Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engch 1 - Seismic Principles
Engch 1 - Seismic Principles
Engch 1 - Seismic Principles
SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
-Chapter 1
SEISMIC PRINCIPLES
The change in volume per unit volume is called dilatation and it is represented
Hooks Law:
i = x,y,z
E = xx /xx
11
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
ii =
.
2( + )
; K = 3 + 2
3
Above relations are strictly within static equilibrium state, where wave
equation comes in to remove that restrictions.
Seismic Wave
Wave is a disturbance which travels through the media. When the
disturbance () is in terms of volume change, we denote =, and rotational is =c
along the x-axis.
The above is geometrical aspect of waves, is also the function of time (t).
Rock particles deformation motion components using Laplacian transformation:
2/t2 = 2 = 2 /x2 + 2 /y2 + 2 /z2 ..(1)
In one dimension Z in the second law of Newton of motion equation:
1/V22 /t2
= 2 /z2 . (2)
Solution:
= ei(wt kz z)
= cos(wt-kzz) + i sin (wt-kzz) (3)
12
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
Assumption:
Homogeneous isotropic medium
The simplest form of time variation can be expressed by sine or cosine, such as:
= A cos 2 k (x Vt);
= A sin 2k (1x + my + nz - Vt);
= B/r cos 2k (r + Vt)
Where A or B/r means the amplitude of the wave ().
He following terms are frequently used in seismic survey.
Wave length,
= 1/k,
where k is wave number, k = 2/
T = /V
Period,
Frequency,
= V/
2 =2 / 2 = x
. =
+ 2
. = -
+ 2
1-
13
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
Surface wave include Rayleigh waves or Love waves known as ground roll,
which travel along the free surface of the solid materials.
The amplitude of the Rayleigh waves decreases exponentially with depth.
Surface waves are usually found in reflection records with velocities ranging from
100 1,000 m/sec. Approximately.
For the interpretation purpose, the surface waves are essential to eliminate
during recording and processing. Propagation of the Love wave is horizontal and
transverse with the speed of S wave. It is very seldom to get the Love wave in the
course of seismic prospecting because only vertical ground motion is recorded. Love
wave is taken up during the earthquake seismology observation.
Seismic Noise
In seismic records, there are two types of information, signal and noise.
Coherent Noise follows across few traces, whereas incoherent noise is
dissimilar on all traces. However, closely spaced geophones will give some extent
coherent look incoherent noise or random noise. In case of random noise, sum of n
random signal is proportional to n because random noise is out of phase. Whereas
sum of n- coherent in phase signal is equal to n. Therefore,
S/N = n / n = n
Attenuation of noise is done by adding several random noise, which cancel
with each other as they are out of phase. Common depth point method is widely used
and is very effective in cancelling several kinds of noise.
Wave Fronts and Ray
14
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
Rays are lines that represent the direction of propagation of the wavefronts, and are
perpendicular to the wavefronts.
= 1 /r (r2 - /r)
r
Solution is = 1 f (r Vt)
r
Elasticity
Seismic exploration naturally depends on the propagation of waves in elastic
media. We shall consider the elastic properties of rocks as if they were homogeneous
and isotropic, elasticity theory becomes more complicated without these assumptions.
In seismic exploration the continuities in the measured effects serve to indicate
any departures from uniform conditions which are interpreted in terms of depth,
nature or attitude of geologic units below the surface.
The elastic properties of matter are described by elastic constant formula as
follows:
EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS FOR GEOLOGIST AND ENGINEER
Course Instructor: DR. Prihadi S.A.
15
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
= k 2/3 =
E
.
(1 + )(1 - 2)
(5)
k = + 2/3 =
(6)
n = =
E
.
(1 + )(1 - 2)
E
.
2(1 - 2)
(7)
E = (3 + 2)
( + )
=
(8)
. =
2( + )
Where:
E -1
2
k
n
E
(9)
Bulk modulus
Shear modulus (Rigidity)
Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio
Lames constants
+ 2
= density
= E
1
.
2(1 + )
16
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
Motion characteristics
Motion characteristics
Compressional or P wave
Particle motion is elliptical and retrograde, that is the motion at the top of the ellipse is toward the
source. The magnitude of the motion decreases with depth.
+ 2 = (1 - )
(1/2 - )
17
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
Vp/Vs
0
1.41
0.1
1.50
0.2
1.63
0.3
1.87
0.4
2.45
0.5
(A)
REFLECTED AND TRANSMITTED WAVES ASSOCIATED WITH A WAVE
NORMALLY INCIDENT ON AN INTERFACE OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE CONTRAST
(B) REFLECTED AND REFRACTED P- AND S- WAVES GENERATED BY A P-WAVE
OBLIQUELY INCIDENT ON AN INTERFACE OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE CONTRAST
The transmission coefficient is the ratio of the amplitude to the incident amplitude:
EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS FOR GEOLOGIST AND ENGINEER
Course Instructor: DR. Prihadi S.A.
18
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
T = A2/A1
When a P-ray strike an interface at an angle, both reflected and transmitted Prays are generated as in the case of normal incidence. However, some of incident
compressional energy is converted to the reflected and transmitted shear rays which
are polarized in vertical plane. Zoeppritzs equation gives the amplitudes of the four
components as a function of the angle of incidence. The converted rays contain
information that can help identifying fractured zones in the reservoir rocks. In this
text, however, we shall discuss compressional waves only.
Snells Law
Snells Law, originally applied to light and optics, applies equally well to
seismic waves and the earth. For a reflected ray, Snells Law states that the angle
between the reflected ray and the normal to reflecting surface is equal to angle
between the reflected the incident ray and the normal to reflecting surface. In
seismology, of course, the reflecting surface is the boundary between two layers
having different acoustic impedances.
(A) SNELLS LAW
(A) Part of an obliquely incident ray is reflected at the angle of incidence. And part is
transmitted at an angle that depends on the ratio of the velocities in the two layers.
(b) A head wave is generated in the upper layer by a wave propagating through the lower
layer along the boundary.
19
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
900. This gives rise to critically-refracted ray that travels along the interface at the
higher velocity V2 with equation as follows:
(Sin c/V1 = (Sin 900)/V2
c = Sin-1(V1/V2)
This wave, known as a head wave, passed up obliquely through the upper layer
toward the surface, as shown in figure 1-7 (b).
Reflection Travel Time
The underlying principle of reflection method is as simple as that of
calculating the distance of, say a wall by time required for en echo to be reflected
back from the wall and the speed of propagation of sound waves.
Lets calculate travel time and thickness of subsurface layer parallel to surface
(see figure 1-8):
E
hO
FIG. 1-8
R
Travel time
= T(ERG) = t = ER + RG
V0 V0
=
2 (X2/4 + h20
V0
t = ( X2 4h20)
V0
h0 = 1 (V20t2 X2)
2
The portion of the incident energy that is not reflected is transmitted ray
travels through the second layer. The transmitted ray travels though the second layer
with changed direction of propagation, and is referred to as a refracted ray.
Snells law of refraction states that the ratio of sine of the angle to the velocity is a
constant. For a refracted P-ray;
(Sin 1)/V1 = (Sin 2)/V2
1 10
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
2 ho . + X - 2 h tan 0.1
V0 cos0.1 V1
V1
= X +
2 ho - 2 ho sin0.1 sin0.1
V1
V0 cos0.1
cos0.1
V0
TE
= X +
2 ho ( 1 - sin20.1 )
V1
V0 cos0.
Travel time = TE
X +
V1
2 ho cos0.1
V0
1 11
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
2 ho cos0.1
V0
ho = I V0 = I V0
2cos0.1 2
V1
.
V21 V20
ho = 1 I
V0 V1 .
2
V21 V20
Huygens Principle
This principles states that every point on the primary wave front surface is a
source of secondary wavelets. The position of the wave front at a later instant then is
found by constructing a surface tangent to all secondary wavelets. This concept is a
very powerful tool for understanding all types of wave propagation, from
electromagnetic waves to seismic waves.
Huygens principle, illustrated in figure 1-13, regards each point on the
advancing subsurface wave as a source that generates a new wavefront, which radiate
in all directions. It explains one of the most important mechanism by which a
propagating seismic pulse loses energy with depth.
1 12
Chapter 1. SEISMIC
PRINCIPLES
Secondary wavefronts
FIG. 1-14
1 13