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Chapter 25: Electric Potential
Chapter 25: Electric Potential
Chapter 25: Electric Potential
As mentioned several times during the quarter Newtons law of gravity and Coulombs law are
identical in their mathematical form. So, most things that are true for gravity are also true for
electrostatics!
Here we want to study the concepts of work and potential as they apply to the electric field.
In the study of mechanics we talk about work done by (or on) the gravitational field.
Example: The work (W) done by gravity when a 1 kg mass (m) falls a distance (d) of 1 meter is:
W=mgd=(1kg)(9.8m/s2)(1m)=9.8 Joules
Constant force : Work = F d = Fd cos
Example: A 1kg mass sitting 1m above the earths surface has a potential energy (U) of:
U=mgd=(1kg)(9.8m/s2)(1m)=9.8 Joules
The relationship between work done by gravity on an object and its change in potential energy is:
Wdone by gravity= -U= -(Ufinal-Uinital)
Remember:
When an object falls
due to gravity its potential
energy decreases.
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V =
U
q
electric potential
Actually, it is the electric potential difference we want since in analogy with potential energy
it is only the change in potential energy that counts:
example: In our previous example we said that a 1 kg mass held 1 m above the earths surface
had a potential energy of 9.8 J. In doing this problem we (implicitly) assumed that the potential
energy at the earths surface was 0J. More correctly, we should say the potential energy
difference of a 1 kg mass 1m above the earths surface is 9.8J.
V = V f Vi =
U f Ui
q
U
q
The electric potential difference is a scalar quantity. This is one of its virtues. It allows us to
calculate the electric field, a vector, from a scalar!
Finally, we can relate the electric potential difference to the work done by an electrostatic force:
V = V f Vi =
W
q
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V = V f V =
The electric potential is a property of the electric field. It is defined independent of any charges
placed in the electric field.
E
f
+q
Example: A positive charge q=+1C moves 1m in an electric field of 9.8N/C as in the figure.
a) The work done by the E-field is: WE-field=qEdcos=qEdcos(180)=-(1C)(9.8N/C)(1m)=-9.8J
b) The charges potential energy difference is: U= -Wdone by E-field=-(-9.8J)=+9.8J
c) The electric potential difference is: V=U/q=+9.8 volts
An important property of the potential difference is that its value is independent of the path
taken to get from point i to point f.
a
y
i
Lets calculate the potential difference in going from i to f by two different routes.
i) the direct route i to f: V=U/q=(-WE-field)/q=-Edcos=-Edcos(0)=-Ed
ii) the indirect route i to f:
along path i) to a): V=0 as no work is done since: WE-field=Eycos=Eycos(90)=0
along path a) to b): V=U/q=(WE-field)/q=-Edcos=-Edcos(0)=-Ed
along path b) to f): V=0 as no work is done since: WE-field=Eycos=Eycos(270)=0
Thus V is independent of the path taken!
The electrostatic force is a conservative force and therefore the potential difference is
independent of path.
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Equipotential Surfaces
It is also useful to speak of equipotential surfaces or lines.
These are points in space at the same potential. Since along an equipotential surface we
have Vf-Vi=0 (duh!) no work is done moving along an equipotential path.
HRW Fig. 25-3
Equipotential lines and a point charge.
The figure on the right shows the electric field lines
(radially outward) and the equipotential lines (concentric circles)
for a positive point charge. Careful inspection of the geometry
shows that the lines of the electric field and the equipotential are
perpendicular to each other. This is true in all circumstances. If it
were not true then there would be component of the electric field along an
equipotential and therefore work would be done moving along an
equipotential. But this would violate the definition of an equipotential!
The figure on the right shows a constant electric field and its
lines of equipotential. As expected, the electric field lines and the
equipotentials are perpendicular to each other.
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dW = F ds = q 0 E ds
The total work done moving the charge q0 a distance s (from point i to f) in an electric field E is:
f
W
V f Vi =
=
q0
q 0 E ds
i
q0
= E ds
i
Lets calculate the potential from a point charge (q) electric field.
Our path takes us from R to , defining V=0:
q
dr
q
=
V V R = V R = E ds = E cos dr = Edr =
4 0 R r 2 4 0 r
R
R
R
VR =
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V = E ds
q
4 0 R
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=
R
q
4 0 R
VR =
4 0 R
n
V=
qi
4
i =1
0 ri
Vcenter =
qi
4
i 1
0 ri
+ 2C
4 0 L / 2
+ 2C
4 0 L / 2
2C
4 0 L / 2
2C
4 0 L / 2
=0
2) What is the potential at x, a point midway between the two positive charges?
The negative charges are r=(5/4)1/2L from x.
-2C
-2C
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Vx =
+2C
+2C
2C
2C
4C
+
+
+
=
[2 4 / 5 ]
4 0 L / 2 4 0 L / 2 4 0 L 5 / 4 4 0 L 5 / 4 4 0 L
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V=
1
4 0
dq
r
in the figure. What is the potential at the center of the circle assuming V=0?
Here we have a linear charge density . Note: for this problem r is constant (=radius of circle).
Previously we found that dq=ds, and using s=arc length (s=R) we get dq=Rd.
V=
1
4 0
dq
1
=
4 0
r
ds
R
1
4 0
Rd
=
4 0
d =
(2 )
Q
=
=
4 0
2 0 4 0 R
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Lets do a more challenging problem, one where the distance to the charge is not constant.
Example: A thin uniformly charged rod of length L with linear charge density .
The distance from dq to P is:
r = h2 + x2
P
For a linear charge density along a line we have: dq=dx
h
V=
dq
x=L/2
x=0
L/2
L/2
L / 2
dx
h2 + x2
4 0
dq
1
=
4 0
r
L/2
L / 2
dx
h2 + x2
V=
4 0
dx
h2 + x2
= ln( x + h 2 + x 2 )
L / 2 + h 2 + ( L / 2) 2
2
2
2
2
=
[ln( L / 2 + h + ( L / 2) ) ln( L / 2 + h + ( L / 2) )] =
ln
4 0
4 0 L / 2 + h 2 + ( L / 2) 2
ln
V=
2 0
h
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W
V = V f V i =
= E ds
q0
dV = E ds
Lets consider the case where the electric field is in the x direction (E=Ex) and ds is also
in the x direction (ds=dx).
dV = E ds = E x dx
dV
= E x
dx
The x component of the electric field is just the negative of the potential with respect to x!
This result can be generalized for cases where the electric field has components along x, y, or z:
Ex =
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V
x
Ey =
V
y
Ez =
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V
z
9
4 0 r 4 x 2 + y 2
x-axis
+Q
Ey =
Q
Q
Q 1 x
Q cos
V ( x, y )
x
=
=
=
=
4 0 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 / 2 4 0 r 2 r 4 0 r 2
x
x 4 0 ( x 2 + y 2 )1 / 2
Q
Q
y
Q 1 y
Q sin
V ( x, y )
=
=
=
=
4 0 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 / 2 4 0 r 2 r 4 0 r 2
y
y 4 0 ( x 2 + y 2 )1 / 2
To check if we got the correct answer lets work the problem by calculating the electric field.
We know that the magnitude of the electric field at a distance r away from a point charge is:
Q
| E |=
4 0 r 2
Same as what we got
The components of the electric field Ex and Ey are:
from taking derivative
Q cos
Q sin
E x =| E | cos =
Ey =| E | sin =
of potential!
2
4 r
4 r 2
0
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V ( x, y )
c
=
=0
x
x
Ey =
V ( x, y )
c
=
=0
y
y
1.000
-5
1.001
0
The electric field at x~0m is: -(20-10)/(0.001-0)= -104V/m
The electric field at x~1m is: -(0- (-5))/(1.001-1)= -5x103V/m
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