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Biology 250 Human Anatomy and Physiology: Instructor: Dr. Frank Sauer
Biology 250 Human Anatomy and Physiology: Instructor: Dr. Frank Sauer
250
Human
Anatomy
and
Physiology
Topics
of
Anatomy
Gross-Anatomy:
Study
of
large
body
structures
visible
to
the
naked
eye.
Microscopic
anatomy:
Study
of
structures
too
small
to
be
observed
with
the
naked
eye.
Developmental
anatomy:
Study
of
structural
changes
during
the
en:re
life
cycle
of
an
organism.
Topics
of
Anatomy
Gross-Anatomy:
Gross
or
macroscopic
anatomy.
Dierent
approaches:
Regional
anatomy:
all
structures
in
a
parEcular
region
of
the
body
are
examined
at
the
same
Eme
(e.g.,
leg).
Systemic
anatomy:
body
structures
are
studies
system
by
system
(e.g.,
cardiovascular
system).
Surface
anatomy:
study
of
internal
structures
as
they
relate
to
the
overlying
skin
(e.g.,
idenEfy
muscles
under
skin).
Topics
of
Anatomy
Microscopic
anatomy:
Cytology
(cells).
Histology
(:ssues).
Developmental
anatomy:
Study
of
structural
changes
during
the
en:re
life
cycle
of
an
organism.
Embryogenesis:
Study
of
structural
changes
occurring
in
the
embryo
before
birth.
Topics
of
Physiology
Dierent
subdivisions:
Most
of
them
study
the
acEvity/operaEon
of
specic
organs.
Renal
physiology
=
kidney
funcEon
and
urine
producEon
Neurophysiology
=
funcEons
of
nervous
system
Cardiovascular
physiology
=
heart
and
blood
vessel
Physiology
oRen
focuses
on
cellular
and
molecular
level.
The
bodys
abiliEes/acEviEes
depend
on
individual
cells
and
the
chemical
reacEons
that
occur
in
the
cells.
Physiology
rests
on
the
principles
of
physics,
molecular
biology,
cell
biology
and
(bio-)chemistry.
Maintaining
Boundaries
Every
living
organism
must
maintain
its
boundaries
so
that
internal
the
environment
remains
dierent
from
the
external
environment.
Single-celled
organisms:
cell
membrane.
Organisms:
integumentary
system
(skin):
protects
internal
organs
from
drying
out,
bacteria,
heat
and
sunlight.
integumentary system
Movement
Muscular
system:
running,
swimming,
and
when
blood,
food,
and
urine
are
propelled
through
internal
organs
of
cardiovascular,
diges:ve,
and
urinary
systems.
Skeletal
System:
provides
bony
framework
that
the
muscles
pull
on.
Skeletal System
Muscular system
Responsiveness
Ability
to
sense
changes
in
the
environment
and
then
respond
to
them.
Nervous
system
(all
cells
are
excitable).
DigesEon
Metabolism
Term
that
describes
all
chemical
reacEons
within
body
cells.
Diges:ve
system
(all
cells
are
excitable).
Single-celled
(e.g.,
amoeba)
=
diges:on
factory
Catabolism:
breakdown
of
substances
into
simpler
building
blocks
Anabolism:
synthesis
of
complex
cellular
structures
from
building
blocks.
Cellualr
respira:on:
cellular
combus:on
of
nutrients
with
oxygen
to
produce
cellular
energy
in
form
of
ATP.
Metabolism
involves:
diges:ve,
respiratory,
cardiovascular,
and
endocrine
system.
ExcreEon
ReproducEon
Reproduc:on:
Cellular:
cell
division.
Human:
Reproduc:ve
system
(male/female).
Endocrine
(hormone)
system.
Growth
Survival
Needs
Nutrients
(food,
diet),
oxygen,
water,
appropriate
temperature,
and
atmospheric
pressure.
Nutrients
(diet):
contains
chemical
substances
for
energy
and
cell
building.
Carbohydrates
(sugars):
energy
source.
Proteins:
building
block
for
cell
structures.
Fat:
emergency
energy
source
and
essen:al
for
cell
structure.
Minerals:
e.g.,
calcium
(bone).
Oxygen:
Essen:al
for
energy
produc:on
in
cellular
respira:on.
Survival
Needs
Temperature:
normal
(human)
37oC
(98.6oF).
Op:mized
for
all
metabolic
reac:ons.
Too
high
or
too
low
=
death.
Muscular
system
generates
most
body
heat.
Atmospheric
pressure:
force
that
air
exerts
on
surface
of
body.
Breathing
and
gas
exchange
depend
on
appropriate
atmospheric
pressure.
High
al:tude
(Mount
Everest)
pressure
is
too
low
to
support
adequate
gas
exchange.
Homeostasis
Ability
of
the
body
to
maintain
relaEvely
stable
internal
condiEons
in
the
presence
of
constantly
changing
environmental
condiEons
Homeostasis
NegaEve
feedback
mechanisms
PosiEve
feedback
mechanisms
Anatomical
Terms
Lef
right
refer
to
sides
of
the
person
or
the
cadaver
being
viewed
not
those
of
the
observer.
Direc:onal
terms:
allow
us
to
explain
where
one
body
structure
is
in
rela:on
to
another.
(ears
are
lateral
to
the
nose;
instead
of
ears
are
on
each
site
of
the
head
and
lef
and
right
of
the
nose).
Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Terms
Regional Terms
Axial
Part:
main
axis
of
the
human
body
includes
head,
neck
and
trunk
Appendicular
Part:
includes
appendages
or
limbs,
which
are
adached
to
the
bodys
axis.
Regional
Terms
Figure 1.7 Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Mammary
Abdominal
Umbilical
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Palmar
Pollex
Digital
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pubic (genital)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cervical
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Calcaneal
Metatarsal
Digital
Plantar
Hallux
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Human Anatomy and Physiology, Tenth Edition, by Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn
Sagi]al
Plane
Sagi]al
plane:
ver:cal
plane
that
divides
body
into
lef
and
right
parts.
Frontal
Plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane:
ver:cal
plane
that
divides
body
into
anterior
and
posterior
parts.
Body Planes
Oblique secEons
Parietal
pleurae
line
walls
of
thoracic
cavity,
visceral
pleurae
cover
the
lungs
Parietal
peritoneum
associated
with
walls
of
the
abdominopelvic
cavity,
visceral
peritoneum
covers
most
organs
within
the
cavity.
epi
=
upon
Gastri
=
belly
Hypo
=
below
Iliac
=
superior
part
of
the
hip
bone
Lumbus
=
loin
Chondro
=
car:lage