MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 1
Illustrate the possible process in a P -v diagram for any of the gures below:

I. Problem description

Given:

Find

Sketch of the initial state

Possible process, P -v diagram

II. Analytical Solution

a. Constant pressure process and constant volume process when V = Vstops (Minimum volume)
b. Linear relation between pressure and volume, considering that compression or expansion is done
against a linear spring and external pressure.
c. Constant pressure process and constant volume process when V = Vstops (Maximum volume).
d. Isochoric process until the pressure increases up to Pf loat .
e. Isochoric process.
f. Isochoric process until the pressure decreases up to Pf loat .
II. Graphical Solution

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 2
A 400L tank A, see gure show, contains argon a gas at 250kPa, 30 C . Cylinder B, having a frictionless
piston of such mass that a pressure of 150kPa will oat it, is initially empty. The valve is opened and
argon a ows into B and eventually reaches a uniform state of 150kPa, 30 C throughout. What is the
work done by the argon?
I Problem description

Known:

P2 = 150kPa

Argon

T2 = 30 C

PA1 = 250kPa

Unknown:

TA1 = 30 C

mA1 =?, m2 =?

Constant pressure process

Find

PF loat = 150kPa
VA = 0.4m3

1 W2

=?

Figure

II. Assumptions

The pressure drop in the valve is controlled in such a way that constant pressure is lling tank B. Also,
if the process is considered to be quasi-static, then tank B is always at constant pressure. Argon is
treated as an ideal gas.
III. Analytical Solution

The mass of argon is conserved when it ows from tank A to tank B. Ideal gas law allows us to nd
the mass contained inside each tank.

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

1. Conservation of mass:

dm
dt

=0

m1 = m2
mA1 = mA2 + mB2
2. Ideal Gas law: P V = mRAr T

mA1 =

PA1 VA
RAr TA1

mA2 =

PA2 VA
RAr TA2

mB2 =

PB2 VB
RAr TB2

Conditions at state 2: Uniform state between tank A and B.

TA1 = TB2 = T2 and PA2 = PB2 = P2

Plugging each mass on conservation of mass:
PA1 VA
RAr TA1

PA1 VA
TA1

VB =

P2 VA
RAr T2

P2 VA
T2

PA1 T2
P2 TA1

P2 VB
RAr T2

= P2TV2B

1 VA

3. Work for a constant pressure process:

VB2
1 W2 = 1 W2 B = VB1 P dV = P2 (VB2 VB1 )
IV. Numerical solution

VB =

1 W2

PA1
P2


1 VA =

250
150

1 0.4 = 0.2667m3

= P2 (VB2 VB1 ) = 150 (0.2667 0) = 40kJ

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 3
A piston cylinder contains 2kg of liquid water at 20 C and 300kPa, as shown in the gure. There is
a linear spring mounted on the piston such that when the water is heated the pressure reaches 3MPa
with a volume of 0.1m3 .
a) Find the nal temperature
b) Plot the process in a P v diagram.
c) Find the work in the process.
I Problem description

Given:

V2 = 0.1m3

Water m = 2kg

Find:

T1 = 20 C

a. T2 =?

P1 = 300kPa

b. P v diagram

P2 = 3MPa

c. 1 W2 =?

Figure

II. Analytical Solution

1. Conservation of mass:

dm
dt

=0

m1 = m2 = m
State 1: From table B.1.1 (Approximate from saturated liquid at given temperature)
v1 =

V1
m

V1 = v1 m
State 2: From table B.1.2
v2 =

V2
m

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

2. Work for a linear variation of pressure with volume: P = aV + b

V2
1
1 W2 = V1 P dV = Pavg (V2 V1 ) = 2 (P1 + P2 ) (V2 V1 )
III. Numerical solution

State 1: From table B.1.1

3

v1 = vf @20 C = 0.001002m /kg

V1 = v1 m = 0.001002 2 = 0.002004m3
State 2: From table B.1.2
v2 =

V2
m

0.1
2

= 0.05m /kg

vg@P = 0.0668m /kg, vf @P = 0.00122m /kg

3

Then vf < v2 < vg , so it is saturated:

T2 = 233.99 C
1 W2

1
2

(P1 + P2 ) (V2 V1 ) =

1
2

(300 + 3000) (0.1 0.002004) = 161.7kJ

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 4
Consider a piston cylinder with 0.5kg of R-134a as saturated vapor at 10 C . It t is now compressed
to a pressure of 500kPa a in a polytropic process with n = 1.5. Find the nal volume and temperature,
and determine the work done during the process.
I Problem description

Given:

Polytropic process n = 1.5

R-134a m = 0.5kg

Find:

T1 = 10 C
x1 = 1

T2 =?, V2 =?, 1 W2

P2 = 500kPa

Final volume of the balloon.

II. Assumption

Polytropic process with n = 1.5.

III. Analytical Solution

1. Conservation of mass: m1 = m2 = m

State 1: From table B.5.1 (Saturated vapor at given temperature)

v1 = vg@T , P1 = Psat@T
V 1 = v1 m
2. Polytropic process:

P1 V1n = P2 V2n or P1 v1n = P2 v2n

 1/n
1
V1
V2 = P
P2
v2 =

V2
m

State 2: From table B.5.2 (Entry with pressure P2 and v2 )

3. Work for a polytropic process P =
V2
P2 V2 P1 V1
1 W2 = V1 P dV =
1n

C
Vn

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

IV. Numerical solution

State 1: From table B.5.1 (Saturated vapor at given temperature)

v1 = vg@T = 0.09921m /kg, P1 = Psat@T = 201.7kPa
3

V1 = v1 m = 0.049605m /kg
State 2: From table B.5.2 (Entry with pressure P2 and v2 )
 1/n
1
V2 = P
V1 = 0.02708m3
P2
v2 =

V2
m

= 0.05416m /kg

Then,

T2 = 79 C
And work is,
1 W2

P2 V2 P1 V1
1n

5000.02708201.70.049605
11.5

= 7.069kJ

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 5
Find the missing properties of (P , T , v , u, h and x) and indicate the states in a P -v and T -v diagram
for:
a. Water at 5000kPa, u = 1000kJ/kg (Table B.1 reference)
b. R-134a at 20 C , u = 300kJ/kg
c. Nitrogen at 250K, 200kPa
I Problem description

Find:

Given:
a. Water, P = 5000kPa, u = 1000kJ/kg

P , T , v , u, h and x

b. R-134a, T = 20 C , u = 300kJ/kg

P -v and T -v diagrams

c. Nitrogen at T = 250K, P = 200kPa

II. Analytical and Numerical Solution
a.

Compressed liquid: Table B.1.4, at P = 5000kPa, interpolate between T = 220 C and T = 240 C.

(1000 1031.3) + 240 = 233.3 C,

T =

240220
1031.3938.4

v=

0.0012260.001187
1031.3938.4

h=

1037.5944.4
1031.3938.4

(1000 1031.3) + 0.001226 = 0.001213m /kg

(1000 1031.3) + 1037.5 = 1006.1kJ/kg

x = undef ined
b.

Two-phase liquid + vapor: Table B.5.1. P = Psat@T = 572.8kPa

uf @T = 227.03kJ/kg< u = 300kJ/kg <ug@T = 389.2kJ/kg

x=

uuf @T
uf g@T

1000227.03
162.16

= 0.45
3

v = vf @T + xvf g@T = 0.000817 + 0.45 0.03524 = 0.01667m /kg

3

h = hf @T + xhf g@T = 227.49 + 0.45 182.35 = 309.55m /kg

c.

Superheated vapor: Table B.6.2. T = 250K > Tsat@P = 83.6K , P = 200kPa

3

v = 0.5 (0.35546 + 0.38535) = 0.3704m /kg

3

u = 0.5 (177.23 + 192.14) = 184.69m /kg

3

h = 0.5 (248.32 + 269.21) = 258.77m /kg

x = undef ined

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

III. Graphical Solution

10

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 6
A piston cylinder contains 1.5kg water at 200kPa, 150 C . It is now heated in a process where pressure
is linearly related to volume to a state of 600kPa, 350 C . Find the nal volume, the work and the
heat transfer in the process.
I Problem description

Given:

T2 = 350 C

Water

Linear process

m = 1.5kg

P = aV + b

P1 = 200kPa
Find:

T1 = 150 C

V2 , 1 W2 , 1 Q2

P2 = 600kPa
Sketch

II. Analytical and Numerical Solution

1. Compute the states:

State 1: water is superheated at P1 and T1 given, table B.1.3.

v1 = 0.95964m /kg , u1 = 2576.87kJ/kg

3

State 2: water is also superheated at P2 and T2 given, table B.1.3.

v2 = 0.47424m /kg , u2 = 2881.12kJ/kg

3

2. Find the nal volume:

V2 = mv2 = 0.7114m3
11

MAE 91 Summer 2013

3. Find the work

v2
1 W2 = m v1 pdv =

Problem Set 3: Solutions

m
2

(P1 + P2 ) (v2 v1 ) =

1.5
2

(200 + 600) (0.47424 0.9596) = 291.2kJ

4. Find the Heat: First Law: E2 E1 = 1 Q2 1 W2

For a quasi-static process and no potential energy:
1 Q2

= U2 U1 + 1 W2

1 Q2

= m (u2 u1 ) + 1 W2 = 1.5 (2881.1 2576.9) 291.2 = 165.1kJ

12

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 7
A water-lled reactor with volume of 1m3 is at 20MPa, 360 C and placed inside a containment room
as shown in Figure. The room is well insulated and initially evacuated. Due to a failure, the reactor
ruptures and the water lls the containment room. Find the minimum room volume so the nal
pressure does not exceed 200kPa.
I Problem description

Given:

P2max 200kPa

V1 = 1m3
Find:

P1 = 20MPa
T1 = 360 C

V2min

Sketch

II. Assumption

The system is the reactor and the room. The walls of the room are rigid and adiabatic, so no work or
heat transfer are present.
II. Analytical Solution

1. Conservation of mass:

dm
dt

=0

m1 = m2
mR1 + mvacuum = m2
Expressing in terms of the specic volume,

mR1 =
VR
v1

VR
v1 ,

m2 =

V2min
v2min

V2min
v2min

V2min =

v2min
v1 V R

13

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

2. State 2 is found from rst law: E2 E1 = 1 Q2 1 W2

Since 1 Q2 = 0 and 1 W2 = 0
The equilibrium condition of state 2 has no kinetic energy, but, the transition does.

E2 = E1 and then U2 = U1 or u2 = u1
II. Numerical Solution

1. State 1: Table B.1.4 at P1 = 20MPa, T1 = 360 C

v1 = 0.001823m /kg , u1 = 1702.8kJ/kg

3

2. State 2: from P2 = 200kPa, u1 = 1702.8kJ/kg, Table B.1.2. (Saturated)

uf @P = 504.8kJ/kg, ug@P = 2529.5kJ/kg, uf g@P = 2024.7kJ/kg

x2 =

u2 uf
uf g

1702.8504.8
2024.7

= 0.59176

Then, the specic volume is:

vf @P = 0.001061m /kg, vg@P = 0.88573m /kg, vf g@P = 0.88467m /kg

3

v2 = vf + x2 vf g = 0.001061 + 0.59176 0.88467 = 0.52457

3. The minimum volume is:

V2min =

v2min
v1 VR

0.52457
0.001823 1

= 287.7m3

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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 8
An insulated cylinder is divided into two parts of 1m3 each by an initially locked piston, as shown
in Figure. Side A has air at 200kPa, 300K, and side B has air at 1.0MPa, 1000K. The piston is
now unlocked so it is free to move, and it conducts heat so the air comes to a uniform temperature

TA = TB . Find the mass in both A and B, and the nal T and P .

I Problem description

Given: Air

TB1 = 1000K

VA1 = VB1 = 1m3

Rair = 0.287kJ/kgK
Find:

PA1 = 200kPa
TA1 = 300K

mA , mB

PB1 = 1.0MPa

T2 , P2

Sketch

II. Assumption

Air can be treated as an ideal gas. System A+B is isolated.

III. Analytical Solution

1. Conservation of mass: System A+B

m1 = m2
mA1 + mB1 = mA2 + mB2
System A or B:

mA1 = mA2 = mA , mB1 = mB2 = mB

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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

2. Mass obtained from ideal gas law, P V = mRT

mA =

PA1 VA1
Rair TA1

mB =

PB1 VB1
Rair TB1

3. Balance of forces on the piston at equilibrium:

PA A p PB A p = 0
PA2 = PB2 = P2
4. Second State is found from rst law: E2 E1 = 1 Q2 1 W2
For the system A+B, walls are adiabatic, 1 Q2 = 0, and rigid, 1 W2 = 0.
At equilibrium, condition of state 2 has no kinetic energy, and potential energy is neglected.

E2 = E1 and then U2 = U1
U1 = UA1 + UB1 = mA uA1 + mB uB1
For state 2, TA2 = TB2 = T2 at equilibrium, then u2A = u2B

U2 = UA2 + UB2 = mA uA2 + mB uB2 = u2 (mA + mB )

Solving for u2 :

u2 =

mA uA1 +mB uB1

mA +mB

5. Final Pressure: State 2 as a uniform between A and B:

P2 V2 = m2 Rair T2
P2 =

(mA +mB )Rair T2

VA +VB

IV. Numerical Solution

Mass on each part:

mA =
mB =

PA1 VA1
Rair TA1
PB1 VB1
Rair TB1

=
=

2001
0.287300 = 2.323kg
10001
0.2871000 = 3.484kg

State 1: treated air as an ideal gas, internal energy is function of temperature only, found on Table
A.7.

TA1 = 300K uA1 = 214.3kJ/kg

TB1 = 1000K uB1 = 759.2kJ/kg
State 2:

u2 =
P2 =

mA uA1 +mB uB1

= 541.2kJ/kgT2 = 736K
mA +mB
(mA +mB )Rair T2
= (2.323+3.484)0.287736
=
VA +VB
1+1

613kPa

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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 9
The cylinder volume below the constant loaded piston has two compartments A and B lled with
water. A has 0.5kg at 200kPa, 150 C and B has 400kPa with a quality of 50% and a volume of 0.1m3 .
The valve is opened and heat is transferred so the water comes to a uniform state with a total volume
of 1.006m3 .
a) Find the total mass of water and the total initial volume.
b) Find the work in the process
c) Find the process heat transfer
I Problem description

Given:

VB = 0.1m3
V2 = VA2 + VB2 = 1.006m3

PA1 = 200kPa
TA1 = 150 C

Find:

PB1 = 400kPa

a. m2 , V1

xA1 = 0.5

b. 1 W2

mP iston = 0.5kg

c. 1 Q2

Sketch

II. Assumption

The process is assumed to be quasi-static, so the piston keeps the pressure constant in Tank A. The
valve is ideal and permits a quasi-static process.
III. Analytical Solution

1. Conservation of mass: Tank A+B

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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

m2 = m1 = mA1 + mB1
State B1: Mass on tank B is obtained from table B.1.2.

mB =

VB
vB1

State A1: volume on tank A is obtained from table B.1.3.

VA1 = mA1 vA1

Initial volume is:

V1 = VA1 + VB
2. Balance of forces on the piston makes the process isobaric if quasi-static. Then, work is,
V2
1 W2 = 1 W2 B = V1 P dV = PA (VA2 VA1 )
3. The heat is found from First Law: E2 E1 = 1 Q2 1 W2
For a quasi-static process and no potential energy:
1 Q2

= U2 U1 + 1 W2

1 Q2

= m2 u2 (mA1 uA1 + mB1 uB1 ) + 1 W2

IV. Numerical Solution

State B1 (Saturation):
3

vB1 = vf @P + xB1 vf g@P = 0.001084 + 0.5 0.46138 = 0.2318m /kg

uB1 = uf @P + xB1 uf g@P = 604.3 + 0.5 1949.3 = 1578.9kJ/kg
State A1 (Superheated):
3

vA1 = 0.95964m /kg

uA1 = 2576.9kJ/kg
Then, the volume at A is,

VA1 = mA1 vA1 = 0.5 0.95964 = 0.47982m3

and the mass at B1 is,
0.1
B
= 0.2318
= 0.4314kg
mB = vVB1
a. Total mass and initial volume are:

m2 = mA1 + mB1 = 0.5 + 0.4314 = 0.9314kg

V1 = VA1 + VB = 0.1 + 0.47982 = 0.57982m3
b. Work:
1 W2

= PA (VA2 VA1 ) = 200 (1.006 0.57982) = 85.2kJ

c. Heat:
1 Q2

= m2 u2 (mA1 uA1 + mB1 uB1 ) + 1 W2

1 Q2

= 0.9314 2654 (0.5 2576.9 + 0.4314 1578.9) + 85.2 = 587.6kJ

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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 10
Two kilograms of water is contained in a piston/cylinder with a massless piston loaded with a linear
spring and the outside atmosphere. Initially the spring force is zero and P1 = Po = 100kPa with a
volume of 0.2m3 . If the piston just hits the upper stops the volume is 0.8m3 and T = 600 C . Heat
is now added until the pressure reaches 1.2MPa. Find the nal temperature, show the P V diagram
and nd the work done during the process.
I Problem description

Given: water

T2 = 600 C

m = 2kg

P3 = 1.2MPa

P1 = Po = 100kPa

mP iston 0
Find:

V1 = 0.2m3

T3 , P V diagram and 1 W2

V2 = Vstops = 0.8m3
Sketch

II. Assumption

Pressure varies linearly with volume when the spring is compressed.

II. Analytical and Numerical Solution

1. Conservation of mass and states:

m3 = m2 = m1 = m = 2kg

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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

State 1: Obtained from P1 , initial mass and volume. Table B.1.2. shows this state is
saturated.

v1 =

V1
m

0.2
2

= 0.1m /kg

vf @P = 0.001043m /kg, vg@P = 1.694m /kgx1 = 0.058

3

State 2: from table B.1.3.

v2 =

V2
m

0.8
2

= 0.4m /kg

P2 = P@v2 ,T2 1000kPa

State 3: Since P3 > P3 , the process is at constant volume from 2 to 3, following the path
123. If the pressure at the nal state was lower, then the path would be 12'3', but is not
the case.

v3 = v2 = 0.4m /kg and P3 = 1.2MPa, using table B.1.3,

3

T3 = 770 C
2. Work is,

V2

P dV +

1 W3

= 1 W2 + 2 W3 =

1 W3

= PAvg (V2 V1 ) + 0 =

V1

1
2

V3
V2

P dV = PAvg (V2 V1 ) + 0

(100 + 1000) (0.8 0.1) = 330kJ

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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

Problem 11
A piston/cylinder arrangement B is connected to a 1m3 tank A by a line and valve, as shown in gure.
Initially both contain water, with A at 100kPa, saturated vapor and B at 400 C , 300kPa, 1m3. The
valve is now opened and, the water in both A and B comes to a uniform state.
a. Find the initial mass in A and B.
b. If the process results in T = 200 C , nd the heat transfer and work.
I Problem description

Given: Water

TB1 = 400 C

VA = 1m3

T2 = 200 C

PA1 = 100kPa

Find:

xA1 = 1
PB1 = 300kPa

a. mA1 , mB1

VB1 = 1m3

b. 1 W2 , 1 Q2

Sketch

II. Assumption

Quasi-static process, and constant pressure process on tank B. Valve is ideal.

II. Analytical and Numerical Solution

1. Conservation of mass:

m2 = m1 = constant
mA2 + mB2 = mA1 + mB1
mA1 =

VA
vA1 ,

mB1 =

VB
vB1

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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 3: Solutions

2. States:

State 1A: saturated vapor, from Table B.1.2.

3

vA1 = vg@P = 1.694m /kg

uA1 = ug@P = 2506.1kJ/kg
State 1B: superheated vapor, from table B.1.3.
3

vB1 = 1.03151m /kg

uB1 = 2965.5kJ/kg
State 2: Since constant pressure process P2 = PB1 . Then state is an uniform superheated
vapor, from table B.1.3.
3

v2 = 0.71629m /kg
u2 = 2650.1kJ/kg
3. Initial and total mass:

mA1 =

VA
vA1

mB1 =

VB
vB1

1
1.694

1
1.03151

= 0.5903kg
= 0.9695kg

m2 = mA1 + mB1 = 1.5598kg

4. Final volume, tank B:

mA2 + mB2 = m2
VA
v2

VB
v2

= m2

VB2 = v2 m2 VA = 0.1172m3
5. Work: constant pressure process,
V2
1 W2 = V1 P dV = PB (VB2 VB1 ) = 300 (0.1172 1) = 264.82kJ
6. The heat is found from First Law: E2 E1 = 1 Q2 1 W2
System is water only. The piston, which have potential energy, is not included into the system.
For a quasi-static process and no potential energy,
1 Q2

= U2 U1 + 1 W2

1 Q2

= m2 u2 (mA1 uA1 + mB1 uB1 ) + 1 W2

1 Q2

= 484.7kJ

22