BIO 272

Cell & Molecular Biology

Understanding cell biology is important

to understand the basis for disease

Fullerton College
Jo Wen Wu, Ph.D.
jwu@fullcoll.edu
http://staffwww.fullcoll.edu/jwu/

Disease

Defect

Hypercholesterolemia

uptake of lipoproteins

Cystic fibrosis

folding of key protein

Hypertension

cell-cell adhesion in kidney

Congenital heart defects

errors in cell migration

Muscular dystrophy

attachment of plasma

Office Hours: Mon Wed 2 PM in Room 426

Tue Thur by appointment in Office 411-11

Lysosomal storage disease

intracellular transport

www.SignUpGenius.com/go/5080E4EADA82EA64-study

Achondroplasia

Fibroblast growth factor

receptor 3

Web Chat: Mondays 9pm on Skype jo.wu.109

And to make informed decisions on social issues

Achondroplasia = FGFR3

Bio 272 Week 1 Lectures

Chemical Components of a Cell

Peter Dinklage

Bonds, Sugars.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26883/
Proteins.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26911/

Bio 272 Narrated Lectures:

Bonds. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZzQFUKdw14
Proteins. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vVOOdBXtqk
Lipids. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApgDtYoZmZk
DNA mutation

protein change

cell defect

body effects

Periodic Table

Review Valence Electron, Octet Rule

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

1. 1

Review Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bonds: attraction betw opposite-charged
ions, Bond strength is 3 kcal/mol
Covalent Bonds: sharing pairs of electrons

High energy, stable

Types: single, double, triple
Types: polar, nonpolar

Hydrogen Bonding: weak, transient attraction

between polar molecules
Hydrophobic Interactions: exclusion by water
90 kcal/mole

3 kcal/mole (in H20)

Know general trend, but do not memorize #

covalent bond
Single covalent bond
Hydrogen gas
H

Double covalent bond

oxygen gas

Various Bond Strengths

C=C 146
C-H 99
C-O 84
C-C 83
C-N 70

O2

Triple covalent bond

Nitrogen gas
N

H2

N2

ATP 14

10

Electronegativity = Atoms affinity for electrons

Hydrogen Bonding Between

Polar Water MOLECULES
Weak,
Transient
Hydrogen
Bonds
1 kcal/mole)

11

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

1. 2

Hydration Shells around ionic salts

Hydrophobic Exclusions

Allows cell
membranes
to separate
internal
liquid from
external liquid
Water is called the Universal Solvent -but can it really dissolve ALL molecules??

Animation: Ionic & Covalent Bonding

Hydrocarbons

Covalent Bond (no sound)

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/
animations/life_science/covalent_bond.mov
Chemical Bonds.
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/
chp02/02020.html
Salt Crystal Dissolves in Water.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdedxfhcpWo

Hydrocarbons

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

1. 3

Condensation and Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides = C6H12O6
equilibrium of stable ring and linear forms

Functions:

Energy Storage
Structural Components

Complex Carbohydrates:
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin, Bacterial cell wall

-Glucose vs -Glucose

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

1. 4

What is the Difference?

Galactose

Glucose

Mannose

Fructose

Disaccharides have glycosidic linkages

Disaccharides have glycosidic linkages

Maltose

Maltose

Cellobiose

Lactose

Starch and Glycogen

Cellulose
have

??
glycosidic
bonds

Amylose

Amylopectin

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

Glycogen

1. 5

Polysaccharides: Chitin and Peptidoglycan

Cellulose
have

??
glycosidic
bonds

CH2OH
H
O

H
O

H
OH

OH

O
H

OH
H

OH

H
O
CH2OH

CH2OH
H

H
O

O
H
OH

OH

O
H

Note: Do NOT need to memorize these

Chemistry of Cells: Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

DNA
Nitrogenous base
NH2
7N
6
5
1

Phosphate group
O

9
O

N
3

CH2

O-

O
1

4
3

OH
Sugar

OH in RNA
H in DNA

Chemistry of Cells: Proteins

numerous func6ons: enzymes, hormones, structure,
regula6on, storage, defense, transport

Amino Acid = monomer

20 dierent types of amino acids (all L-forms)

GFP
RuBisCO
Lambda
Repressor

Each Amino Acid has amino group, carboxyl

group, hydrogen atom, R group
pep6de bond between amino acids

R-group determines the chemical nature of that AA

Insulin

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

Collagen

1. 6

Amino Acids

Amino Acids

Amino Acids

Amino Acids
BASIC

ACIDIC

Dehydra6on synthesis joins amino acids with

Pep6de bond

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

Levels of
Protein Structure

1. 7

Primary Structure: AA Sequence

-helix and
-sheet
Secondary
Structures

due to
Hydrogen
Bonding

Specific Amino acid sequence for each protein

Written N terminus --> C terminus
3-D Shape of a Protein Molecule is
determined by the amino acid sequence

Beta Sheet

Alpha Helix
Helix is rigid cylinder
with 3.6 AA per turn

Lots of Hydrophobic AA

Extended protein chain folds back/forth

found in the core of most globular proteins

Rich in glycine, alanine, serine (small R groups)

Gives elastic structure to

protein

-Keratin found In
skin, hair, wool, nails,
horns, hoofs, feathers
l

Silk Fibroin

rigid and strong along backbone axis

Yet Flexible as B-sheets slide past one another

Spontaneous 3-D Folding

TERTIARY Structure

Occur during its synthesis (with Chaperone proteins)

Hydrophillic side chains go to exterior
Hydrophobic side chains go to interior
Misfolded
protein

Chaperone
protein

3-D folding of protein

stabilized by

R-group interac6ons
within polypep6de:

Cap

ATP
ADP + P

Correctly
folded
protein

Hydrogen bonds,
Ionic bonds,
Hydrophobic intrxn
Disulde bonds

Chance for protein to refold

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

1. 8

Ter6ary Structure: 3-D Shape

Disulde Bonds:

covalent bond between 2 Cysteine AA

Domains: small area 50 - 350 AA with specific function

Quartenary Structure:
Complex of >2 Polypep6des

Protein Denatura6on

Environmental change can cause proteins to

lose par3al or complete biological ac3vity:

Causes of Protein Denatura6on

Acids or bases
Organic solvents
Detergents
Reducing agents
Salt Concentra6on
Temperature
Heavy metal ions
Mechanical stress/physical disrup6on

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

Lipids
Func6ons:
Energy Storage
Structure of Membranes
Sex Hormones, etc.

Sub-Categories of Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

1. 9

Triglycerides: Fats and Oils

Phospholipids are Amphipathic

Condensa6on of glycerol and three fa^y acids

Fatty acid

Steroids

Phospholipids form MICELLE or BILAYER in Water

Steroids are very dierent from fats in structure and func6on

Water
Lipid head
(hydrophilic)
Lipid tail
(hydrophobic)

Carbon skeleton is 4 fused

rings
Cholesterol is the base
steroid from which your body
produces other steroids

Cholesterol

Testosterone

A type of estrogen

Example: sex hormones

Bio 272 S15 Unit 1A Lecture

1. 10