International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05

52

Stabilization of Sandy Clay Loam with Emulsified

Asphalt
Elifas Bunga1), H.Muh.Saleh Pallu2), Mary Selintung3), M.Arsyad Thaha4)
1)

Postgraduate Student of Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar and Lecturer of Mining Engineering,
Veteran RI University, Makassar, Indonesia
2)
Professor of Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
3)
Professor of Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
4)
Lecturer of Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
E-mail : elifasbunga@hotmail.com

Abstract~
Soil as one of the most vital natural
resources for life, has continuously undergone degradation due
to erosion process. The eroded soil is due to strength of binding
of particles forming soil which is unable anymore to hold
pressures on it. One of the ways to increase the soil strength is
by adding chemical substance (chemical stabilization).
In order to solve easily eroded sandy clay loam problem,
a study was conducted by using emulsified asphalt as
stabilization material. The soil samples were obtained from
Manuju village, Gowa regency, South Sulawesi province
(E.1190 41.035,, S.050 17.509,,+ 269 m). Emulsified asphalt type
CSS-15 was obtained from PT. Widya Sapta Colas. The
emulsified asphalt concentrations were 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5%.
The results of the study indicate that stabilization
material for emulsified asphalt can improve physical, chemical,
and mechanic characteristics of sandy clay loam. Chemical
bindings occur among the soil minerals and emulsified asphalt.
Plasticity and shear strength of soil increase in line with the
increase of emulsified asphalt concentration.
Index

Term--

emulsified

asphalt,

sandy

clay

loam,

stabilization

I. INTRODUCTION
Eroded soil is due to the strength of bindings among
particles forming soil is unable anymore to hold pressures
on it. The load can be in the form of striking and or
sparkling of rains fall to the soil surface, due to
friction/erosion caused by water flow on the soil surface.
In general soil has an ability to hold/control the
pressures on it. But due to heterogenic soil characteristics,
there is a type of soil which has insufficient ability. The
minerals form the soil consisting of elements and chemical
compound can react with other chemical substances mixed
to it. For the soil which has insufficient technical ability, but
has chemical potential, the ability can be increased by
adding chemical substances (chemical conservation).
A lot of researches on soil stabilization with emulsion
asphalt especially about construction have been done. For
examples, by [1]-[2]-[3]-[4]-[5]-[6]-[7]-[8]-[9]-[10]-[11].
All find out that soil stabilization with emulsified asphalt
can improve soil characteristics. The aim of this study was
to analyze the effect of soil stabilization with emulsified
asphalt on soil characteristics that can increase its strength
to reduce erosion flow that is chemical bindings between
soil minerals and emulsified asphalt, plasticity, and shear
strength of soil.

II.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Soil is all materials include clay, silt, sand, gravel, and
boulder, namely big stones [12]. Soil found in the nature
generally consists of several kinds of sizes/characteristics,
for instance, gravels mix up with sand, sandy loam, etc. In
order to classify the availability of various soils,
classification system was used [13]. Soil classification
system is based on distribution of size (gradation) and
plasticity. There are three systems of soil classifications:
USDA (United State Department of Agriculture), AASHTO
(American Association of State Highway and
Transportation), and USCS (Unified Soil Classification
System).
Reference [14] points out that there are eight chemical
elements dominate the earths crust: O (oxygen) as much as
44.6%, Si (silicon) 27.7%, Al (aluminum) 8.13%, Fe (ferric)
5%, Ca (calcium) 3.59%, Na (natrium) 2.8%, K (kalium)
2.6% and Mg (magnesium) 2.09%, and other elements that
only exist less than 0.15%. The main chemical compounds
arrange most of the primary soil minerals are silica (Si02)
and aluminum oxide (Al203) up to muscovite (34-37% Al203
+ 44-46% Si02). Other compounds viewed to have arranged
proportional stones by reducing proportion of the two main
compounds.
Soil consistency is one of the soil physical
characteristics containing clay mineral and depends on soil
water content [13]. The soil water content fully determines
the soil consistency. Based on the water content value,
Atterberg (1911) in [12] proposes four basic conditions of
soil: solid, semisolid, plastic and liquid. The value of water
content at the fourth limit of the condition is called limits of
Atterberg : shrinkage limit (SL), plastic limit (PL), and
liquid limit (LL). The shrinkage limit is the value of water
content between solid condition and semisolid condition.
Plastic limit is the value of water content at the transition
from semisolid condition to plastic condition. Liquid limit is
the value of water content between plastic content and liquid
condition. The range of plastic area is called plasticity index
(PI) that is the difference between liquid limit and plastic
limit. The most use soil consistency is liquid limit, plastic
limit, and plastic limit. The value of plasticity index of soil
indicates the plasticity characteristic of the soil. Several
literatures indicate the limit as follows: IP=0 (non-cohesive
soil), IP < 7 (low plasticity, partial cohesive soil), 7< IP< 17
(moderate plasticity, cohesive soil) and IP>17 (high
plasticity, cohesive soil).
Soil mechanic characteristic is the ability/potential
owned by soil to be able to hold pressures (internal and

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external) on it. One of the external pressures that can cause
deformation at the soil surface is rain water. Striking
power/sparkling of rain water on soil surface can discharge
and throw out soil particles from its place. Water flow on
the soil surface can flow and take away the soil particles to
downstream. The two powers have a great potential to cause
erosion. One of the mechanic potentials owned by soil is
shear strength.
The shear strength of soil is the internal soil ability
against shear failure and shearing along the soil shearing
area [13]. The shear failure or soil shearing is caused by
relative movement between soil particles and not because
the particles are broken [12]. Therefore the strength of soil
shearing depends on pressures between the soil particles.
The shearing strength of soil is assumed to consist of two
parts [12]: (1) cohesive part and (2) friction part. Based on
this assumption, the strength of soil shearing is formulated
as follows: s = c + (-) tan , in which s = shearing
strength, = total tension (normal) at shearing part, =
water tension pore, c, = cohesive factor at effective tension,
and = internal shearing angle factor at effective tension.
Reference [15] states that soil stabilization includes (1)
improving soil density, (2) adding inactive material to
improve cohesive characteristic and soil shearing strength,
(3) adding material causing chemical and physical changes
of soil material, (4) lowering soil water level (soil drainage),
(5) replacing bad soil. Based on Bowles recommendation
mentioned above, two of the five actions proposed are
addition of material or matter that can stabilize the soil.
These additive materials are called soil stabilization
materials [16]. Emulsified asphalt is one of the relatively
inexpensive stabilization materials, so that it is used
extensively [17]. When the emulsified asphalt is mixed up
with soil (soil stabilization), it will stick the soil particles
into a unity and can cause soil structure to be water proof. It
happens because (a) soil structure is flocculated due to the
binding power caused by bitumen, (b) soil layer becomes
water proof because soil particles are covered by bitumen,
and (c) both effects can also occur simultaneously [16].

53

Fig. 1. (a) Location of Soil Sample Taken.

Fig. 1. (b) Emulsified Asphalt

C. Testing Procedure
The testing of physical and mechanic characteristics
referred to testing standards of ASTM and AASHTO.
Disturbed soil sample was mixed up with emulsified
asphalt, cast and kept for three days then tested (Fig.2a).
The testing of emulsified asphalt physical characteristics
referred to SNI standard. Original chemical characteristics,
emulsified asphalt and soil stabilized with emulsified
asphalt were done by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
and EDX (Energy Disperse X-ray) photos (Fig.2b).

III.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A. Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy clay loam sample was taken from Manuju
village, Gowa regency, South Sulawesi province. (E 119o
41.035,, S. 050 17.509,, + 269 m) as can be seen in Fig. 1 (a).
Soil sample was taken in its original and disturbed forms.
Sample of original soil was taken by using pipe of diameter
7.5 cm with length 30 cm. Disturbed soil sample was taken
by using spade and put into a sack. Soil sample was taken at
the depth of 0 to 50 cm.
B. Emulsified Asphalt
Emulsified Asphalt type CSS-1S used especially for
soil stabilization was obtained from PT. Widya Sapta Colas,
Fig. 1 (b). The concentrations of emulsified asphalt used in
this study were 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% respectively toward dry
soil weight.

Fig. 2. (a) Direct Shear Test

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54

The results of chemical characteristics of soil type in

this study using SEM and EDX photos (Fig. 3) indicate that
this soil contains chemical elements: Oxygen (O)= 42.56%,
Silicon (Si)= 18.80%, Aluminum (Al)=18.52%, Iron (Fe)=
12.68%, Titanium (Ti)= 1.23%, Calium (K)= 1.12% and
Carbon (C) = 5.10%. According to [8], the main chemical
elements forming the soil are Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si),
Aluminum (Al), and Iron (Fe) supported the results of this
study on chemical elements in type of soil.

Fig. 2. (b) Photo Test SEM & EDX

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Original Soil Characteristics
The results of filter analysis indicate that the
percentage of coarse fraction = 74.54%, fine fraction =
25.46%, and sand fraction = 70.24%. Atterberg consistency
test indicates liquid limit = 30.90%, plastic limit = 23.73%
and plasticity index = 7.17%. Visual observation results
indicate at soil color in the field is reddish brown called red
sand by local community.
Table I
Results of Physical and Mechanic Characteristics of Original Soil

No
A
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.

Explanation
Sieve Analysis
Coarse Fraction
Fine Fraction
Atterberg Consistency
Liquid Limit (LL)
Plastic Limit (PL)
Plasticity Index (PI)

C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

General Characteristics
Specific Gravity (G)
Wet Unit Weight ()
Water Content (w)
Dry Unit Weight (d)
Porocity (n)
Degree of Saturation (Sr)

D.
1.
2.

Mechanic Characteristic
Cohesion (C)
Internal Shear Angle ()

Unit

Value

%
%

74.75
25.46

%
%
%

30.90
23.73
7.17

Fig. 3 Results of SEM and EDX Photos of

Original Soil

gr/cm3
%
gr/cm3
%
%

2.623
1.780
15.76
1.540
41.32
58.87

Through chemical reaction process between the

elements, chemical compounds are formed: Silica (SiO 2) =
40.21%, Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) = 34.99%, Ferric oxide
(FeO2) = 16.31%, Titanium Oxide (TiO2) = 2.05%, Kalium
Oxide (K2O) = 1.35% and Carbon (C) = 5.10%. [8] points
out that compounds SiO2, Al2O3, and FeO with relatively
high percentage occur in almost all types of soil minerals.
This is in line with the results of this soil study containing
compounds which are significant enough.

kg/cm2

0.395
26016

Based on USCS classification with fine fraction

percentage (25.46%) > 12% and filter pass percentage No.4
(100%) > 50%, this soil belongs to sand category (SM or
SC). Based on liquid limit = 30.90% and plasticity index =
7.17%, the soil is at areas ML and OL. It can be concluded
that this soil belongs to type of sandy clay loam with low
plasticity. According to USDA classification system, this
soil belongs to sandy clay loam. And according to AASHTO
classification system, this soil belongs to group A-2-4
(sandy clay loam).
The soil mechanic characteristic test indicates that the
cohesive value of soil shear strength c = 0.395 kg/cm2 and
internal shear angle = 26016. This means that this type of
soil has an ability to hold/the shear tension 0.395 kg/cm2
works at it at a shear area with beveled angle 26016.

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B. Characteristics of Emulsified Asphalt
Table II
Test Results of Emulsified Asphalt
Characteristics

No

Testing

Result

Specification
(CSS-1) (CSS-1h/1S)
Min Max Min Max

Viscosity 25 0C
/ second

83.00

20

100

20

100

Penetration
25 0C 100 g.
5 second

50.50 100

250

40

90

Dactility 25 C
5 cm / minute

66.25

40

40

Evaporation
5 days

3.06

Residue with
evaporation

65.73

57

57

Solution

98.79 97.5

97.5

Sieve analysis

0.041

0.10

0.10

Table II shows the results of seven parameters test of

emulsified asphalt of which the values obtained are in the
value range required by specification. This indicates that
emulsified asphalt sample studied is suitable to be used in
soil stabilization process.

55

Through the test of emulsified asphalt chemical

characteristics with SEM and EDX photos (Fig. 4), the
results obtained indicate that emulsified asphalt contains
chemical elements: Carbon (C) = 82.15%, Oxygen (O)=
9.59%, Sulfur (S)= 6.41% and Chloral (Cl) = 1.85%. The
main material to form emulsified asphalt is bitumen with
main element C (carbon) which is in line with the results
shown by this test. The results of emulsified asphalt test
indicate that there are sulfur and chloral elements besides
oxygen found in water. From the chemical reaction process
between the elements, chemical compounds are formed,
namely Carbon (C) =82.15%, Sulfur trioxide (SO3) and
Chloral (Cl)= 1.85%.
C. Soil Characteristics Stabilized with Emulsified
Asphalt
Disturbed soil sample tested in this study was
stabilized by adding emulsified asphalt. Each treatment was
added with emulsified asphalt 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5%
respectively to dry soil sample weight.
1. Chemical Characteristics
From the results of soil chemical characteristics
stabilized with emulsified asphalt with SEM and EDX
(Figure 5) indicate that this soil stabilization contains
chemical elements : Carbon (C) = 23.21%, Oxygen (O) =
34.71%, Silicon (Si) = 15.42%, Aluminum (Al) = 15.21%,
Iron (Fe) = 9.82%, Titanium (Ti) = 1.02%, Calium (K) =
0.61%. All chemical elements in this soil stabilization are
equal to chemical elements found in original soil, which
only decreases in percentage except carbon element which
increases due to the addition of carbon element from
emulsified asphalt.

Fig. 4. Results of SEM and EDX Photos of Emulsified Asphalt

Fig. 5. SEM and EDX Photos of Soil Stabilization with Emulsified Asphalt

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Through chemical reaction between the elements,
compounds are formed: Carbon (C)
= 23.21%, Silica
(SiO2) = 32.98%, Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) = 28.75%,
Ferric oxide (FeO) = 12.63%, Titanium Oxide (TiO2) =
1.70%, Kalium Oxide (K2O)= 0.73%. Chemical compounds
in this soil stabilization also equals to chemical compound
in the original soil. The difference is in the percentage in
which each compound decreases except that carbon
compound increases. This is due to the entering of carbon
element from emulsified asphalt during the soil mixture
process (stabilization) with emulsified asphalt. This
indicates that a strong bonding has occurred between soil
minerals and emulsified asphalt in this stabilization process.
2. Physical and Mechanic Characteristics
Table III
Testing Results of Physical and Mechanic Characteristics of Soil
Stabilization

No

Testing

Atterberg
Consistency
Liquid Limit
LL (%)
Plastic Limit
PL (%)
Plasticity Index
PI (%)

1.
2.
3.

B.
1.
2.

Mechanic
Characteristic
Cohesion C
(kg/cm2)
Internal shear
angle (0)

Emulsified Asphalt
Concentration
0 % 1.5 % 3.0 % 4.5 %

30.90

33.57

35.81

37.86

23.73

25.90

27.71

28.14

7.17

7.67

8.10

9.72

0.437

0.666

0.911

1.236

28017

25058

20047

1704

56

Fig. 6 shows the correlation between Atterberg

consistency (liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index)
of stabilized soil and emulsified asphalt concentration. The
three graphs show tendency to increase in line with the
increase of emulsified asphalt concentration. With the help
of excel application program, the correlation model between
Atterberg limits and emulsified asphalt concentration was
obtained. This correlation model is in the form of linear
mathematic equation.
`For liquid limit, the equation form is LL = 1.541 EA +
31.06, with coefficient of determination R2= 0.996
(coefficient of correlation R = 0.998 > 0.6). This correlation
is very strong. In other words, the amount of emulsified
asphalt fully affects the amount of stabilized soil liquid
limit. As for plastic limit, the equation model is PL = 1.002
EA + 24.11 (R2 = 0.993 and R = 0.966 > 0.6). This
correlation is very strong. In other words, the amount of
emulsified asphalt concentration fully affects the value of
soil plasticity index stabilized with emulsified asphalt. It can
be concluded that the plasticity of sandy clay loam
stabilized with emulsified asphalt increases.

Fig. 6. Correlation between Atterberg Consistency and Emulsified Asphalt

Concentration

(1) The Effect of Emulsified Asphalt Stabilization on

Atterberg Consistency
Table III shows variation limits of Atterberg soil
(liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index) stabilized
with emulsified asphalt. The value of these three parameters
shows tendency to increase, although the percentage is not
significant enough. The soil liquid limit stabilized with
emulsified asphalt with concentration 1.5% increases 8.64%
toward soil liquid limit without stabilization. At the
stabilization with concentrations 3.0% and 4.5% liquid limit
increases 15.89% and 22.52% respectively, toward the soil
liquid limit without stabilization. Soil plastic limit stabilized
with emulsified asphalt with concentration 1.5% increases
9.14% toward soil plastic limit without stabilization. At the
stabilization with concentrations 3.0% and 4.5% plastic
limit increases to 16.77% and 18.58% respectively toward
soil plastic limit without stabilization. And the soil plasticity
index stabilized with emulsified asphalt with concentration
1.5% increases to 6.97% toward soil plasticity index without
stabilization. At stabilization with concentrations 3.0% and
4.5%, plasticity index increases to 12.97% and 35.56%
respectively toward soil plasticity index without
stabilization.

(2) The Effect of Emulsified Asphalt Stabilization on

Soil Shear Strength
Two main parameters affect the strength of soil shear
are cohesive (C) factor and internal shear angle (). Table
III shows the increase value of soil cohesion and the
decrease of internal shear angle in line with the increase of
emulsified asphalt concentration. The value of soil cohesion
stabilized with emulsified asphalt with concentration 1.5%
increases to 52.40% toward the value of soil cohesion
without stabilization. Likewise the stabilization with
concentrations 3.0% and 4.5%, the cohesive value increases
to 108.47% and 182.84% respectively toward the value of
soil cohesion without stabilization. The amount of internal
shear angle stabilized with emulsified asphalt with
concentration 1.5% decreases to 8.17% toward the internal
shift angle of soil without stabilization. And at the
stabilization with concentrations 3.0% and 4.5% the amount
of internal shear angle decreases to 26.52% and 39.64%
respectively toward the internal shear angle of soil without
stabilization.
Fig. 7 shows the correlation between the value of soil
cohesion and emulsified asphalt concentration. The larger

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the value of emulsified asphalt concentration, the larger the
value of soil cohesion. With the help of excel application
program, the correlation model between cohesion and
emulsified asphalt concentration is obtained. This
correlation model is in the form of linear mathematic
equation: C = 0.176 EA + 0.416 with coefficient of
determination R2 = 0.992 and coefficient of correlation R =
0.996 > 0.6. This correlation is very strong. In other words,
the amount of emulsified asphalt concentration fully affects
the amount of the stabilized soil cohesive value.

57

2. Stabilization of sandy clay loam with emulsified asphalt

increases the plasticity and strength of soil shear.
3. Further research on the same soil (Sandy Clay Loam) can
be done to obtain the effect of emulsified asphalt
stabilization on other mechanic characteristics, that is;
CBR (California Bearing Capacity), UCS (Unconfined
Compression Strength), Laboratory Compaction, etc.
VI. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
1. Scope of the research was on the effect of sandy clay
loam stabilization with emulsified asphalt on chemical
characteristics, Atterberg consistency, and soil strength.
2. Limitations of the research among others; the
disturbance of the soil sample, length of storage after
stabilization of 3 days, value of water content in three
variations of emulsified asphalt concentration were
constant.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to the Head of Soil Mechanic Laboratory and Road
and Asphalt Laboratory, Hasanuddin University and the
Head of Quarter Geology Laboratory, Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources in Bandung who have provided
opportunity to the writers to conduct research.

Fig. 7. The Correlation between Cohesion and Emulsified Asphalt

Concentration

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Fig. 8 shows the correlation between the internal shear

angle and emulsified asphalt concentration. The larger the
emulsified asphalt concentration, the lower the internal shift
angle. With the help of excel application program, the
correlation model between internal shear angle and
emulsified asphalt concentration is obtained. This
correlation model is in the form of linear mathematic
equation: = - 2.588 EA + 28.84 with coefficient of
determination R2 = 0.981 and coefficient of correlation R =
0.990. This correlation is very strong. In other words, the
amount of emulsified asphalt concentration fully affects the
internal shift angle stabilized with emulsified asphalt.

Fig. 8. Correlation between Internal Shear Angle and Emulsified Asphalt

Concentration

V. CONCLUSION
1. Chemical binding occurs between minerals in the soil
and chemical elements in emulsified asphalt.

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[21] Anonim. 2006. Penuntun Praktikum Laboratorium Jalan dan
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[22] Anonim. 2002. Penuntun Praktikum Mekanika Tanah. Jurusan
Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Hasanuddin.

Elifas Bunga; He is an Associate Professor

at Mining Engineering Department, School
of Engineering, Veteran RI University,
Makassar, Indonesia, Post Code : 90231.
Telp/Fax : +62 411 491203.
E-mail : elifasbunga@hotmail.com. Now,
He is a Doctor Candidate in Civil
Engineering, School of Engineering,
Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis
Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245,
South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Telp. +62 411
584639, Fax: +62 411 586015.
He was born in Makale, South Sulawesi, Indonesia on 19th February
1956. His education level at elementary school, junior/middle high school,
and senior high school were experienced in Makale, South Sulawesi. He
got graduate program in Civil Engineering (Ir) from Hasanuddin
University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia from January 1976 until
March 1983. He received his Master of Engineering (M.T) in Civil

58

Engineering from Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia from

September 2000 until November 2002.
He is lecture in Veteran RI University, Makassar, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia since March 1985 until now. His field of study and research
interest is in soil mechanic, seepage, soil stabilization. He has published in
the Informasi Teknologi (INTEK) Journal of Technology of State
Polytechnics Makassar, Multi Teknik (MULTEK) Journal of Multiple
Technology of Kopertis IX Sulawesi, Ide Teknik (IDTEK) Journal of
Technology of Engineering School, UVRI Makassar. He attended seminar
at Conference of Highway Engineering (HPJI) and Annual Meeting Forum
(PIT HATHI). He also involved in professional association such as member
of Indonesian Road Development Association (IRDA), Indonesian
Association of Hydraulic Engineers, and Indonesian Society For
Geotechnical Engineering (ISGE).
H. Muh. Saleh Pallu, Prof.Dr.Ir.M.Eng.; His current address is in Civil
Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Hasanuddin University,
Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Telp. +62 411 584639, Fax: +62 411 586015. E-mail:
salehpallu@hotmail.com
His academic experience is :
Doctor of Civil Engineering, University of Kyushu, Japan, 1994
Master of Civil Engineering, University of Kyushu, Japan, 1991.
Bachelor of Science, Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, Indonesia 1981
Mary Selintung, Prof.Dr.Ir.M.Sc.;
Her current address is in Civil
Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Hasanuddin University,
Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Telp. +62 411 584639, Fax: +62 411 586015. E-mail:
mary.selintung@yahoo.com
Her academic experience is :
Doctor of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA +
Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, 2000.
Master of Environmental Engineering, Washington State University,
USA, 1984.
Bachelor of Science, Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, Indonesia 1968
M. Arsyad Thaha, Dr.Ir.M.T.;
His current address is in Civil
Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Hasanuddin University,
Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Telp. +62 411 584639, Fax: +62 411 586015. E-mail:
athaha_99@yahoo.com
His academic experience is :
Doctor of Civil Engineering, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia, 2006.
Master of Civil Engineering, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia, 2001.

Bachelor of Science, Civil Engineering, Hasanuddin University,

Makassar, Indonesia 1985.

113105-2626 IJCEE-IJENS October 2011 IJENS

IJENS