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Overview On Earth Gravity Field Theory - Majid Kadir
Overview On Earth Gravity Field Theory - Majid Kadir
Overview On Earth Gravity Field Theory - Majid Kadir
KONTRAK JUPEM-T24/2014
OVERVIEW ON
By
Dato Abd. Majid A. Kadir
PNB PERDANA
KUALA LUMPUR
7-11 & 14-18 September 2015
1. Units
The gravity of the Earth, denoted g, refers to
the acceleration that the Earth imparts to objects on or near
its surface.
or ms2)
W (, , ) = (, , ) + (, )
b
a
0 ( )
a a cos b b sin
2
a cos b sin
2
=
=
=
g(, , )
The equipotential
ellipsoid furnishes a
simple, consistent and
uniform reference
system for all purposes
of geodesy:
The ellipsoid as a
reference surface for
geometric use
(, , ),
As a normal gravity
field at the earths
surface and in space
5. GRAVITY ANOMALY
The small dierence between the earth gravity potential W and the normal
gravity potential U is called the anomalous potential T at any location
(, , ):
:anomalous potential
(, , = ) = (, , = )
Gravity anomaly is defined by
g =
Where is the gravity on the geoid and is the normal gravity on the
ellipsoid
g =
g = 978,113 978,087 (GRS80) = + 26 mGal
GRS80 Normal gravity
0 ( )
a a cos 2 b b sin 2
a 2 cos 2 b 2 sin 2
Positive + g: >
Negative g: <
Free Air Gravity Anomaly around
Kota Kinabalu and offshore area
( + 40 to - 40 mGal)
g(, , ) = g(, , ) (h , )
Terrain
Normal gravity at (h ) :
()
h
Telluroid
= 0.3086
(h , ) = +
(h , ) = .
gradient (upward)
Modern Definition
Classical Definition
Terrain
()
= +0.3086
Terrain
Telluroid
= 0.3086
Geoid ( )
Ellipsoid ( )
g =
g = ( +)
= +. /
Free Air Reduction
Ellipsoid ( )
g = ()
g = ( + )
= . ( ) /
Normal gravity correction
g(, , ) = g(, , ) (, h g)
(, , )
W(, , ) =
U(, , )
W(h, , )
h ht
ht
U(h , )
g(, , ) = g(, , ) (, h g)
(, , )
Since heights in
from airborne
gravimetry can be
many kilometres
(usually about than
2 km above the
terrain), it is usually
not sufficient to use
a constant free air
gradient (-0.3086
mGal/m), and the
more exact height
dependence for
normal gravity must
be used:
g
+
( )
g(, , ) = g(, , ) (, h g)
Where normal gravity at altitude given by (Physical Geodesy,
Wellenhof and Moritz, 2005, page 298, equation 8-24):
( , ) = +
+
( )
(, , ) = (, , )
( )
,
are the first and second order normal gravity gradient
= . .
= .
, ,
= , , + . .
+. ( )
The above free air anomalies refer to the aircraft altitude and
hence downward continuation to the terrain level has to be
carried out for quasi-geoid determination.
GM
N
R
n2 r
N
n n
C
m 0
nm
EGM2008
Geoid -
EGM2008 Gravity
Anomaly,
g
g
anomaly data
1 Gravity
at flight altitude
2 Downward
continuation and
gridding of
gravity data
using Least
Squares
Collocation
4 Quasi-Geoid
computation
using Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT)
technique
3 Gridded gravity
anomaly data
at terrain level
Block-wise leastsquares
collocation
(implemented
uaing gpcol1
module of
GRAVSOFT)
The downward continuation of airborne gravity, and the gridding of data, have
been performed using block-wise least-squares collocation, as implemented
in the gpcol1 module of GRAVSOFT. This module uses a planar logarithmic
covariance function, fitted to the reduced data.
1
s C sx [C xx D] x
Covariances Cxx and Csx are taken from a full, self-consistent spatial
covariance model, and D is the (diagonal) noise matrix.
x =
D =
Covariance between gravity anomaly at aircraft altitude (h2)and gravity on
the terrain ( h1) is given by (JUPEM-T24/2014 Airborne Gravity Survey
Interim Report):
C (g , g ) i log( Di s 2 ( Di h1 h2 ) 2 )
h1
h2
i 1
Terrain
Telluroid
h
Geoid
Quasigeoid
Ellipsoid
g B
N
H
Remove Step
The methodology for geoid construction is based on remove-compute restore (RCR) technique. The surface gravity anomaly g is split into
three parts.
g = g + g + g
where
3) g
g = g g g
Compute Step
is computed from g using Stokes integration (Wellenhof and Moritz,
R
res =
g res ( S( ) g1 )d
4
1
sin(
- 6 sin
)
Terrain
S( ) =
Telluroid
+ sin 2
Geoid
Ellipsoid
Restore Step:
After residual height anomaly has been computed from , the
contribution from EGM and RTM are added back to get total height anomalies:
= + +
The relation between N and is given by the approximative formula (Wellenhof and
Moritz, 2005)
g B
where g B is the Bouguer anomaly and H the topographic height. This is readily
implemented as a small correction (typically <10 cm) on a final gravimetric geoid
computed from surface data. In areas where H = 0, i.e. over marine areas, the
quasigeoid coincides with the geoid ( = N).
g = g + g
Spherical FFT (Fast
Fourier Transform)
Technique
= +
Airborne gravity and magnetic surveys has been completed for Sabah waters
and continental shelf in Phase I and II of MAGIC implementation (2014-2015).
Marine thematic maps consisting of Free Air Gravity Anomaly map,
Bouguer Gravity Anomaly map, Geoid Map and Magnetic Map can now be
produced for Sabah, as part of Malaysia Continental Map series by JUPEM.
Combined airborne
gravity data for Sabah
(yellow: 2002-2003,
magenta: 2014 and
black: 2015 campaigns)
hGPS
Inst. Sea-Level
N
D
H
Seabed (Terrain)
Example of Hydrographic Data Reduction to MSL
Using Airborne Gravimetric Geoid in Eastern Sabah
H = D+K-(hGPS-N)