UNDERSTANDING AVAILABLE

SOURCES OF SURVEY DATA

AND
ITS APPLICATION
presented by

Sr. Muhammad Firhat bin Hamidun MISM

Member of the Institution of Surveyors Malaysia

OFFICE

NO.18 & 18-1, JALAN PPS 2, PUSAT PERDAGANGAN SELASEH, 68100 BATU CAVES, SELANGOR.
TEL: 03-61783872/5874 FAX: 03-61782873

E-MAIL: fh6@yahoo.com

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Type of Available Data

Space Borne
Airborne
Land Survey, GPS
Handheld Scanned Detection RD, GPR
Hydrographic
Archived topographical sheets, Std Sheets, CP
Space Borne
Data Gathered Using Satellite
Radar Sat. False color Looking for Radiometric
Differential Parameters
Imagery
LatSAT 2.5m, 5.0m , IKONOS 0.72m ,
QuickBird 0.6m
Space Shuttle SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic
Mission )
ASTER ( Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
Reflection Radiometer)

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Imagery

IKONOS Imagery Accuracy Findings on Stereo Pairs

QuickBird Imagery Accuracy Findings on Stereo Pairs

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

SRTM
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is an international research effort that obtained
digital elevation models on a near-global scale from 56 S to 60 N,[2] to generate the most complete
high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth prior to the release of the ASTER GDEM in 2009.
SRTM consisted of a specially modified radar system that flew on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour
during the 11-day STS-99 mission in February 2000, based on the older Spaceborne Imaging RadarC/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), previously used on the Shuttle in 1994. To
acquire topographic (elevation) data, the SRTM payload was outfitted with two radar antennas.[2] One
antenna was located in the Shuttle's payload bay, the other a critical change from the SIR-C/X-SAR,
allowing single-pass interferometry on the end of a 60-meter (200-foot) mast[2] that extended from
the payload bay once the Shuttle was in space. The technique employed is known as Interferometric
Synthetic Aperture Radar.

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Airborne
Airborne Laser Mapping Laser Range Finder incorporated with High Resolution Digital
Camera System
IFSAR Interferrometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
Aerial Photogrammetry being superceded by digital camera technology incorporated with
Laser Mapping System
UAV Mapping systems

Land Survey
Conventional Survey with Total Station and Level
GPS
Geodetic Control / Static / Fast Static
MyRTKNet system with MyGeoid need cellular coverage
Kinematic GPS
Realtime systems eg. OmniStar

Utilities Mapping / Geological Study

Radio Detection ( RD ) conductive and metallic
GPR ( Ground Penetrating Radar ) - Ground Scanner
Utilities
Pavement Integrity Study
Geological Study
Magnetic Locator metallic and conductive

Hydrographic Survey
near shore (< 3km from shoreline ) or depth upto 30m single frequency Echosounder
offshore ( > 3km from shoreline ) or depths more than 30m dual frequency Echosounder with
Sound Velocity Meter for calibration

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

USES OF SATELLITE IMAGES

Satellite image data offer significant capabilities for deriving
information integral to human dimensions studies, especially those
concerned with the impacts of human activity on land use and land
cover. These data inherently contain information that relates to the
type and spatial extent of land cover. Major techniques for deriving
information from satellite images include 1) Image Interpretation; 2) Digital
Image Classification; 3) Data Transformations; and 4) Change Detection. The
information output of these operations may be useful as a final
product or can be entered into a geographic information system
(GIS) for subsequent integrated analysis and/or model development
with other spatial variables.
Wikipedia's suggests that
Satellite images have many applications in agriculture, geology, forestry,
biodiversity conservation, regional planning, education, intelligence and warfare. Images can
be in visible colours and in other spectra. There are also elevation
maps, usually made by radar imaging. Interpretation and analysis of
satellite imagery is conducted using software packages like ERDAS
Imagine or ENVI. Some of the first image enhancement of satellite
photos was conducted by the U.S. Government and its contractors. For
example ESL Incorporated developed some of the earliest two dimensional
Fourier transforms applied to digital image processing to address NASA photos
as well as national security applications. Satellite imagery is also used in
seismology and oceanography in deducing changes to land formation, water
depth and sea bed, by color caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Airborne Laser Mapping

accuracy of data gathered depends on the components and
survey control parameters
Components
rate of laser pulse per seconds
speed of aircraft
height of aircraft
distance between aircraft and GPS ground control point
rate of correction for pitch, roll and heading
Limitations
normally cannot penetrate cloud
normally cannot penetrate water bodies
cannot penetrate very thick canopy eg. Dense forest or
thick undergrowth ( lallang )
Needs ground team to verify details and under bridges,
culverts etc
Need ground team to establish calibration pads in area of
interest
The absolute accuracy of the elevation data is 15 centimeters;
relative accuracy can be less than 5 cm. Absolute accuracy of the
XY data is dependent on operating parameters such as flight altitude,
but accuracy in the range of tens of centimeters to one meter can
usually be achieved. The elevation data is generated at thousands of
points per second, resulting in elevation point densities far greater
than traditional ground survey methods. One hour of data collection
can result in over 10,000,000 individually geo-referenced elevation
points. With these high sampling rates, it is possible to rapidly
complete a large topographic survey and still generate DTMs with a
grid spacing of one meter or less.
Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

COORDINATES AND DATUMS

Coordinates

Most heard-off in Malaysia

Cassini for Standard Sheets, Certified Plans and PT
Lots.
Used to be non-metric scale. Being converted
MRSO / BRSO Topographical sheets and Cadastral in
Sabah Sarawak but topographical only in Semenanjung
Malaysia
WGS84
Newly derived GDM2000
GDM stands for the Geocentric Datum of Malaysia. It forms the new
earth-centred coordinate datum for Malaysia that will gradually
replace the regional datums of Kertau 1948 in Peninsular Malaysia
and Timbalai 1948 in Sabah and Sarawak. GDM2000 is basically
realized using Global Positioning System (GPS) to connect the
national Zero Order Network (i.e. the Malaysia Active GPS System
stations) with some of the global permanent GPS network (i.e. the
International GPS Service stations). GDM2000 was officially
launched on 26th of August 2003.

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Datums
LSD ( Land Survey Datum )
ACD ( Admiralty Chart Datum )
MyGeoid
The Malaysian geoid project (MyGEOID) is unique where the
whole country is covered by with dense airborne gravity with the
aim to make the best possible national geoid model

Land Survey Datum

It is used for engineering project.
Usually used the vertical datum from established BM.
LSD is differing from MSL because reduced level from
established BM is referring to MSL at Klang Port.
Reduced sounding refer to LSD can merge with land details
refer to vertical datum from established BM.

Chart Datum
Mean sea level is the average of high tide and low tide. It is
used to determine the elevation of objects on land.
Admiralty chart datum is "mean low water", that is, the average
of all LOW tides. For navigation, that's what you want, because
you don't want to run your ship onto any reefs.
Theoretically this should not change with time, although global
warming is currently raising sea level by about 3mm per year
worldwide. So it's likely that at some time in the future, these
standards (along with their maps and charts) will be revised.
The difference between MSL and chart datum varies from place
to place, because different places have different tides.
Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Quality Assurance
Cross checks between different surveyors
Independent Site Surveys eg 100m x 100m at selected locations
Distance calibration
Angle calibration
Level Calibration
GPS calibration

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

SAMPLES

LandSAT

Ikonos
Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

QuickBird

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

LIDAR ACQUISITION SYSTEM

Airborne Laser Meassurement Parameters

Airborne Laser Digital Surface Model

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Karak Town Laser Point Cloud

Isometric View of Karak Town

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Cross Section Extraction

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

DESIRED DATA/LIDAR SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS ?

Laser repetition rate

33 167 kHz

Operating altitude

80 4,000 m (higher altitude optional )

Horizontal accuracy

1/11,000 x altitude; + 1 sigma

Elevation accuracy

5 10 cm typical + 1 sigma

Range capture

Up to range measurements for each pulse, including last ?

OR
40,000 points per second or greater

Intensity capture

4 intensity reading with 12 bit dynamic range for each measurement

Scan frequency

Variable to 100Hz

Scan angle

Variable from 0 to + 25 deg, in increment of 1 deg

Spot distribution

Saw tooth, uniform spot spacing across 96% of scan

Scanner products

Scan angle x scan frequency < 1000

Roll compensation

5Hz update rate

(Scan angle + roll comp. Angle = 30, eg + 20 scan allows+10
compensation )

Swath width

Variable from 0 to 0.93 x altitude (m)

Beam divergence nominal

( 1/e full angle )

Dual divergence 0.15/0.25 mrad or 0.80 mrad

Data storage

Ruggerdized removeable media

Position orientation system

Appalanix POS/AV including internal 12 channel dual frequency 10

Hz GPS receiver
OR
Kinematic On-The-Fly (OTF) GPS solution plus the use of laser pulses
of suitable wavelength

Laser classification

Class IV ( FDA 21 CFR )

Density level

Not less than (1 point / 1m sq)

Do you really understand the above jargon?

Did you know that there are more superior system available?
BUT, you know what you want. Why not specify YOUR requirements?

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

ACTUALLY, WHAT IS LIDAR ?

I want a vehicle.

IF THE ABOVE ARE CLASSIFIED AS VEHICLES, YOU WILL

CHOOSE ACCORDING TO YOUR REQUIREMENT,
NOT BECAUSE OF PRICE, LOOKS AND SPECIFICATIONS.

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

DATA REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

USER OF DATA KNOWS WHAT THEY WANT THE DATA TO BE USED
FOR.
SPECIFY YOUR REQUIREMENT, NOT THE METHOD OF DATA
CAPTURE.
REQUEST FOR QA/QC PROCEDURE TO ENSURE DATA INTEGRITY

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

UNDERGROUND SCANNING

Ground Penetrating Radar Noggin SmartCart System

Sample GPR Data Along Railway Track

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

Sample GPR Data for Pavement Integrity Study

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Prepared by Digimap Sdn Bhd