VOLTAGE STABILITY

ANALYSIS & ITS STUDY

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

by

Uma Shankar Pati: 0901204291

Mahendra Kumar Senapati: 0901204165
Rabi Narayan Sharma: 0901204261
Ramesh Chandra Behera: 0901204012
Shakti Prasad Nayak: 1021204025
Under the guidance of

Asst. Prof. Rakesh Kumar Swain

(Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering)

DECEMBER 2012

ROLAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SURYA VIHAR, BERHAMPUR, ORISSA -761 008

BIJU PATNAIK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (BPUT)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my proud privilege to epitomize my deepest sense of gratitude and indebtedness to
my guide, Asst. Prof. Rakesh Kumar Swain for his valuable guidance, keen and
sustained interest, intuitive ideas and persistent endeavor. His inspiring assistance, laconic
reciprocation and affectionate care enabled me to complete my work smoothly and
successfully.
I acknowledge with immense pleasure the sustained interest, encouraging attitude and
constant inspiration rendered by Prof. Sanjay Kumar Mishra, HOD, EEE. His
continued drive for better quality in everything that happens EEE department and selfless
inspiration has always helped us to move ahead.
At the nib but not neap tide, I bow my head in gratitude at the omnipresent Almighty for
all his kindness. I still seek his blessings to proceed further.

Uma Shankar Pati

Mahendra Kumar Senapati
Rabi Narayan Sharma
Ramesh Chandra Behera
Shakti Prasad Nayak

ABSTRACT
Modern civilization depends heavily on consumption of electrical energy for
industrial, commercial, agricultural, domestic and social purposes, electrical power is
generated in large thermal, hydro, nuclear power stations. The energy is transferred
from these generating systems to distant distribution network via the transmission
systems. 3 phase EHV ac and HV ac transmission lines and substations form the
transmission network. The use of HVDC link in an ac system requires converter
stations at each end of the line. The main equipment in a converter station are
transformers and thyristor valves. At the sending end the thyristor valves act as
rectifiers to convert ac into dc that is transmitted over the line. At the receiving end
the tyristor valves act as inverters to convert dc into ac, which is utilized at the
receiving end. Each converter can function as rectifier or inverter and thus power can
be transmitted in either direction.
Harmonics have harmful effects on ac generators, motors, capacitors and supply
circuits etc. and cause unacceptable telephone interference. It is essential to limit the
harmonic content in ac and dc waveforms to values within specified limits.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................iv
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1. Introduction to HVDC Transmission Line.............................................................1
1.2 Introduction to Harmonic Filters..........................................................................2
3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.................................................................................3
3. FILTERS, SURGE CAPACITOR AND DAMPING CIRCUITS........................6
4. FUNDAMENTALS OF RESONANCE PHENOMENA IN RLC CIRCUITS...8
4.1 Series Resonance in RLC Circuit.........................................................................8
4.2 Parallel Resonance in a RLC Circuit....................................................................9
4.3 Quality Factor Q...................................................................................................9
4.4 Bandwidth..........................................................................................................10
5. SHUNT FILTERS..................................................................................................12
5.1 AC Shunt Filters.................................................................................................12
5.2 DC Shunt Filter..................................................................................................12
6. SERIES FILTER....................................................................................................13
7. AC FILTERS...........................................................................................................14
7.1 Configuration of AC Harmonic Filters..............................................................14
7.2 Tuned AC Filter Branches..................................................................................15
7.3 High Pass Filter Branches..................................................................................15
8. DESIGN OF AC FILTERS....................................................................................16
8.1 Design Criteria of AC Harmonic Filters............................................................16
8.2 Configuration.....................................................................................................16
8.3 Size or Rating of AC Filters...............................................................................16
8.4 Design of Single Frequency Tuned Filter..........................................................16
8.4.1 Quality Factor.......................................................................................17
8.4.2 Frequency Deviation (Detuning)..........................................................18
8.4.3 Impedance of Tuned Filter in terms of Total Deviation and Quality
Factor Q 19
ii

8.5 Double Frequency Tuned Filter.........................................................................20

8.6 High pass filter (or Damped filter).....................................................................21
8.7 Cost Considerations of AC Harmonic Filters.....................................................21
8.7.1 Break-up of AC Filter Cost..................................................................22
8.7.2 Minimum AC Filter and Minimum Cost AC Filter..............................22
8.7.3 Minimum Cost AC Filters....................................................................22
8.7.4 Minimum Cost Tuned AC Filters.........................................................22
9. HARMONICS ON DC SIDE OF CONVERTER................................................24
9.1 DC harmonic filters............................................................................................24
9.2 Configuration of DC Harmonic Filters..............................................................25
10. CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................26
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................27

iii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Circuit diagram of an HVDC converter station..............................................6
Figure 2 Series resonance...............................................................................................8
Figure 3 Parallel resonance circuit.................................................................................9
Figure 4 Bandwidth of a series RLC filter...................................................................10
Figure 5 Shunt filter offering low impedance and high impedance.............................12
Figure 6 Series Filter offers high impedance for f and low impedance for low f........13
Figure 7 Configuration of ac harmonic filter(1-phase) branches for a 12-pulse
converter.....................................................................................................14
Figure 8 Grouping of AC Filter Branches....................................................................15
Figure 9. Single frequency tuned shunt filter for ac harmonic filteration fn...............17
Figure 10. Double tuned filter configurations (one-phase)..........................................20
Figure 11. Cost of AC Tuned Filters............................................................................23
Figure 12. Harmonics on DC Side...............................................................................24

iv

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Analysis of long transmission line
Modern civilization depends heavily on consumption of electrical energy for industrial,
commercial, agricultural, domestic and social purposes, electrical power is generated in
large thermal, hydro, nuclear power stations. The energy is transferred from these
generating systems to distant distribution network via the transmission systems. 3 phase
EHV ac and HV ac transmission lines and substations form the transmission network.
The use of HVDC link in an ac system requires converter stations at each end of the line.
The main equipment in a converter station are transformers and thyristor valves. At the
sending end the thyristor valves act as rectifiers to convert ac into dc that is transmitted
over the line. At the receiving end the tyristor valves act as inverters to convert dc into ac,
which is utilized at the receiving end. Each converter can function as rectifier or inverter
and thus power can be transmitted in either direction.

1.2 Introduction to Harmonic Filters

Harmonics have harmful effects on ac generators, motors, capacitors and supply circuits
etc. and cause unacceptable telephone interference. It is essential to limit the harmonic
content in ac and dc waveforms to values within specified limits.
Harmonics in ac and dc waveforms are minimized by the following means:

Use of 3-phase convertors bridges of higher pulse number. However, pulse

number 12 is most economical and is used in present HVDC systems.

Use of dc smoothing reactor.

Use of ac harmonic filters.

Use of dc harmonic filters.

Filters are basically LC circuits whose L and C parameters are selected such that the
complete LC circuit of the filter resonates at a particular frequency.

CHAPTER - 2
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Filter:
An LC circuit, which passes all frequencies within its pass-bands and stops all
frequencies in its stop-bands.
AC filter:
A filter designed to reduce the flow of harmonic current into associated ac system.
DC filter:
A filter which in conjunction with dc reactors and dc surge capacitors (if any) serves
primary function of reducing current and voltage ripple on dc line.
DC reactor (smoothing reactor):
A rector connected in series with a convertor unit on dc side for the primary purpose of
smoothing the current and reducing the current transients.
DC damping circuit:
A combination of circuit elements such as R, C connected between the dc pole bus and
station earth, which serves to reduce voltage transients and / or change in resonant
condition.
DC surge capacitor:
A capacitor array connected between dc line and station earth (directly or indirectly) to
reduce the amplitude and steepness of light in surges appearing along the HVDC pole line
towards substation.
Resonance:
A circuit is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage U and resulting current I in
phase. At resonance the complex impedance consists of only resistance are the impedance
of the circuit is lowest at its resonant frequency.

CHAPTER - 3
FILTERS, SURGE CAPACITOR AND DAMPING
The equipments used in a convertor station for filtering, damping and smoothing are as
shown in the following figure.

Figure-1: Circuit diagram of an HVDC converter station

1. AC filters: These are shunt connected ac harmonic filters. They are connected
between ac bus bars and earth. They offer low impedance to harmonic frequencies
and high impedance to power frequency (50 Hz). Thus, harmonic frequencies are
passed to earth and are eliminated from the ac network.
AC filters comprise (1) Capacitor banks (2) Reactors (3) Resistors (4) Surge arrestors
(5) Switching and protective devices.
Ac filters are grouped in separately switchable groups, each having certain tuned
branches and a high pass branch.
2. AC shunt capacitors: These are provided in addition to ac filter capacitor for
providing reactive power requirement of a convertor. However, if the reactive power
supplied by the ac filter capacitor banks is adequate, separate shunt capacitors may
not be necessary.

3. DC smoothing reactor: This is oil cooled, oil insulated reactor having high
inductance (0.35H to 1H). It is connected in series on the dc side of the convertor. It
smoothens the ripple in dc current. The dc reactor also helps in reducing the rate of
rise of current surges appearing on the dc side of the convertor due to sudden changes
in dc power flow due to faults or load change.
4. DC filter: This is a shunt tuned connected between pole bus and neutral bus (earth
bus). It provides low impedance to certain characteristic dc harmonics and there-by
these harmonics are diverted to earth and eliminated from dc line. Dc filters comprise
capacitor banks, reactors, and resistors.
5. Damping circuits: Besides the filters, the HVDC substation has certain damping
circuits formed by LC components. The purpose of a damping circuit is different from
that of a filter circuit. The damping circuit reduces the voltage transient and / or
changes resonant condition of dc line.
The dc line together with the dc smoothing reactor at each end forms a lightly damped
oscillatory circuit. Such a circuit produces oscillations in the range of 10 to 100 Hz
during short circuits on pole, energization of line, convertor faults etc. the damping
circuit is connected in shunt with the convertor, between the pole bus and neutral bus.
6. DC surge capacitor: It is connected in dc line and station earth to serve the purpose
of reducing the amplitude and steepness of light in surges appearing along the HVDC
pole line towards substation. A capacitor stores electrical energy equal to (1/2 CU 2).
When high voltage lightning surge travels along the transmission line to the
substation, it is diverted to earth by the surge arrester. In addition the rate of rise and
the amplitude of the voltage surge passing further into the substation is reduced by the
surge capacitor. The surge capacitor is connected between pole bus and the neutral
bus(earth) in parallel with the line side surge arrester.

CHAPTER - 4
CONCLUSION
A frequency analysis of the currents in a converter transformer shows that the
fundamental wave is superimposed by several harmonic currents, the magnitudes of
which depend on the current on dc side, the valve firing angle, commutation angle etc. it
is necessary to use filters to limit the amplitude of the harmonics entering the ac network
and the dc line. If filters are not used, some undesirable effects like overheating of
capacitors and generators, interference with communication systems and instability of
converter control may occur. These effects may not be confined to the vicinity of the
converter station but may be propagated over long distances.
The amplitudes of harmonics decrease with increasing order. It is necessary to use filters
on both ac and dc sides. The ac filters reduce the harmonic voltages and currents, in the ac
power network to acceptable levels and also provide whole or part of the reactive power
needed by the converter. The dc filters serve only to reduce harmonics on the dc side.
Damped filters are simpler to design and have a lower risk of the resonant over voltages
and currents as compared to tuned filters.

REFERENCES
[1]

S. Rao, EHV-AC, HVDC Transmission and Distribution Engineering, 3 rd

Edition, Khanna Publishers, 2003.

[2]

C.L. Wadhwa, Power System and Operation, 3rd Edition, New Age
International(P) Limited Publishers, 2000.

[3]

B.R. Gupta, Power System and Operation, 2 nd Edition, S.Chand & Company
Ltd., 1998.