.

CE 2402 ESTIMATION & QUANTITY SURVEYING

Differentiate between

B E Civil Engg 4th Yr 7th

Sem

Unit 1
ESTIMATE OF BUILDINGS
1 Differentiate between Centre Line Method & LW-SW Method
# Parameter
CENTRE LINE METHOD
a Fundamental Requirement
The element to be estimated should be SYMMETRICAL about the
VERTICAL Axis and also about the PLAN Axis in the given direction
b Basic Premise / Drawing
the LINE Plan ( here also full wall plan will be required but LINE Plan
required
is fundamental data )
c
Calculation Method
Full Perimeter of centre line length of IDENTICAL Walls is calculated as
the Base Measure
d
if walls of 2 DIFFERENT
the walls of different thicknesses are taken separately.
THICKNESSES are involved TOTAL of lengths of centre lines of each thickness are added separately
e Comparative Comment
*for regular plan shapes, this is a faster method
*With the value of TOTAL centre line length, many other quantities can
be calculated easily
f which method When?
When all elements are SYMMETRICAL about VERTICAL Axis

LW-SW METHOD
Symmetry is NOT Required
the FULL Wall Plan
Long Walls and Short Walls
are grouped separately
walls of different thicknesses
are taken separately
each element requires separate
calculations making it a bit
lengthy and laborious
No such specific case

2 Differentiate between Supplementary Estimate & Revised Estimate

#
Supplementary Estimate
Revised Estimate
a Defn Supplementary Estimate is a DETAILED Estimate
Revised Estimate is required when the original types and quantum of works
prepared when ADDITIONAL Works are required to face significant deviation either in terms of Specifications or Quantity or
be executed in addition to the works already planned Total Budgetary Limits or all of these
This is the estimate of the works over and above the
Even if the Quantity of the works has to be reduced significantly, then a
original list of works
Revised Estimate is required
When
b
When additional works are to be executed
When QLy / QTy / BOTH of the original works are changed significantly
c
R E prepared if original estimate is severely wrong & requires corrections
3 Differentiate between Lump Sum Estimate & Item Rate Estimate
#
Lump Sum Estimate
Item Rate Estimate
a Defn
Total estimate based NOT on proportionate quantities as arrived
The estimate is prepared based on the quantity of each work
from the drawings ;;; Instead contractor quantifies the
item which is quantified proportionately as per the drawings
resources required and costs based on visual inspection and past
experience;; agrees to a FIXED Amount LUMP SUM
b RATES
Rates are NOT Applied for any work item
Rate is applied for every work item and each work item is
estimated in proportion to its INDIVIDUAL quantity
c
Total
LS includes all expected and unexpected Overheads,
Overheads, Contingencies, Profit Margin are all added to the

Contingencies, Profit Margin etc.

4 Differentiate between Contingency & Overhead
Parameter Contingency
Defn
Contingencies represent INCIDENTAL expenses
a
** cannot be apportioned to any one particular work
** arises due in relation with the execution of the works
B Quantum
Usually Contingencies are estimated at 3 to 5 % of the
Total Estimated Cost
EXPECTED
UNWANTED but
UNAVOIDABLE Expenses
and cannot be estimated
c
Types
d

Examples

.** Expenses due to Severe Rains

** Delays / Losses due to strikes
** Delays / Losses due to Law & Order problems

total estimate arrived from the individual work estimates

Overhead
Overhead expenditures include all those expenditures which are
not technically proportionate to the type or quantum of works
Overheads are due to various ADMINISTRATIVE requirements
Overheads are proposed at about 5 to 10 % of the
Total Estimated Cost
Expected
Can be estimated to a fair degree of accuracy but cannot be
calculated accurately
Overheads are classified into 2 types
1 GENERAL Overheads
2 JOB Overheads
GENERAL Overheads
** Office establishment
** Travel between HO and Sites
** Staff Quarters Rent, etc.

** Stationary
** Telephone
** Advertisements

. JOB Overheads are due to

** Extra Staff for the Project
** Material Handling and Storing
** Repairs and Maintenance Charges
** Labour Amenities
** Workmens Compensation, Insurance, ESI
** Interest on Investments
** Losses of Interest due to Disbursal of Advance Payments
5 Differentiate between BoM & BoQ
# Feature
BoM Bill of Materials
a Defn
The BoM is a list
** shows all parts and components
related to a drawing
with the corresponding technical ID marks
also the quantities for each item are mentioned
b
Purpose
so that the (purchase) manager can easily place
orders as per exact specifications assumed by
DESIGNER

BoQ Bill of Quantities

BoQ is a list
Shows the quantities of Raw Materials. Manufactured Part,
Labour, Tools & Plants, Machine Hours and all such
requirements related to the given works
This list helps the Project Manager to estimate the Project Budget
and arrive at the other parameters such as Contingencvies,
Overheads, and all other INDIRECT costs

c
However many practitioners use both the terms SYNONYMOUSLY
6 Differentiate between Prime Cost & Provisional Sum
#
Prime Cost
Provisional Sum
DEfn
a
Prime Cost PC is the basic cost to be spent / paid for buying
Provisional Sum is the APPROXIMATE amount provided in the
or manufacturing a given item
estimate in the beginning for works which cannot be defined
and quantified at that stage.
b INCLUDES In manufacturing, PC refers to the total direct costs towards
PS is allowed for work items which cannot be accurately
raw materials, labour, packaging. transporting, etc.
taken off or which requires SITE MEASUREMENT
c EXCLUDES
PC does not include Overheads, Contingencies, etc.
Eg. Earthwork in Excavation
Use
E
Knowledge about PC helps to improve designs, processes
Though the Pit or Trench can be taken off accurately from the
and parts so that profitability can be increased for the same
foundation drawings, still the actual earthwork volume will vary
sale price or even at lesser prices
due to presence of Roots, Boulders, etc. which foul across the
excavation work and therefore require to be pulled out leading to
INCREASED quantities
Only site measurements can help to quantify the work
f
In civil engg construction contracts, PC is the amount of
Though the work quantities are not known in the beginning,
money say a few thousands of rupees or say a few lakhs
however the rates are fixed in the initial stage itself.
of rupees kept aside for purchasing various items which are
listed in the initial BoM but NOT Specified
NOT described NOT Rated NOT quantified
All specifications, rating, quantification, etc. done only later
g
Eg ** Sanitaryware ** Tiles ** Modular Kitchen ** Paints
** Air Conditioning Ducts ** Plumbing and Sanitaryware
** Interiors and Finishes for different work cabins in an office
** the type of Machine Foundation Pedestal for a particular
machine in a factory ( the type of machine itself is still not
specified in the beginning when the factory floor is designed )
h Payment Contractor is paid the ACTUALS for purchase of these PC
Client allows actual payment to the main contractor or to the
items
specialist sub-contractor engaged by the main contractor or
For installing or fixing or executing these work items under
engaged directly
PC, the rates for execution alone are already QUOTED by
Contractor and Agreed To upon by the Client in the
beginning itself
Eg. Rate for Painting -- Rs XX per sq. ft for 2 coats
Mentioned in the initial estimates / bids / quotations
But rate of paint material not quoted
It is marked as PC
The client earmarks some amount towards Purchase of Paint

7 Differentiate between Estimate and Actual Cost

# Parameter Estimate Cost
Actual Cost
A Preparing
Prepared before the beginning of the work
Prepared at the end of the work
stage
B
Concept
Based on the Drawings, Specifications, Past Experience
Based on the actual bills, and other payments made based on the
and some predictions
actual field measurements
C
Accuracy
Prone to variations and deviations due to unavoidable
Very less error -changes in the work
Errors too will be due to willful negligence,
or due to unnoticed omissions
or unavoidable situations where measurements could not be taken
8 Differentiate between Prime Cost & Capital Cost
#
Prime Cost
DEfn
a
Prime Cost PC is the basic cost to be spent / paid for buying or
manufacturing a given item
b
c
E
f

g
h

Capital Cost
Capital Cost is the TOTAL COST of all works and all costs
Incurred from the beginning of the project and upto
Mandatory Maintenance and Guarantee Period
INCLUDES
In manufacturing, PC refers to the total direct costs towards raw
The Capital Cost includes all Direct Costs, Indirect Costs,
materials, labour, packaging. transporting, etc.
Contingencies, Overheads and all other costs related to the
comprehensive completion of the project
EXCLUDES
PC does not include Overheads, Contingencies, etc. CC includes Overheads, Contingencies, and every other cost
Use
Knowledge about PC helps to improve designs, processes and
Capital Cost
Prime Cost
parts so that profitability can be increased for the same sale
price or even at lesser prices
In civil engg construction contracts, PC is the amount of money say a
few thousands of rupees or say a few lakhs of rupees kept aside for
purchasing various items which are listed in the initial BoM but NOT
Specified
NOT described NOT Rated NOT quantified
All specifications, rating, quantification, etc. done only later
Eg ** Sanitaryware ** Tiles ** Modular Kitchen ** Paints
Payment Contractor is paid the ACTUALS for purchase of these PC items
For installing or fixing or executing these work items under PC, the rates
for execution alone are already QUOTED by Contractor and Agreed To
upon by the Client in the beginning itself
Eg. Rate for Painting -- Rs XX per sq. ft for 2 coats
Mentioned in the initial estimates / bids / quotations
But rate of paint material not quoted
It is marked as PC
The client earmarks some amount towards Purchase of Paint

>

9 Differentiate between various Types of Arches

A
Semi-circular arch or
Roman Arch
RISE equal to

D
Flat arches
Flat arches are also
known as straight
arches. As the name
itself suggests, the
arch spans straight
across the opening
without any curvature

RADIUS

B Segmental Arch
A Syrian arch which is
also known as a
Segmental arch. It forms a
partial curve since it has a
small rise in the centre and
is semi-elliptical across
the top.
Segmental arch or arch
that is less than a
semicircle
i.e RISE less than the
RADIUS

E
Gothic Arches
Gothic arches are
narrow arches with a
pointed opening. It
was considered to be
a more sinuous and
elegant successor to
the roman arch style.
Gothic arches have
been used in
cathedrals of the
Middle ages across
Europe.

F
Flattened Gothic Arches

Horseshoe Arches

Flattened Gothic arches

are also known as Tudor
arches. Tudor arches have
a low rise because of
which they are named as
flattened gothic arches.
Gothic arches are
generally narrower than
the flattened gothic arches.

A Moorish arches
are also called
Horseshoe arches.
The arch resembles
the look of a
horseshoe magnet.
The curved arch line
extends beyond the
semi-circular line of
the arch.

Semi-circular/ Roman Arch

Segmental Arch

Flattened Gothic Arch

Flat Arch

Inflexed arch

Unequal round arch or

Rampant round arch

Gothic Arch

Horseshoe or Moorish
Arch

Parabolic arch

Trefoil arch, or Threefoiled cusped arch

A masonry arch
1. Keystone 2. Voussoir
3. Extrados 4. Impost
5. Intrados 6. Rise
7. Clear span
8. Abutment

Triangular arch

.
1
0
#
1

Differentiate between the various types of AREAS in a building and campus

Type of Area
Plot Area

Definition
The total land area available for construction with EXCLUSIVE Ownership

Undivided
Share

In a plot with many houses built one above the other, ( multi-storey type) the actual share of the LAND / PLOT an
individual house owner can get is called UDS
Total PLOT Area
UDS =
( this formula is applicable ONLY when all the owners have the SAME type of flats )
No . of Owners
( if there are different types of flats in same plot, then UDS calculation depends on Area of each flat )) see Eg. below )
Area occupied by a building built-up and covered area at the plinth level including wall thickness but WITHOUT
Plinth OFFSETS
The Plinth Area can be measured at upper storey levels also
FA = Plinth Area MINUS Wall Thickness Area
Carpet Area is the EFFECTIVELY USABLE area within the Floor area; following elements NOT INCLUDED in Carpet Area

UDS
3

Plinth Area

4
5

Floor Area
Carpet Area

Verandah

Areas NOT Bathroom and lavatory;

Included in the
Carpet Area Shaft for sanitary/water supply
installations

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Corridor and passage;

Entrance hall and porch

Shaft and machine room for lift;

Kitchen and pantry;

Store;

Canteen;

garbage chute, electrical and

fire fighting

air-conditioning,
telecommunication, lift.

Staircase and staircover ( mumty )

Air-conditioning duct and plant

room

Circulation
Area
Common Area

The area used for facilitating the people to move around WITHIN the same building or from One Building to
ANOTHER building WITHIN the SAME campus
Eg Corridor, Staircase, Pathways, ..
Areas within a building common to MORE THAN ONE OWNER within the same premises
( Eg. Satircase, Corridor, Lift, Parking, Gate, Approach Ways, .. )
Covered Area Any are overed at top by roof i.e NOT Open to sky
FECA
Fully Enclosed Covered Area -- Covered at top by roof & Enclosed on all 4 sides by walls with proper access doors
UCA
Unenclosed Covered Area - only top is covered but one or more of the 4 vertical sides open without walls
Balcony, Sit-outs, Porch, Portico, Parking Areas, .
Usable Floor Area
The actual portion of the Floor area usable
Service Area
Area within used for services -- Lift Shaft, Garbage Chute, Wash Areas, .
Non-habitable Area
Sunshade, though a covered area, but is not habitable
Built-up Area
Area on the plot on which buildings are constructed
Reserved Areas
Areas within the building or plot reserved for certain functions --- Eg. Side Offsets reserved for parking,
Offset Area
Areas left UNBUILT on all 4 sides of the building for Ventilation, Fire Safety, etc.
Area earmarked for Future Expansion
OSR Open Space Reservation --- fully open area UNBUILT Uncovered, UNENCLOSED; used only for Greenery purpose, --usually before the building on the roadside
Terrace Area
Area left free and fully open to sky in the Terrace Level
OTS - Outside Open to Sky Area OUTSIDE the Buildings - Front , Rear and Side OFFSETS,
OTS - Inside
Open to Sky Area INSIDE the Buildings

UDS Calculation
Total Land Area
No . of Flats

5,600 sq, ft
9

Type A Flat
Type B Flat

800 sq. ft per flat

1,000 sq. ft per flat

UDS =

Plot Area
Total Floor Area

* Floor Area of the given

Owner
UDS for Type A Owner =

5,600
800 = 533.33 sq. ft
( 3800+61,000 )

UDS for Type B Owner =

5,600
1,000 = 666.667 sq. ft
( 3800+61,000 )