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UNESCO - Tech - Drawing - 03
UNESCO - Tech - Drawing - 03
UNESCO - Tech - Drawing - 03
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL DRAWING
COURSE CODE: MEC 112
YEAR I- SE MESTER I
THEORY/PRACTICAL
Version 1: December 2008
1.0:
INTRODUCTION
1.1:
1.1.1:
T-SQUARE
1.1.2:
SET SQUARE
1.1.3:
COMPASS
1.1.4:
DRAWING TABLE
1.1.5:
1.1.6:
PROTRACTOR
1.1.7:
DRAWING PENCIL:
1.1.8:
ERASER:
1.2:
LINES
1.2.1:
1.2.2:
LINE THICKNESS
1.2.3:
LINE STYLES
1.2.4:
BREAK LINES
1.2.5:
LEADERS
1.2.6:
DATUM LINES
1.2.7:
PHANTOM LINES
1.2.8:
STITCH LINES
1.2.9:
CENTER LINES
1.2.10:
EXTENSION LINES
1.2.11:
1.2.12:
CUTTING-PLANE/VIEWING-PLANE LINES
1.2.13:
HIDDEN LINES
1.2.14:
SECTIONING LINES
1.2.15:
DIMENSION LINES
1.3:
DIMENSIONING - AN OVERVIEW
1.3.1:
PARALLEL DIMENSIONING
1.3.2:
1.3.3:
CHAIN DIMENSIONING
1.3.4:
COMBINED DIMENSIONS
1.3.5:
DIMENSIONING BY CO-ORDINATES
1.3.6:
1.3.7:
1.3.8:
DIMENSIONING CIRCLES
1.3.9:
DIMENSIONING HOLES
1.3.10:
DIMENSIONING RADII
1.3.11:
SPHERICAL DIMENSIONS
1.3.12:
TOLERANCE
1.4:
LINE STYLES
1.5:
TASK SHEET 1
2.1:
2.2:
2.3:
2.4.
2.5:
DRAWING SHEETS/PAPERS
2.6 :
DRAWING SCALES
2.7:
LETTERING METHOD
2.8:
TASK SHEET 2
3.1:
GEOMETRICAL DRAWINGS
3.2:
3.3:
TRIANGLE
3.4:
TASK SHEET 3
WEEK 2
BLOCK
WEEK 3
WEEK 4
3.5:
QUADRILATERALS
3.5.1.
SQUARE
3.5.2.
RECTANGLE
3.5.3.
PARALLELOGRAM
3.5.4.
RHOMBUS
3.5.5
TRAPEZIUM
3.5.6.
TRAPEZOID
3.6:
CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRILATERALS
3.7:
CIRCLES
3.7.1:
TYPES OF CIRCLES
3.7.2:
PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE
3.7.3:
3.8:
TASK SHEET 4
3.7.3:
4.0:
TANGENCY
4.1:
CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT
5.0:
POLYGONS
5.1:
CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONS
5.2:
TASK SHEET 5
6.0
ELLIPSE:
6.1
PROPERTIES OF AN ELLIPSE
6.2
CONSTRUCTION
WEEK 5
WEEK 6
CIRCLES METHOD
OF
ELLIPSE
USING
CONCENTRIC
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.7
TASK SHEET 6
7.0
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION:
7.1
7.2
TASK SHEET 7
8.0
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
8.1
WEEK 7
WEEK 8
PROJECTIONS
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
WEEK 9
PROJECTION
8.7.1
8.8
8.8.1
FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION
8.8.2
THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION
8.9
WEEK 10
9.0
9.1
INTRODUCTION
9.2
9.3
MECHANICAL CONVENTIONS
9.4
ELECTRICAL CONVENTIONS
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.6
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
9.7
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
9.8
PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
9.9
TASK 10
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
TASK SHEET 11
11.0
11.1
INTRODUCTION:
11.2
11.3
TASK SHEET 12
WEEK 11
WEEK 12
WEEK 13
12.0
12.1
OBLIQUE SKETCHING
12.2
TASK SHEET 13
13.0
13.1
13.2
WEEK 14
ANGLES.
13.3
13.4
ANGLE.
ANGLE.
13.5
13.6
13.7
TASK SHEET 14
14.0
DEVELOPMENT
14.1
TASK SHEET 15
ANGLES.
WEEK 15
WEEK1:
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Technical drawing is concerned mainly with using lines, circles, arcs etc., to illustrate general
configuration of an object, however, it is very important that the drawing produced to be
accurate and clear.
The ability to read and understand drawings is a skill that is very crucial for technical
education students; this text aims at helping students to gain this skill in a simple and realistic
way, and gradually progressed through drawing and interpreting different level of
engineering drawings.
Some basic equipments are necessary in order to learn drawing, here are the main ones.
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO DRAWING EQUIPMENTS
1.1.1:T-SQUARE
A T-square is a technical drawing instrument primarily
guides for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table,
it also used to guide the triangle that is used to draw
vertical lines. The name T-square comes from the
general shape of the instrument where the horizontal
member of the T slides on the side of the drafting table.
(Fig.1.1)
(Fig.1.1)
(Fig.1.2)
1.1.3: COMPASS
Compasses are usually made of metal, and consist of two parts connected by a hinge which
can be adjusted. Typically one part has a spike at its end, and the other part a pencil. Circles
can be made by pressing one leg of the compasses into the paper with the spike, putting the
pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil around while keeping the hinge on the same angle.
The radius of the circle can be adjusted by changing the angle of the hinge. (Fig.1.3)
(Fig.1.3)
angle
paper
etc.
lines.
(Fig.1.4)
(Fig.1.5)
1.1.6: PROTRACTOR
Protractor is a circular or semi-circular tool for
measuring angles. The units of measurement used are
degrees. Some protractors are simple half-discs. More
advanced protractors usually have one or two swinging arms, which can be used to help
measuring angles. (Fig.1.6)
(Fig.1.6)
(Fig.1.7a)
Fig 7.1b
1.1.8: ERASER
Erasers are article of stationery that is used for removing
pencil writings. Erasers have made of rubbery material, and
they are often white. Typical erasers are made of rubber, but
more expensive or specialized erasers can also contain vinyl,
plastic, or gum-like materials. (Fig.1.8)
(Fig.1.8)
1.2: LINES
1.2.1: LINES AND LINE STYLES
1.2.2: LINE THICKNESS
For most engineering drawings you will require two thicknesses, a thick and thin line.
The general recommendations are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.
A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and outlines.
A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines, short centre lines,
dimensions and projections.
1.2.5: LEADERS
Leaders shall be used to indicate a part or portion to which a number, note, or other reference
applies and shall be an unbroken line terminating in an arrowhead, dot, or wavy line.
Arrowheads should always terminate at a line; dots should be within the outline of an object.
1.2.12:CUTTING-PLANE/VIEWING-PLANE LINES
The cutting-plane lines shall be used to indicate a plane or planes in which a section is taken.
The viewing-plane lines shall be used to indicate the plane or planes from which a surface or
surfaces are viewed. On simple views, the cutting planes shall be indicated as shown below
Dimension lines shall terminate in arrowheads at each end. They shall be unbroken except
where space is required for the dimension. The proper method of showing dimensions and
tolerances is explained in Section 1.7 of ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines. Two projection lines indicate
where the dimension starts and finishes. Projection lines do not touch the object and are
drawn perpendicular to the element you are dimensioning.
In general units can be omitted from dimensions if a statement of the units is included on
your drawing. The general convention is to dimension in mm's.
All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. i.e. .35 should be written as 0.35
When dimensioning small features, placing the dimension arrow between projection lines
may create a drawing which is difficult to read. In order to clarify dimensions on small
features any of the above methods can be used.
All dimensions of circles are proceeded by this symbol; . There are several conventions
used for dimensioning circles:
(a) Shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method dimensions the circle
between two lines projected from two diametrically opposite points. The second method
dimensions the circle internally.
(b) Is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it was placed
inside the circle. A leader line is used to display the dimension.
(c) The final method is to dimension the circle from outside the circle using an arrow which
points directly towards the centre of the circle.
The first method using projection lines is the least used method. But the choice is up to you
as to which you use.
When dimensioning holes the method of manufacture is not specified unless they necessary
for the function of the product. The word hole doesn't have to be added unless it is considered
necessary. The depth of the hole is usually indicated if it isn't indicated on another view. The
depth of the hole refers to the depth of the
The radius of a spherical surface (i.e. the top of a drawing pin) when dimensioned should
have an SR before the size to indicate the type of surface.
1.3.12: TOLERANCE
It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures displayed on an
engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the manufacturing process used and
the care taken to manufacture a product. A tolerance value shows the manufacturing
department the maximum permissible variation from the dimension.
Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can appear either as:
A general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. i.e. a note specifying that
the General Tolerance +/- 0.5 mm.
or a tolerance specific to that dimension
Note the larger size limit is placed above the lower limit.
All tolerances should be expressed to the appropriate number to the decimal points for the
degree of accuracy intended from manufacturing, even if the value is limit is a zero for
example.
Visible lines - are continuous lines used to draw edges directly visible from a
particular angle.
Hidden lines- are short-dashed lines that may be used to represent edges that are
not directly visible.
Centerlines - are alternately long- and short-dashed lines that may be used to
represent the axis of circular features.
Cutting plane - are thin, medium-dashed lines, or thick alternately long- and
double short-dashed that may be used to define sections for section views.
Section lines - are thin lines in a parallel pattern used to indicate surfaces in section
views resulting from "cutting." Section lines are commonly referred to as "crosshatching."
FIGURE 1.10
Here is an example of an engineering drawing (Fig.1.10). The different line types are colored
for clarity. Black = object line and hatching. Red = hidden lines
Blue = center lines Magenta = phantom line or cutting plane
Fig.1.10 Illustrating types of Lines used in an engineering Drawing.
Fig.1.11
Fig.1.12
Fig. 1.13
Fig. 1.14
WEEK 2:
2.0
TITLE
2.3.2. NAME:The name of the person who produced the drawing. This is important for quality
control so that problems with the drawing can be traced back to their origin.
2.3.3. CHECKED
In many engineering firms, drawings are checked by a second person before they are
sent to manufacture, so that any potential problems can be identified early.
2.3.4. VERSION
Many drawings will get amended over the period of the parts life. Giving each
drawing a version number helps people identify if they are using the most recent
version of the drawing.
2.3.5. DATE
The date the drawing was created or amended on.
2.3.6. SCALE
The scale of the drawing. Large parts won't fit on paper so the scale provides a quick
guide to the final size of the product.
KADUNA POLYTECHNIC
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DRAWING
NO
SCALE
1:150
DATE
MATRIC
NO
KPT/COE/
07/0056
I. A. HARUNA
02/05/08
LEVEL
100
T. I. GARBA / A.A.
GIRBO
03/05/08
CLASS
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
NAME
SIGN
DRAWN BY
CHECHED
BY
ND I A
A2
A1
A4
A3
A6
A5
A6
There are a number of necessary steps in learning lettering, and they include the following:
Knowledge of proposition and form of letters and the orders of the stroke.
Knowledge of the composition the spacing of letters and words.
Persistent practices.
Capital letters are preferred to lower case letters since they are easier to read on reduced size
drawing prints although lower case letters are used where they from of a symbol or an
abbreviation.
Attention is drawn the standard to the letters and characters. Table (2.1) below give the
recommendation for minimum size on particular drawing sheets:
Application
The spaces between lines of lettering should be consistent and preferably not less than half of
the character height.
There are two fundamental methods of writing the graphic languages freehand and with
instruments. The direction of pencil movements are shown in Fig. 2.1 and Fig.2.2.
2.8
TASK (2):
On a drawing sheet copy the following text in Fig (2.3) using the correct lettering methods:
Fig (2.3)
3.1
Fig. 3.4
Fig. 3.5
Fig. 3.2
Fig. 3.3
Fig. 3.6
Fig 3.7
Fig 3.9
Fig 3.8
Fig 3.10
Fig 3.11
Fig 3.12
Fig 3.13
3.3: TRIANGLE
The triangle is a plane figure bounded by three straight sides, the connection of three points at
certain conditions form triangle.
A
Triangle
3 Point
Scalene triangle
Isosceles triangle
Right-angled
triangle
Equilateral
triangle
Fig. 3.14
Fig. 3.15
Fig. 3.16
Fig. 3.16
3.4
TASK (3)
Construct the following using a pairs of compasses:- 900, 600, 300, 450, 67.50, and 150
Line AB is 120mm long divide this line into Ratio 5:3:7.
Construct a perpendicular line to line AB 60mm long from a point P 30mm above the
line and 35mm from B.
4.
Construct an equilateral triangle with sides 60 mm long.
5
Construct an isosceles triangle that has a perimeter of 135 mm and an altitude of 55
mm.
6
Construct a triangle with base angles 60 and 45 and an altitude of 76 mm.
7.
Construct a triangle with a base of 55 mm, an altitude of 62 mm and a vertical angle of
371/2.
8.
Construct a triangle with a perimeter measuring 160 mm and sides in the ratio
3:5:6.
9.
Construct a triangle with a perimeter of 170 mm-and sides in the ratio 7:3:5.
10.
Construct a triangle given that the perimeter is 115 mm, the altitude is 40 mm and
the vertical angle is 45.
1.
2.
3.
Square
4 Point
Fig 4.1
B
RECTANGLE
PARALELLOGRA
c
Fig 4.2
.
RHOMBUS
TRAPEZIUM
TRAPEZOID
f
3.6: Construction of
quadrilaterals
3.6.1 Construction of a Parallelogram
given two sides and an angle.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fig 4.3
Fig. 4.4
Fig. 4.5
Fig. 4.6
3.7: CIRCLES
A circle is a locus of a point which moves so that its always a fixed distance from another
stationary point. The connection of infinite points at certain conditions form circle.
Circle
Infinite point
A
Concentric circles
Eccentric circles
Types of circles
NOMAL
TASK 4
1.
2.
3.
4
5
Construct a square of side 50 mm. Find the mid-point of each side by construction and
join up the points with straight lines to produce a second square.
Construct a square whose diagonal is 68 mm. 12. Construct a square whose
diagonal is 85 mm.
Construct a parallelogram given two sides 42 mm and 90 mm long, and the
angle between them 67. 14. Construct a rectangle which has a diagonal 55 mm
long and one side 35 mm long.
Construct a rhombus if the diagonal is 75 mm long and one side is 44 mm long.
Construct a trapezium given that the parallel sides are 50 mm and 80 mm long and are
45 mm apart.
WEEK 5
3.7.3: CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING CIRCLES
5.1.1. To construct the
circumference of a circle,
given the diameter.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FIG. 5.1
FIG. 5.2
FIG. 5.3
4.0: TANGENCY
4.1: CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT
To construct a tangent
from a point P to a circle,
center O
1.
2.
Joint OP.
Erect a semi-circle on
to cut the circle in A.
PA produced is the
required tangent.
FIG. 5.4
5.0: POLYGONS
A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight sides. There are two classes of
polygons, regular and irregular polygons.
A regular polygon is one that has all its sides equal and therefore all its exterior angles equal and its
interior angles equal.
An irregular polygon is the one that has unequal sides and also unequal angles (both interior and
exterior).
Polygons are frequently referred to have particular names. Some of these are listed below.
A pentagon is a plane figure bounded by five sides.
A hexagon is a plane figure bounded by six sides.
A heptagon is a plane figure bounded by seven sides.
An octagon is plane figure bounded by eight sides.
A nonagon is a plane figure bounded by nine sides.
A decagon is a plane figure bounded by ten sides.
Etc.
pentagon
octagon
hexagon
CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONS:
Fig. 5.8
Fig. 5.7
Fig 5.9
Fig. 5.10
Method 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fig. 5.12
3.
4
5
WEEK 6
6.0: ELLIPSE:
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves so
that its distance from a fixed point (called the
focus) bears a constant ratio, always less than 1, to
its perpendicular distance from a straight line
(called directrix).
6.1
PROPERTIES OF AN ELLIPSE:
6.2
CONSTRUCTIONS OF ELLIPSE:
A.
B.
Fig. 6.2
Fig. 6.3
C.
2. keep B on the minor axis ,A on the major axis and slide the trammel.
3. mark at frequent intervals the position of P. Figure 6.4 shows the trammel in position
for plotting the top half of the ellipse; to plot the bottom half , A stays on the major axis
and B goes above the major axis, still on the minor axis.
Fig. 6.5
D.
3.
Normal: Normal at any point P. Draw two lines from P, one to each focus and bisect
the angle thus formed. This bisector is a normal to the ellipse.
Tangent: Tangent at any point P. since the tangent and normal are perpendicular to
each other by definition, construct the normal and erect a perpendicular to it from P.
this perpendicular is the tangent.
Foci: Foci with compasses set at a radius of half (1/2) major axis, center at the point
where the minor axis crosses the top (or the bottom) of the ellipse, strike an arc to cut
the major axis twice, these are the foci.
TANGENT
TANGE
Fig. 6.6
FOCI
TASK SHEET 6
1.
Fig. T6.1 shows an elliptical fish-pond for a small garden. The ellipse is 1440 mm
long and 720 mm wide. Using a scale of 1/12 draw a true elliptical shape of the
pond. (Do not draw the surrounding stones.) All construction must be shown.
FIG. T6.1
Fig. T6.2 shows a section, based on an ellipse, for a handrail which requires
cutting to form a bend so that the horizontal overall distance is increased from 112
mm to 125 mm. Construct the given figures and show the tangent construction at
P and P1.
Show the true shape of the cut when the horizontal distance is increased from 112
mm to 125 mm.
FIG T6.2
WEEK 7:
7.0: ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
Isometric is a mathematical method of
constructing a three dimensional (3D)
object without using perspective.
Isometric was an attempt to make
drawings more and more realistic.
The mathematics involved mean that all
lengths when drawn at 30 degrees can be
drawn using their true length.
An isometric drawing shows two sides of
the object and the top or bottom of the
object (FIG. 7.1). All vertical lines are
drawn vertically, but all horizontal lines
are drawn at 30 degrees to the horizontal.
Isometric is an easy method of
constructing a reasonable 3D images.
(Fig. 7.1)
7.1
Fig. 7.3
Fig. 7.5
Fig. 7.4
Fig. 7.6
Fig. T7.1
Fig.T7.2
Fig. T7.3
Fig. T7.4
WEEK 8
thirdviews
that
(8.2)
8.1
PROJECTIONS
Figures (8.3 to 8.6) shows isometric pictorial drawing of a number of components, study the
drawing and using 1st and 3rd angle of projection and a scale of 1:1 draw the following:
Fig. (8.3)
Fig. (8.5)
Fig. (8.4)
Fig. (8.6)
8.2
8.2.1 INTRODUCTION
Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular directions, as shown in Figure
(8.7) below. Thus, six views may be drawn if necessary. These six views are always arranged
as shown below, which the American National Standard arrangement of views. The top,
front, and bottom views line up vertically, while the rear, left-side, front, and right-side views
line up horizontally.
Fig. (8.7)
Fig. (8.8)
If the front view is imagined to be the object itself, the right-side view is obtained by looking
toward the right side of the front view, as shown by the arrow RS. Likewise, if the right-side
view is imagined to be the object, the front view is obtained by looking toward the left side of
the right-side view, as shown by the arrow F.
The same relation exists between any two adjacent views.
Obviously, the six views may be obtained either by shifting the object with respect to the observer, as we have seen, or by shifting the observer with respect to the object Fig. (8.8).
8.3
is
(Fig.8.9)
The sides of an object diminish
towards the vanishing point. All
vertical and horizontal lines though
are drawn with no perspective. I.e.
face on.
One point perspective though is of
limited use, the main problem being
that the perspective is too pronounced
for small products making them
looking bigger than they actually are.
(Fig 8.10)
(Fig 8.10)
(Fig 8.11)
8.4
(Fig. 8.12 )
(Fig 8.13)
Fig (8.13) Shows affect of different locations of Vanishing Points
8.5
(Fig 8.14)
(FIG.8.15)
8.6
Figures (T13a to T13d) shown are isometric pictorial drawings for a number of components,
study the drawing and using 1st and 3rd angle of projection with scale of 1:1 draw the
following:
Fig. (T8.1a)
Fig. (T8.1b)
Fig. (T8.3c)
Fig. (T8.4d)
WEEK (9):
8.7
Hence, there are two system of multi-views projection that is acceptable as British standard
(Fig. 9.2), these are known as:
1. First Angle (1st Angle) or European projection.
2. Third Angle (3rd Angle) or American projection.
8.8
the
of
of
Fig.9.3
Fig.9.4
Fig.9.5
the
Fig.9.6
Fig.9.7
Fig.9.8
8.9
1.
TASK (8.2)
Figures T8.2a and T8.2b show two (2) isometric pictorial drawing of components,
study the drawing and by using scale 1:1 draw the following:
Fig. (T8.2a) use 1st angle of projection draw,1- Front view 2 -Side view
3- Top
view.
Fig. T8.2a
Fig (T8.2b) use 3st angle of projection draw,1- Front view 2-Side view
view
Fig. T8.2b
3 - Top
2.
Fig T8.2c and T8.2d show two (2) isometric pictorial drawing of components, study
the drawing and by using scale 1:1 and third angle of projection draw the following:Front view- Side view - Top view
Fig T8.2c
Fig T8.2d
WEEK -10
9.0: ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED ON MECHANICAL AND
ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS.
9.1: INTRODUCTION
There is a number of common engineering terms and expression, which are frequently
replaced by abbreviation or symbols on drawing, to save space and drafting time. This will
include the electrical, electronic, pneumatic and hydraulic symbols (Table 10.1).
Table (10.1)
Table (10.2)
Table (10.3)
(10.1)
Fig. (10.2)
The diagram indicates the standard symbols representing the functional components and
connection disregarding their physical size or position Fig. (10.2).
that
9.9
TASK (10)
1) The drawing in Figure (10.6) illustrates assembled mechanical parts, study the drawing
then list the items below accordingly.
Fig. (10.6)
2) The drawing in Figure (10.7) illustrates a pneumatic/Hydraulic diagram, study the drawing
then list the items in a tabular form below accordingly.
Figure (10.7)
3) The drawing in Figure (10.8) illustrates an electrical circuit, study the drawing and then list
the items below accordingly.
Figure (87)
Figure (10.8)
WEEK11:
Fig. (11.1).
Note that:
10.1
The Fig. (11.2) is a pictorial drawing of given object, three-views of which are required using
first angle of projection. Each corner of the object is given a number as shown. At I the top
view and the front view are shown, with each corner properly numbered in both views. Each
number appears twice, once in the top view and again front view.
Fig. (11.2)
At I point 1 is visible in both views, therefore placed outside the corner in both views.
however point 2 is visible in the top view and number is placed outside, while in the
front view it is invisible and placed inside.
10.2
Fig. (11.3)
Fig. (11.4)
Fig (11.5)
Fig (11.6)
Fig. T11
WEEK (12):
(Fig.
12.1)
(Fig. 12.2)
Fig. T12.1
2) Use A4 sheet with a pencil and try to draw the component shown in Fig. T12.2 below.
Fig. T12.2
WEEK13:
1. Look at the object carefully and choose the right position that shows the best three
main views (Fig. 13.1).
(Fig. 13.1)
2. Estimate the proportions carefully, sketch lightly the rectangles of views and set them
according to the projection method (1st or 3rd angle) chosen.
3. Hold the object, keeping the front view toward you (Fig. 13.2), and then start
sketching the front view.
(Fig. 13.2)
4. To get the top view, revolve the object so as to bring the top toward you, then sketch
the top view (Fig. 13.3)
(Fig. 13.3)
5. To get the right side view, revolve the object so as to bring the side view in position
relative to the front view, and then sketch the side view (Fig. 13.4)
(Fig. 13.4)
6. make sure the relationships between all views are carried out correctly (Fig. 13.5)
(Fig. 13.5)
(Fig. 13.6)
(Fig. 13.7)
(Fig. 13.8)
(Fig.13.9)
Fig. T13
WEEK 14
Construction:
Interpenetration:
13.1
13.2
Fig 14.1
Fig 14.2
Fig 14.3
Fig 14.4
3.6
WEEK 15
14.0 DEVELOPMENT
Many articles such as cans, pipes, elbows, boxes, etc are manufactured from thin sheet
materials. Generally a template is produced from an orthographic drawing when small
quantities are required.
The figures below illustrate some of the more commonly used development in pattern
marking. An example of an elbow joint is shown developed in fig. 15.1. The length of the
circumference has been calculated and divided into twelve equal parts. A part plan, divided
into six parts, has the division lines projected up to the joint, then across to the appropriate
point on the pattern. It is normal practice on a development drawing to leave the joint along the
shortest edge; however, on part B the pattern can be cut more economically if the joint on
this half is turned through 180.
Fig 15.1
Fig 15.2
OC, and OB are then marked on the pattern. This procedure is repeated for the other half of the
cone. The view
Fig 15.4
piece which is formed from two halves of oblique cylinders and two connecting triangles.
The plan view of the base is divided
into 12 equal divisions, the sides at the top into 6 parts each. Each division at the bottom
of the front elevation is linked with
a line to the similar division at the
top. These lines, P l, Q2, etc., are all
the same length. Commence the
pattern construction by drawing line
S4 parallel to the component. Project
lines from points 3 and R, and let
these lines intersect with arcs
equal to the chordal distances C,
from the plan view, taken from
points 4 and S. Repeat the process
and note the effect that curvature
has on the distances between the
lines projected from points P, Q, R,
and S. After completing the pattern
to line Pl, the triangle is added by
swinging an are equal to the length
B from point P, which intersects
Fig. 15.5
with the arc shown, radius A. This
construction for part of the
pattern is continued as indicated.
Fig 15.7
Fig 15.6
Fig T15.1
2.
Fig T15.2