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Verschuur Etal 1999
Verschuur Etal 1999
Summary
Method s for removal of free -surface and internat muhiples have been developed Erom bath a feedback model ap p ro ac h a nd i n v er se scatte rin g th eory. Whit e th ese tw o fo rmul a ti on s d erive Erom diffe re nt ma th em ati ca) v i ew p oi nts,
the r esulting al g orithm s for fre e- surface multiplee are very similar. By contra s t , [he fe e db ack and inverse s cattering
methode for intergul multiplee are to ta lly different and have d i fferent requiremenis for sub s urface information or
interpretiv e int e rvention . The former removes all multiplee related to a certain bounda ry with the a f d of a s urface
integral a lo n g thi s b o un d ar y ; [he ) a lter wilt predi ct a nd att e nua t e a ll int e rna t multipl ee a t the sam e tim e . In th is pa pe r, we continue our compari s on study of these internat mu l tiple atte nuatio n m e thode ; s pecifically , we eiamine two
diffe re nt realizations of the feedback method and the inverse scatterin g t ec hnique .
Introduction
Free-s urface an d interna t m u ltiplee are defi ne d as multipl y reflected eve nt s th a t experie n ce t wo o r m ore up ward
reflecti o n s in th e sub s ur face . Th e form e r con s ists o f all multiple e that have experienced one or more reflections a t the
earth 's s urface . The laff e r are ev e nts that have all of their downward reflection .points below the free -s urface .
Th e r e are c urre ntl y two compre h en s i v e a pproac h es for a tte n ua tin g free-s u rface a nd inte rn at m ultiplee th a t a re spe cific a lly d e signed to a c comodate a multi-dimensional Barth . The firs t i s th e fee d-ba c k method that de rives Erom a view
of th e ge n era ti o n a nd in ve rs i o n o f data in t e rm e o f a fr ee-s u rface, i nterfaces, a n d actual propagation b etwee n these
re fle c tors . The second is the inverse scatte ri ng method that derives Erom a vi ew of the g eneration and roversion of
data in terms of a free -swface , water propagation, and point s catte re rs whose s tren g th depends on the local differente
between Barth proporties and water. The first method derives from B e rkh o ut 's feedback model (Berkhout , 1982 ) that
re moves a ll free s ur face multipl ee and intern at multipl ee (sec Versc huur, 199 1 ; B erkh o ut a nd Ver sc huur, 1 997 ; Ver schuur and Werkhout , 1 997) . The second appr oach derives from a ta s k- s ep arated inverse stalt e rin g s eri e s (sec e . g .
Wegs e in e t al ., 1997 ; Carv alho , 1992 ; Araujo et al ., 1994 ; Mats on and Weglein, 1996 ). Th ese tw c ompre h ensiv e
methode provid e s imilar algorithms for free-surface multiple removal hut totally different methode for i nt ernat multiple attenuation . These two me thode for int ernat multiplee veere c o mpared in a recent s erie s of p ape rs (Verschuur
et al ., 1998 ; Mat so n et al ., 1998 ; Wegl e in , 1999b , a ; Berkhout , 1999 ) . These papers de s cribe and illu strate how th ese
two method e have diffe re nt re quire m e nts for a-priori subsurface informati o n or interpretive intervention a s veel) as
different computational de ma nds . In this paper, this study continues with a compari s on of two re ali z at ions of the
feed-back model for int e raal multiplee and the inverse scattering method .
Surface- re lated multiple remova l
We wi ll consider two layer-related interaal multiple r e moval sc h eur es . Both of thes e scheures are extensions of the
surface - related multiple approache s of Kenne tt (1979 ), W e rkhout (1982) and Verschuur et al . (1 9 92) . In particular,
following Werkhout and Vers chuur (1997) , surface-r elated multipl ee c an b e rem o v ed using a fast- converging iterative
method which , usin g Berkhout ' s notation , can be written as :
P op+') = P - Ao(w) P ) P .
(1)
'
The phy s ical interpr e tation i s that multiple reflections can be considered
a s a combination of primary ev ent s that are
conne cte d at the interface where the downward reflection takes pace . Fo r example , th e firs t o rde r s urface multiple
o i' Figure 1 a (SR) c an be constructed by laktag two p ri mary wavefield compon e nts ( SR ' and S ' R) . With equation
(1 ) re flection point A at the s urface i s considered as a secondary so urc e point wh e re the wave fie ld SR ' is used as
illum i nating so urce wave field in S' to obtain the multiple SR . Althou g h the mathematica] sta rt tag points for the
inver se stal le rin g a pproac h a re differen t, th e predi cti on re du ces to int egrale al o n g the s urface, and s imil a r ex pressl o n s
are fo und (s ee e . g . Ca rva lh o e t a l ., 1 99 1 ; Weg l e in e t al ., 1 997) .
Interface- related interaal multiple removal method 1 : operator drive n
Simi l arly , inte rn at multiples can be described as combination s of primary w a ve fi e ld c ompon e nt s . Howeve r, in this
ca se th e downward reflectioa(s) take place below the surface (e . g . in Figure tb thi s is point B) . H e n ce, th e equival ent
EA GE Gist Conference and Tec h n i cal E x h ibi tion -He l sink i, Finland , 7 - 11 June 199 9
R' S'
Figure . L a ) A surface multi ple can be c o n s idered as tbc co mbinati o n of two .primarie s . b ) An internal multipl a s can
be considered as the combination o f two primary wave fields, b ei n g conn ec t e d at int e race k .
prediction require s mea sur e m e nt s on the corresponding inte rfa c e . On e way in whi ch the fee dback mode l lor wa velet
estimation and surfa ce-re late d multiple removal can be e xtend ed to tre st int e r na l multipl as i s bas erf on th e work
o f (Berkh out , 1982 , p . 188) . In parti c ular, after downward-extrapolatin g the s hot record s to a r e He c tin g boundary , all
multiplas related to thi s inte rn at interfac e c an be removed by the surfac e- re lated algorithm . In Werkhout and Ve rschuur
(1997) the i ter ativ e v e rsion ha s be en propo sed . For the a boundary k th e e xpre s ion i s give n by :
P(~+`) = P o
Po~(2 )
where F - and F ' contain tbc inve rs e e xtr apolation operators from the surface up t o multiple -ge n era tin.- inte rface
k . In Pact the [wo ope rators F~ and F~ describe the p roces of applyin g the two das hed arrow s in Fi g ure lb as a
ereproce ss ing step to the surFace data . The data with multiplas remov e dfrom all reflectors down to k i s now written
,s Pk, the s ubscript me anin g [he l ev e l up t o whi c h multipl e r e moval bas be e n a ppli e d . Additionaly , all primary
re flec tions re laied to all int e rface abo v e and inclduing k Weed be muted in th e s urfa ce data , indic at ed by the bar s : Pk
and P o . Nota that for th e s ituation o f the s urfa ce -re lat ed multiplas we h av e a comparab l e pr oc es : th e direct wave
W ee d b e mut ed prior to predi ction . Thu s, tbc ope rato r s F ~ and F~ ta k e (he s urface d a ta and brin g it t o multipl e ,ge ne ratin g inte rfa ce k at (he so urce o r [he r ece ive r s ide, s u c h that a convolution along this interfase can b e nppli e d .
Exampl es of thi s proces on s ynthe t ic a nd fi e ld data h ave a lr ea dy b ee n sh own in Ver schuur and W e rkh o ut (1996),
Ha d idi and Verschuur (1997) and Ver sc huur et al . (1998) .
The practical implementation of thi s pr o cedure c on s ists of four s t eps : 1) Obtain tbc redatuming ope ra tor s for [he
int erface of intere st . Thi s c an b e v e ry acc urately don e usin g tbc CFP ope rator updating tec hnique (sec Scrkhout ,
1997 ; Thorbec k e, 1997 ; B o tte and Ve r sc huur , 1998 ) . In thi s way acc urate o pe rators c an b e o btain e d without pr ecis e
knowl edge of th e vetocity de pth stru c tur es a bove th e multipl e -ge n eratin g inte rface ; 2) apply th e r e d atumin g to the
shot r ec ords and mat e the r e fl ec tion s abov e th e reflector ; 3) calculat e th e interface - c on si s t ent co nvolution s to predi c t
th e multipla s and 4) subtrac t them Erom th e orig ina l surfac e data .
Interface-related internat multiple removal method II : data driven
Jakubowicz (1998) recognized that the combination of the two inverse propa ;ation matrices F - and F+ in equation(2)
can be constructed from the time-revers of the primary reflection from that interface . In ferms of Figure 1 h it means
that the two dashed arrows constitute (he primary reflection S'BR', which is also present in the data . These geometrical considerations ware also observed by Keydar et al . (1997) . By extracting the required primary reflection trom the
data, the interbed multiple prediction proces can then be rewritten in a full data-drieen approach :
k-
where the * means complex conjugation . Again the bar above the quantities indicates the mate of all events related
to reflectors above and including multiple-generating interface k . In a practical implementation, the following steps
Weed be taken : 1) Select primary reflection related to tee multiple-generating boundary from the shots ; 2) apply two
surface consistent convolutions of this perator with the (muted) surface data and 3) subtract the predicted multiplas
from [he original input .
Inverse scatteri ng i ntern at mul ti pl e el i min at io n
Fo r the appro ac h b aserf on th e inverse staf te rin g se ri es, as described by Weg l e in et a l . ( 1 997 ) , Arauj o e t a l . (1994) a nd
Coates and Weglein (1996), one proce dure pre dic t s all poss ible interna t multiplas whi c h c an tie n be subtrac te d from
the input data . Thi s procedure i s d e ri ve d Erom an inve rs e sc attering sub seri e s and c an be inte rpretec3 a s a s um over
all po s sible combination s of three ima ge d data po int s that hav e a con s tra in e d l o w er-high er-lower relationship . These
imaged data are the orig i nal pre- s tac k d a t a mi g rated u s in g the water v e t oc i ty . The multipl e uttenuatior7 s ub s eri e s
1 -1 4
is a first order appro ximation to an internap multiple reneo v af seri es . Al[hou~h app roximate , thi s s ub series properly
predict s the iravel tim e of all internat multiplee , even c onve rted phas e s (Coate s and Weglein , 1996 ) . F or typical
s ei s mic evenre , th e a mplitudes of the predicted multipl e e a re 80-95 % of the actual multiple .
Internat multiple attenuation is performed by using the origina l prestack data to calculatie a series of terme each of
which attenuates a different order of multiple . The equation for first order multipees in 2-D marine data is (Weglein
et al ., 1997 : Araujo et al ., 1994 )
I
X47 ~'g +- s)
l 2_) -
-oo
1 _ ~
-i~91
. 2+ e
Here, ky, k_G are the Fourier transform variables over geophone and source locations respectively, qy and qs are vertical
ks }) where co is the water vetocity and w is
wavenumbers biven by qg = f ( W /eo) ' - k9)) and qs
the angular temporal freq u ency . The source and receiver depths are given by z9 and zs respectively . The parameter
e ensures that zl is always greater than and not equal to z2 and simitarly for z3 . The quantity 61(kg, kl, zi) is an
uncollapsed migration which has been transformed to pseudo-depth using the water vetocity (sec, e .g . Wegsein et al .,
1997) . To compute the multiple estimate, bi is input into an a l gorithm for equation 4 which then outputs the estimated
inter nat multiplee, b3l A f . When added to 61, b3lnf s u ppresses all first order internat multiplee . Notie t h at the l imits in
the integrale over zl, z2, and z3 limit the different portions of the data that are combined together. These limits are
such that zi > zz and z -, < z3 which is a direct consequence of the way mu l tiplee are cata loged according to the
number of reflections the multiple has experienced and the re l ative geometry of chose reflections . The first term in
the interna t mu l tiple attenuation series attenuates a 1 1 first order internat multiples for all depths and omes and altere
higher order i n terna t multipree . Successively higher order ferms in the series attenuate higher order internat multiplee
(see, e .g . Weglein et al ., 1997) .
In practise, (he main strength of this procedure is that al t internat multiplee are handled at the same time, witho u t the
Weed for any a-priori subsurface information, i .e ., no description of the reflecting boundaries is required .
lateral Bistance (m) Synthetic data exampl e
2000 30 00
4000
3
2
0
3
0
,~r f
u
' sp
~r!+" '
.'_ ?
'tFFI ~u~ .th41 t$~~f, : t
1 .0
~~
ira
I '` -~
~H(i
_Ry ~! ~PtAM +Wy
'h~ ' 1~
1 .0
40
1 .5
1 .5
~r ~ . ry
/ ~ qH
~t
~ ~ e ~y~?~" ~~'* ~Y a~
~C
2 .0 r~~
' ` .^ }
.yr;
~.iM
".
.;
'
ep4+1 ~4
!"~
.~ : . . .
2.0 F fi7j~' 5~
~ v" ~ ' ~
. . T ..~~' .
~ J ,
A .1
_
T
~,
~~
,`~^ ti
,4,~.y w r
.fit
~4'~~
!' .
Of course, the inverse sacattering method (numbered 3 in Figure 3) wilt predict all possible internat multiples . After
stacking the effect of the multiple removl can be obeserved in Figure 3 for all three methods . To further analyse the
results, the different plots are produced (Figure 3c), all in the same amplitude level . The first two interface-related
methods (numbered 1 and 2 in Figure 3) have strongly related implementations, which is confirmed by the first two
difference plots in Figure 3e . Although exact amplitudes of removed multiple vary between tho two, clerly the
same multiple events are addressed . When inspecting the inverse scattering result (labeled with 3) it appears that the
character of the removed multiplas is different : the method has predicted alt possible internat multiple reflections and
is not lied to any particular interface .
ConCluslon
three algorithms are summarized . Both the feed- subsurface implicit model rata driven tata drieen
)
back and inverse scatteing methods operala by pre- information (CFP operators
dicting and subtracting the internat multiplas . How- idemificasion and identification !
User interaction operator updating isolation reftection none
ever, the two approaches are distinclly different in on time sectio n
ments for a-priori information . The feed-back method Cost 2 SMA - 2 SMA - 10 SM A
catalogs multipes according to a subsurface inter- per inter face per interface all interfaces
face which is responsible for the existence of [he Figure 4
: Comparison of the characteristics for three types of
internat mulitples
. To predict thern, operators are internal multiple removal schames ,
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