Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 12 Construction and Loci
Chapter 12 Construction and Loci
LOCI
Architects make scale drawings of projects they are working on for both planning and
presentation purposes. Originally these were done on paper using ink, and copies had to
be made laboriously by hand. Later they were done on tracing paper so that copying was
easier. Computer-generated drawings have now largely taken over, but, for many of the top
architecture firms, these too have been replaced, by architectural animation.
Objectives
In this chapter you will:
use a ruler and a pair of compasses to draw
triangles given the lengths of the sides
use a straight edge and a pair of compasses to
construct perpendiculars and bisectors
construct and bisect angles using a pair of
compasses
draw loci and regions
learn how to draw, use and interpret scale
drawings.
194
Why do this?
Get Ready
60
41
9 cm
Key Points
Two triangles are congruent if they have exactly the same shape and size. One of four conditions must be true
for two triangles to be congruent: SSS, SAS, ASA and RHS (see Section 8.1).
Constructing a triangle using any one of these sets of information therefore creates a unique triangle.
More than one possible triangle can be created from other sets of information.
Example 1
Watch Out!
6 cm
4 cm
5 cm
195
Example 2
Show that there are two possible triangles ABC in which AB 5.6 cm, BC 3.3 cm and
angle A 31.
31
B
C2
C1
31
Exercise 12A
6 cm
7.5 cm
4.5 cm
Construct the triangle XYZ with sides XY 4.2 cm, YZ 5.8 cm and ZX 7.5 cm.
5 cm
4 cm
196
3.5 cm
4.5 cm
6 cm
Explain why it is not possible to construct a triangle with sides of length 4 cm, 3 cm and 8 cm.
Why do this?
Get Ready
1. Draw a circle with a radius of 4 cm.
2. Mark two points A and B 6 cm apart. Mark the points that are 5 cm from A and 5 cm from B.
3. Draw two straight lines which are perpendicular to each other.
Key Points
A bisector cuts something exactly in half.
A perpendicular bisector is at right angles to the line it is cutting.
You can use a straight edge and compass in the construction of the following:
the perpendicular bisector of a line segment
the perpendicular to a line segment from a point on it
the perpendicular to a line segment from a point not on the line.
Example 3
Example 4
bisector
perpendicular bisector
construction
line segment
197
Example 5
Y B
Y B
Exercise 12B
Draw line segments of length 10 cm and 8 cm. Using a straight edge and a pair of compasses, construct
the perpendicular bisector of each of these line segments.
Draw these lines accurately, and then construct the perpendicular from the point P.
a
b
A
B
2 cm
P
P
3 cm
7 cm
9 cm
Draw a line segment AB, a point above it, P, and a point below it, Q. Construct the perpendicular from P
to AB, and from Q to AB.
Why do this?
Get Ready
1. Draw a circle with a radius of 3 cm.
2. Draw an angle of 60.
3. Use a protractor to bisect an angle of 60.
198
Example 6
Construct an angle of
a 60
b 120.
Keep your compasses the same width and put the point at B.
Draw an arc to cut the first one.
A
60
A
B
C
Example 7
B
A
C
A
angle bisector
199
Example 8
A
B
A
B
Exercise 12C
1
Copy the diagrams and construct the bisector of the angle ABC.
a
b B
A
C
A
200
12.4 Loci
Copy the diagrams and construct the bisector of angle Q in the triangle PQR.
a
b
R
C
Q
c 90
d 30
e 45
12.4 Loci
Objective
Why do this?
Get Ready
1. Put a cross in your book. Mark some points which are 3 cm from the cross.
2. Put two crosses A and B less than 3 cm apart in your book. Mark points which are 3 cm from each cross.
3. Draw two parallel lines. Mark any points which are the same distance from both lines.
Key Points
A locus is a line or curve, formed by points that all satisfy a certain condition.
A locus can be drawn such that:
its distance from a fixed point is constant
it is equidistant from two given points
its distance from a given line is constant
it is equidistant from two lines.
Example 9
3 cm
locus
equidistant
201
Example 10
Show the locus of all points which are equidistant from the points X and Y.
Examiners Tip
Example 11
Show the locus of all points which are 3 cm from the line segment XY.
3 cm
X
Exercise 12D
1
Draw the locus of all points which are 3.5 cm from a point P.
Draw the locus of a point that moves so that it is always 1.5 cm from a line 5 cm long.
Draw two lines PQ and QR, so that the angle PQR is acute. Draw the locus of all points that are
equidistant between the two lines PQ and QR.
202
12.5 Regions
12.5 Regions
Objective
Why do this?
If you tether a goat to a point in your garden to eat the grass, you might
want to check that the region it can access doesnt include the flowerbed.
Get Ready
1. Put a cross in your book. Mark some points which are less than 3 cm from the cross.
2. Put two crosses A and B in your book. Mark points which are closer to A than to B.
3. Draw two parallel lines. Mark any points which are further from one line than the other.
Key Points
A set of points can lie inside a region rather than on a line or curve.
The region of points can be drawn such that:
the points are greater than or less than a given distance from a fixed point
the points are closer to one given point than to another given point
the points are closer to one given line than to another given line.
Example 12
Draw the region of points which are less than 2 cm from the point O.
Example 13
Draw the region of all points which are closer to the point X than to the point Y.
region
203
Example 14
4 cm
A
D
4 cm
2 cm
B
C
Exercise 12E
204
Shade the region of points which are less than 2 cm from a point P.
Shade the region of points which are less than 2.6 cm from a line 4 cm long.
Draw two lines DE and EF, so that the angle DEF is acute. Shade the region of points which are closer to
EF than to DE.
Baby Tommy is placed inside a rectangular playpen measuring 1.4 m by 0.8 m. He can reach 25 cm
outside the playpen. Show the region of points Tommy can reach beyond the edge of the playpen.
Why do this?
Get Ready
1. Convert from cm to km:
a 5 000 000 cm
Key Points
Here is a picture of a scale model of a Saturn rocket. The model has been
built to a scale of 1 : 24. This means that every length on the model is shorter than
the length on the real rocket, with a length of 1 cm on the model representing a
length of 24 cm on the real rocket.
The real rocket is an enlargement of the model with a scale factor of 24; the
1
model is a smaller version of the real rocket with a scale factor of __
.
24
In general, a scale of 1 : n means that:
a length on the real object the length on the scale diagram or model n
a length on the scale drawing or model the length on the real object n.
Example 15
The Empire State Building is 443 m tall. Bill has a model of the building that is 88.6 cm tall.
a Calculate the scale of the model. Give your answer in the form 1 : n.
b The pinnacle at the top of Bills model is 12.4 cm in length. Work out the actual length of
the pinnacle at the top of the Empire State Building. Give your answer in metres.
44 300 500
Scale factor _______
88.6
Scale of model 1 : 500
6200 cm
Length of pinnacle on building 6200 100
62 m
scale factor
scale diagram
205
Example 16
Method 1
a Real distance between churches
Method 2
Exercise 12F
D AO2
AO3
This is an accurate map of a desert island. There is treasure buried on the island at T.
Key to map
P palm trees
R rocks
C cliffs
T treasure
The real distance between the palm trees and the cliffs is 5 km.
a Find the scale of the map. Give your answer in the form 1 cm represents n km, giving the value of n.
b Find the real distance of the treasure from: i the cliffs ii the palm trees iii the rocks.
P
T
C
206
AO2
12 km
8 km
4m
1.5 m
3m
1m
3m
2.5 m
A space shuttle has a length of 24 m. A model of the space shuttle has a length of 48 cm.
a Find, in the form 1 : n, the scale of the model.
b The height of the space shuttle is 5 m. Work out the height of the model.
The distance between Bristol and Hull is 330 km. On a map, the distance between Bristol and Hull is 6.6 cm.
a Find, as a ratio, the scale of the map.
b The distance between Bristol and London is 183 km. Work out the distance between Bristol and
London on the map. Give your answer in centimetres.
Chapter review
Two triangles are congruent if they have exactly the same shape and size. One of four conditions must be true
for two triangles to be congruent: SSS, SAS, ASA and RHS.
Constructing a triangle using any one of these sets of information therefore creates a unique triangle.
More than one possible triangle can be created from other sets of information.
A bisector cuts something exactly in half.
A perpendicular bisector is at right angles to the line it is cutting.
A locus is a line or curve, formed by points that all satisfy a certain condition.
A locus can be drawn such that
its distance from a fixed point is constant
it is equidistant from two given points
its distance from a given line is constant
it is equidistant from two lines.
207
A set of points can lie inside a region rather than on a line or curve.
A region of points can be drawn such that:
the points are greater than or less than a given distance from a fixed point
the points are closer to one given point than to another given point
the points are closer to one given line than to another given line.
A scale of 1 : n means that:
a length on the real object the length on the scale diagram or model n
a length on the scale drawing or model the length on the real object n.
Review exercise
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
6 cm
52
8 cm
Nov 2008
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
5 cm
C
120
8 cm
4 cm
C
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
60
30
6.5 cm
May 2009
P
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
13.9 cm
7.3 cm
208
8.7 cm
Chapter review
Deetown
On a copy of the diagram, mark accurately with crosses (x), the positions of Beeham and Corting.
Nov 2007
ABC is a triangle.
Copy the triangle accurately and shade the region
inside the triangle which is both less than
4 centimetres from the point B and closer to
the line AC than the line AB.
On a copy of the diagram, use a ruler and pair of compasses to construct an angle of 30 at P.
You must show all your construction lines.
P
a Mark the points C and D approximately 8 cm apart. Draw the locus of all points that are equidistant
from C and D.
d Draw the locus of a point that moves so that it is always 3 cm from a line 4.5 cm long.
10
B is 5 km north of A.
N
C is 4 km from B.
B
C is 7 km from A.
a Make an accurate scale drawing of triangle ABC.
5 km
Use a scale of 1 cm to 1 km.
b From your accurate scale drawing, measure the bearing of C from A.
c Find the bearing of A from C.
A
4 km
7 km
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
Nov 2000
209
11
On an accurate copy of the diagram use a ruler and pair of compasses to construct the bisector of
angle ABC.
You must show all your construction lines.
A
B
C
Nov 2008, adapted
AO3
AO3
AO3
12
ABCD is a rectangle.
Make an accurate drawing of ABCD.
Shade the set of points inside the rectangle which are both
more than 1.2 centimetres from the point A
and more than 1 centimetre from the line DC.
13
Draw a line segment 7 cm long. Construct the perpendicular bisector of the line segment.
14
Draw a line segment ST and a point above it, M. Construct the perpendicular from M to ST.
15
16
Draw the locus of a mans head as the ladder he is on slips down a wall.
210