Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EM&I
EM&I
Laboratory Manual
For
Second Year (ECT/IE) Students
Manual made by
Prof.
M.V.Kunte
FORWARD
This manual is intended for the second year students of Electronics Engineering
and Industrial Electronics branch in the subject of Electrical Machine &
Instrumentation
This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions related electrical machine &
Instrumentation covering various aspects related the subject to enhanced
understanding.
Although, as per the syllabus, only descriptive treatment is prescribed, we have
made the efforts to cover various aspects of electrical machine & Instrumentation
subject covering types of different electrical machines, their operating principals,
their characteristics and different sensors, Industrial panel meters & signal
conditioning will be complete in itself to make it meaningful, elaborative
understandable concepts and conceptual visualization.
Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics
mentioned in the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and
conceptual visualization of theoretical aspects covered in the books.
Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions
Prof.M.V.kunte
SUBJECT INDEX
1.Dos and Donts
2. Lab exercise:
1) To study speed control of d. c. shunt motor.
2) To perform load test on d. c. shunt motor.
3) To perform load test on 3 phase induction motor.
4) To study d. c. motor starter.
5) To study the induction motor starter.
6) To study of characteristics of transducer using thermocouple
7)
4.
5.
2. Lab Exercises:
Exercise No1: ( 2 Hours) 1 Practical
Speed control of a d. c. shunt motor.
AIM: to study the speed control of a d. c. shunt motor.
a) by varying field current with armature voltage kept constant.
b) By varying armature voltage with field current kept constant.
APPARATUS:1) rheostat (100 1.2 amp) --------------------- 1no
2) Rheostat (100 6.0 amp)-------------------- 1no
3) D. c. voltmeter (0-300volt) -------------------1no.
4) D.C. Ammeter (0-1A) ------------------------- 1no
THEORY:
1.What is effect of voltage on D. C. shunt motor ?
2.What are different factors which affect the speed of D. C. shunt motor ?
PROCEDURE: 1) Make the connections as per circuit dia.
2) Set up the field and armature rheostat to their maximum value.
3) Switch on the D.C. Supply start the motor with the help of starter. Adjust the field
current to rated value.
4) Note the speed with the help of tachometer, the voltage across armature and the field current.
5) Change the speed by varying the rheostat in the armature circuit. Note the speed and armature
voltage, the field current remaining constant.
6) Repeat steps 4. and 5. above, for different field currents.
7) Plot speed V/s armature voltage
8) Keep the rheostat in the armature circuit to some fixed value. Note the voltage across
armature. Note the field current and speed.
9) Vary the field current.
OBSERVATION TABLE:a) Armature voltage variation.
1) Field current (constant) = ____amps.
Sr. no.
1.
2.
Armature voltage
(Va in volts)
Speed (r.p.m)
3.
4.
5.
6.
b)
1)
Sr. no
Speed (r.p.m.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
GRAPH :
F
I
E
L
D
V
O
L
T
S
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
SPEED
SPEED
CONCLUSION:The variation of speed with armature voltage and field current has been studied. The speed of
d. c. Shunt motor is directly proportional to the armature voltage and inversely proportional to the
field current. Thus, to increase speed above rated speed field current should be decreased & to
decrease the speed below rated speed armature voltage should decrease.
PROCEDURE
1) Make the connection as per circuit dia.
2) Set the field rheostat of motor to zero and field rheostat of generator to
maximum.
3) Switch on D.C. supply and start the motor with the help of starter.
4) Adjust field rheostat for motor to obtain rated speed. For one set of readings the setting of
field rheostat should not be altered.
5) Adjust D.C. shunt generator voltage to its rated voltage with the help of its field rheostat.
6) Load the generator with keeping its terminal voltage constant.
7) Note the reading of ammeters, voltmeters and speed.
8) Repeat (6) and (7) above to a cover the range of no load to full load of motor.
9) Plot speed vs. output, armature current Vs output, efficiency Vs output, torque vs. output
curves
SAMPLE CALCULATIONEfficiency of generator is assumed as 87%
Generator output Vg Ig watts.
Generator input = generator output / 0.87
Generator input = motor output.
Motor input Vm Im watts.
% Motor efficiency = (motor output / motor input) * 100
N-M
OBSERVATION TABLE :
GENERATOR
Sr.No.
Vg
Ig
MOTOR
Vm
Im
SPEED
(rpm)
MOTOR MOTOR
EFFI.
TORQUE
I/P
O/P
OF
(N.M)
(watts)
(watts) MOTOR
1
2
3
4
5
GRAPH :
M
O
T
O
R
T
O
R
Q
U
E
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
TORQUE Vs OUTPUT
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y
S
P
E
E
D
OUTPUT
EFFICIENCY Vs OUTPUT
OUTPUT
SPEED Vs OUTPUT
CONCLUSIONFrom the above graphs, the motor current increases with the load, and the speed decreases
slightly with increase in load. The efficiency initially increases with the load, and then reaches its
maximum (at about 80 to 90 % of the full load) and then decreases.
PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2) Put the load switches off. Set generator field rheostat to maximum start the induction motor
with the help of the start & run it to its normal speed.
3) Excite the dc shunt generator to its voltage. Note power input, to motor & the speed, with the
generator not loaded.
4) Put some load on generator & Note the D.C. generator output, motor input and the speed.
5) Take the more readings by increasing the load gradually till the full load is reached.
6) Calculate & plot the graphs. Output Vs speed, Output Vs Efficiency, Output Vs motor current.
Output Vs slip, output Vs P.F.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
sr.
no
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I. M. Vm
in volts.
Im in
Amp
Motor input
Power in watts
Speed
in rpm
Ig.
I. M. Input
watts
%n
Slip
p.f.
GRAPH:
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y
S
P
E
E
D
OUTPUT
SPEED Vs OUTPUT
P
O
W
E
R
OUTPUT
EFFICIENCY Vs OUTPUT
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
F
A
C
T
O
R
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
CURRENT Vs OUTPUT
CONCLUSION:
The speed falls, the power improves and the current increases, with as increase in output of
motor. The efficiency increases and is maximum near full load.
4- POINT STARTER
4- point starter with brass arc covers limitations of 3- point starter; using brass arc covers first
limitation. Making field circuit path independent of hold coil circuit by making forth point in
addition with 3-point circuit covers second limitation.
When field current is reduced while controlling speed of motor will not effect on magnetic field
of hold on coil because circuit of hold coil is separate than field coil circuit as shown in the fig.2.
1. STAR-DELTA STARTER:
This starter is used for those motors, which are built to run normally with a delta connected
stator winding. This starter uses the triple pole double throw switch which connects the stator
winding of motor in star when it is in position One, and it connects the stator winding of motor in
delta when it is in position Two. In the starting period the switch is kept in position One, so that the
stator winding will be star connected & it has reduced voltage applied across it to limit the starting
current. When motor attends 50% to 60% position of switch is changed to two i.e. stator winding of
motor is connected in delta so that full supply voltage is applied across winding & motor will run as
normal Induction Motor.
6. ROTOR RHEOSTAT STARTER:
This starter is used for slip-ring Induction motor. In this motors full supply voltage is applied
across stator & starting current is controlled by inserting star connected rheostat in rotor ckt. By
using slip-rings. As Induction motor is same as transformer if we control rotor current automatically
stator current get controlled. The star connected resistance being gradually cut out of the rotor
circuit as motor gathers speed. Because of this rotor resistance during starting period power factor
of motor is also improved as well as starting torque improved.
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
Aim: Apparatus:-
Theory:
1)Principle: When two metals having different work function are placed together voltage
is generated at the junction which is nearly proportional to the temperature. This
junction is called thermocouple.
The E.M.F. developed in circuit composed of two dissimilar metals with junction kept at
absolute temperatures T1 and T2 with (T2>T1) may be approximately written as t=a(T1T2)+b(T1-T2)2
Where a and b are constants depending on metals used.
Write details of following points.
2)Construction of Thermocouple.
3)Give different types of thermocouple with standard range
4)Sensitivity of thermocouple
Procedure:
Observation Table:
Sr. No.
Temperature
c
in
Emf in millivolts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Graph:
Plot the graph of Temperature (in c) Vs emf (in mv)
Conclusion: The graph of thermoelectric emf against rise in temperature is almost linear, i.e rise in e.m
.f. is directly proportional to the rise in temperature.
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
Aim: Apparatus:-
Theory:
1)Principle: When two metals having different work function are placed together voltage
is generated at the junction which is nearly proportional to the temperature. This
junction is called thermocouple.
The E.M.F. developed in circuit composed of two dissimilar metals with junction kept at
absolute temperatures T1 and T2 with (T2>T1) may be approximately written as t=a(T1T2)+b(T1-T2)2
Where a and b are constants depending on metals used.
Write details of following points.
2)Construction of Thermocouple.
3)Give different types of thermocouple with standard range
4)Sensitivity of thermocouple
Procedure:
Observation Table:
Sr. No.
Temperature
c
in
Emf in millivolts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Graph:
Plot the graph of Temperature (in c) Vs emf (in mv)
Conclusion: The graph of thermoelectric emf against rise in temperature is almost linear, i.e rise in e.m
.f. is directly proportional to the rise in temperature.
EXPERIMENT NO: 6
Aim: Apparatus:Theory:
1)Principle: When two metals having different work function are placed together voltage
is generated at the junction which is nearly proportional to the temperature. This
junction is called thermocouple.
The E.M.F. developed in circuit composed of two dissimilar metals with junction kept at
absolute temperatures T1 and T2 with (T2>T1) may be approximately written as t=a(T1T2)+b(T1-T2)2
Where a and b are constants depending on metals used.
Write details of following points.
2)Construction of Thermocouple.
3)Give different types of thermocouple with standard range
4)Sensitivity of thermocouple
Procedure:
Observation Table:
Sr. No.
Temperature
c
in
Emf in millivolts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Graph:
Plot the graph of Temperature (in c) Vs emf (in mv)
Conclusion: The graph of thermoelectric emf against rise in temperature is almost linear, i.e rise in e.m
.f. is directly proportional to the rise in temperature.
high - energy electron and the movement of holes in the opposite direction constitutes electric current.
Conduction band. The electrons in the conduction band and the holes left behind in the valence band are
mobile and are induced to move.
The motion of electron and the movement of holes in the opposite direction constitute electric
current.
1. Kit,
2. power supply,
3. connecting wires etc.
THEORY :Figure shows a socket of smoke operated alarm that works on light beam principle. Here the LDR
is illuminated by a light beam and is wired in a bridge network formed by R 1-R2-RV1 and LDR and
bridge output is detected and used to provide gate driver to SCR. A transistor detector is used in
circuit, circuit is adjusted so that bridge is closed to balance when LDR is normally illuminated and
transistor Q is conducting slightly but not sufficiently to drive the SCR ON.
When smoke enters light, light beam LDR illumination decreases and LDR resistance increases
bridge goes out of balance in such a way that Q is triggered further ON. Thus causing SCR and
alarm to turn ON. The socket then function as smoke operated alarm. When reset button is pressed,
diode D1 is reverse biased. Reverse potential is applied across the alarm and it gets turn off.
PROCEDURE :1. Make power ON to the unit.
2. Use incense stick to create smoke.
3. Keep enlighten incense stick from bottom side of sensor.
4. As smoke occupies chamber, alarm sounds.
5. To make alarm OFF first remove smoke from chamber and thus press RESET switch.
CONCLUSION :When smoke enters into chamber, LDR resistance increases and causes SLR and alarm to turn
ON. Thus it works as smoke alarm.
Basic honesty in the evaluation and marking system is absolutely essential and in the process impartial
nature of the evaluator is required in the examination system to become popular amongst the students.
It is a wrong approach or concept to award the students by way of easy marking to get cheap popularity
among the students to which they do not deserve. It is a primary responsibility of the teacher that
right students who are really putting up lot of hard work with right kind of intelligence are correctly
awarded.
The marking patterns should be justifiable to the students without any ambiguity and teacher should
see that students are faced with unjust circumstances.