R Version 3

R version 3.2.
1 (2015-06-18) -- "World-Famous Astronaut"

Copyright (C) 2015 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
R es un software libre y viene sin GARANTIA ALGUNA.

Usted puede redistribuirlo bajo ciertas circunstancias.
Escriba 'license()' o 'licence()' para detalles de distribucion.
R es un proyecto colaborativo con muchos contribuyentes.

Escriba 'contributors()' para obtener ms informacin y
'citation()' para saber cmo citar R o paquetes de R en publicaciones.
Escriba 'demo()' para demostraciones, 'help()' para el sistema on-line de

ayuda,
o 'help.start()' para abrir el sistema de ayuda HTML con su navegador.
Escriba 'q()' para salir de R.
> 2+2
[1] 4
>x
Error: objeto 'x' no encontrado
> x<-2
>x
[1] 2
> x+x
[1] 4
> y<-x+x
>y
[1] 4
> peso<-c(60,70,80,90,100)
> peso
[1] 60 70 80 90 100
> Enorm(15)
Error: no se pudo encontrar la funcin "Enorm"
> Ernorm(15)
Error: no se pudo encontrar la funcin "Ernorm"
> Enorm(15)
Error: no se pudo encontrar la funcin "Enorm"
> rnorm(15)
[1] -0.09156132 0.27116751 1.14782468 -0.93962827 1.82457948
-0.67277553
[7] 0.59714 248 -1.28884141 2.40275865 -0.25590020 -0.47069998
-0.08833632
[13] 0.66677849 0.51115291 -1.96689498
> al<-rnorm(15)
> al
[1] 0.22074328 -2.03384002 1.48783896 0.87069384 2.84172017
-0.73843798
[7] 1.11238844 -0.09468982 -0.54074205 1.82273762 1.60791268
1.20035212
[13] -0.25661125 0.71722739 -0.95860322
> al[13]
[1] -0.2566113
> mean(al)
[1] 0.4839127
> max(al)
[1] 2.84172
> min(al)
[1] -2.03384
> sum(al)
[1] 7.25869
> al[al>0]
[1] 0.2207433 1.4878390 0.8706938 2.8417202 1.1123884 1.8227376
1.6079127
[8] 1.2003521 0.7172274
> max(peso)
[1] 100
> demo()
> demo(graphica)
Error in demo(graphica) : No demo found for topic graphica
> demo(graphics)
demo(graphics)
---- ~~~~~~~~
Type <Return> to start :
> # Copyright (C) 1997-2009 The R Core Team

>
> require(datasets)
> require(grDevices); require(graphics)
> ## Here is some code which illustrates some of the differences between
> ## R and S graphics capabilities. Note that colors are generally specified
> ## by a character string name (taken from the X11 rgb.txt file) and that line
> ## textures are given similarly. The parameter "bg" sets the background
> ## parameter for the plot and there is also an "fg" parameter which sets
> ## the foreground color.
>
>
> x <- stats::rnorm(50)
> opar <- par(bg = "white")
> plot(x, ann = FALSE, type = "n")

Esperando para confirmar cambio de pgina...
> abline(h = 0, col = gray(.90))
> lines(x, col = "green4", lty = "dotted")
> points(x, bg = "limegreen", pch = 21)
> title(main = "Simple Use of Color In a Plot",

+
xlab = "Just a Whisper of a Label",
col.main = "blue", col.lab = gray(.8),
cex.main = 1.2, cex.lab = 1.0, font.main = 4, font.lab = 3)
> ## A little color wheel.

> ## a pie chart.
This code just plots equally spaced hues in
If you have a cheap SVGA monitor (like me) you will
> ## probably find that numerically equispaced does not mean visually
> ## equispaced. On my display at home, these colors tend to cluster at
> ## the RGB primaries. On the other hand on the SGI Indy at work the
> ## effect is near perfect.
>
> par(bg = "gray")
> pie(rep(1,24), col = rainbow(24), radius = 0.9)
> title(main = "A Sample Color Wheel", cex.main = 1.4, font.main = 3)
> title(xlab = "(Use this as a test of monitor linearity)",

+
cex.lab = 0.8, font.lab = 3)
> ## We have already confessed to having these. This is just showing off X11
> ## color names (and the example (from the postscript manual) is pretty
"cute".
>
> pie.sales <- c(0.12, 0.3, 0.26, 0.16, 0.04, 0.12)
> names(pie.sales) <- c("Blueberry", "Cherry",

+
"Apple", "Boston Cream", "Other", "Vanilla Cream")
> pie(pie.sales,
+
col = c("purple","violetred1","green3","cornsilk","cyan","white"))
> title(main = "January Pie Sales", cex.main = 1.8, font.main = 1)
> title(xlab = "(Don't try this at home kids)", cex.lab = 0.8, font.lab = 3)
> ## Boxplots: I couldn't resist the capability for filling the "box".
> ## The use of color seems like a useful addition, it focuses attention
> ## on the central bulk of the data.
>
> par(bg="cornsilk")
> n <- 10
> g <- gl(n, 100, n*100)
> x <- rnorm(n*100) + sqrt(as.numeric(g))
> boxplot(split(x,g), col="lavender", notch=TRUE)

> title(main="Notched Boxplots", xlab="Group", font.main=4, font.lab=1)
> ## An example showing how to fill between curves.

>
> par(bg="white")
> n <- 100
> x <- c(0,cumsum(rnorm(n)))
> y <- c(0,cumsum(rnorm(n)))
> xx <- c(0:n, n:0)
> yy <- c(x, rev(y))
> plot(xx, yy, type="n", xlab="Time", ylab="Distance")

> polygon(xx, yy, col="gray")
> title("Distance Between Brownian Motions")
> ## Colored plot margins, axis labels and titles.

> ## careful with these kinds of effects.
You do need to be
It's easy to go completely
> ## over the top and you can end up with your lunch all over the keyboard.
> ## On the other hand, my market research clients love it.
>
> x <- c(0.00, 0.40, 0.86, 0.85, 0.69, 0.48, 0.54, 1.09, 1.11, 1.73, 2.05, 2.02)
> par(bg="lightgray")
> plot(x, type="n", axes=FALSE, ann=FALSE)

> usr <- par("usr")
> rect(usr[1], usr[3], usr[2], usr[4], col="cornsilk", border="black")
> lines(x, col="blue")
> points(x, pch=21, bg="lightcyan", cex=1.25)
> axis(2, col.axis="blue", las=1)
> axis(1, at=1:12, lab=month.abb, col.axis="blue")
> box()
> title(main= "The Level of Interest in R", font.main=4, col.main="red")
> title(xlab= "1996", col.lab="red")
> ## A filled histogram, showing how to change the font used for the
> ## main title without changing the other annotation.
>
> x <- rnorm(1000)
> hist(x, xlim=range(-4, 4, x), col="lavender", main="")

> title(main="1000 Normal Random Variates", font.main=3)
> ## A scatterplot matrix

> ## The good old Iris data (yet again)
>
> pairs(iris[1:4], main="Edgar Anderson's Iris Data", font.main=4, pch=19)
> pairs(iris[1:4], main="Edgar Anderson's Iris Data", pch=21,

+
bg = c("red", "green3", "blue")[unclass(iris$Species)])
> ## Contour plotting

> ## This produces a topographic map of one of Auckland's many volcanic
"peaks".
>
> x <- 10*1:nrow(volcano)
> y <- 10*1:ncol(volcano)
> lev <- pretty(range(volcano), 10)
> par(bg = "lightcyan")
> pin <- par("pin")
> xdelta <- diff(range(x))
> ydelta <- diff(range(y))
> xscale <- pin[1]/xdelta
> yscale <- pin[2]/ydelta
> scale <- min(xscale, yscale)
> xadd <- 0.5*(pin[1]/scale - xdelta)
> yadd <- 0.5*(pin[2]/scale - ydelta)
> plot(numeric(0), numeric(0),

+
xlim = range(x)+c(-1,1)*xadd, ylim = range(y)+c(-1,1)*yadd,
type = "n", ann = FALSE)
> usr <- par("usr")
> rect(usr[1], usr[3], usr[2], usr[4], col="green3")
> contour(x, y, volcano, levels = lev, col="yellow", lty="solid", add=TRUE)
> box()
> title("A Topographic Map of Maunga Whau", font= 4)
> title(xlab = "Meters North", ylab = "Meters West", font= 3)
> mtext("10 Meter Contour Spacing", side=3, line=0.35, outer=FALSE,

+
at = mean(par("usr")[1:2]), cex=0.7, font=3)
> ## Conditioning plots

>
> coplot(lat ~ long | depth, data = quakes, pch = 21, bg = "green3")

> par(opar)
>
> demo(colors)
demo(colors)
---- ~~~~~~
> ### ----------- Show (almost) all named colors ---------------------
>
> ## 1) with traditional 'graphics' package:
> showCols1 <- function(bg = "gray", cex = 0.75, srt = 30) {
+
m <- ceiling(sqrt(n <- length(cl <- colors())))
length(cl) <- m*m; cm <- matrix(cl, m)
##
require("graphics")
op <- par(mar=rep(0,4), ann=FALSE, bg = bg); on.exit(par(op))
plot(1:m,1:m, type="n", axes=FALSE)
text(col(cm), rev(row(cm)), cm, col = cl, cex=cex, srt=srt)
+}
> showCols1()
> ## 2) with 'grid' package:

> showCols2 <- function(bg = "grey", cex = 0.75, rot = 30) {
+
m <- ceiling(sqrt(n <- length(cl <- colors())))
length(cl) <- m*m; cm <- matrix(cl, m)
##
require("grid")
grid.newpage(); vp <- viewport(w = .92, h = .92)
grid.rect(gp=gpar(fill=bg))
grid.text(cm, x = col(cm)/m, y = rev(row(cm))/m, rot = rot,
vp=vp, gp=gpar(cex = cex, col = cm))
+}
> showCols2()
Loading required package: grid
> showCols2(bg = "gray33")

> ###
>
> ##' @title Comparing Colors
> ##' @param col
> ##' @param nrow
> ##' @param ncol
> ##' @param txt.col
> ##' @return the grid layout, invisibly
> ##' @author Marius Hofert, originally
> plotCol <- function(col, nrow=1, ncol=ceiling(length(col) / nrow),
+
txt.col="black") {
stopifnot(nrow >= 1, ncol >= 1)
if(length(col) > nrow*ncol)
warning("some colors will not be shown")
require(grid)
grid.newpage()
gl <- grid.layout(nrow, ncol)
pushViewport(viewport(layout=gl))
ic <- 1
for(i in 1:nrow) {
for(j in 1:ncol) {
pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row=i, layout.pos.col=j))
grid.rect(gp= gpar(fill=col[ic]))
grid.text(col[ic], gp=gpar(col=txt.col))
upViewport()
ic <- ic+1
upViewport()
invisible(gl)
+}
> ## A Chocolate Bar of colors:

> plotCol(c("#CC8C3C", paste0("chocolate", 2:4),
+
paste0("darkorange", c("",1:2)), paste0("darkgoldenrod", 1:2),
"orange", "orange1", "sandybrown", "tan1", "tan2"),
nrow=2)
> ##' Find close R colors() to a given color {original by Marius Hofert)
> ##' using Euclidean norm in (HSV / RGB / ...) color space
> nearRcolor <- function(rgb, cSpace = c("hsv", "rgb255", "Luv", "Lab"),
+
dist = switch(cSpace, "hsv" = 0.10, "rgb255" = 30,
"Luv" = 15, "Lab" = 12))
+{
+
if(is.character(rgb)) rgb <- col2rgb(rgb)
stopifnot(length(rgb <- as.vector(rgb)) == 3)
Rcol <- col2rgb(.cc <- colors())
uniqC <- !duplicated(t(Rcol)) # gray9 == grey9 (etc)
Rcol <- Rcol[, uniqC] ; .cc <- .cc[uniqC]
cSpace <- match.arg(cSpace)
convRGB2 <- function(Rgb, to)
t(convertColor(t(Rgb), from="sRGB", to=to, scale.in=255))
## the transformation, rgb{0..255} --> cSpace :
TransF <- switch(cSpace,
"rgb255" = identity,
"hsv" = rgb2hsv,
"Luv" = function(RGB) convRGB2(RGB, "Luv"),
"Lab" = function(RGB) convRGB2(RGB, "Lab"))
d <- sqrt(colSums((TransF(Rcol) - as.vector(TransF(rgb)))^2))
iS <- sort.list(d[near <- d <= dist])# sorted: closest first
setNames(.cc[near][iS], format(d[near][iS], digits=3))
+}
> nearRcolor(col2rgb("tan2"), "rgb")

0.0
"tan2"
21.1
25.8
29.5
"tan1" "sandybrown"
"sienna1"
> nearRcolor(col2rgb("tan2"), "hsv")

0.0000
"tan2"
0.0778
0.0410
0.0618
0.0638
"sienna2"
"coral2"
"tomato2"
0.0900
0.0912
0.0918
"sienna1" "sandybrown"
"coral1"
0.0667
0.0766
"tan1"
"tomato"
> nearRcolor(col2rgb("tan2"), "Luv")

0.00
"tan2"
7.42
7.48
12.41
"tan1" "sandybrown"
13.69
"orange3"
> nearRcolor(col2rgb("tan2"), "Lab")

0.00
"tan2"
5.56
8.08
11.31
"tan1" "sandybrown"
> nearRcolor("#334455")
0.0867
"darkslategray"
"peru"
"orange2"
"coral"
> ## Now, consider choosing a color by looking in the

> ## neighborhood of one you know :
>
> plotCol(nearRcolor("deepskyblue", "rgb", dist=50))
> plotCol(nearRcolor("deepskyblue", dist=.1))

> install.packages("gstat")
Warning in install.packages("gstat") :
'lib = "C:/Program Files/R/R-3.2.1/library"' is not writable
--- Please select a CRAN mirror for use in this session --also installing the dependencies xts, intervals, sp, zoo, spacetime, FNN
probando la URL
'http://cran.revolutionanalytics.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/xts_0.9-7.zip'
Content type 'application/zip' length 662241 bytes (646 KB)
downloaded 646 KB
probando la URL
'http://cran.revolutionanalytics.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/intervals_0.15.0.zi
p'
downloaded 638 KB
probando la URL
'http://cran.revolutionanalytics.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/sp_1.1-1.zip'
Content type 'application/zip' length 1519801 bytes (1.4 MB)
downloaded 1.4 MB
probando la URL
'http://cran.revolutionanalytics.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/zoo_1.7-12.zip'
downloaded 876 KB
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downloaded 520 KB
probando la URL
'http://cran.revolutionanalytics.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/gstat_1.0-25.zip'
downloaded 2.7 MB
package xts successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked

package intervals successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package sp successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package zoo successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package spacetime successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package FNN successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package gstat successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
The downloaded binary packages are in

C:\Users\Isela\AppData\Local\Temp\RtmpMNf0b5\downloaded_packages
> q()
>
> demo(gstat)
Error in demo(gstat) : No demo found for topic gstat
> demo(gstat)
Error in demo(gstat) : No demo found for topic gstat
> library (gstat)
Warning message:
package gstat was built under R version 3.2.2
> demo()
> demo(examples)
demo(examples)
---- ~~~~~~~~
> # $Id: examples.R,v 1.6 2006-02-10 19:05:02 edzer Exp $

> ## ex01.cmd, ex02.cmd:
> ##
> ## Two variables with (initial estimates of) variograms,
> ## calcute sample variogram and plot fitted model
> ##
>
> library(sp)
> par(ask = TRUE)
> data(meuse)
> coordinates(meuse)=~x+y
> x <- variogram(zinc ~ 1, meuse)
> v <- vgm(140000, "Sph", 800, nug = 10000)
> plot(x, model = v)

> plot(x, model = fit.variogram(x, model = v))

> x <- variogram(log(zinc) ~ 1, meuse)
> v <- vgm(.5, "Sph", 800, nug = .1)
> plot(x, model = v)

> plot(x, model = fit.variogram(x, model = v))

> ##
> ## ex03.cmd:
> ## Inverse distance interpolation on a mask map
> ##
> data(meuse.grid)
> gridded(meuse.grid) = ~x+y
> x <- krige(zinc ~ 1, meuse, meuse.grid, model = NULL)

[inverse distance weighted interpolation]
> library(lattice)
> spplot(x[1])
> ##
> ## ex04.cmd
> ## Local ordinary block kriging at non-gridded locations
> ##
> ## the gstat "classic" radius maps into the gstat "S" maxdist argument
> ##
> new.locs <- SpatialPoints(cbind(x = c(181170, 180310, 180205, 178673,
178770, 178270),
+
y = c(333250, 332189, 331707, 330066, 330675, 331075)))
> krige(zinc ~ 1, meuse, new.locs,

+
model = vgm(1.34e5, "Sph", 800, nug = 2.42e4),
block = c(40,40), nmax = 40, nmin = 20,
maxdist = 1000)
[using ordinary kriging]

coordinates var1.pred var1.var
1 (181170, 333250) 268.7576 19447.67
2 (180310, 332189) 663.4915 16991.33
3 (180205, 331707) 251.4606 21579.71
4 (178673, 330066) 532.5776 73807.91
5 (178770, 330675) 664.4039 23589.17
6 (178270, 331075) 647.6618 175360.21
> ##
> ## ex05.cmd
> ##
> ## Local simple point kriging on a mask map
> ##
> v <- vgm(0.581, "Sph", 900, nug = 0.0554)
> x <- krige(log(zinc) ~ 1, meuse, meuse.grid, model = v,

+
nmax = 40, nmin = 20, maxdist = 1000, beta = 5.9)
[using simple kriging]
> spplot(x[1], main = "log(zinc) simple kriging prediction")

> x$se = sqrt(x$var1.var)
> spplot(x["se"], main = "log(zinc) simple kriging standard errors")

> ##
> ## ex06.cmd
> ##
> ## Unconditional Gaussian simulation on a mask
> ## (local neigbourhoods, simple kriging)
> ##
> x <- krige(log(zinc) ~ 1, locations = NULL, newdata = meuse.grid,
+
model = v, nmax = 20, beta = c(5.9), nsim = 5, dummy = TRUE)
[using unconditional Gaussian simulation]
> spplot(x, main = "five unconditional realisations of a correlated Gaussian

field")
> ##
> ## ex07.cmd
> ##
> ## Gaussian simulation, conditional upon data
> ## (local neighbourhoods, simple and ordinary kriging)
> ##
> x <- krige(log(zinc) ~ 1, meuse, meuse.grid,
+
model = v, nmax = 20, beta = c(5.9), nsim = 5)
[using conditional Gaussian simulation]
> spplot(x, main = "five conditional realisations of a correlated Gaussian field")

> ##
> ## ex08.cmd
> ##
> ## Change of support: local ordinary block kriging on a mask
> ##
> x <- krige(log(zinc) ~ 1, meuse, meuse.grid,
+
model = v, nmax = 40, nmin = 20, maxdist = 1000,
block = c(40,40))
> spplot(x[1], main = "ordinary block kriging predictions")

> x$se = sqrt(x$var1.var)
> spplot(x["se"], main = "ordinary block kriging prediction standard errors")

> ##
> ## ex09.cmd
> ##
> ## Obtain map values at data() locations
> ## (Point-map overlay)
> ##
> # we trick here by using inv.weighted distance interpolation, using the
> # single nearest observation. It will not fail on points outside the grid.
> # Note that we reversed meuse.grid and meuse to get these results.
> x <- krige(part.a ~ 1, meuse.grid, meuse, model = NULL, nmax = 1)
> meuse$part.a = x$var1.pred
> x <- krige(part.b ~ 1, meuse.grid, meuse, model = NULL, nmax = 1)

> meuse$part.b = x$var1.pred
> ##
> ## ex10.cmd
> ##
> ## Multiple kriging: prediction on more than one variable
> ## (ordinary kriging of two variables)
> ## (note that zinc_map.eas wass obtained through ex09.gst)
> ##
> x <- variogram(dist~1,meuse)
> v.dist <- fit.variogram(x, model = vgm(1,"Gau",100))
> plot(x, model = v.dist)

> g <- gstat(id = "ln.zinc", form = log(zinc) ~ 1,

+
data = meuse, nmax = 40, nmin = 20, maxdist = 1000, model = v)
> g <- gstat(g, id = "dist", form = dist ~ 1,

+
data = meuse, nmax = 40, nmin = 20, maxdist = 1000,
model = vgm(.01, "Nug", 0, add.to = v.dist))
> # the added nugget variance is necessary to avoid near-singular covariances

> x <- predict(g, meuse.grid)
> spplot(x["ln.zinc.pred"], main = "log(zinc) ordinary kriging predictions")

> x$ln.zinc.se = sqrt(x$ln.zinc.var)
> spplot(x["ln.zinc.se"], main = "log(zinc) ordinary kriging prediction standard

errors")
> spplot(x["dist.pred"], main = "dist ordinary kriging predictions")

> x$dist.se = sqrt(x$dist.var)
> spplot(x["dist.se"], main = "dist ordinary kriging prediction standard errors")

> ##
> ## ex11.cmd
> ##
> ## Multivariable kriging: ordinary local cokriging of two variables
> ## For examples of fitting an LMC: see demo(cokriging)
> ##
> g <- gstat(id = "ln.zinc", form = log(zinc) ~ 1,
+
model = vgm(0.581, "Sph", 900, 0.0554))
> g <- gstat(g, id = "sq.dist", form = sqrt(dist) ~ 1,

+
model = vgm(0.0631, "Sph", 900, 0.0001))
> g <- gstat(g, id = c("ln.zinc", "sq.dist"),

+
model = vgm(-0.156, "Sph", 900, 1e-5))
> # small nugget necessary to let gstat recognize LMC

> x <- predict(g, meuse.grid)
Linear Model of Coregionalization found. Good.
[using ordinary cokriging]
> spplot(x["ln.zinc.pred"], main = "log(zinc) ordinary cokriging predictions")

> x$ln.zinc.se = sqrt(x$ln.zinc.var)
> spplot(x["ln.zinc.se"], main = "log(zinc) ordinary cokriging prediction

standard errors")
> spplot(x["sq.dist.pred"], main = "dist ordinary cokriging predictions")

> x$sq.dist.se = sqrt(x$sq.dist.var)
> spplot(x["sq.dist.se"], main = "dist ordinary cokriging prediction standard

errors")
> ##
> ## ex12.cmd
> ##
> ## Stratified ordinary kriging (within-category ordinary kriging)
> ##
>
> # find out in which part the data are:
> meuse$part.a = krige(part.a~1, meuse.grid, meuse, nmax=1)$var1.pred
> x1 = krige(log(zinc)~1, meuse[meuse$part.a == 0,],

+
meuse.grid[meuse.grid$part.a == 0,], model = vgm(.548, "Sph", 900, .
0654),
+
nmin = 20, nmax = 40, maxdist = 1000)
> x2 = krige(log(zinc)~1, meuse[meuse$part.a == 1,],

+
meuse.grid[meuse.grid$part.a == 1,], model = vgm(.716, "Sph", 900),
nmin = 20, nmax = 40, maxdist = 1000)
> x = rbind(as.data.frame(x1), as.data.frame(x2))
> gridded(x) = ~x+y
> spplot(x["var1.pred"], main = "stratified kriging predictions")

> ##
> ## ex13.cmd
> ##
> ## Local universal kriging, using one continuous variable
> ###
> ## the variogram should be that of the residual:
> x <- krige(log(zinc) ~ sqrt(dist), meuse, meuse.grid,
+
model = vgm(.149, "Sph", 700, .0674),
nmax = 40, nmin = 20, maxdist = 1000)
[using universal kriging]
> spplot(x["var1.pred"], main = "universal kriging predictions")

> x$var1.se = sqrt(x$var1.var)
> spplot(x["var1.se"], main = "universal kriging prediction standard errors")
> ##
> ## ex14.cmd
> ##
> ## Universal kriging, using one continuous and
> ## two binary variables.
> ##
> x <- krige(log(zinc) ~ -1 + sqrt(dist)+ part.a + part.b,
+
meuse, meuse.grid, model = vgm(.149, "Sph", 700, .0674))
[using universal kriging]
> spplot(meuse.grid["part.a"], main = "the areas defining part.a (1) and part.b
(0)")
> spplot(x["var1.pred"], main = "universal kriging predictions")

> spplot(x["var1.se"], main = "universal kriging prediction standard errors")

> ##
> ## ex14a.cmd
> ##
> ## stratified universal kriging:
> ## (again: not implemented)
> ##
>
> ## ex15.cmd
> ##
> ## Local linear model, using one continuous variable
> ##
> x <- krige(log(zinc) ~ sqrt(dist), meuse, meuse.grid,
+
model = NULL, nmax = 40, nmin = 20, maxdist = 1000)
[ordinary or weighted least squares prediction]
> spplot(x["var1.pred"], main = "IID local linear model kriging predictions")

> spplot(x["var1.se"], main = "IID local linear model prediction standard

errors")
> ##
> ## ex16.cmd
> ##
> ## Multivariable indicator cosimulation
> ## ==>> see demo(cosimulation) for an extended example how to do this
> ##
>
> ##
> ## ex17.cmd
> ##
> ## global coordinate polynomial trend surfaces
> ## trend orders 0-3 ==>> better use lm() for this
> ##
Warning message:
package sp was built under R version 3.2.2
> x<-c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
> x$
+
+
+
+
+c
Error in x$c : $ operator is invalid for atomic vectors
> x^2
[1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
> x<-seq(0,4,0.1)
>x
[1] 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
[20] 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
[39] 3.8 3.9 4.0
> mean(x)
[1] 2
> plot(x,x^2,type="l")
> plot(x,x^2,type="p")
> plot(x,x^2,type="l"
+c
Error: unexpected symbol in:
"plot(x,x^2,type="l"
c"
> plot(x,x^2,type="l")
> plot(x,x^2)
> plot(x,x^2,type="l",col="blue")
> x=rnom(30)
Error: no se pudo encontrar la funcin "rnom"
> x=rnorm (30)
> p<-rnorm (30)
>p
[1] -0.891861978 -0.122828218 0.877440176 1.267248900 0.627286959
[6] -0.378100966 0.858271393 0.303717256 -0.565343522 -1.928233269
[11] 0.746375452 -0.206070941 -0.010140040 -0.473720599 -2.022354366
[16] 0.216574821 -0.601776872 0.002840592 -0.442315720 -1.672318091
[21] -1.050505918 0.375925133 -0.394971374 0.281650376 -1.589366158
[26] 0.182030517 1.888707124 2.660406643 -0.911409240 -0.576548984
> plot(x,x^2,type="l",col="blue")
> hist(p)
> e<-rnorm(30)
> plot(p)
> plot(e,p,type="l")
> p+e
[1] -0.85103940 1.40573141 1.11172503 0.54711536 0.81270268
-0.66928198
[7] 0.84658020 0.46128848 0.53052053 -1.79054859 0.83191301
-0.90060065
[13] 0.63033389 -1.63290437 -1.10382111 1.87431871 0.46317276
0.65025830
[19] -0.20072392 -1.43168431 -0.63078173 0.00272631 -1.32219185
-0.13892253
[25] -2.53684916 -0.59669804 0.66247343 3.19140369 -0.71840342
-0.49216694
> a=p,e
Error: inesperado ',' in "a=p,"
> r<-(p,e)
Error: inesperado ',' in "r<-(p,"
> p,e
Error: inesperado ',' in "p,"

> boxplot(p)

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R version 3.2.

1 (2015-06-18) -- "World-Famous Astronaut"

R es un software libre y viene sin GARANTIA ALGUNA.

R es un proyecto colaborativo con muchos contribuyentes.

Escriba 'demo()' para demostraciones, 'help()' para el sistema on-line de

Type <Return> to start :

> # Copyright (C) 1997-2009 The R Core Team

> require(grDevices); require(graphics)

> opar <- par(bg = "white")

> plot(x, ann = FALSE, type = "n")

> abline(h = 0, col = gray(.90))

> lines(x, col = "green4", lty = "dotted")

> points(x, bg = "limegreen", pch = 21)

> title(main = "Simple Use of Color In a Plot",

xlab = "Just a Whisper of a Label",

col.main = "blue", col.lab = gray(.8),

cex.main = 1.2, cex.lab = 1.0, font.main = 4, font.lab = 3)

> ## A little color wheel.

This code just plots equally spaced hues in

If you have a cheap SVGA monitor (like me) you will

> pie(rep(1,24), col = rainbow(24), radius = 0.9)

Esperando para confirmar cambio de pgina...

> title(main = "A Sample Color Wheel", cex.main = 1.4, font.main = 3)

> title(xlab = "(Use this as a test of monitor linearity)",

cex.lab = 0.8, font.lab = 3)

> names(pie.sales) <- c("Blueberry", "Cherry",

"Apple", "Boston Cream", "Other", "Vanilla Cream")

Esperando para confirmar cambio de pgina...

> title(main = "January Pie Sales", cex.main = 1.8, font.main = 1)

> g <- gl(n, 100, n*100)

> x <- rnorm(n*100) + sqrt(as.numeric(g))

> boxplot(split(x,g), col="lavender", notch=TRUE)

> title(main="Notched Boxplots", xlab="Group", font.main=4, font.lab=1)

> ## An example showing how to fill between curves.

> n <- 100

> x <- c(0,cumsum(rnorm(n)))

> y <- c(0,cumsum(rnorm(n)))

> xx <- c(0:n, n:0)

> yy <- c(x, rev(y))

> plot(xx, yy, type="n", xlab="Time", ylab="Distance")

> polygon(xx, yy, col="gray")

> title("Distance Between Brownian Motions")

> ## Colored plot margins, axis labels and titles.

It's easy to go completely

> plot(x, type="n", axes=FALSE, ann=FALSE)

> usr <- par("usr")

> rect(usr[1], usr[3], usr[2], usr[4], col="cornsilk", border="black")

> lines(x, col="blue")

> points(x, pch=21, bg="lightcyan", cex=1.25)

> axis(2, col.axis="blue", las=1)

> axis(1, at=1:12, lab=month.abb, col.axis="blue")

> title(main= "The Level of Interest in R", font.main=4, col.main="red")

> title(xlab= "1996", col.lab="red")

> x <- rnorm(1000)

> hist(x, xlim=range(-4, 4, x), col="lavender", main="")

> title(main="1000 Normal Random Variates", font.main=3)

> ## A scatterplot matrix

> pairs(iris[1:4], main="Edgar Anderson's Iris Data", pch=21,

bg = c("red", "green3", "blue")[unclass(iris$Species)])

Esperando para confirmar cambio de pgina...

> ## Contour plotting

> y <- 10*1:ncol(volcano)

> lev <- pretty(range(volcano), 10)

xlim = range(x)+c(-1,1)xadd, ylim = range(y)+c(-1,1)yadd,