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Chap6 3
Chap6 3
Chap6 3
2
2
P1
(6.2-1)
From the energy equation (6.2-1), if (P1 P2) or wp is the unknown then the procedure is
straight forward:
1. Calculate the mean velocities V1 and V2, the Reynolds numbers, and the pipe
roughness ratio.
2. Determine the friction factors and then the friction loss ef.
7
W a te r
2 0 oC
H
20 m
10 m
(2 )
20 m
S ta n d a r d
e lb o w
+ gz1 +
P2
1V12
V2
+ wp =
+ gz2 + 2 2 + ef
2
2
ef
g
ef
g
L V2
V2
+ 4f
2g
D 2g
L V2
)
D 2g
0.04
Q
= 5.09 m/s
2 =
(0.052 )
R
VD
(5.09)( 0.1)
= 5.09105
10 6
0.045
= 0.00045
100
f = { 1.737 ln[0.269
2.185
14
N
ln (0.269
+ N )]}-2 = 0.0044
D
D
Re
Re
L V2
)
D 2g
The difference in elevation H of the two reservoirs is then calculated with values of loss
coefficients given in Table 6.2-1.
H = (0.5 + 7.5 + 20.7 + 1 + 40.0044
50
5.09 2
)
= 25.4 m
0.1 2 9.81
Since Q is unknown, you cannot determine NRe so the friction factor f is also unknown. We
can proceed by a trial-and-error method with an initial guess of Reynolds number. We can
then calculate the friction factor and solve the energy equation for the velocity that will be
used to calculate the new Reynolds number. We repeat the process until agreement between
calculated and guessed values is achieve. Using this approach, the following steps are
needed:
1. Compute the roughness ratio
8
= 2
N Re
12
1 / 12
3/ 2
( A B)
(6.2-5)
1
In this equation A = 2.457 ln
0.9
(7 / N Re ) 0.27 / D
16
37,530
and B =
N Re
16
VD
. If this is within the accepted tolerance of the value used in
step (3) then proceed to step (6). If not, return to step (3).
6. Compute the flow rate from Q = VD2/4.
Example 6.3-2.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Wilkes, James, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, Prentice Hall, 1999, p. 133
Oil is pumped from a tanker to a refinery storage tank as shown in Figure 6.3-2. Both free
surfaces are open to the atmosphere. The friction loss for the piping system is equivalent to
6000 ft of commercial steel pipe Schedule 40 with a nominal diameter of 6 in. The discharge
at point (4) is 200 ft above the pump exit, which is level with the free surface of oil in the
tanker. The pressure at the pump exit is P2 = 132.7 psig. Determine the oil flow rate Q in
gpm.
Oil density = 53 lb/ft3, oil viscosity = 13.2 cP. Note: cP = 0.000672 lb/fts.
For commercial steel pipe Schedule 40 with a nominal diameter of 6 in., we have = 0.00015
ft, D = 0.5054 ft. Therefore
= 0.000297
D
8
= 2
N
Re
12
1 / 12
3/ 2
( A B)
(6.2-5)
1
In this equation A = 2.457 ln
0.9
(7 / N Re ) 0.27 / D
With
16
37,530
and B =
N Re
16
Applying the mechanical energy balance between (2) and (4) we have
P2
+ gz2 +
P4
1V22
V2
+ wp =
+ gz4 + 4 4 + ef
2
2
Since there is no work and no change in kinetic energy, the equation is simplified to
P2 + gz2 = gz4 + ef = gz4 + 4 f
L V2
D 2
1/ 2
[ P2 g ( z 4 z 2 )]
V=
2 fL
0.5054
1/ 2
V=
5. Compute NRe =
= 6.684 ft
VD
. If this is within the accepted tolerance of the value
used in step (3) then proceed to step (6). If not, return to step (3).
NRe =
VD
53 6.684 0.5054
=
= 20,185
13.2 0.000672
Steps (3) to (5) are repeated until the difference between the guessed and calculated Reynolds
numbers is less than 0.1 percent. The following values are obtained from the Matlab program
listed in Table 6.3-1.
Re =
Re =
Re =
Re =
Re =
6.684
5.732
5.630
5.618
5.617
3
gal
s
0.5054 2 ft
= 506 gpm
s 7.48
3 60
4
min
ft
11
______ Table
12