Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Present
1 Present
Grammar
ln Use
A self-study
ref erence
a nd
practice
book for
elementary
students of
En
glish
with answers
TH IRD
EDITION
Raymond Murphy
CRVTSNIDGE
UNIYERSITY PRESS
www.cambridge.org
Thanks
To the r
To the
Present
1an
2ar
3It
4ar
5 I,
6I
7D
8I
9I
Pasf
10 rr
11 rr
12 I
13r
1+r
Present
ISBN
ISBN
ISBN
ISBN
ISBN
ISBN
ISBN
978-0-521-67543-7
978-0-521-67544-4
978-0-521-67545-I
978-3-12-539538-1
97 8-3-12-539 536-7
15r
16 r'
t7r
18F
t9fi
20r
Pa-ssiut
2ri
22i
I'erb
23
_ft
2-+ I
Futurt
?5r
26
27t
28,
IIofu.
29
.3t:l
31,
It
Thanks vii
To the student viii
To the teacher x
Present
L
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
arn/is/are
arn/is/are
(questions)
I arn doing (present continuous)
are you doing? (present continuous questions)
I dolwork/like etc. (present simple)
I don't ... (present simple negative)
Do you ... ? (present simple questions)
I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple)
Past
10
11
12
13
14
was/were
Present perfect
15
16
17
18
19
20
and
I did
(past)
Passiue
(passive 2)
Wrb;t'orms
25
26
27
28
Modak, imperatiue
etc.
29 might
30 can and could
31 must rnustn't don't need to
ffinPu*''
32
33
34
35
36
should
have to ...
'Would you like ...
.-l
tr
a
a
There and
tt
it
crr
has,/have
been
there
will
be
tl
Auxiliary uerbs
40 I arn. I don't etc.
41 Flave you? Are
*..,
-- tl
-i o
S(
nL
)rL
'
Questions
50
She said
'_b
t.-a
':
Reported speech
that ...
!i
rl
51
52
53
54
55 go to ... go on ...
56 get
57 do and rnake
58 have
go for
...
go -ing
tv
and the
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
a/an ..-
1)
2)
93
91
95
96
1)
97 and but
98 When ...
L)9 If we go ...
100 If I had ...
or
so
because
il][
Prepositions
For thr
thank.
and re.
lllustra
Lisa Sr
Desigr
Phrasal uerbs
2)
Appendices
Additionalexercises
Study
guide
252
271
VI
|il.
ndex 3I5
etc.)
2s1.
For their help in producing this third edition of Essential Grammar in (Jse, I would like to
thank Liz Driscoll, Jessica Roberts and Alison Sharpe. I would also like to thank the teachers
and reviewers from various countries who provided me with feedback on the previous edition.
Illustrations by Kate Charlesworth, Richard Deverel1, Gillian Martin, Roger Penwill,
Lisa Smith, Ian-West and SimonWilhams
Design by Kamae Design
tln$. Ys;11*ut
r6ra!'A*hprslrEl.1{iidlls:h*i{:r''
vilt
:''l
i:. r'l
Exerciscs
A
.-t
Unir 3
G$Lnt-e,$ee
nght:
:
ri""" '
''
| 1,f"""
lnformation
''ir:::
i: ., ....
:r' : .
Exercises
on
pates
283-309.
if
necessary.
hlililr
There are
aTso
Additional
CD Rom
ilffi,
In
are:
n:lass-
I It is a grarunar book. It does not deal with other aspects of the language.
trnm
n It is for
n
elementary learners. It does not cover areas of gramnar which are not normally
taught at elementary level.
It is a reference book with exercises. It is not a course book and is not organised
;nretb
e'iuile
Ssrnt
indir,r
progressively.
so:
for self-study.
;Mrd
of grammar. The
material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses, questions and articles. lJnits are
not ordered according to di{ficulty, and should therefore be selected and used in the order
appropriate for the learner(s). The book should rzol be worked through from beginning to end.
The units are listed rnthe Contents and there is a comprehensle Index at the end of the book.
area
Each unit has the same format consisting of two facing pages. The grammar point is presented
and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding exercises are on the right. There
are seven Appendices (pages 243-2.51) dealing with active and passive forms, irregular verbs,
short forms (contractions), spelling and phrasal verbs. It might be useful for teachers to draw
students' attention to these.
At the back of the book there is a set of Additional exercises (pages252-270). These exercises
provide 'mixed'practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units
(especially those concerning verb forms). There are 35 exercises in this section and there is a
full list on page 252.
see page
rCtJmtr
-l
Finally, there is a Key (pages 283-309) for students to check their answers to all the exercises
the book. An edition without the Study guide and Key is aiallable for teachers who would
prefer it for their students.
in
Level
The book is for elementary learners, i.e. learners with very little English, but not for complete
beginners. It is intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the ear\ stages of a
beginners'course. It could also be used by low-intermediate learners whose grammar is
weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular areas of basic
grammar.
so
The book can be used by students working alone (see To the studenf) or as supplementary
course material. In either case the book can serve as an elementary grammar book.
When used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later
revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students
needing extra help and practice.
\X
The
rn, th,
JM
27I.
The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore as simple and as
short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises has also been restricted
that the book can be used at this level.
ICD R
T1
Also at the back of the book there is a Study guide to help students decide which units to study
In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and explanation) in
class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference.
In most cases, it would probably be better for teachers to present the grammar point in their
preferred way with the exercises being done for homework. The left-hand page is then
avaiiable for later reference by the student.
Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In this case,
individual students or groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study
and practice.
CD Rom
The book is sold with or without a CD Rom. This contains further exercises on all the units
in the book, as well as a bank of more than 600 test questions from which users can select to
compile their own tests. The CD Rom is also available separately.
Essential
This is a new edition of Essen.tial Cyammar in LIse. The differences between this edition
and the second edition are:
There is one new unit (Unit 35) and some reorganisation, so that most units have
different numbers from the previous edition.
n There
are many (usually minor) revisions to the explanations, examples and exercises.
There is a new Study guide at the back of the book to help users decide which units to
exercises (pages
252-270).
study.
rc
em,/i.s/re,
>\\-i_
My lather is a doctor and my
positiue
I
am
ts
it
(I'-)
(he's)
he
(she's)
she
it
(it's)
we
(r,ve're)
we
you
they
are\
>\--
negdtwe
he
she
My favourite sports
W
@irrgrat
fFFffi
afe
(you're)
(they're)
you
they
arn not
(I'm not)
not or he isn't)
(she's not
or she isn't)
IS not
(it's not
or it isn't)
(rve're not or r,ve aren't)
afe not (you'te not or you aren't)
(they're not ol' they aren't)
(he's
form
short -forms
short
short;form
fl I'rn
ffiiF
that's = that
is
there's
= there is
fl
"t2
'Flere's your
am/is/are (questions)
key.'
Un!t
here's = here is
of you
'Thank you.'
there is/are
- !.Jr!:i:t7
alan
!-lnit
65
short forms
Appemriix 4
Unit
Exe re ises
1.1
.lno) .
1.2
The
weather L2
nice
Carol.
not rich.
2I
hearry.
3 This b"g
4 These bags . .. hear,ry.
My brother and
1.3
Hq't in bed.
. .. thirsty.
2 I'n not hungry, but
.. 98.
..
3 MrThomas is a very o1d man.
. comfortable.
4 These chairs aren't beautiful, but
and sunny.
*".5 The weather is nice today.
'No.
l'rrr not. I'nr early!'
late.'
6',
at work.
7 Catherine isn't at home.
your coat.' 'Oh, thank you very much.'
B'
1
ill.
Steve is
1.4
1 (name?) My
2 (from?) I
3 (age?) I
4 fob?) I
My
(interested
?)
1.5
hot
alngry cold
afraid
fflJ
"Y@
tr
7
2
1.6
She's
thks\.
hungrY
_rb':
!,-a{ /r \
-;(',
=ffi*
3
He
...
They
/ hot today)
2 (it / windy today) It
3 (-y hands / cold) My
4 (BrazlI / a very big country)
5 (diamonds / cheap)
6 (Toronto / in the US)
ne
fL..99nlt.h.qt
10
(interested
.11f.
or are/aren't.
tod4g, or
7 (tired)
8 (hungry)
9 (a good swimmer)
+hi+st+
l1
qw)
1. (it
in ...
tired., or
/ I'm not'
!lm.4ql tired,
in football)
13
quesnon
aftt
alt'l
I?
he
ls
she
he?
ts
it
she?
we
you
they
rve?
n
il
n
n
are
are
_l
they?
a:41
room?'
'Yes, a little.'
a;\4
l:::,-/
you?
new?
say:
ry
?/vhy...
is
what
who's
who
is
is rvhere's = where is
tr Vho's that man?
n Flow's your father?
how's = how
I'rn
attl.
he's
he
she
sn
1S.
it
Yes,
she
not.
No,
we're
you're
they're
we
you
e's
it's
No,
he
ate.
they
we
you
they
am/is/are
Unit
questions
Unii
44
what/which/how
isn't.
rt
aren't.
a:
Unit 47
.lW
Exercises
2.1
Unit 2
'Where's
the camera?
7
8
9
2.2
1.
A London.
B No, I'm not.
-)
Yes,
you
are.
D My sister.
E Black.
F No,
bag?
....
it's black.
G In your bag.
H No, she's American.
.....
Very well.
8
9
..
...
?
?
?
?
...
2.3
.Hqp
.........
-)
.... .
1E
vour new
shoes?
How .."
street.
d1.50 a kilo.
Skiing.
That's my father.
Black.
Paul.
(Amerjcan?)
-)
(how old?)
I'm
(a teacher?)
(married?)
Yes,
(wife
(from?)
She's Italian.
(her name?)
Anna.
(how old?)
Shet 27.
a lawryer?)
marriedl
30.
Nq,..l.ln nqt,
in this photograph?
................
1 Are you
.. these oranges?
2.4
am.
E;
.i.i
It's raining.
The sun isn't shining.
She's eating.
isn't reading.
Shc
They're running.
They aren't walking.
_2
am
(not)
he
is
she
(not)
-irg
it
we
you
they
are (not)
I'rn working
wearing a hat
they're playing footbail
['rn not watching television
she's
past
_future
Look, there's Sarah. She's wearing a brown coat. (= she is wearing it now)
3,.1
it.
(- Appendix 5):
dance * dancing
cgnre + coming write - writing
+
run
running sit - sitting swirr-r - srvimrning
lie - lying
Spelling
t6
-a-i'a<_t+ ::<{.
z-'<f:
'
What
ar"e
Un:Et
l.Jsr
sit
-wait-
r;.rflg
6.tJlB
$L
2
Sle's eattng^
He \KN\AX
rr'.y-
3.2
the floor.
for a bus.
football
-QJt9-
tr
Cclrnp!ete the
se
1n
$\V
breakfast.
L\\
the
tab1e.
nte nres.
,.'N'oh,qsd\nq
l'r' .o.ry.' U
1'#il1j:ffij' '
in
r,;.n."
3 'You OSS- h\AlfqUn9 on ,.,,y [oot.'
the river.
at the Central Hotel.
; -N|;'RIS. hrlftSr%*:Ytl:l$:.
;Y :H:::rre,r rhe,,,.,,en,
8 rLr{x\
,')
"
-]
Look at
r**
qQi$p1
,,#, coodbye.
O*uur*. OSr,** sentences ahsli..{t iane. Use She's *inq nr SFre isn't -iarg.
1
(have
dinner)
2 (rvatch
3
4
5
6
7
i r i ntr'{r'.T' J{r}*i$*tU
{ka\"'
i*:*li'
\td\ISf+
Ja ne
.)
"+
What's
I (I /
2
-)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
l"rag:pe
wash
1it srrow)
11or'yung.
.r
(r z
ti.ten to rr*rsic)
N$s,"]
^
'(Rfl n$l_qqa${.q++S c{x$}a
-
c. IEX\C
t'.'.ll
,l
r 1,,
uestiOrns)
I'it.t,l
positiue
question
atn
atl]
doing
working
going
he
she
1S
it
he
ls
etc,
afe
she
it
staying
we
you
they
are
we
you
they
doing?
working?
going?
staying?
etc.
are you
television.'
Sue?
is/are -f
Where
-Where
subject
+ -itg
Is
Is
he
Paul
working today?
working today? (nol Is working Paul today?)
afe
they
those people
going?
are
going? (norWhere
Short answers
I
arxt.
I'rn
ne's
he
ls.
shc's
she
he
she
it
Yes
we
you
they
No,
t's
not.
No,
wetre
ate
we
you
they
you're
they're
isn't
L'.
it
arett't
4.4
I am doing
Unit
Unit
25
questions
Units 44-47
Unit 4
Exe
rcises
4,1
Look at the
the pictures and write the questions.
(you/watch/it?)
(it / rain?)
(you
turn it off.
No,
for a taxi.
4.2
'trf-
rm\
.eal4
reaA)nq
tookat
laugh
-tt
ra+
e=_
:-p* ffi
-@ '@
U
ffi-k erc
Make questions from these words. Put the words in the right order.
I
2
3
4
5
6
\\
; i*z:**ru1,:;t,r,tru''fiN
4.4
Is
it rainine? Y
d'o-^g
at
mN
he likes
/ I work
has
Remember:
he rvorks
brother rvork)
day.
(-
ApPendix 5):
-es after -s t -sh / -ch'. pass -+ passes finish - finishes rvatch
-y + -ies: study - studies try - tries
also.. do * does
go + goes
SPelling
ffiffi?
rvatches
-we
use the present sirnple for thi'gs that are true in eeneral, or lbr things that happen
sometinles or all the tlne:
present simple
r
20
ldon't...
(negative)
-llnit fi
Doyou... ?(questions)
- [!nil 34
tr:
Unit
Exe
5,1
5.2
rcises
Unit 5
i' l'.
'r
eat
go
live
plaf
play
sleep
-\
l'r^
5lt
6
,.
5.3
[i-.*
\it lr l:
5 (have) she
6 (finish) it
'**1
\\
tennls.
.,/-
!,\r. f1:
to the cinema
lot-
boil close, cost cost like , like ..meet, -open +peak teach *uih*
1 Maria ?P?9*?- ... four languages.
2 The shops in the city centre usually
3 The CityMuseum ).,.., -;,.-,,,t at 5 o'clockin the evening.
4 Tina is a teacher. 51]. ),t,[yc\.,..i -.. mathernatics to young children.
5Myjobisveryinteresting.II',
6
7
u
Food is expensive. It .
Shoes are expensivc. They
9 Wrrer
l0
5.4
dirty. He never
Julia rnd l
Write
se
ar
.),
- .,
I I
, I . it.
lot of money..
a lot of money.
.-t,\1i,1,
me.
ntences from these words. Use the right form of the verb (arrive or arrives etc.).
q6
.:{*
*nmm***'
4
5
(go ro work,,
'chool by bus)
(drink cofTee in the rnorning)
.',
.t
1q.\iir'{,
'
I ,.dor,n't .1.
She
doesn't drink
positiue
cofTee.
work
like
do
have
works
likes
he
she
does
has
it
doesn't
(does not)
uerb:
negatiue
we
you
they
tr
coflee.
'We
Remember:
Unit
F-
TXC TC!SCS
6"1
Un!t 6
I dnnli pVU
u""*
t*,
They
\opurc Klrp.
1 classical music?
2 boxing?
3 horror fi1ms?
ves
no
11()
yes
yes
no
bon gryd
Kate
rg@@
Y,.'-j*\
\uxe ... t ) Brr rro
b.J
pwnp
Jane
6.2
**
..
I
Yor:
I{ate
I
classical music.
...
watch TV.
or
S"4 Complete
the serrtences. All of them are negative. Use don't/doesn't + these verbs:
cost go know +ea4 see use wear
1 I buy a n'ewspaper every day, but sometim.r I . dpn t fgg& .. it.
2 Paui has a car, but he
it very often.
3 Paul and his friends iike fihns, but they
. to the cinema verv often.
4 Amanda is married, but she
a ring.
5I
much about politics. I'm not interested in it.
6 The Regent Hotel isn't expensive. It
.. much to stay there.
7 Brian lives very near Lls, but we ......
him very often.
6.5
1 Margaret 5P?gX3 four languages - English, French, German and Spanish. (speak)
2 1 &an'L Akz ... my job. It,s veryboring. (1ike)
3 'Where's Martin?' 'I'm sorry. I
(know)
23
postttue
questr0n
FFFF
doldoes+
subject
you
work
on Sundays?
your friends
live
play
near here?
Chris
Where do
How often I do
What I does
How r-r'rtich i does
irLfinitiue
your parents
tennis?
you
this word
live?
wash
rnean?
your hair?
it
cost
to fly to Rome?
Do
Does
What
do
you
Chris
yoLl
always
have
often
usuallv
phor
do
a bank.'
Renrenrber:
do lzwc/youi
rhey
does he,/she/tt...
r, i
'l:,.':
ffifr
i' l:i,.,'
shortanswers
*
tlYe'.r',*.,v.**"
- -'-------
1.,.!. 11,1""':
l,/we/yor-r,/they don't
he/she/it doesn't.
{i
questions
Units 44-47
Exe rcises
L.lnit 7
7"1
7'2
Do
g,o_u
Lika chp.enlp&p
......
Lr-rcv ..
vou
.?
?
.?
?
?
.?
.?
?
Make questions from these words + clofdoes. Purt the words in the right creler.
1 (where / live / yoLu parents)
Wherg, d,o .ggay pqrrenLtr {.i.rq.
2 (you / ea{y,/ always / get up)
Dc gqu rJwq4s gat, y.p WW
3 (how often / TV / you / watch)
,l (you / .rant,/ what / for dinner)
5 (like / you / football)
6 (your brother / ltke / footbali)
7 (rvhat / you / do / in your fi-ee time)
8 (your sister ,/ work ,/ where)
9 (to the cinema / often / vou / go)
10 (what ,/ mean / rhis word)
11 (often / snow / it / here)
12 (go ,/ usually / to bed ,/ what time / you)
cost)
do
-J^
enjoy
go
What
r
2
6
7
do
I work in a bookshop.
It's OK.
At 9 o'clock.
on Slturdrvs?
to work?
How ..
.
And your husband. What
What
Science.
his job?
Aelditional exercises
Soirretimes.
Usually by bus.
He's a teacher.
tJ
7.4
-do UA4
teach
.W.hattime
4
5
start
like
4-7
(pages 253-54)
['Jo,
I dcn't. etc.).
No-,
d-onlt. 0r
Yes. he loves
Yas,
it.
'f, ,fl111
No, he isn't.
(present continuotts)
Yes, he does.
(present simple)
ffiifiPresentcontinuous(Iarrrdoing)=now'atthetimeofspeaking:
Iom doing
pdst
tr
u
n
n
n
- . l
. itir ,
noLL)
future
ffiPresentsinpte(Ido)=ingenera1,a11thetirneorsonretimes
Ido
pdst
tlow
I I work every day from 9 o'clock to 5.30.
frrttrre
like
prefer
want
need
love
hate
know
tnean
(I am -ing):
understand remernber
believe
forget
depend
tr 'Do you know that girl?' 'Yes, but I don't remernber her name.'
ll I donot understand. What do vou mean?
26:,,:
present continuous
Units
3-4
present simple
Units
5-7
Uni:
::
Unit I
Exe rcises
Yep, h|,
l'm
he
uoi;rd.ourr
d"aap-,
Lsn'{,,
S\4.
qllv
(
r\ dr6
cleaney.
Engrish?
't
2
Kate?'
C(Ql.r\lt
k,,,o*.,
J3 'Whatt
wnats rulnyi
tu+r"y? Whv
\
you
laughing?
0JlSyou spcak
hlrW
.)
'\Vhere's
4 'what. calN
your sister
do?' , 1 'She's a dentist.
'&61^
J5 rr
It [.15
L/J u
ra1n1ng.
.ri';i]"'rr .(XVd.l\+1... want
wanr to
ro go out in the rain.
r
'Canada.
6 'Where dS
d$..
- you conre l.rom?' 'Canada.'
7 How nruch &A[qD it cosr
cost to s,qnd.r
sBnd-r lerrcr.ro
lettcr.to Canada?
8 Steve is a good tennis player, but
:ur he
ItniTplay very
hc dG\Drn't'r.,,
,,.,.., often.
8.3
Put the verb in the pi'esent continuous (l am doing) or the present simple (l do).
1
Excuse
J
4
(ting).
(she/want) to go home now.
6
7
IJ
10
11
12
13
I4
ffilllltlrrrru"'
\l-NH
QNify'u
,l
1:.,1.1'.j:I\$,n $ln-r
*l'itrffir{r'frl'ffiW
lr,'ftg,.tg,'.1'., r. A,hd
You can say I have or
gst
I l'rrp
r.!
1il
l've
goL
heaA-a<he.
(he's got)
(she's got)
+
sltort form
ffi
I haven't got
n.e.qatiue
short answers
has not
'n; I i;;;;j
empty.'
28
ijirits !'l
*i2
L.lnit
5*
some an\
-r-i.r ?*
Exercise s
9.1
Urait
Write the shnrt form with got {we've got / he hasn't got etc.}.
1 we have got welve' gaL 3 they hane got'i. .,..:t.:,.. ',. ,,. "'5 it has got ,
2 he has got ,
4 :he lrrs ,'oigo,
r-, I hrue'no, go,
Read the questions and answe rs. Then write
1
2
3
4
5
se
ntences about
No.
Yes.
two brothers
and a sister.
Yes,
I haven't got.
.'\\''
Write these sentences with g*t {l've got / have you Eot etc"). The meaninq !s the same.
1 They have two children.
qhiL&_ron,
c
,..
k?g,
\i.
r.
+
aa
9"5
i\
1,.";''ri; :,iil;, t
i-lilri. i iii ,.ti ,
,..!
-i+ tCrl',l,lCli,)'t,l5r:,.r(Xr
.J$,t G,ir,*,
tfiil
'l'
Write have got {'ve got}, h*s gct {'s got}, haven't got or hasn,t qot.
got :,).{*
't\'r {* i
1 Sarah h*pn'L got a car-. She goes everylvhere by bicycle.
2 They iike .rnirrrals. They" ve gol rhree dogs lnd rwo crts.
3 Charles isn't happy. Ue \::,j,1.-1.., f ,i..r \,
e lot of problems.
4 They don't read much. They 11,.)ii,r:i}li-:t_.,:\, Lr,;i. many books.
5 ''What's wrong?' 'I -:. ,::1..: il. ' , '.t:. sdhething in nry eye.,
O 'Where's my pen?' 'l don't knorv. I
7 Jultawanrs to go ro the concert,but she liJ-i:.li r',:;.:i\ ,t,-,, r-t a ticket.
cornplete the sente nees. [Jse havelhas sst CIr haven'tfhJsr:'t got with:
a lot-of fliends
four wheels
+-headaehe
sii legs+-ga+de+
rnuch tirne
a key
1 I'm not feeling weil. I 'ye gpL x hf.g4+*,9.
2 Itt a nice house, but it .. har4lt Eqt a- gardr,9,n, . r
3 Most cars \ .... r,. 1... ,, i. I
, : ,i ., - :.
4 Everybody likesTom. He rr ,,:,-l:',-. i,..,i,.L-\,,. ,,,,
5 I can't open thc dool. I
.. ' .,t,lii,:i. - ,:l ..r.
6 An insect i.l:-l'll.ry i,irC.-5 :.-.,.- .i',. ),5'.i...i.., ..- ,,.
7 -We must hurry. 'We ...r,..r,:..;.:,........1..:1,...,..',.... { .. { I : . '
,
"
iii''n
i ..r.\L
:,,..
4.
F"4ark"
3l
I"j m
9.3
No.
slsters
se