. Every railroad employee who reads the
This
and
book
is
showing the
i8
OF
CATALOGUE
MACHINE
AMERICAN
MAKING
TOOL
GOOD,
SHOP
AND
PRACTICAL
BOOKS
PRACTICE
INTERCHANGEABLE
MANUFACTURING.
By
J. V. WOODWORTH.
book, containing no theorizing,no problematical or experimental devices, there
badly proportioned and impossible diagrams, no catalogue cuts, but a valuable
tion
collecof drawings
and descriptions of devices, the rich fruits of the author's own
experience.
In its 500-odd
the one
relates thereto, is
subject only. Tool Making, and whatever
pages
"shoppy"
are
no
dealt with.
rival.
The
stands
without
It is a complete practical treatise on
work
a
the
Tool Making
and system
of interchangeable
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carried on
described
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States.
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to-day in the United
and classes of small tools, fixtures, devices, and special appliances which
in general use
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in all machine
where
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capacity,
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interchangeabilitv
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imperative.
parts are
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science of jig making
in
and
other
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the parts to be machined
boring, profiUng and milling fixtures
and
the contrivances.
within
All of the tools, fixtures, and
are
located
fastened
devices
been
illustrated and described
the
actual
have
used for
or
are
production of work, such as
of
drill presses, lathes, patented machinery,
ical
parts
typewriters, electrical apparatus, mechanappliances, brass goods, composition parts, mould
products, sheet metal articles, di-op
531
Price
$4.00
pages.
forgings,jewelry, watches, medals, coins, etc.
HENLEY'S
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
TRADES.
Edited
G.
by
Joseph
PRACTICAL
ENGINEERING
Horner, A.M.L,
AND
ALLIED
M.E.
contains about
of illustrations,
including
2,500 pages with thousands
This work
sectional
the
covers
drawings with full explanatory details.
and
The best known
Engineering.
entire practice of Civil and Mechanical
expert in all branches
The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted
to these volumes.
of engineering have contributed
well as the mechanical
the self-taught practical man,
as
to the needs
of the beginner and
gineer
enThe work
will be
shop superintendent, foreman, and machinist.
designer, draftsman,
is
in
It
to any
found a means
of advancement
progressive man.
thorough
encyclopedic
scope,
of technical subjects,simple and clear in its descriptive matter,
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technicalities
formulae.
articles
The
brief as may
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or
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as
and without
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of the subject, and are written by men
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they, write.
want
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to know
engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly,so concisely,that one cannot
As a work
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For
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$6.00
help but understand.
per volume.
$25.00
complete set of five volumes, price
This
diagrammatic
MACHINE
ARITHMETIC.
SHOP
By Colvin-Cheney.
MODERN
By
Oscar
MACHINE
E.
SHOP
CONSTRUCTION,
EQUIPMENT
AND
MANAGEMENT.
Perrigo.
Machine
Plant from
Shop or Manufacturing
The
only work published that describes the Modern
for it until the finished product is shipped.
the site intended
is growing
on
the time the grass
the rebuilding
needed
bv those contemplating the erection of modern
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Just the book
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Shop Methods, time and
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reorganization of old ones, or the introduction
for practical shop
It is a book written and illustrated by a practicalshop man
cost systems.
want
facts.
It is the most
complete all-around
too busy to read theories and
men
who
are
225
original and specially-made
book
of its kind
ever
published. 400 large quarto pages.
!1"5.UU
illustrations.
Price
MECHANICAL
OF
CONSTRUCTION.
MOVEMENTS
APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL
Hiscox.
D.
Gardner
By
AND
NOVELTIES
the first
Unlike
movements.
mechanical
to the one
This is a supplementarv volume
apon
illustrations and descripcontains
in character, this volume
tions
v'olume, which is more
elementary
in
devices and appliances round
and of mechanical
combinations
of motions
of many
bv
with
line
a
shown
drawing
device
a
descnption
Each
being
different lines of machinery.
20
OF
CATALOGUE
PRACTICAL
GOOD.
BOOKS
of operation. From
the multitude
its working
of devices described,
parts and the method
and elevators,
and illustrated,might be mentioned, in passing, such items as conveyors
Prony brakes, thermometers.i various types of boilers,solar engines, oil-fuel burners, condensers,
of various
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engines, water
gas
evaporators, Corliss and other valve gears, governors,
and dynamos,
automobile
and motor
bicycles,railway block
descriptions,air ships, motors
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of others of equal importance.
and a large accumulation
1,000 speciallymade
ings.
engravguns,
Price
396 octavo
$2.50
pages.
showing
MOVEMENTS,
MECHANICAL
AND
POWERS,
DEVICES.
By
Gardner
D. Hiscox.
motions
and appliances, accomcollection of 1,890 engravings of different mechanical
panied
it a book
of great value to the inventor, the draftsman,
by appropriate text, making
into eighteen sections or
tastes.
The
book
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to all readers
with mechanical
and
Powers;
chapters in which the subject matter is classified under the following heads: Mechanical
of Power;
Measurement
of Power, Steam
Transmission
Power; Air Power
Appliances; Electric
Power
and Roads;
and Devices;
and Construction, Navigation
Gearing; Motion
Controlling
Mill and
and
Mining;
Horological;
Devices;
Motion;
Factory Appliances; Construction
12th edition.
Price $2.50
Miscellaneous
400 octavo
Drafting Devices:
Devices, etc.
pages.
This
is
SHOP
MACHINE
AND
TOOLS
SHOP
PRACTICE.
By
W.
H.
Vandervoort.
work
of 555 pages and 673 illustrations,describing in every detail the construction, operation,
and machine
tools.
Includes
and manipulation of both hand
chapters on fiUng, fitting,and
taps, and dies; the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers,
scraping surfaces; on drills,reamers,
and cutters; gear cutters and gear cutting; drillingmachines
and their tools; milling machines
and their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting
and drill work;
grinding machines
Price
and transmission
$3.00
machinery: useful data and tables. 6th edition.
,
A
THE
MACHINIST.
MODERN
By
John
T. Usher.
This is a book
showing, by plain description and by profuse engravings, made
expressly for
machine
the work, all that is best, most
advanced, and of the highest efficiencyin modern
by which and through which, as Mr.
shop practice, tools,and implements, showing the way
have become
"American
machinists
in the world."
Maxim
and are the finest mechanics
says,
Indicating as it does, in every
line,the familiarityof the author with every detail of daily
fail to be of service to any
-connected
with
man
experience in the shop, it cannot
practically
the shaping or finishing of metals.
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is nothing
experimental or visionary about the book, all devices being in actual use
and giving good results.
It might be called a compendium
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ideas to many
appliances which will give new
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a valuable
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whenever
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new
a
or
library,and should be consulted
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320 pages.
250 illustrations.
Fifth Edition.
Price
$2.50
...
MODERN
By
MILLING
Joseph
MACHINES:
G. Horner.
THEIR
DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION
AND
TION.
OPERA-
and
and illustrates the Milling Machine
its work
in such a plain, clear,
and
illustrates the subject so clearlyand completely, that the up-to-date
afford to do without
the valuable
engineer cannot
mation
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It describes not only the early machines
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their gradual development
into the splendid machines
of the present day, giving the design
construction
of the
various
and
types, forms, and special features produced bj' prominent
and foreign.
manufacturers, American
in all their development and modernized
Milling cutters
illustrated and described,
forms are
and the operations they are
different classes of work are carefully
capable of producing upon
described in detail, and the speeds and feeds necessary
are
discussed, and valuable and useful
these usually perplexing problems.
data given for de^rmining
The book is the most
hensive
comprework
Price
300 illustrations.
published on the subject. 304 pages.
$4.00
describes
This book
and forceful manner,
"
SHOP
KINKS."
By
Robert
Grimshaw.
222
other book on
being entirely different fron^ any
illustrations,
practice. Departing from conventional
style, the author avoids universal or
and limits his work to showing
common
usage
special ways of doing things better, more
methods
of representative
cheaply and more
rapidly than iisual. As a result the advanced
establishments
of the world
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shows
the
are
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where
be improved.
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it
holds out suggestions that, properly applied, will hasten his advancement.
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shoD can
afford to be without
it.
It bristles with valuable
wrinkles and helpful suggestions.
It will benefit all,from apprentice to proprietor. Every machinist, at any
age, should
study
book
machine
A
?ts pages.
of 400
pages
and
shop
shop
Fifth
Edition.
Price
"
21
$2.50
CATALOGUE
THREADS
OF
THREAD
AND
PRACTICAL
GOOD,
CUTTING.
By Colvin
and
This clears up
of the mysteries of thread-cutting, such
many
internal threads, catching threads, use of hobs, etc.
Contains
a
tables.
3rd Edition.
Price
TOOLS
FOR
MACHINISTS
OF
MEASUREMENT.
AND
WOOD
WORKERS,
G. Horner.
BOOKS
Stabel.
and
double
triplethreads,
lot of useful hints and several
as
25
INCLUDING
cents
INSTRUMENTS
By Joseph
The
which
principlesupon
cutting tools for wood, metal, and other substances
made
are
are
used by the machinist, the carpenter, or by any
identical, whether
other skilled mechanic
in
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the object of this book
is to give a correct and practicaldescription of
these tools as they are
commonly
designed, constructed, and used. 340 pages, fullyillustrated.
Price
$3.50
MANUAL
ECONOMICS
The
only
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TRAINING.
By
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Rouillion.
book
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shows
2nd Edition.
by all interested
exactly what
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where
Price
$1.50
MARINE
MARINE
Dr. G.
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Robertson, and S. Bryan
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"
MINING
ORE
DEPOSITS, WITH
Johnson
CHAPTER
ON
HINTS
TO
PROSPECTORS.
By
J. P.
This book
gives a condensed
account
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It is also intended
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of geology
Only an elementary knowledge
mining
and
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With
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22
CATALOGUE
and,
the
Cobalt
Among
"
simple-ores
far as
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enable
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BOOKS
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some
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Molybdenum
"
Titaniferous
Tungsten
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Chromiferous
"
Mercury
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Iron
Oxides
Nickel
Iron
Hints
Antimony
"
"
"
"
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chaptersgiven
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$2.00
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insight into allied subjects. This treatise is positively
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2nd
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$2.50
PRACTICAL
An
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MINING.
work,
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By
428
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to the
PATTERN
PRACTICAL
This
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PATTERN
By F. W.
MAKING.
complete and
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very
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Barrows.
on
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PERFUMERY
HENLEY'S
TWENTIETH
Edited
The
most
by
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valuable Techno-chemical
of which
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CENTURY
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10,000 practical
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of
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A comprehensive
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Complete directions for making
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312 pages.
Illustrated.
$3.00
.
2-?
CATALOGUE
OF
PRACTICAL
GOOD,
BOOKS
PLUMBING
MECHANICAL
DRAWING
By R. M. Starbuck.
PLUMBERS.
FOR
MODERN
PLUMBING
ILLUSTRATED.
By
R.
M,
Starbuck,
This
book represents
the highest standard
It has been adopted and used
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in Cuba,
reference book
in its sanitary work
Porto
by the United States Government,
Hico, and the Philippines, and by the principal Boards
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Canada.
as
of fixtures.
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working data for all fixtures and groups
in demonstrating
to his customers
and in figm-ing work.
It
to the best modern
quick and easj- access
plumbing practice.
in its pages.
This
contained
book
Suggestions for estimating phimbing construction
are
represents, in a word, the latest and best up-to-date practice, and should be in the hands of
who wishes to keep himself up to the minute
architect, sanitary engineer and plumber
every
this important feature of construction.
Contains
on
following chapters, each illustrated
with
wash
a
sink, laimdry
tubs, vegetable
sink; lavatories,
full-page plate: Kitchen
of marble
slabs; bath tub, foot and sitz bath, shower
pantry sinks, contents
bath; water
closets operated
water
closets ; low-down
closets, water
closets, venting of water
by flush
and
water
hotel
restaurant
closet range;
sink, grease
valves,
slop sink, urinals, the bidet;
safe
soda
lines of refrigerators, bar sinks,
tain
founwastes, laimdry waste;
trap; refrigerators,
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nections
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supporting of soil pipe; main
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trap and
floor
fresh air inlet; floor drains and
water
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for bath rooms;
connections
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local venting:
tinued;
conconnections;
connections
connections
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connections
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continued;
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fittings;plumbing
plumbing for apartment
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double
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plmnbing
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sewage
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matic
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sump
of
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house;
thawing
siphon: country
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supply for country
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mains
water
ings;
and
ser\ice by electricity; double
boilers: hot water
supply of large buildtion.
automatic
control of hot water
tank;
suggestions for estimating plumbing construc400
Price
octavo
$4.00
fully illustrated by 55 full-page engravings.
pages,
helpful
STANDARD
A
PRACTICAL
PLUMBING.
in all its
treatment
branches,
of
large amount
of the subject of Hot
a
about
By R. M. Starbuck.
Plumbing
covering the subject of Modern
pages
to a very
of space
complete and practical
being devoted
Boiler Work.
Circulation
and
and
Range
Water
Supply
it
phase of the subject one can think of, making
every
450
24.
OF
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PRACTICAL
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plumber.
engravings.
RECEIPT
HENLEY'S
TWENTIETH
Edited
by
$3.00
BOOK
BOOK
CENTURY
Gardner
Price
OF
FORMULAS
RECEIPTS,
AND
CESSES.
PRO-
D. Hiscox.
most
valuable
Techno-chemical
Secret Processes
revealed within its pages.
are
of ways
of making money
and
tells thousands
command.
Modern
in its treatment
of every
It covers
every
is just the book
branch
everyone
its scope,
the book
may
to be found
in the arts and industries
truthfully be said to present the very latest formulas
and to retain those processes
wliich long experience has proven
record
worthy of a permanent
number
of the subjects which
To present here even
a limited
find a place in this valuable
will be found
would
be difficult. Suffice to say that in its pages
matter
terest
of intense inand immeasurable
and to him who
wishes to
practical value to the scientific amateur
used in the arts, trades and
obtain
a
manufactures,
a
knowledge of the many
processes
instructive and remunerative.
knowledge which will render his pursuits moro
Serving as a
to the small
reference book
and suppplying intelligentseekers with
and large manufacturer
the information
the work
to conduct
will be found of inestimable
a process,
worth
necessary
to the Metallurgist,
the Perfumer,
the Painter, the Manufacturer
the Photographer,
of
of Alloys, the Cook, the Physician,
Glues, Pastes, Cements,
and Mucilages, the Compounder
the Druggist, the Electrician, the Brewer,
the Engineer, the Foundryman,
the jMachinist,
the Potter, the Tanner, the Confectioner, the Chiropodist, the Manicure,
the Manufacturer
of Chemical
Novelties
and Toilet Preparations, the Dyer, the Electroplater, the Enameler,
the Engraver, the Provisioner, the Glass
the Watchmaker,
the JewVorker, the Goldbeater,
eler,
the Hat
the Optician, the Farmer,
the Ink Manufacturer,
Maker,
the Dairyman,
the
and Metal
and Soap ]Maker, the Veterinary
Worker, the Chandler
Paper Maker, the Wood
Surgeon, and the Technologist in general.
work
A
to
mine
"Your
Twentieth
glad to have
thing of the
copy
sort I
IS
SAID
OF
THIS
A book
Arts.
which
will prove
of value
Price
800 pages.
$3.00
BOOK:
Century
Book
of Receipts, Formulas
and
of it, and if I could not replace it money
saw."
ever
(Signed) M. E. Trux,
Processes
couldn't
Sparta,
I am
duly received.
buy it. It is the best
Wis.
"
who
There
few persons
are
would
not be able to find in the book
would
Merchant's
Record
repay several times the cost of the book.
"
"
some
single formula
and Show
that
Window.
RUBBER
RUBBER
HAND
STAMPS
T. O'CoNOR
Sloane.
AND
THE
MANIPULATION
OF
INDIA
RUBBER.
By
This book gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and siini)l("
manner
the elements
of nearly everything it is necessary
to understand
for a coniniencenicnt
in anv
branch
of the
India Rubber
Manufacture.
The making
of all kinds of Rubber
Hand
Stamps, Small Articles
of India
J. S. Government
Rubber,
Composition, Dating Hand
Stamps, tlie Manipulation
of Sheet
Rubber, Toy Balloons. India Rubber
Solutions, Cements, Blackings, Renovating
25
CATALOGUE
OF
PRACTICAL
GOOD,
BOOKS
and
Treatment
for India
Rubber
Shoes, etc.; the Hektograph Stamp Inks, and
Miscellaneous
of the Discovery, Collection,and Manufacture
Notes, with a Short Account
of
India Rubber
set forth in a manner
are
designed to be readily understood, the explanations
being plain and
Tire Making and Vulcanizing ; also a
simple. Including a chapter on Rubber
chapter on the uses of rubber in Surgery and Dentistry. Third revised and enlarged edition.
175 pages.
Illustrated
$1.00
Varnish,
SAWS
SAW
FILINGS
AND
MANAGEMENT
OF
By Robert
SAWS.
Grimshaw.
book on filing,gumming,
A practicalhand
swaging, hammering, and the brazing of band saws,
the speed, work, and power
circular saws, etc.
A handy book for those who
to run
have charge
of saws, or for those mechanics
who do their own
filing,as it deals with the proper
shape and
teeth of all kinds and gives many
useful hints and rules for gumming,
pitches of saw
setting,
and filing,
is a practicalaid to those who use saws
and
for any purpose.
New
edition,revised
and enlarged.
Illustrated.
Price
$1.00
STEAM
AMERICAN
STATIONARY
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING.
By
W.
E. Crane.
This
book
and takes in the whole
A plain talk on
begins at the boiler room
plant.
power
It is not intended
tific
to be scienevery-day work about engines, boilers, and their accessories.
mathematical.
in simple form
All formulas
that any one
or
are
so
understanding plain
arithmetic
can
The
author
has made
of them.
this the most
readily understand
any
tical
pracbook in print; has given the results of his years
of experience, and has included
about
aU that has to do with an engine room
a power
or
plant. You are not left to guess at a single
ooint.
You
shown
the various conditions ; how
are
to expect under
to secure
clearly what
the best results; ways
of preventing "shut
and repairs: in short, all that goes to
do^Tis"
make
up the requirements of a good engineer, capable of taking charge of a plant. It's plain
and yet of value to those high in the profession.
enough for practical men
A. partial list of contents
is: The
boiler room,
cleaning boilers, firing, feeding: pumps;
Avork:
jispection and repair; chimneys, sizes and cost; piping: mason
foimdations;
testing
cement;
piledriving; engines, slow and high speed; valves: valve setting: Corliss engines,
and condensers:
different types of
setting valves, single and double eccentric: air pumps
water
needed:
in crosshead
crank;
condensers:
or
lining up;
poixnds: pins not square
hardened
engineers' tools: pistons and piston rings; bearing metal:
; drip pipes from
copper
made,
of; oils; greases:
care
cylinder jackets; belts, how
testing lubricants: rules and
and square
of segments;
root: cubes and cube
squares
Brick
work;
of circles.
Notes
on:
explosions; pumps;
Has a complete
valves: heaters, economizers;
pump
safety valves ; lap, lead, and clearance.
examination
for a license, etc., etc.
Illustrated. Price
Second
edition.
285 pages.
$2.00
root;
and
areas
tables;
areas
circumferences
EMINENT
Everyone
Locomotive,
in knowing
ENGINEERS.
who
By
Dwight
Goddard.
appreciates the effect of such great inventions as the Steam Engine, Steamboat,
discoveries,is interested
Machine, Steel Working, and other fundamental
Sewing
a
little about
the
men
who
made
them
and
their achievements.
most
Goddard
has selected
thirty-two of the world's engineers who have contributed
of our
civilization by mechanical
giving only such facts as
largely to the advancement
means,
of
280
mechanics
are
general
not.
or
interest and
in a way
which
appeals to all, whether
35 illustrations.
Price
$1.50
pages.
Mr.
ENGINE
A
RUNNER'S
CATECHISM.
By
Robert
Grimshaw.
steam
specialand
Special Engines.
the catechism
questions asked throughout
are
plain and to the point,'"andthe answers
All the instructions
are
given in such simple language as to be readily understood
by anyone.
given are
any
complete and up-to-date; and they are written in a popular style, without
size for the pocket, clearly
technicalities or mathematical
is of a handy
formulae.
The work
and well printed,nicely bound, and profusely illustrated.
engineers this catechism
To young
The
26
OF
CATALOGUE
PRACTICAL
GOOD,
BOOKS
Rules and data for estimating radiation and cost and such tables and information
shoo use.
interested in steam, hot water heating, and ventilation.
itan indispensable work for everyone
make
It describes all the principal systems of steam, hot water, vacuum,
vapor, and vacuumaccelerated
of hot water
systems
circulation,including
heating, together with the new
vapor
of ventilation and the fan or blower
system of heating and
chapters on up-to-date methods
I. Introduction.
II. Heat.
III. Evolution
ventilation.
of
Containing
chapters on:
IV. Boiler surface and settings. V. The
flue. VI.
artificial heating apparatus.
chimney
kinds.
VIII.
Forms
of radiating surfaces.
IX.
Pipe and fittings. VII. Valves, various
X. Estimating radiation.
XI.
Steam-heating apparatus.
Locating of radiating surfaces.
Hot-water
XIII.
Pressure
of hotXII.
Exhaust-steam
heating.
heating. XIV.
systems
Greenhouse
Hot-water
Vacuum
XV.
water
work.
heating. XVII.
appliances. XVI.
XVIII.
jMiscellaneous
XIX.
Radiator
exhaust
and
and vacuum
heating.
heating.
vapor
and
XXI.
IMechanical
ventilation
hot-blast heating.
Ventilation.
XX.
pipe connections.
District heating.
XXIV.
Pipe and boiler covering.
XXII.
Steam
appliances. XXIII.
XXVI.
Business
methods.
XXVII.
XXV.
Temperature
regulation and heat control.
information.
tables
and
useful
367 pages.
300 detailed
XXVIII.
JMiscellaneous.
Rules,
$3.00
engravings. Price
as
PIPES
STEAM
PIPES:
STEAM
THEIR
DESIGN
AND
CONSTRUCTION.
By
Wm.
H.
Booth.
The work
is well illustrated in regard to pipe joints,expansion offsets, flexible joints,and
self-contained
sliding joints for taking up the expansion of long pipes. In fact, the chapters
valuable
fitters and users.
most
to all steam
and expansion of pipes are
the flow of steam
on
of hanging them are well treated and illustrated.
The
strength of pipes and method
pressure
also flange joints and their
described, as are
Valves and by-passes are fully illustrated and
valuable chapters is that
One of the most
proportions, exhaust heads and separators.
proper
ing
and the saving of steam
on
by insulation with the various kinds of feltsuperheated steam
units from naked
and other materials with comparison tables of the loss of heat in thermal
Price
$S.OO
and felted steam
pipes. Contains 187 pages.
STEEL
AMERICAN
STEEL
WORKER.
By
E.
R.
Markham.
This
on
HARDENING,
TEMPERING,
ANNEALING,
AND
FORGING
OF
STEEL.
By
J. V.
WOODWORTH.
all modern
for the heating, annealing
work treating in a clear, concise manner
A new
processes
it a book of great practical value
forging, welding, hardening, and tempering of steel,making
mechanic
in general, with specialdirections for the successful hardening
to the metal-working
and
tempering of all steel tools used in the arts, including milling cutters, taps, thread dies,
both solid and shell, hollow
mills, pimches and dies, and all kinds of sheet metal
reamers,
fine cutlery, and
metal cutting tools of all description,as
working tools, shear blades, saws,
In this work
the simplest and most
weU
for all implements of steel both large and small.
as
are
given.
satisfactory hardening and tempering processes
The
uses
treatment
hardening
to
for
and
are
conciselypresented, and their
for the
explained, also the special methods
be adapted
28
CATALOGUE
OF
PRACTICAL
GOOD.
BOOKS
TURBINES
MARINE
E.
STEAM
Ludwig and H.
TURBINES.
Vogel.
and
By Dr. G. Bauer
Translated
the German
from
O. Lasche.
and
edited
Assisted
by
by M. G. S.
Swallow.
This work forms a supplementary volume
authors
of this book, Dr. G. Bauer
The
construction.
turbine
authorities
on
to the book
and
O.
entitled
Lasche,
"
may
Marine
Engines and Boilers."
be regarded as the leading
book
passes
in a turbine on one
shaft, as
exhaust
occurs
pressure
It will enable
a
designer to carry out all the ordinary
which
of steam
turbines, hence it fills a want
theoretical
works.
to
Numerous
the reason
turbines
of vacuum
which
a
tables,
why
MAKING
WATCH
WATCHMAKER'S
HANDBOOK.
By
Claudius
Saunier.
This
...
29
....