GROUP HOUSING

A third
type of domestic architecture accommodates the group rather than the unit and is
therefore public as well as private. It is familiar through the widespread
development of mass housing in the modern world, in which individuals or
families find living space either in multiple dwellings or in single units produced in
quantity. Group housing is produced by many kinds of cultures: by communal
states to equalize living standards, by tyrants to assure a docile labour force, and
by feudal or caste systems to bring together members of a class. Theapartment
house was developed independently by the imperial Romans of antiquity to suit
urban conditions and by the American Indians to suit agricultural conditions.
Group architecture may be power architecture as well, particularly when land
values are too high to permit even the wealthy to build privately, as in the 17thcentury Place des Vosges in Paris, where aristocratic mansions were designed
uniformly around a square, or in the 18th-century flats in English towns and spas.
Although most domestic architecture of the 20th century employed the style and
techniques of the past, the exceptions are more numerous and more important
for the development of architecture than ever before. This is because the
distribution of wealth and power is widespread in parts of the world where

architecture is vital and because the modern state has assumed responsibility for
much high-quality housing

Swimming pool
A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or paddling pool is a container that is
filled with water to enable swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be sunk into the
ground or built above ground (as a freestanding construction or as part of a building or other
larger structure), and are also a standard feature aboard oceanliners and cruise ships. Inground pools are most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural
stone, metal, plastic or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a
standardised size, the largest of which is the Olympic-size swimming pool.
Many health clubs, fitness centers and private clubs, such as the YMCA, have pools used
mostly for exercise or recreation. Many towns and cities provide public pools. Many hotels
have pools available for their guests to use at their leisure. Educational facilities such as
schools and universities occasionally have pools for physical education classes,
recreational activities, leisure or competitive athletics such as swimming teams. Hot

tubs and spas are pools filled with hot water, used for relaxation or hydrotherapy, and are
common in homes, hotels, clubs and massage parlors. Special swimming pools are also
used for diving and other water sports, as well as for the training oflifeguards and
astronauts.

Dimension

Length: Most pools in the world are measured in metres, but in the United States pools
are often measured in feet and yards. In the UK most pools are calibrated in metres, but
older pools measured in yards still exist. In the US, pools tend to either be 25 yards
(SCY-short course yards), 25 metres (SCM-short course metres) or 50 metres (long
course). US high schools and the NCAA conduct short course (25 yards) competition.
There are also many pools 33 m long, so that 3 lengths = 100 m. This pool dimension
is commonly used to accommodate water polo.
USA Swimming (USA-S) swims in both metric and non-metric pools. However, the
international standard is metres, and world records are only recognized when swum in
50 m pools (or 25 m for short course) but 25-yard pools are very common in the US. In
general, the shorter the pool, the faster the time for the same distance, since the
swimmer gains speed from pushing off the wall after each turn at the end of the pool.
Width: Most European pools are between 10 m and 50 m wide.
Depth: The depth of a swimming pool depends on the purpose of the pool, and whether
it is open to the public or strictly for private use. If it is a private casual, relaxing pool, it
may go from 1.0 to 2.0 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) deep. If it is a public pool designed for diving, it
may slope from 3.0 to 5.5 m (10 to 18 ft) in the deep end. A children's play pool may be
from 0.3 to 1.2 m (1 to 4 ft) deep. Most public pools have differing depths to

accommodate different swimmer requirements. In many jurisdictions, it is a requirement

to show the water depth with clearly marked depths affixed to the pool walls.

Tennis court
.

Indoor tennis courts at the University of Bath, England

A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played. It is a firm rectangular surface with a low
net stretched across the center. The same surface can be used to play both doubles and
singles matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, each with its own
characteristics which affect the playing style of the game.

Dimensions.

The dimensions of a tennis court.

Tennis is played on a rectangular flat surface, usually of grass, clay or hard material. The dimensions of a
tennis court are defined and regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) governing body and
are written down in the annual 'Rules of Tennis' document. [1]The court is 78 feet (23.77 metres) long. Its
width is 27 feet (8.23 metres) for singles matches and 36 feet (10.97 metres) for doubles matches. [2] The
service line is 21 feet (6.40 metres) from the net.[2] Additional clear space around the court is needed in
order for players to reach overrun balls for a total of 60 feet (18 metres) wide and 120 feet (37 metres)
long. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two
equal ends. The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 metres) high at the posts, and 3 feet (0.91 metres) high in the
center.[3] The net posts are 3 feet (0.91 metres) outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles
net, 3 feet (0.91 metres) outside the singles court on each side.

Surfaces[edit]
See also: Tennis Surface
Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the
playing style of the game. There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used for the
court surface: clay courts, hard courts, grass courts and carpet courts. The International Tennis

Federation (ITF) lists different surfaces and properties and classifies surfaces into one of five pace
settings:[4]

Category 1 (slow)

Category 2 (medium-slow)

Category 3 (medium)

Category 4 (medium-fast)

Category 5 (fast)

Of the current Grand Slam tournaments, the US Open and Australian Open use hard courts, the French
Open is played on clay, andWimbledon is played on grass and is the only Grand Slam tournament to
have always been played on one surface. The Australian Open switched to hard courts in 1988 and in its
early years the French championship alternated between clay and sand/rubble courts. The US Open is
the only one of the four majors to have been played on three surfaces; the tournament was played on
grass from its inception until 1974, on green clay until 1977, and on hard courts since the tournament
moved from the West Side Tennis Club to the National Tennis Center in 1978.
ITF uses the following classification for tennis court surface types: [5]

Surf
ace
code

Type

Description

Acrylic

Textured, pigmented, resin-bound coating

Artificial
clay

Synthetic surface with the appearance of clay

Artificial
grass

Synthetic surface with the appearance of natural grass

Asphalt

Bitumen-bound aggregate

Carpet

Textile or polymeric material supplied in rolls or sheets of

finished product

Surf
ace
code

Type

Description

Clay

Unbound mineral aggregate

Concrete

Cement-bound aggregate

Grass

Natural grass grown from seed

Other

E.g. modular systems (tiles), wood, canvas

General Fire Fighting Equipment

Fire fighting systems and equipment vary depending on the age, size, use and type of building
construction. A building may contain some or all of the following features:

Fire extinguishers

Fire hose reels

Fire hydrant systems

Automatic sprinkler systems

Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are provided for a 'first attack' fire fighting measure generally undertaken by the
occupants of the building before the fire service arrive. It is important that occupants are familiar with
which extinguisher type to use on which fire.
Most fires start as a small fire and may be extinguished if the correct type and amount of
extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.

The principle fire extinguisher types currently available include:

Extinguishing Agent

Principle Use

Water

wood and paper fires - not electrical

Foam

flammable liquid fires - not electrical

Carbon dioxide

electrical fires

Dry Chemical

flammable liquids and electrical fires

Wet chemical

fat fires - not electrical

Special Purpose

various (eg metal fires)

Fire extinguisher locations must be clearly identified. Extinguishers are colour coded according to
the extinguishing agent.
It is the policy of the Community Safety Department that fire extinguishers be logically grouped at
exits from the building, so that occupants first go to the exit and then return to fight the fire, knowing
that a safe exit lies behind them, away from the fire. In some instances this will be at odds with the
prescriptive requirements of Australian Standard AS2444 Portable fire extinguishers and fire
blankets - Selection and location which simply specifies a distance of travel to a fire extinguisher
rather than their location in relation to escape paths. Blind compliance with the standard has the
potential to place the fire between the occupant and the safe escape path.

Waste management
is a set of activities that include the following
1. collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste;
2. control, monitoring and regulation of the production, collection, transport, treatment
and disposal of waste; and
3. prevention of waste production through in-process modification, reuse and recycling.
The term usually relates to all kinds of waste, whether generated during the extraction
of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the
consumption of final products, or other human activities, [1] including municipal (residential,
institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous
wastes, sewage sludge).[2] Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of
waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.
Issues relating to waste management include:

Generation of waste

Waste minimization

Waste removal

Waste transportation

Waste treatment

Recycling and reuse

Storage, collection, transport, and transfer

Treatment

Landfill disposal

Environmental considerations

Financial and marketing aspects

Policy and regulation

Education and training

Planning and implementation.

Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing
nations); regions (urban and rural area), and sectors (residential and industrial).

Most inexpensive A/C units are designed for

vertical sliding windows, which creates a problem if
you have horizontal sliding windows. Installing an
A/C unit inside of a horizontally sliding window does
not have to look bad, and it does not require any
special brace
Most homes in the U.S. receive municipal water and so
the first part of the system is the water main, typically
located at the edge of the property. The water main
provides a main valve that allows the shut off of the
entire water supply for a home. It is important to know
the location of this valve and how to operate it in the
event of a burst pipe or other plumbing emergency that
requires you to stop the flow of water. The water main
typically also includes a water meter, with which the
utility company can monitor your usage and bill you accordingly.
After the meter, a water line of 3/4" or larger pipe goes toward
the home. The pipe is buried and in areas that have freezing
temperatures, the depth to which it is buried is set by the local
depth of the frost line. Supply lines to the house can be plastic, copper or
galvanized iron pipe. Copper is the preferred material and also the most
expensive.

Before the water supply line enters the home, or just after in colder climates, the
supply will often have a back-flow preventer installed, to prevent low pressure
from allowing contaminated water being drawn into the main water supply. Also
at this point, the cold water supply may have a second main shut off valve. If your
home has a fire sprinkler system, the water supply may bypass the water meter,
may have its own supply line or it may split out before or after the back-flow
device. Another device you may find here is a pressure reducer to reduce the
water pressure down to safe levels, generally around 60 psi for residential
systems. Plumbing fixtures can be damaged if subjected to the high pressure of
unregulated water supplies. After all these devices, the water line may split off to
a hose bib or your yard's irrigation system.
Once inside the home, the water line typically goes directly to the home's water
heater, to ensure adequate water pressure to the hot water supply. The cold
water line splits here, between the water heater and for the rest of the house.
The cold water line that enters the water heater then becomes the beginning of
the hot water supply system. The other line or lines that split off will go to
locations throughout the house.
Cold water supply lines will often reduce to smaller sized pipes as the supply
lines split off. It is best to run the larger size pipes to the area of the home where
they will be used and then only switch to smaller diameters for the risers that lead
to each service.
Cold water service lines will run to every toilet, sink, tub, shower and water using
appliance such as a washer, dishwasher, ice maker, instant hot water or any
other plumbed device. It is best practice to install local shut off valves at each of
these locations to allow service and repair without having to shut off water to the
entire home while work is completed.

JOGGING TRACK DESIGNS

"The Jogging track with the raised Timber deck, Trellis and Lawns.

The landscape facilities will include a jogging track, outdoor amphitheater, pavilion, patch gardens,
and swimming pool area.

Childrens play area

Children's play areas are far from being the simple provision most people believe. A swing,
a slide and a climbing frame are not, on their own, of great benefit to the growing child. To
provide fully for children requires a sophisticated approach to siting, design and selection of
equipment and surfacing.

Play
The opportunity to play creatively in high-quality environments is essential to the
development of children. Through their play they acquire skills and abilities which can be
learnt in no other way. Children cannot provide these opportunities for themselves - adults
must do it for them. The quality of what we provide affects the quality of what children learn.
The greater the complexity of that environment the greater the quality of learning.

Consultation
The provision of playgrounds should always be undertaken in consultation with children and
parents. The process of understanding their environment and how they can affect it is a
crucial element in the child's development.

Siting
The playground has to be in the right place - so that children can reach it safely and easily
without crossing hazards such as major roads. There should be no environmental hazards
(such as fast-flowing rivers) affecting the site and it must be easily visible to ensure
children's social safety and reduce vandalism.

Design

This covers such items as the landscaping, planting, pathways, fences and gates, seats everything which goes to make up an environment. The playground equipment is like the
three-piece suite in a room - you must consider the walls, floor, ceilings, tables etc., all of
which go to make up an environment. You should be clear about the age group for which
you are designing; whether there are any special requirements in the area; what the longterm management will provide.
Playgrounds should be usable by all children regardless of ability.

Equipment Selection
Equipment should be appropriate for the age group and match their developmental needs as well as being fun to play on. Younger children like sand-play, swinging, climbing and
sliding - but they are small and items should be scaled accordingly. Older children like more
exciting equipment - large group swings, cable runways, roundabouts etc. They want places
where they can sit and talk - that is one of the most popular playground activities. They like
planting and trees; places for skateboards and bicycles; flat areas for ball games.

Surfacing
Hard surfaces are not recommended on playgrounds other than for the areas between
equipment. The type of surface to be selected depends on the site, the equipment and the
amount of maintenance it will receive. If only minimal maintenance is available a loose-fill
material such as bark or sand may not be suitable. In general firm surfaces are required
with moving items.

Management
Once it has been provided the playground requires regular inspection and maintenance and
eventual replacement. Unless this can be provided it is better not to start the project.

Safety
A key element of playground provision is safety and this can be achieved in a number of
ways:

ensuring the playground is sited correctly

ensuring the design and equipment meets the needs of the children

ensuring the design meets basic safety requirements

ensuring the equipment meets relevant standards : BS EN 1176

ensuring the surfacing meets BS EN 1176 and BS EN 1177

ensuring the surfacing has been correctly supplied and installed

ensuring a proper post-installation inspection is carried out

ensuring the playground is properly inspected and maintained

Amphitheatre

The Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works
ofarchitecture and engineering.

An amphitheatre or amphitheater /mfitr/[1][2] is an open-air venue used for

entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient
Greek (amphitheatron),[3] from (amphi), meaning "on both sides" or
"around"[4] and (thtron), meaning "place for viewing".[5][6]

Ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that
surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast
both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered
seating rising on one side of the performance area. Modern usage for "amphitheater" is lax,
and does not always respect the ancient usage. As a result, the word can be found
describing theatre-style stages with the audience only on one side, theatres in the round,
and stadiums. Natural formations shaped like man-made theatres are sometimes known as
natural amphitheatres. The three largest Roman amphitheatres (in the original sense) in the
world in order of size are the Colosseum, the Amphitheatre Campania and
the Amphitheatre of El Djem.[citation needed]